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0684b12e5a093669 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Men's_Handball_League", 'title': "Danish Men's Handball League", 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Arena', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aalborg Håndbold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalborg_Håndbold', 'summary': 'Aalborg Handball ( Danish : Aalborg Håndbold ) is a handball club from Aalborg , Denmark . Aalborg Handball competes in the Danish Handball League . The home arena of Aalborg Handball is the Gigantium in Aalborg .'}]}, {'value': 'Aalborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalborg', 'summary': "Aalborg ( /ˈɔːlbɔːrɡ/ , also US : /ˈɑːl- , ˈɔːlbɔːr/ , Danish : [ ˈɒlˌpɒˀ ] ( listen ) ) , also spelt Ålborg , [ note 1 ] is Denmark 's fourth largest city with an urban population of 139,016 . The twin city Nørresundby is 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) across the Limfjord . With a population of 215,312 ( as of 2019 [ update ] ) , the Municipality of Aalborg is the third most populous in the country after Copenhagen and Aarhus . By road Aalborg is 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) southwest of Frederikshavn , and 118 kilometres ( 73 mi ) north of Aarhus . The distance to Copenhagen is 412 kilometres ( 256 mi ) if travelling by road and not using ferries . The earliest settlements date to around AD 700 . Aalborg 's position at the narrowest point on the Limfjord made it an important harbour during the Middle Ages , and later a large industrial centre . Architecturally , the city is known for its half-timbered mansions built by its prosperous merchants . Budolfi Church , now a cathedral , dates from the end of the 14th century and Aalborghus Castle , a royal residence , was built in 1550 . Today , Aalborg is a city in transition from a working-class industrial area to a knowledge-based community . A major exporter of grain , cement , and spirits , its thriving business interests include Siemens Wind Power , Aalborg Industries , and Aalborg Portland . These companies have become global producers of wind turbine rotors , marine boilers and cement ."}]}, {'value': 'Jutlander Bank Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gigantium', 'summary': 'The Gigantium ( called Jutlander Bank Arena for sponsoring reasons ) , in Aalborg , Denmark , is a large , rentable faire building , which hosts a large variety of concerts , markets and exhibitions , among other things . It has a capacity of 5,000 people . For concerts , the capacity is 8,500 people . The main use of the arena is sport , and it is home to the Danish Handball League club Aalborg Håndbold and the elite Ice Hockey team Aalborg Pirates . The ice hockey club AaB Ishockey also play their matches in an ice arena connected to the original Gigantium arena . AaB Ishockey is the amateur club having the license for professional ice hockey being used by Aalborg Pirates . The building was severely damaged by a fire on 5 July 2017 Among many other events , the arena hosted Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , the Danish National Selection show for the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 and 2018 , and was a candidate host venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 , but withdrew because of the city of Aalborg did not live up to the minimum requirements of having a minimum of 3000 hotel rooms available for fans and delegations coming to the contest .'}]}, {'value': '5,009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aarhus Håndbold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus_Håndbold', 'summary': 'Aarhus Håndbold is a handball club from Aarhus , Denmark . The club was founded in 2001 originally under the name Århus GF , as an extension of the traditional Aarhus clubs AGF , Brabrand IF , VRI and Århus YMCA / Hasle . AGF chose later to withdraw from the superstructure . The home arena of Aarhus Håndbold is NRGi Arena'}]}, {'value': 'Aarhus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus', 'summary': 'Aarhus ( /ˈɔːrhuːs/ , also US : /ˈɑːr-/ , Danish : [ ˈɒːˌhuˀs ] ( listen ) ; officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011 ) [ note 1 ] is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality . It is located on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula , in the geographical centre of Denmark , 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) northwest of Copenhagen and 289 kilometres ( 180 mi ) north of Hamburg , Germany . The inner urban area contains 273,077 inhabitants ( as of 1 January 2018 [ update ] ) and the municipal population is 340,421 ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . Aarhus is the central city in Business Region Aarhus and in the East Jutland metropolitan area , which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016 . The history of Aarhus began as a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century and with the first written records stemming from the bishopric seated here from at least 948 . The city was founded on the northern shores of a fjord at a natural harbour and the primary driver of growth was for centuries seaborne trade in agricultural products . Market town privileges were granted in 1441 , but growth stagnated in the 17th century as the city suffered blockades and bombardments during the Swedish Wars . In the 19th century it was occupied twice by German troops during the Schleswig Wars but avoided destruction . As the industrial revolution took hold , the city grew to become the second-largest in the country by the 20th century . Today , Aarhus is at the cultural and economic core of the region and the largest centre for trade , services , industry , and tourism in Jutland . The city ranks as the 92nd largest city in the European Union , and as number 234 among world cities . It is also a top 100 conference city in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Ceres Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRGi_Arena', 'summary': 'Ceres Arena ( formerly NRGi Arena ) is a hall for handball matches and public events in Aarhus , Denmark . The hall was opened in 2001 and has a capacity of 5001 spectators . Ceres Arena is home to Danish Handball League team Aarhus Håndbold , but has also been home to the basketball team Bakken bears who in 2012 withdrew because it was too expensive to settle match in Ceres Arena . The Danish women national handball team is also play some matches .'}]}, {'value': '5,001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bjerringbro-Silkeborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjerringbro-Silkeborg', 'summary': "Bjerringbro-Silkeborg Håndbold is a handball club , based in the two Danish cities of Bjerringbro and Silkeborg . Currently , Bjerringbro-Silkeborg competes in the men 's Danish Handball League . The home arena of the team is JYSK Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Bjerringbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjerringbro', 'summary': "Bjerringbro is a railway town located at the railway line between Viborg and Randers and lying on both sides of the Gudenå ( River Guden ) . Until 1 January 2007 it was the municipal seat of the former Bjerringbro Municipality and today , with a population of 7,494 ( 1 January 2019 ) , it is the second largest town of Viborg Municipality , Central Denmark Region in Denmark . The town is the site of the headquarters of Grundfos , the world 's largest pump manufacturer ."}]}, {'value': 'Silkeborg-Hallerne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silkeborg-Hallerne', 'summary': 'Silkeborg-Hallerne is a complex of indoor sports arenas in Silkeborg , Denmark used for several sports , but primarily handball . The arena is home to Danish Handball League team Bjerringbro-Silkeborg . In 2014 gets Silkeborg-Hallerne a renovation that made the hall 600 square meters large and 14 meters long . Besides a large hall was floors , light engineering , stands and big screen replaced . In addition , the hall was renamed Jysk Arena as Jysk was main sponsor of the rebuilding Coordinates : 56°11′04″N 9°34′22″E / 56.18444°N 9.57278°E / 56.18444 ; 9.57278'}]}, {'value': '2,845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GOG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GOG_Håndbold', 'summary': "GOG is a handball club based in the small town of Gudme on Funen , Denmark . The club is one of the most successful in the history of Danish handball having won the Danish Handball Championship 7 times and the Danish Handball Cup a record 9 times . Currently GOG competes in the men 's Danish Handball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Gudme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gudme', 'summary': "Gudme is a town in central Denmark with a population of 915 ( 1st January 2019 ) , located in Svendborg municipality on the island of Funen in Region of Southern Denmark . Until 1 January 2007 , it was the site of the municipal council of the now former Gudme municipality . Gudme was an important site during the Iron Age . Numerous archeological finds dating from the 3rd to the 6th century have been made here ; they include large amounts of gold treasure and the remains of what is assumed to have been a royal palace . The name of the town means gods ' home , leading to the assumption that it was an important religious site as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Gudme-Hallerne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gudme-Hallerne', 'summary': "Gudme-hallerne is a complex of indoor sports arenas in the town of Gudme on Funen , Denmark . The arena is primarily used for handball , and is home to as well the men 's Danish Handball League team , and the women 's 1st Division team of Gudme HK . Coordinates : 55°8′54.31″N 10°42′32.47″E / 55.1484194°N 10.7090194°E / 55.1484194 ; 10.7090194"}]}, {'value': '2,265', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC Midtjylland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HC_Midtjylland', 'summary': 'HC Midtjylland was a handball club based in the town of Herning in Jutland , Denmark . They play in Danish 2rd Division , but in 2018 they went bankrupt because of financial problems . The club resurrected , shortly after it went bankrupt , but was forced into the Danish 2nd Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Herning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herning', 'summary': 'Herning ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈhæɐ̯neŋ ] ) is a Danish city in Region Midtjylland , on the Jutland peninsula . It is the main town and the administrative seat of Herning Municipality . Herning has a population of 50,039 ( 1 January 2019 ) including the suburbs of Tjørring , Snejbjerg , Lind , Birk , Hammerum and Gjellerup , making Herning the 11th most populous urban area in Denmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Messecenter Herning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Messecenter_Herning', 'summary': 'The MCH Messecenter Herning is an exhibition centre and entertainment complex in Herning , Denmark . The complex is the largest fair and exhibition center in Denmark- beating the Bella Center in Copenhagen . Located on 130 acres ( 0.53 km2 ) , the complex hosts many events from trade shows , theatrical performances , sporting events , concert tours and other performances . It is one of the main attractions in Herning and draws a crowd of over 900,000 visitors per year .'}]}, {'value': '3,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KIF Kolding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KIF_Kolding_København', 'summary': 'KIF Kolding is a handball club based in Kolding , Denmark who competes in the Danish Handball League . KIF Kolding has won the Danish Handball Championship a record 14 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Kolding Copenhagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolding', 'summary': 'Kolding ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈkʰɒleŋ ] ) is a Danish seaport located at the head of Kolding Fjord in the Region of Southern Denmark . It is the seat of Kolding Municipality . It is a transportation , commercial , and manufacturing centre , and has numerous industrial companies , principally geared towards shipbuilding . The manufacturing of machinery and textiles and livestock export are other economically significant activities . With a population of 90,066 ( 1 January 2014 ) , the Kolding municipality is the seventh largest in Denmark . The city itself has a population of 60,854 ( 1 January 2019 ) and is also the seventh largest city in Denmark . The city is part of the Triangle Region , which includes the neighbouring cities of Fredericia and Vejle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Copenhagen', 'summary': "Copenhagen [ a ] ( Danish : København [ kʰøpm̩ˈhau̯ˀn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark . As of 1 January 2020 , the city had a population of 794,128 , 632,340 in Copenhagen Municipality , 104,305 in Frederiksberg Municipality , 42,989 in Tårnby Municipality , and 14,494 in Dragør Municipality . It forms the core of the wider urban area of Copenhagen ( population 1,320,629 ) and the Copenhagen metropolitan area ( population 2,557,737 ) . Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand ; another small portion of the city is located on Amager , and it is separated from Malmø , Sweden , by the strait of Øresund . The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road . Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand , Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century . Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions , defences and armed forces . During the renaissance the city served as the de facto capital being the seat of government of the Kalmar Union , governing the entire present day Nordic region in a personal union with Sweden and Norway ruled by the Danish monarch serving as the head of state . The city flourished as the cultural and economic center of Scandinavia under the union for well over 120 years , starting in the 15th century up until the beginning of the 16th century when the union was dissolved with Sweden leaving the union through a rebellion . After a plague outbreak and fire in the 18th century , the city underwent a period of redevelopment . This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts . After further disasters in the early 19th century when Horatio Nelson attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city , rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen 's architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Tre-For Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolding_Hallen', 'summary': "Sydbank Arena ( formerly known as Koldinghallerne ) is an indoor sports arena in Kolding , Denmark primarily used for handball . The arena has a capacity of 5,001 spectators and is home to Danish Handball League team KIF Kolding , one of the most successful teams in the history of Danish handball . In December 2015 the venue was used for the 2015 World Women 's Handball Championship ."}]}, {'value': '5,182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mors-Thy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mors-Thy_Håndbold', 'summary': "Mors-Thy Håndbold is a handball club , based in Nykøbing Mors and Thisted , Denmark . Currently , Mors-Thy Håndbold competes in the men 's Danish Handball League . The home arena of the team is Sparekassen Thy Arena and Thyhallen in Thisted ."}]}, {'value': 'Nykøbing Mors Thisted', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nykøbing_Mors', 'summary': "Nykøbing Mors is the largest town on the Danish Limfjord island of Mors . The town received its charter in 1299 and has a population of 9,135 ( 1 January 2019 ) . It is located in Morsø municipality and belongs to Region Nordjylland . Nykøbing was the place of birth of Danish-Norwegian author Aksel Sandemose and the reputed inspiration for the fictional town of Jante , associated with the Jante Law , in Sandemose 's novel A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks . Nykøbing was the seat of the former Dueholm monastery , now part of the Morsland Historical Museum . Located just outside the village on a spit is Nykøbing Mors Cricket Club Ground ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thisted', 'summary': "Thisted is a town in the municipality of Thisted in the North Denmark Region of Denmark . It has a population of 13,423 ( 1 January 2019 ) and is located in Thy , in northwestern Jutland . The town name derives from the Germanic deity Tyr and could be translated as Tyr 's Stead . Market town status was given to Thisted in 1500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jyske Bank Mors Arena Thy Hallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morsø_Sparekasse_Arena', 'summary': 'Sparekassen Thy Arena Mors is an indoor sports arena in Nykøbing Mors , Denmark primarily used for handball . The arena was built in 2008 , and is home to Danish Handball League side Mors-Thy Håndbold .'}]}, {'value': '2,296 1,284', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nordsjælland Håndbold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordsjælland_Håndbold', 'summary': "Nordsjælland Håndbold is a handball club , based in Helsinge , Denmark . Currently , Nordsjælland Håndbold competes in the men 's Danish Handball League , and plays its home matches in Helsinge-Hallen in Helsinge . The women 's team is competing in the third-best tier of the women 's Danish league system ."}]}, {'value': 'Helsinge Hillerød', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinge,_Denmark', 'summary': 'Helsinge is the municipal seat of Gribskov municipality in Region Hovedstaden on Zealand in Denmark with a population of 8,288 ( 1 January 2019 ) . The town was years ago elected the ugliest town in Denmark by a journalist from national television [ citation needed ] , Peter Olesen , which is why among its inhabitants it has the popular name Hæslinge ( Hæslig=ugly ) . Recently a great wall was built as a kind of town portal , but that has got the nickname the Berlin Wall , because it divides the space in an unfortunate way . In early 19th century Helsinge was as small as the nearby villages , but it had an inn and a church and the vicar had another parish under him , Valby . Through the 19th century Helsinge grew . In 1840 23% of the 1258 inhabitants in the parish lived in the city , but in 1901 the percentage was 43% of 1647 . In the meantime the town had got among other things both a judge ( 1848 ) , a doctor ( 1859 ) , a post office ( 1863 ) , telegraphy ( 1872 ) and a railroad ( 1897 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hillerød', 'summary': 'Hillerød ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈhiləˌʁœðˀ ] ) is a Danish town with a population of 33,088 ( 1 January 2019 ) located in the centre of North Zealand approximately 30 km to the north of Copenhagen , Denmark . Hillerød is the administrative centre of Hillerød Municipality and also the administrative seat of Region Hovedstaden ( Capital Region of Denmark ) , one of the five regions in Denmark . It is most known for its large Renaissance castle , Frederiksborg Castle , now home to the Museum of National History . Hillerød station is the terminus of one of the radials of the S-train network as well as several local railway lines . The town is surrounded by the former royal forests of Gribskov to the north and Store Dyrehave to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Helsinge-Hallen Royal Stage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinge-Hallen', 'summary': 'Helsinge-Hallen is an indoor sports arena in Helsinge , Denmark , primarily used for handball . The arena can hold 1,600 spectators and is home to Danish Handball League team Nordsjælland Håndbold .'}]}, {'value': '1,600 3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ribe-Esbjerg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ribe-Esbjerg_HH', 'summary': "Ribe-Esbjerg HH is a handball club based in the town of Ribe in Jutland , Denmark . The club was founded on 1 May 1973 and was the result of a merger between Ribe Håndboldklub and Sædding Idrætsforening . Ribe-Esbjerg HH competes in the men 's Danish Handball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Esbjerg Ribe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esbjerg', 'summary': "Esbjerg ( UK : /ˈɛsbjɜːrɡ/ , US : /ˈɛsbjɛər ( ɡ ) / , Danish : [ ˈɛsˌpjæɐ̯ˀ ] , West Jutish dialect : [ ˈɛspʲæa̯ ] ) is a seaport town and seat of Esbjerg Municipality on the west coast of the Jutland peninsula in southwest Denmark . By road , it is 71 kilometres ( 44 mi ) west of Kolding and 164 kilometres ( 102 mi ) southwest of Aarhus . With an urban population of 72,168 ( 1 January 2019 ) it is the fifth-largest city in Denmark , and the largest in west Jutland . Before a decision was made to establish a harbour ( now the second largest in Denmark ) at Esbjerg in 1868 , the area consisted of only a few farms . Esbjerg developed quickly with the population rising to 13,000 by 1901 and 70,000 by 1970 . In addition to its fishing and shipping activities , it also became an important centre for agricultural exports . Over the years , many of the city 's visitors have arrived by ferry from Harwich , Essex , England , but this service closed in September 2014 having run since 1875 . The harbour facilities are being expanded to answer the needs of the wind-turbine industry and container shipping traffic . Esbjerg is served by Esbjerg Airport with flights to Aberdeen , Scotland and Stavanger , Norway . The town has several notable museums and entertainment venues , including Esbjerg Art Museum , Esbjerg Museum and the privately owned Fisheries and Maritime Museum . The Esbjerg Performing Arts Centre was completed in 1997 to designs by Jan and Jørn Utzon . When approached by sea , the Man Meets the Sea is one of the prominent monuments , consisting of four 9-metre-tall ( 27 feet ) white-coloured men , overlooking Sædding Beach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ribe', 'summary': 'Ribe ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈʁiːpə ] ; German : Ripen ) is a Danish town in south-west Jutland , with a population of 9.918 ( 2019 ) . It is the seat of the Diocese of Ribe covering southwestern Jutland . Until 1 January 2007 , Ribe was the seat of both a surrounding municipality , and county . It is now part of the enlarged Esbjerg Municipality in the Region of Southern Denmark . Ribe is the oldest extant town in Denmark , established in the early eighth century in the Germanic Iron Age .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Water Dokken Invactor Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Water_Dokken', 'summary': "Blue Water Dokken is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Esbjerg , Denmark . Its best known tenant is the women 's handball club Team Esbjerg , one of the top teams of the Danish championship , that also regularly plays in Europe , having reached the EHF Cup final in 2014 . Beside handball it also hosts other indoor sports as well as concerts , shows and others ."}]}, {'value': '3,386 1,976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skanderborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skanderborg_Håndbold', 'summary': "Skanderborg Håndbold is a handball club based in Skanderborg in Jutland , Denmark . The club was founded in 1982 and was the result of a merger between Stilling-Skanderborg and Vrold-Skanderborg Handball Club . Currently , Skanderborg Håndbold competes in the men 's Danish Handball League and the women in the Danish Women 's Handball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Skanderborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skanderborg', 'summary': "Skanderborg is a town in Skanderborg municipality , Denmark . It is situated on the north and north eastern brinks of Skanderborg Lake and there are several smaller ponds and bodies of water within the city itself , like Lillesø , Sortesø , Døj Sø and the swampy boglands of Eskebæk Mose . Just north of the town on the other side of Expressway E45 , is the archaeologically important Illerup Ådal . Over time , the town has grown into a suburb of Aarhus to the north east , connected by the urban areas of Stilling , Hørning and Hasselager . Skanderborg is home to a population of 19,185 ( 1 January 2019 ) , out of Skanderborg municipality 's total population of 61,974 ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fælledhallen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skjern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skjern_Håndbold', 'summary': 'Skjern Handball ( Danish : Skjern Håndbold ) is a handball club from Skjern , Denmark . Currently , Skjern Handball competes in the Danish Handball League , which they have won twice , in 1999 and in 2017 . They have also achieved international success , by winning the EHF Challenge Cup twice , in 2002 and 2003 . The home arena of Skjern Håndbold is Skjern Bank Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Skjern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skjern,_Denmark', 'summary': 'Skjern is a railway town located in western Jutland , Denmark with a population of 7,823 ( 1 January 2019 ) . It was the main town in the now abolished Skjern Municipality . Since 2007 it has been , with Ringkøbing , the joint administrative seat of Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality . [ citation needed ] Skjern is served by the Stauning Vestjylland Airport , where Danmarks Flymuseum displaying historic aircraft is also located . The statue of Holger Danske by Hans Peder Pedersen-Dan was moved to Skjern in 2013 from the Hotel Marienlyst in Helsingør after it was sold on an auction site .'}]}, {'value': 'Skjern Bank Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skjern_Bank_Arena', 'summary': 'Skjern Bank Arena is an indoor sports arena in Skjern , Denmark primarily used for handball . The arena can seat 2,400 spectators and is home to Danish Handball League team Skjern Håndbold .'}]}, {'value': '3,264', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SønderjyskE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SønderjyskE_Håndbold', 'summary': 'SønderjyskE is a Danish sport club . They have two handball teams ( one male based in Sønderborg , one female based in Aabenraa ) , two football teams ( one professional male club and one professional female club , both based in Haderslev ) and an ice hockey team based in Vojens . All the teams play in Southern Jutland . The name is short for Sønderjysk Elitesport ( English language : Southern Jutlandic Elite Sport ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sønderborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sønderborg', 'summary': 'Sønderborg ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈsønɐˌpɒˀ ] - ( German : Sonderburg ( help·info ) ) is a Danish town in the Region of Southern Denmark . It is the main town and the administrative seat of Sønderborg Municipality ( Kommune ) . The town has a population of 27,801 ( 1 January 2019 ) , in a municipality of 74,561 . In recent times , Sønderborg has developed into an important center for trade , tourism , industry and education in the region of Southern Denmark . The town is the headquarters for several large industrial companies of great importance to both the local and national economies .'}]}, {'value': 'Broager Sparekasse Skansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broager_Sparekasse_Skansen', 'summary': 'Broager Sparekasse Skansen is a handball arena in Sønderborg , in Sønderjylland , which is primarily used for SønderjyskE handball home matches . The arena has a fixed stand with 1000 seats , as well as a long side stand that can be pulled out during handball matches , also with 1000 seats , so the arena has a total capacity of 2000 seats . The arena was built in 2012 in order to replace both Dybbølhallhallene and Humlehøjhallen arenas where they previously played their home matches . The arena is named after Broager Sparekasse which is a local bank that has financed a large part of the arena expenses .'}]}, {'value': '2,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TTH Holstebro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TTH_Holstebro', 'summary': "TTH Holstebro is a handball club from Holstebro , Denmark . The club has teams in the men 's Primo Tours Ligaen and in the women 's HTH Ligaen , and play their home matches in Gråkjær Arena"}]}, {'value': 'Holstebro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holstebro', 'summary': 'Holstebro is the main town in Holstebro Municipality , Denmark . The town , bisected by Storåen ( The Large Creek ) , has a population of 36,442 ( 1 January 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Idrætscenter Vest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idrætscenter_Vest', 'summary': 'Idrætscenter Vest is an indoor sports arena in Holstebro , Denmark primarily used for handball . The arena can hold 2,300 spectators ( app . 1000 seated ) and was the former home to Danish Handball League side Team Tvis Holstebro .'}]}, {'value': '3,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TM Tønder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tønder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tønder', 'summary': 'Tønder ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈtˢønˀɐ ] ; German : Tondern [ ˈtɔndɐn ] ) is a town in the Region of Southern Denmark . With a population of 7,659 ( as of 1 January 2019 ) , it is the main town and the administrative seat of the Tønder Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Tønder Sport- og FritidsCenter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': "The fourteen men 's teams for the 2017-18 season are :", 'uid': 'Danish_Handball_League_0', 'intro': "The Danish Men's Handball League, formerly known as Primo Tours Ligaen for sponsorship reasons, is the men's top Danish professional handball league. The winners of the Danish Men's Handball League are recognised as the Danish men's handball champions. The current champions are Aalborg Håndbold, who gained fourth second title in June 2019."} | null | null | What basketball team played in a city that was a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century ? | Bakken bears |
06863c13d6971f8e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Texas at Austin alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year ( s )', 'Degree ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Paul Begala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Begala', 'summary': "Paul Edward Begala ( born May 12 , 1961 ) is an American political consultant and political commentator , best known as the former adviser to President Bill Clinton . Begala was a chief strategist for the 1992 Clinton-Gore campaign , which carried 33 states and made Clinton the first Democrat to occupy the White House in twelve years . As counselor to the President in the Clinton White House , he coordinated policy , politics , and communications . Begala gained national prominence as part of the political consulting team Carville and Begala , along with fellow Clinton advisor James Carville . He was a co-host on the political debate program Equal Time on MSNBC from 1999 to 2000 , and a co-host on the similar debate program Crossfire on CNN from 2002 to 2005 . He now appears regularly on CNN as a Democratic pundit . He is an Affiliated Professor of Public Policy at Georgetown University 's McCourt School of Public Policy ."}]}, {'value': '1983 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA JD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juris_Doctor', 'summary': "The Juris Doctor degree ( J.D . or JD ) , also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree ( J.D. , JD , D.Jur . or DJur ) , is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees . The Juris Doctor is earned by completing law school in Australia , Canada , the United States , and some other common law countries . It has the academic standing of a professional doctorate ( in contrast to a research doctorate ) in the United States , a master 's degree in Australia , and a second-entry baccalaureate degree in Canada ( in all three jurisdictions the same as other professional degrees such as M.D . or D.D.S./D.M.D. , the degrees required to be a practicing physician or dentist , respectively ) . The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degree ( such as the Dottore in Giurisprudenza in Italy and the Juris Utriusque Doctor in Germany and central Europe ) . Originating from the 19th-century Harvard movement for the scientific study of law and first denominated LL.B. , it is a degree that in most common law jurisdictions is the primary professional preparation for lawyers . It traditionally involves a three-year program , although some U.S. law schools offer a two-year accelerated program in which students complete courses over two additional summer semesters . The LL.B . was largely replaced by the J.D . in the US in the later 20th century ."}]}, {'value': "Former host of CNN 's Crossfire", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CNN', 'summary': "CNN ( Cable News Network ) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by AT & T 's WarnerMedia . CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel . Upon its launch in 1980 , CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and was the first all-news television channel in the United States . While the news channel has numerous affiliates , CNN primarily broadcasts from 30 Hudson Yards in New York City , and studios in Washington , D.C. and Los Angeles . Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming . CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S . ( or CNN Domestic ) to distinguish the U.S. channel from its international sister network , CNN International . The network is known for its dramatic live coverage of breaking news , some of which has drawn criticism as overly sensationalistic , and for its efforts to be nonpartisan , which have led to accusations of false balance . As of September 2018 , CNN has 90.1 million television households as subscribers ( 97.7% of households with cable ) in the United States . In 2019 , CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks , behind rivals Fox News and MSNBC , averaging 972,000 viewers . CNN ranks 14th among all basic cable networks . Globally , CNN programming airs through CNN International , which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Crossfire_(U.S._TV_program)', 'summary': 'Crossfire is an American nightly current events debate television program that aired on CNN from 1982 to 2005 and again from 2013 to 2014 . Its format was designed to present and challenge the opinions of a politically liberal pundit and a conservative pundit . In 2013 , after eight years off the air , a new version of Crossfire re-launched on September 9 . The panelists for the new edition of Crossfire were former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and political commentator S. E. Cupp representing the right with political consultant Stephanie Cutter and advocate Van Jones representing the left . The version was last broadcast in July 2014 and officially cancelled later that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Bryant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Bryant_(broadcaster)', 'summary': "Benjamin Bryant ( born 1977 ) is an American writer , artist , and broadcaster . He is the former co-executive producer of the Daytime Emmy-winning drama series Anacostia ( where he occasionally works in front of the camera ) , current host of the interview program and podcast The Brink with Benjamin Bryant and co-host upcoming travel docuseries Journeys Beyond . He has produced several television and streaming series , specials , and a series of holiday films . Previously , Bryant served in senior staff positions on multiple high profile task forces and commissions during the Barack Obama administration , including the Pentagons Fort Hood Shooting Task Force , Dont Ask , Dont Tell Repeal Working Group , and the two-year Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission , for which he was the commissions final spokesperson . In 2011 , the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin announced the formal acquisition of several of Bryant 's papers , notes , and recordings related to his historic work for the White House and Department of Defense . In addition to his work as a journalist and broadcaster , Bryant has appeared as a guest and interview subject in the media throughout his career , including multiple appearances on the nightly news program America Tonight ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( medically withdrew )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radio and television broadcaster , BZ/MP executive editor , host of The Brink with Benjamin Bryant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liz Carpenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liz_Carpenter', 'summary': "Mary Elizabeth Sutherland Carpenter ( September 1 , 1920 - March 20 , 2010 ) was a writer , feminist , reporter , media advisor , speechwriter , political humorist , and public relations expert . Carpenter was born in historic Salado in southern Bell County , Texas . In 1936 , her 24-room residence there was declared a state historic monument . In 1967 , a plaque was unveiled to indicate that Carpenter had once lived there . At the age of seven , she moved with her family to Austin . Carpenter stood in the forefront of the Women 's Movement when it began and never wavered from her platform . Her projects and causes ranged from supporting high tech to fighting cancer . Often called the funniest woman in politics , she was in demand as a public speaker until her death ."}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feminist writer , former press secretary to First Lady Lady Bird Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson', 'summary': "Claudia Alta Lady Bird Johnson ( née Taylor ; December 22 , 1912 - July 11 , 2007 ) was an American socialite and the First Lady of the United States ( 1963-1969 ) as the wife of the 36th President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson . She also served as the Second Lady of the United States . Notably well-educated for a woman of her era , she proved a capable manager and a successful investor . After marrying Lyndon B. Johnson in 1934 when he was a political hopeful in Austin , Texas , she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign and then ran his office while he served in the Navy . She bought a radio station , and , later , a television station which generated revenues that made the Johnsons into millionaires . As First Lady , she broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress , employing her own press secretary , and making a solo electioneering tour . Johnson was an advocate for beautifying the nation 's cities and highways ( Where flowers bloom , so does hope ) . The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Bird 's Bill . She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest honors bestowed upon a US civilian ."}]}, {'value': 'Alireza Jafarzadeh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alireza_Jafarzadeh', 'summary': "Alireza Jafarzadeh is a media commentator on the Middle East and an active dissident figure to the Iranian government . He is best known for revealing the existence of clandestine nuclear facilities in Iran in 2002 . At the time of the revelation , Jafarzadeh acted as the chief congressional liaison and public spokesperson for the United States representative office of the National Council of Resistance of Iran ( NCRI ) . He is currently also the president of Strategic Policy Consulting , Inc. , as well as a FOX News Foreign Affairs Analyst . Jafarzadeh is also the author of a 304-paged book ( The Iran Threat : President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis ) about Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , the former President of Iran , and his alleged interest in developing nuclear weapons . He is also the U.S. representative of the People 's Mujahedin of Iran ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MSc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Science', 'summary': "A Master of Science ( Latin : Magister Scientiae ; abbreviated MS , M.S. , MSc , M.Sc. , SM , S.M. , ScM or Sc.M . ) is a master 's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree . In contrast to the Master of Arts degree , the Master of Science degree is typically granted for studies in sciences , engineering and medicine and is usually for programs that are more focused on scientific and mathematical subjects ; however , different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the humanities and social sciences . While it ultimately depends upon the specific program , earning a Master of Science degree typically includes writing a thesis ."}]}, {'value': 'Media commentator on the Middle East , TV news analyst', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betty Nguyen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betty_Nguyen', 'summary': 'Betty Nguyen ( pronounced Winn ) is a Vietnamese-American news anchor , who is currently at WPIX in New York City . Nguyen has previously worked for NBC News , MSNBC , CBS News , and CNN .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Anchor for The CBS Morning News', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_CBS_Morning_News', 'summary': 'CBS Morning News is an American early morning television news program for CBS News that is broadcast on CBS . The program features late-breaking news stories , national weather forecasts and sports highlights . Since 2013 , it has been anchored by Anne Marie Green , who concurrently anchored the CBS late-night news program Up to the Minute until its cancellation in September 2015 . The program is broadcast live at 4:00 a.m. Eastern Time ( airing in the early timeslot to accommodate CBS stations that start their local morning newscasts at 4:30 a.m. ) , and is transmitted in a continuous half-hour tape delayed loop until 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time , when CBS This Morning begins in the Pacific Time Zone . The program usually airs as a lead-in to local morning newscasts on most CBS stations , although in the few markets where a morning newscast is not produced by the CBS station , it may air in a two- to three-hour loop immediately before the start of This Morning . The show is updated for any breaking news occurring before 7:00 a.m. Eastern Time , while stations throughout the network will join CBS This Morning in all time zones past that time at their local discretion or network orders for live coverage .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary M. Polland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': "The Bachelor of Business Administration ( BBA or B.B.A . ) is a bachelor 's degree in business administration . In the United States , the degree is conferred after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations . In Europe , the degree is conferred after three years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations . The BBA program usually includes general business courses and advanced courses for specific concentrations ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston attorney , talk-show host , former Harris County Republican Party chairman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephanie Trong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephanie_Trong', 'summary': "Stephanie Trong was the executive editor of the magazine Jane , which had a circulation approaching one million until it shut down in July 2007 . She was born in Norwich , New York in 1976 , as the daughter of a Vietnamese American engineering executive and his wife , an American woman of European descent from New Jersey . While still a child , Stephanie moved from New York State to Texas with her parents . She later graduated from the University of Texas in Austin with a bachelor 's degree in journalism in 1998 . She joined Jane Magazine in early 1999 as an editorial assistant and was later promoted to assistant editor , associate editor , senior editor , deputy editor and finally executive editor . She was second only to Brandon Holley , the editor-in-chief of the magazine . After a stint at Page Six The Magazine , Trong joined Nylon Magazine in August 2008 as executive editor for both its Nylon and Nylon Guys publications . On April 21 , 2010 ; it was announced by NBC New York that Stephanie Trong would soon join the rapidly expanding Gilt Groupe as its first editorial director . On October 14 , 2010 , the New York Observer published an article by Zeke Turner , revealing : In other moves at Lucky [ Magazine ] .Ms . Holley has also hired Stephanie Trong , her number two from the Jane years , as deputy editor . Stephanie also appeared on the SOAPnet series The Fashionista Diaries ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Former executive editor of the magazine Jane ( 2005-2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_(magazine)', 'summary': "Jane was an American magazine created to appeal to the women who grew up reading Sassy magazine ; Jane Pratt was the founding editor of each . Its original target audience ( pitched to advertisers ) was aged 18-34 , and was designed to appeal to women who did not like the typical women 's magazine format . Pratt originally intended the magazine to be named Betty , but she was voted down by everyone else involved in the making of the magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Wedeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Wedeman', 'summary': "Benjamin C. Wedeman ( born September 1 , 1960 ) is an American journalist and war correspondent . He has been CNN 's lead correspondent in Jerusalem since 2009 . He has been with the network since 1994 , and has earned multiple Emmy Awards and Edward Murrow Awards for team reporting ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior correspondent for CNN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CNN', 'summary': "CNN ( Cable News Network ) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by AT & T 's WarnerMedia . CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel . Upon its launch in 1980 , CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and was the first all-news television channel in the United States . While the news channel has numerous affiliates , CNN primarily broadcasts from 30 Hudson Yards in New York City , and studios in Washington , D.C. and Los Angeles . Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming . CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S . ( or CNN Domestic ) to distinguish the U.S. channel from its international sister network , CNN International . The network is known for its dramatic live coverage of breaking news , some of which has drawn criticism as overly sensationalistic , and for its efforts to be nonpartisan , which have led to accusations of false balance . As of September 2018 , CNN has 90.1 million television households as subscribers ( 97.7% of households with cable ) in the United States . In 2019 , CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks , behind rivals Fox News and MSNBC , averaging 972,000 viewers . CNN ranks 14th among all basic cable networks . Globally , CNN programming airs through CNN International , which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Journalism and media', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_alumni_19', 'intro': 'This list of University of Texas at Austin alumni includes notable graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of the University of Texas at Austin. The institution is a major research university in Downtown Austin, Texas, US and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. Founded in 1883, the university has had the fifth largest single-campus enrollment in the nation as of Fall 2006 (and had the largest enrollment in the country from 1997 to 2003), with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and 16,500 faculty and staff. It currently holds the second largest enrollment of all colleges in the state of Texas.'} | null | null | Who is the youngest alumni who worked for CNN ? | Paul Begala |
06868042f8e0810d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FKF_Division_One', 'title': '2013 FKF Division One', 'header': ['Club', 'Home stadium', 'Town / City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Agrochemical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agrochemical_F.C.', 'summary': 'Agrochemical Football Club ( widely known as Agrochemicals ) is a Kenyan football club based in Muhoroni . They are a member of the Kenyan National Super League , the second level in the Kenyan football league system . Their home stadium is the Furaha Academy Sports Ground .'}]}, {'value': 'Muhoroni Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhoroni_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Muhoroni Stadium previously called Biafra Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Muhoroni , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Muhoroni Youth of the Kenyan Premier League since 2012 The stadium holds 20,000 people and is owned by Muhoroni Youth Football Club . The Clubs Champion partner is Muhoroni Sugar Company who donated the land to the community . The company though in receivership management is a leading Brown Sugar manufacturer from which Muhoroni sugar is derived .'}]}, {'value': 'Muhoroni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhoroni', 'summary': 'Muhoroni is a town in Kisumu County , Kenya . Muhoroni hosts a town council . It has an urban population of 13,664 and a total population of 31,148 ( 1999 census [ permanent dead link ] ) . Muhoroni has a railway station along the Nairobi-Kisumu Railway . The town is located 50 kilometres east of Kisumu , the county capital . Chemelil , a smaller town , is located 10 kilometres west of Muhoroni .'}]}, {'value': 'Busia United Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busia_United_Stars_F.C.', 'summary': 'Busia United Stars Football Club is an association football club based in Busia , Kenya . The club currently competes in the Kenyan National Super League , and plays its home games at the Busia Nails Stadium . The club was known as Outgrowers Football Club until the 2013 season of FKF Division One .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busia,_Kenya', 'summary': 'Busia is a town in Kenya . It is the capital and largest town of Busia County .'}]}, {'value': 'Field Negroes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kisumu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisumu', 'summary': 'Kisumu is the third largest city in Kenya , the largest and principal city of Western Kenya , and the most important inland port in the Lake Victoria circuit . Kisumu serves as the capital city of Kisumu County , Kenya . While Kisumu city proper has a population of about 750,000 ( Kenya National Census , 2019 ) , the Metropolitan Area population is 1,334 , 574 making not only the third largest urban center in the country , but also the third largest metro after the capital city Nairobi and the coastal port and city , Mombasa . Kisumu is the immediate former capital of Nyanza Province , the headquarters of Kisumu County and the proposed headquarters of the Lake Region Economic Bloc , which is a conglomeration of 15 counties in Western Kenya . Kisumu is an important link in the trade route between Lake Victoria and Mombasa because of its water and rail connections . It is also the chief terminus for the agricultural produce of Nyanza and Western provinces . It is the largest and most important city in the Western Kenya . Kisumu serves as a trading and transportation hub for the Great Lakes region in western Kenya . Kisumu International Airport has regular flights to Nairobi and other neighboring cities such as Mombasa , Mwanza , and Kigali . It is the second most important city after Kampala in the greater Lake Victoria basin and according to the United Nations it is now recognized as a key city and a Millennium City - the first of its kind in the world and also in East Africa . Kisumu is famous for being the home town of Barack Hussein Obama Sr , the father to the 44th president of the United States , Barack H. Obama . It is officially known as Kisumu City ( and formerly Port Florence ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Finlays Horticulture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finlays_Horticulture_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Finlays Horticulture Association Football Club is an association football club based in Naivasha , Kenya . The club currently competes in the Kenyan National Super League , and plays its home games at the Kingfisher Grounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingfisher Grounds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naivasha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naivasha', 'summary': 'Naivasha is a large town in Nakuru County , Kenya , lying 92.8 km ( 57.7 mi ) by road north west of Nairobi .'}]}, {'value': 'Gusii Raiders', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kisii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisii,_Kenya', 'summary': 'Kisii is a municipality and a major urban center in south-western Kenya . It is the capital of the Kisii County which has a population of 1,266,860 according to the Kenya National Census of 2019 . Kisii Town also serves as the main urban and commercial center in the Gusii Highlands and the South Nyanza region and the second largest town in greater Nyanza after Kisumu City . As of 2009 , Kisiii town proper had a population of 200,000 people . It is a bustling town and a home to several businesses , organizations , educational institutions and government agencies . Kisii municipality sits right at the center of the western Kenya tourist circuit that includes the Tabaka Soapstone Carvings , Maasai Mara Game Reserve , Lambwe Valley Game Reserve and the entire Lake Victoria basin . The town continues to serve these former districts , the larger South Nyanza County and the Trans Mara area of western Narok County in commerce . Kisii town connects the Great Rift Valley and Nairobi to Migori and the Kenya-Tanzania border and has a sizable manufacturing industry based on agriculture primarily plantation farming .'}]}, {'value': 'Hotsprings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hotsprings_F.C.', 'summary': 'Rift Valley United Football Club is an association football club based in Eldoret , Kenya . The club currently competes in the Kenyan National Super League , and was known as Hotsprings Football Club until 31 March 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kipchoge Keino Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kipchoge_Keino_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kipchoge Keino Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Eldoret , Kenya . It is named after the athlete Kipchoge Keino . It holds 10,000 people . In 2007 , the Kenyan Government allocated Ksh . 100 million for the upgrade of the stadium , which had fallen into disrepair . The stadium has been used by local football teams including Rivatex and Eldoret KCC , but there are no currently teams from Eldoret in the Kenyan Premier League . The stadium is also used for athletics meetings . The stadium hosted the 2016 Athletics Kenya Olympic Trials . The stadium is currently being renovated and expanded .'}]}, {'value': 'Eldoret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eldoret', 'summary': 'Eldoret is a principal city in the Rift Valley region of Kenya and the fifth largest in the country . It also serves as the capital of Uasin Gishu County . Lying south of the Cherangani Hills , the local elevation varies from about 2100 metres at the airport to more than 2700 metres in nearby areas ( 7000-9000 feet ) . The population was 289,380 in the 2009 census , and it is currently the fastest growing town in Kenya with over 400,000 inhabitants in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kisumu Municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moi Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moi_Stadium', 'summary': "Moi Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kisumu , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Kisumu All Stars F.C . The stadium holds 5,000 people . Gor Mahia has also been playing some of their home games there due to the unavailability of Nairobi 's City Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Kisumu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisumu', 'summary': 'Kisumu is the third largest city in Kenya , the largest and principal city of Western Kenya , and the most important inland port in the Lake Victoria circuit . Kisumu serves as the capital city of Kisumu County , Kenya . While Kisumu city proper has a population of about 750,000 ( Kenya National Census , 2019 ) , the Metropolitan Area population is 1,334 , 574 making not only the third largest urban center in the country , but also the third largest metro after the capital city Nairobi and the coastal port and city , Mombasa . Kisumu is the immediate former capital of Nyanza Province , the headquarters of Kisumu County and the proposed headquarters of the Lake Region Economic Bloc , which is a conglomeration of 15 counties in Western Kenya . Kisumu is an important link in the trade route between Lake Victoria and Mombasa because of its water and rail connections . It is also the chief terminus for the agricultural produce of Nyanza and Western provinces . It is the largest and most important city in the Western Kenya . Kisumu serves as a trading and transportation hub for the Great Lakes region in western Kenya . Kisumu International Airport has regular flights to Nairobi and other neighboring cities such as Mombasa , Mwanza , and Kigali . It is the second most important city after Kampala in the greater Lake Victoria basin and according to the United Nations it is now recognized as a key city and a Millennium City - the first of its kind in the world and also in East Africa . Kisumu is famous for being the home town of Barack Hussein Obama Sr , the father to the 44th president of the United States , Barack H. Obama . It is officially known as Kisumu City ( and formerly Port Florence ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Longonot Horticulture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingfisher Grounds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naivasha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naivasha', 'summary': 'Naivasha is a large town in Nakuru County , Kenya , lying 92.8 km ( 57.7 mi ) by road north west of Nairobi .'}]}, {'value': 'Oserian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oserian_F.C.', 'summary': "Oserian Football Club is a football club based in Naivasha , Kenya . They currently play in the Kenyan National Super League and are supported by the Oserian flower farm . They were promoted to the Kenyan Premier League after winning the FKL Nationwide League in 2011 , but were relegated again after finishing 15th in 2012 . Under the name Oserian Fastac , it won two Premier League titles , but was forced to briefly wind up operations when its backers pulled out . This meant that the club had to start again from the bottom tier in order to return to the Premier League . Their major rivals are Karuturi Sports , with whom they share the Naivasha derby . The club also has a women 's football section which currently competes in the Kenyan Women 's Premier League ."}]}, {'value': 'Naivasha Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naivasha_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Naivasha Stadium is a football stadium in Naivasha , Kenya . It is the home stadium of Karuturi Sports and Oserian F.C. , both competing in the Kenyan Premier League , and holds 5,000 people . It is located along the Moi South Lake Road . The stadium is nicknamed Old Trafford , after the home stadium of English Premier League club Manchester United .'}]}, {'value': 'Naivasha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naivasha', 'summary': 'Naivasha is a large town in Nakuru County , Kenya , lying 92.8 km ( 57.7 mi ) by road north west of Nairobi .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_F.C.", 'summary': 'St. Joseph Football Club is an association football club based in Nakuru , Kenya . The club currently competes in the Kenyan National Super League .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakuru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakuru', 'summary': 'Nakuru is the fourth-largest city in Kenya after Nairobi , Mombasa and Kisumu . It is the capital of Nakuru County and former capital of the Rift Valley Province . Its 2018 population is approximately half a million from the 307,990 inhabitants within its town limits in 2009 census , making it the largest urban centre in the Kenyan mid-west with Eldoret in Uasin Gishu following closely behind . Nakuru lies about 1,850 m above sea level .'}]}, {'value': 'Utawala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utawala_F.C.', 'summary': 'Utawala Football Club is an association football club based in Nakuru , Kenya . The club currently competes in the FKF Division One , and plays its home games at the Afraha Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Afraha Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afraha_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Afraha Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakuru , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nakuru AllStars of the Kenyan Premier League and Ulinzi Stars of the Kenyan Premier League . The stadium holds 8,200 people and opened in 1948 . The stadium is two kilometres from the famous Lake Nakuru National Park . Even though it is a football stadium , it became famous for hosting many political meetings including the GEMA promoted change the constitution series held in the 1970s . The former ruling party KANU also held many prominent meetings there during the Moi era .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakuru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakuru', 'summary': 'Nakuru is the fourth-largest city in Kenya after Nairobi , Mombasa and Kisumu . It is the capital of Nakuru County and former capital of the Rift Valley Province . Its 2018 population is approximately half a million from the 307,990 inhabitants within its town limits in 2009 census , making it the largest urban centre in the Kenyan mid-west with Eldoret in Uasin Gishu following closely behind . Nakuru lies about 1,850 m above sea level .'}]}, {'value': 'Vihiga Stars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vihiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vihiga', 'summary': 'Vihiga is a town in Kenya located on the eastern side of the Kakamega Forest .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadia and locations', 'section_text': 'Zone B teams are from the Western , Nyanza and Rift Valley provinces . Zone B - Group 1 locations [ edit ] Club Home stadium Town / City Comply Afraha Stadium Nakuru G.F.C . 105 The Discipleship Grounds Eldoret Kisero Unknown stadium Unknown Kolongolo Bukhungu Stadium Kakamega Mumcop Bukhungu Stadium Kakamega Nzoia United Sudi Stadium Bungoma Shabana Gusii Stadium Kisii Swan Orchards Unknown stadium Unknown Timsales Unknown stadium Elburgon Top Fry AllStars Afraha Stadium Nakuru West Kenya Sugar Bukhungu Stadium Kakamega Zoo Kericho Green Stadium Kericho Zone B - Group 2 locations [ edit ]', 'uid': '2013_FKF_Division_One_3', 'intro': "The 2013 FKF Division One was the second season of FKF Division One and the Golden Jubilee second division season since it began in 1963. It began on 23 March and concluded on 21 December. On 12 April, Murang'a United were suspended from participating in the league any further for the rest of the 2013 season and relegated to the Provincial League for missing three consecutive league games, against Brighter Stars, Maweni City and Kenya Revenue Authority. They were only allowed to participate in the Provincial League from the beginning of the 2014 season, and would not be replaced by any other team during the course of the season. As a result, all their results were nullified. On 25 April, the Football Kenya Federation initially decided to slash the league to 20 teams for the 2014 season. For that to happen, it was decided that the league will consist of top 5 teams in each zone (except the two teams that win the promotion play-offs) in addition to the two relegated Premier League teams. The remaining 28 teams will be relegated to FKF Division Two, which will begin next season, along with the 8 teams promoted from the Provincial League. However, due to the creation of the Kenyan National Super League on 10 July, it was decided that top 5 teams in each zone (except the two teams that win the promotion play-offs) would be promoted to the new league along with the two relegated Premier League teams, while the remaining 28 teams along with 12 teams promoted from the Provincial League would form the new FKF Division One, which is to be the third-tier league from the beginning of the 2014 season."} | null | null | What town and city whose stadium became famous for hosting many political meeting ? | Nakuru |
06879909ceadcaea | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_football_champions', 'title': 'List of Chinese football champions', 'header': ['Club', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Winning seasons'], 'data': [{'value': 'Liaoning Whowin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liaoning_Whowin_F.C.', 'summary': 'Liaoning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 辽宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 遼寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Liáoníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , officially known as Liaoning Hongyun ( simplified Chinese : 辽宁宏运 ; traditional Chinese : 遼寧宏運 ; pinyin : Liáoníng Hóngyùn ) , is a professional association football club that currently participates in the China League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenyang , Liaoning Province and their home stadium is the Tiexi New District Sports Center that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . Their current majority shareholders are the Liaoning Sport Technology College and the Huludao Hongyun Group Co. , Ltd , which is part of the real estate and financial conglomerate the Hongyun Group . The football club can predate their formation to 1953 when the local Shenyang government sports body joined existing club Northeast China to play in the Chinese national football league . By 1956 the league was gradually expanding and regional sports institutes were allowed their own representatives , which eventually formed Liaoning Football Club . The club won several league titles as well as the 1989-90 Asian Club Championship when they beat Nissan Yokohama in the final making Liaoning FC the first Chinese club to win an Asian club championship trophy . Since February 26 , 1994 the current football team was established to be an entirely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season , making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . According to Forbes , Liaoning are the 10th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 67 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 14 million in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1987', 'summary': 'The 1987 Chinese Jia-A League was the first edition of top-flight football in China under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association . It featured 8 teams and was sponsored by Hong Kong company Goldlion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1988', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1988 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1990', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1990 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1991', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1991 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1992', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1992 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1993', 'summary': 'In the 1993 season , the National Football Jia-A League was the top tier of football in China . It comprised eight teams , and Liaoning Dongyao won the championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalian Shide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalian_Shide_F.C.', 'summary': "Dalian Shide was a professional Chinese football club based in Dalian , Liaoning province , China who played in China 's football league system between 1955 and 2012 . Their home stadiums were the 55,843 capacity Dalian People 's Stadium and then later in 1997 they moved to the 30,776 capacity Jinzhou Stadium . The club was initially founded in 1955 as Dalian Shipyards and made sporadic appearances within the Chinese national leagues until 1982 when the local Dalian government took ownership of the club and renamed it Dalian Football Club . The club won their first major silverware when they won the 1992 domestic cup title . In 1993 , the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football team , renamed themselves Dalian Wanda FC and went on to win the first fully professional 1994 Chinese Jia-A League title . The tycoon Xu Ming and the Shide Group would go on to take over the club rename it Dalian Shide . Achieving a total of eight league titles from both the Jia A and the rebranded CSL Dalian were the most successful club in Chinese football , while in the Asian Football Confederation the club reached the 1997-98 Asian Club Championship and 2000-01 Asian Cup Winners ' Cup finals ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1994', 'summary': 'The 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season is the inaugural season of professional association football and the 33rd top-tier overall league season held in China . The league was expanded to twelve teams and started on April 17 , 1994 and ended on November 13 with Dalian Wanda winning the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1996', 'summary': 'The 1996 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the third season of professional association football and the 35th top-tier overall league season held in China . Starting on April 14th 1996 and ending on October 27th 1996 saw Dalian Wanda win their second championship title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1997', 'summary': 'The 1997 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the fourth season of professional association football and the 36th top-tier overall league season held in China . Starting on March 16th 1997 and ending on November 29th 1997 it was performed by 12 teams and Dalian Wanda won the championship making it their third championship title . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1998', 'summary': 'The 1998 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the fifth season of professional association football and the 37th top-tier overall league season held in China . The league was expanded to 14 teams and started on March 22nd 1998 and ending on October 25th 1998 where it saw Dalian Wanda win their third consecutive league title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2000', 'summary': 'The 2000 Chinese Jia-A League season is the seventh season of professional association football and the 39th top-tier overall league season in China . It was named the Pepsi Chinese Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons , while the league started on March 19 and ended on October 1 , 2000 , and saw Dalian Shide win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2001', 'summary': 'The 2001 Chinese Jia-A League season is the eighth season of professional association football and the 40th top-tier overall league season in China . The league started on March 11 and ended on December 16 , 2001 with Dalian Shide retaining the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2002', 'summary': 'The 2002 Chinese Jia-A League season is the ninth season of professional association football and the 41st top-tier overall league season in China . The league started on March 9 and ended on November 30 , 2002 with Dalian Shide winning the championship , while to help the Chinese national team prepare for the 2002 FIFA World Cup there was no relegation within the league for the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': "The 2005 Chinese Super League season was only the second season of China 's top-tier football competition . With no relegation the previous season , the league expanded from 12 to 14 clubs with the promotion of Shanghai Zobon and Wuhan Huanghelou . The season was scheduled to start on 5 March 2005 , but was postponed until April due to a sponsorship problem and finished on 5 November with Dalian Shide , seven-time champions in the old first division , clinching their eighth title . Defending champions Shenzhen Jianlibao finished third from bottom , the second consecutive year in which the defending champions has done so . The FA had announced at the start of the season that no teams would be relegated for this season and they kept to this decision ."}]}, {'value': 'Beijing Guoan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_Guoan_F.C.', 'summary': "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C . ( Chinese : 北京中赫国安 ; pinyin : Běijīng Zhōnghè Guó'ān ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers ' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161 . Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group ( 64% ) and CITIC Limited ( 36% ) of CITIC Group , a state-owned enterprise of China . Beijing Guoan F.C . was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group , which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014 . The club is one of the four teams to never have been relegated from the league since its debut in 2004 . The club 's predecessor was called Beijing Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On December 29 , 1992 the club was recognized to become a completely professional football club making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever professional league title in the 2009 league season as well as the 1996 , 1997 , 2003 and 2018 Chinese FA Cup . According to Forbes , Guoan was the second most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 167 million , and an estimated revenue of US $ 30 million in 2015 . According to the disclosure of CITIC Pacific , the club revenue was CN¥244 million in 2013 season ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 , 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2009 Chinese Super League season was the sixth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the sixteenth season of a professional football league and the 48th top-tier league season in China . Beijing Guoan won their first ever Chinese Super League title . The events during the 2008 season saw Liaoning relegated and Wuhan withdrawn . They were replaced by the promoted teams Jiangsu Sainty and Chongqing Lifan . Zhejiang Greentown which is located in Hangzhou , Zhejiang were renamed to Hangzhou Greentown . Each team is allowed to register a maximum of five foreign players and field four of them in starting line-up this season , one of whom must be from an AFC country . The league title sponsor is Italian tire manufacturer Pirelli . A three-year deal was announced on March 20 , 2009 . Nike have renewed sponsorship deal with Super League before season starts . CCTV , SMG and Sina became league partners and will broadcast live matches on TV and online across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande_Taobao_F.C.', 'summary': "Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Football Club is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under the license of the Chinese Football Association . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Tianhe Stadium which has a seating capacity of 58,500 . Their majority shareholders are the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( 56.71% ) and the e-commerce company Alibaba Group ( 37.81% ) , while the rest of the shares are traded in the Chinese OTC system . They were founded in 1954 , and won several second tier titles before they became professional in 1993 . Their results improved , leading to a runners-up spot in China 's top tier . Unable to improve upon these results , the club went through a period of stagnation and decline before they experienced a brief revival , when they won the 2007 second division . In 2009 , the club was embroiled in a match-fixing scandal and they were punished with relegation . The Evergrande Real Estate Group decided to purchase the club and pumped significant funds into the team . They immediately won promotion and gained their first top tier title in the 2011 season . The club is the only Chinese football club to win the AFC Champions League twice , in 2013 and 2015 . The club is also the first Chinese club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup , making its first appearance in 2013 . According to Forbes , Guangzhou Evergrande is the most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 282 million and an estimated revenue of US $ 57 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2011 Chinese Super League was the eighth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the eighteenth season of a professional association football league and the 50th top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande F.C . clinched their first ever Chinese Super League title on September 28 , 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2012 Chinese Super League was the ninth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the nineteenth season of a professional football league and the 51st top-tier league season in China . It began on March 10 , 2012 and ended on November 3 , 2012 . The matches that were intended to be held on September 15 and 16 , 2012 were suspended for a later date due to an international dispute between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands . With Hangzhou Greentown F.C . having a Japanese manager and several Chinese demonstrations arising throughout China it was decided that the September 23 , 2012 match against Liaoning Whowin F.C . should be played behind closed doors with the Xianghe National Football Training Base used as a neutral venue .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2013 Chinese Super League was the tenth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 20th season of a professional football league and the 52nd top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande won their third consecutive title with an 18-point advantage ahead of runners-up Shandong Luneng .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2014 Chinese Super League was the eleventh season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 21st season of a professional Association football league and the 53rd top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande won their fourth consecutive title of the league .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2015 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 12th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 22nd season of a professional Association football league and the 54th top-tier league season in China . [ citation needed ] The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao won their fifth consecutive title of the league .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2016 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2016中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 13th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao won their sixth consecutive title of the league . The run-up to the season saw clubs spend £200 million on players .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2017 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2017中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 14th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor is Ping An Insurance . Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao won their seventh consecutive title of the league . This season witnessed a huge change in the regulation to the players . Only three foreign players can play at one game and at least two domestic players who are under the age of 23 ( born on or after 1 January 1994 ) must be in the 18-man list , including at least one must be in the starting list .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2019 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2019中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 16th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . The season began on 1 March and ended on 1 December . Shanghai SIPG were the defending champions . The policy regarding foreign players and U-23 domestic players was modified for this season . The same as the previous two seasons , at least one domestic player who is under the age of 23 ( born on or after 1 January 1996 ) must be in the starting eleven . However , the total number of foreign players appearing in a match is no longer related to the total number of U-23 domestic players . A club can register four foreign players at most in the same time and use three foreign players at most in a match . On the other hand , at least three U-23 domestic players must be used in a match . In addition , if there are U-23 players who have been called up by the national teams at all levels , the number of U-23 domestic players fielded will be reduced accordingly . The policy was modified again during the season . From Round 16 and beyond , maximum of three foreign players can be used at the same time in one match and there must be at least one U-23 domestic player playing in one match .'}]}, {'value': 'Bayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayi_Football_Team', 'summary': "The Bayi or August First Football Team ( Chinese : 八一 ; pinyin : Bāyī ) or its full name the People 's Liberation Army Bayi Football Club ( Chinese : 中国人民解放军八一足球俱乐部 ) was a football team under the sport branch of the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) that played in China 's football league system between 1951 and 2003 . They were predominantly based in Beijing . The name Bayi ( 八一 ) , meaning August 1st , is the founding date of the PLA . They started out as an amateur team who occasionally took part in multi-sport events until they took part in the 1951 inaugural Chinese national football league tournament . With their unprecedented monopoly of football talent taken from every army football team in the country they would establish themselves as one of the top teams within the league winning five national league titles in their history . When the Chinese football league became a fully professional unit in the 1994 league season the club were given special dispensation to remain as semi-professional as possible by having all their members remain active military members while abstaining from foreign players and sponsorship . The cost of professionalism would see the club take on offers from cities that included Taiyuan , Xi'an , Kunming , Shijiazhuang , XinXiang , Liuzhou , Xiangtan and Hunan for financial reason . They also took sponsorship and changed their name to Bayi Zhengbang and Bayi Xiangtan , however these measures could not stop the club from relegation in 2003 . With a loss in prize money and stricter regulations from the Chinese Football Association the People 's Liberation Army disbanded the club ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953 , 1974 , 1977 , 1981 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai Greenland Shenhua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_Greenland_Shenhua_F.C.', 'summary': "Shanghai Greenland Shenhua Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 上海绿地申花足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 上海綠地申花足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Lǜdì Shēnhuā Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , is a Chinese professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The term shen hua literally translates as the Flower of Shanghai in English - shen is one of the alternative names of Shanghai and hua means flower in Chinese . The team is based in Kangqiao , Shanghai and their home stadium is the Hongkou Football Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 33,060 . Their majority shareholder is Chinese developer Greenland Group who took over the operation of the club when they bought the 28.5% share from previous majority shareholder Zhu Jun in 2014 . The club 's predecessor was called Shanghai F.C . and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On 10 December 1993 the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then , they have won one league title and three Chinese FA Cups . According to Forbes , Shenhua are the 6th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 106 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 29 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961 , 1962 , 1995 , 2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1995', 'summary': 'The 1995 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the second season of professional association football and the 34th top-tier overall league season held in China . Starting on April 16th 1995 and ending on November 19th 1995 the league saw Shanghai Shenhua win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2003', 'summary': "The 2003 Chinese Jia-A League season is the tenth season of professional association football and the 42nd top-tier overall league season in China . The league started on March 15 and ended on November 30 , 2003 while in preparation for the rebranded Chinese Super League three teams were relegated at the end of the season . Shanghai Shenhua finished as champions . However , they were later retrospectively stripped of the title on 19 February 2013 for match-fixing . Runners-up Shanghai International were also surrounded in their own match-fixing controversy , which saw several of their players taking bribes . Despite the club itself not being implicated in these crimes the season 's title was not awarded to any club ."}]}, {'value': 'Shandong Luneng Taishan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shandong_Luneng_Taishan_F.C.', 'summary': "Shandong Luneng Taishan ( simplified Chinese : 山东鲁能泰山 ; traditional Chinese : 山東魯能泰山 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Jinan , Shandong and their home stadium is the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 56,808 . Their current majority shareholder is Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation , the biggest supplier of electric energy in Shandong province and itself part of the State Grid Corporation of China . Luneng is the name of Luneng Group , now another subsidiary corporation of State Grid Corporation of China . The last part of the club name derives from Mount Tai . The club 's predecessor was called Shandong Provincial team who were founded in April 10 , 1956 while the current professional football team was established in December 2 , 1993 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever league title in the 1999 league season . They have continued to win domestic silverware with the 2006 , 2008 , 2010 league titles , making them one of the most successful Chinese football teams . According to Forbes , Shandong are the 5th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 126 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 24 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1999', 'summary': 'The 1999 Chinese Jia-A League season is the sixth season of professional association football and the 38th top-tier overall league season in China . It was named the Pepsi Chinese Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons , while the league started on March 21 and ended on December 5 , 1999 and saw Shandong Luneng win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2006 Chinese Super League was the third season since the establishment of the Chinese Football Association Super League ( 中国足球协会超级联赛 or 中超 ) , also known as Chinese Super League , the thirteen season of professional association football league and the 45th top-tier league season in China . The premier football league in China under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association the season started on March 11 , 2006 and ended October 22 , where it was planned that would be two teams relegated at the end of the season , however this changed to one when Sichuan Guancheng folded before the start of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2008 Chinese Super League ( known as the Kingway 2008 Chinese Super League for sponsorship reasons ) was the 5th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League and the 15th season of the professional football league in China . Super League was expanded to 16 clubs . Shandong Luneng Taishan won their 3rd title at the end of this season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2010 Chinese Super League season was the seventh season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the seventeenth season of a professional association football league and the 49th top-tier league season in China . The teams ranked first through fourteenth of the 2009 season and two promoted teams from the 2009 League One season participated in this season . Shandong Luneng won the title for third time in seven years .'}]}, {'value': 'Tianjin Teda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin_Teda_F.C.', 'summary': "Tianjin TEDA Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 天津泰达 ; traditional Chinese : 天津泰達 ; pinyin : Tiānjīn Tàidá ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Tianjin and their home stadium is the Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 54,696 . Their owners are the TEDA Holding ( The name is derived from the initials of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area ) a state-owned conglomerate of the People 's Republic of China . The club 's predecessor was called Tianjin Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . In 1993 , the club was reorganized to become a completely professional football Club . Since then , they have won the 2011 Chinese FA Cup and came runners-up within the 2010 Chinese Super League season . The club is one of the only four clubs that has stayed in the top tier for all fifteen seasons since the establishment of Chinese Super League , the other three being Shandong Luneng , Beijing Guoan and Shanghai Shenhua . According to Forbes , Tianjin are the 8th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 84 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 15 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960 , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North East', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951 , 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai SIPG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_SIPG_F.C.', 'summary': "Shanghai SIPG F.C . ( Chinese : 上海上港 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Shànggǎng ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ.zɑ̃.ɡã ] ; ) or SIPG FC is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Pudong , Shanghai , and their home stadium is the Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 16,000 . The club plans to move to the currently under construction Pudong Football Stadium in 2021 . Their owners are the Chinese group Shanghai International Port Group ( SIPG ) . The club was founded on 25 December 2005 , as Shanghai Dongya FC ( Dongya , Chinese : 东亚 ; pinyin : Dōngyà ; literally : 'East Asia ' ) by former Chinese international footballer coach Xu Genbao . The club used graduates from Genbao Football Base , a football academy also founded by Xu , to form their first team as they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 2006 league season . They worked their way up to the top tier and finished as league champions for the first time in the 2018 Chinese Super League season . According to Forbes , Shanghai SIPG F.C . are the third-most valuable football club in China , with a club value of $ 159 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 37 million in 2015 . According to the annual report of the parent company , the football club had a revenue of CN¥565.7 million in 2015 financial year , as well as net loss of CN¥41.5 million , total assets of CN¥286.8 million , net assets of CN¥59.7 million ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': "The 2018 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2018中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 15th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . Shanghai SIPG won their first top-tier league titles on 7 November 2018 after the 2-1 victory against Beijing Renhe , ending a historic run for Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao , who had won seven consecutive titles beginning with the 2011 season . Policy regarding foreign players and U-23 domestic players continued to change in this season . At least one domestic player who is under the age of 23 ( born on or after 1 January 1995 ) must be in the starting eleven , the same as in the 2017 season . However , two foreign-player policies have changed : ( 1 ) the number of foreign players on a club 's roster has been reduced from five to four and ( 2 ) the total number of foreign players under contract with a club in a season has been reduced from seven to six . In addition , a new policy affecting both foreign players and U-23 domestic players has been introduced : The total number of foreign players appearing in matches must be no more than the total number of U-23 domestic players . Players from AFC countries no longer hold a special slot . But clubs can register one non-naturalized player from the Hong Kong Football Association , Macau Football Association or Chinese Taipei Football Association ( except goalkeepers ) as a native player . According to the Chinese FA , a non-naturalized player is a player who was first registered as a professional footballer in one of the three aforementioned football associations . For still more complexity concerning non-naturalized players , players from Hong Kong and Macau must be passport holders of the Hong Kong SAR or the Macau SAR , and players from Taiwan must be citizens of Taiwan . Policy of U-23 domestic players was relaxed in August for the 2018 Asian Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Guangdong Hongyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangdong_Hongyuan_F.C.', 'summary': 'Guangdong Winnerway Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 广东宏远 ; traditional Chinese : 廣東宏遠 ; pinyin : Guǎngdōng Hóngyuǎn ) is a defunct Chinese football club , established on September 15 , 1992 by Guangdong Winnerway Group and Guangdong Football Association . It was one of the earliest professional football clubs in China .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China_national_football_B_team', 'summary': 'China B is a secondary football team run occasionally as support for the China national football team .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1989', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shenzhen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenzhen_F.C.', 'summary': 'Shenzhen Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 深圳市足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 深圳市足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shēnzhènshì Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenzhen , Guangdong and their home stadium is the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre that has a seating capacity of 60,334 . Their majority shareholder is Property Development company the Kaisa Group who took over the club on April 12 , 2016 . The club was founded on January 26 , 1994 and was known as Shenzhen FC while they started at the bottom of the Chinese football pyramid in the third tier . After successive league title wins in the third and second tier of the professional football leagues , they were promoted to the top tier in the 1996 Chinese Jia-A League season . After only one season they were relegated , however they quickly regained promotion and started to establish themselves within the league before they won the rebranded 2004 Chinese Super League title , making them the first club to win all three divisions within the Chinese league pyramid . Since this achievement the club have struggled to match the same success and after 14 years experienced relegation to the second tier at the end of 2011 Chinese Super League season .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2004 Chinese Super League is the debut season of the establishment of the Chinese Football Association Super League ( 中国足球协会超级联赛 or 中超 ) , also known as the Chinese Super League . Sponsored by Siemens Mobile it is the eleventh season of professional association football league and the 43rd top-tier league season in China . The premier football league in China under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association the season started on May 15 and ended December 4 where it was planned that no teams would be relegated at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Changchun Yatai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changchun_Yatai_F.C.', 'summary': "Changchun Yatai Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 长春亚泰 ; traditional Chinese : 長春亞泰 ; pinyin : Chángchūn Yàtài ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League One division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Changchun , Jilin and their home stadium is the Changchun Stadium that has a seating capacity of 38,500 . The club 's founder and main investor is the private Chinese conglomerate Jilin Yatai Group . The club was formed on June 6 , 1996 before making their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 1997 league season . In 2000 they bought a position into the second division after they merged with Bayi Chaoneng . In 2001 they finished runners-up within their division , however they were denied promotion after they were embroiled in a match-fixing scandal . The club would reform and re-apply for a CFA playing license before they eventually gained promotion to China 's top flight at the end of the 2005 league campaign . In the 2007 Chinese Super League they won the league title and participated in the 2008 AFC Champions League for the first time . They have since gone on to come second within 2009 Chinese Super League and also participated in the 2010 AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2007 Chinese Super League ( CSL 2007 ) season or the Kingway brewery Chinese Super League as it was known for sponsorship reasons was the fourth edition since its establishment , the 14th season of professional football as well as being the 46th top-tier league season in China . Starting on March 3 , 2007 and ending on November 14 , 2007 it saw Changchun Yatai clinch the league title for the first time in the last game of the season , while Xiamen Lanshi was relegated with two games to spare . Coincidentally , both of these teams were promoted in the previous season . The champions as well as the runner-up of the league would qualify for the AFC Champions League 2008 as was the same from the previous season . The Chinese FA Cup was canceled due to the intended expansion of the league to 16 teams , however Shanghai United F.C . and Shanghai Shenhua merged , which saw the Chinese Football Association decide to leave the league with 15 teams for the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Sports Institute', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Youth B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Sports Institute', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yanbian Fude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yanbian_Fude', 'summary': "Yanbian Funde F.C . ( Chinese : 延边富德 ; pinyin : Yánbiān Fùdé is a defunct Chinese football club . The team was based in Yanji , Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture , Jilin province where their home stadium is the Yanji Nationwide Fitness Centre Stadium that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . The club 's predecessor was originally called Jilin FC and they achieved one top tier domestic league title before 1994 , when the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football unit . At the end of the 2000 league campaign , the club was relegated from the top tier of Chinese football , however , the club faced financial difficulties and sold the first team as well as the franchise to Zhejiang Greentown . After the sale , the club assembled the reserve team and joined the third tier before they eventually gained promotion to the second tier in 2004 . It was dissolved just before the 2019 season due to owing taxes ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East China', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jiangsu Suning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiangsu_Suning_F.C.', 'summary': 'Jiangsu Suning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 江苏苏宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 江蘇蘇寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Jiāngsū Sūníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Nanjing , Jiangsu and their home stadium is the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre which has a seating capacity of 61,443 . Their owners are Suning Appliance Group ( Chinese : 苏宁电器集团有限公司 ) , a sister company of Suning.com . The team was founded in 1958 as Jiangsu Provincial Team while the current professional football club was established in March 1994 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China participating in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season ; however , they faced relegation in that campaign . They have since gone on to win promotion back into the top tier at the end of the 2008 league season and achieved their best ever league position when they finished runners-up in the 2012 season and the 2016 season . According to Forbes , Jiangsu are the fourth wealthiest football team in China , with a team value of $ 144 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 36 million in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Total titles won', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Chinese_football_champions_0', 'intro': 'The Chinese football champions indicates all past winners of the Chinese top-tier football league since it first started in 1951. The professional football league of China was found in 1994 as the Chinese Jia-A League (甲A联赛). After 10 years of existence, the Chinese FA decided to create a new top tier league known as the Chinese Super League. So far 25 seasons have been completed, with 15 seasons as the Chinese Super League. Dalian Shide (former Dalian Wanda), a defunct team based in Dalian is the most successful team with 8 triumphs. They twice achieved the accomplishment of winning 3 consecutive titles, one is from 1996 to 1998, with the other from 2000 to 2002.'} | null | null | What are the winning seasons of the club that won their first major silverware when they won the 1992 domestic cup title ? | 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 |
0689965f3724f04c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_racecourses', 'title': 'List of British racecourses', 'header': ['Racecourse', 'Location', 'Country', 'Closed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aldershot Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampshire', 'summary': "Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ , /-ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; postal abbreviation Hants . ) [ note 1 ] is a county in southern England . The county town is the city of Winchester . Its two largest cities , Southampton and Portsmouth , are administered separately as unitary authorities ; the rest of the county is governed by Hampshire County Council . First settled about 14,000 years ago , Hampshire 's history dates to Roman Britain , when its chief town was Winchester . When the Romans left Britain , the area was infiltrated by tribes from Scandinavia and mainland Europe , principally in the river valleys . The county was recorded in the 11th century Domesday Book , divided into 44 hundreds . From the 12th century , the ports grew in importance , fuelled by trade with the continent , wool and cloth manufacture in the county , and the fishing industry , and a shipbuilding industry was established . By the 16th century , the population of Southampton had outstripped that of Winchester . By the mid-19th century , with the county 's population at 219,210 ( double that at the beginning of the century ) in more than 86,000 dwellings , agriculture was the principal industry and 10 per cent of the county was still forest . Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars . The Isle of Wight , historically part of Hampshire , became a separate ceremonial county in 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandra Park Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Park_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Alexandra Park Racecourse was a horse racing venue in Alexandra Park , London ; it was colloquially known as the Frying Pan on account of its shape . It opened on 30 June 1868 and closed 102 years later on 8 September 1970 . It is now incorporated into the park , with a sports pitch in the centre of the racetrack oval .'}]}, {'value': 'North London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '8 September 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anglesey Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anglesey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglesey', 'summary': 'Anglesey ( /ˈæŋɡəlsiː/ ; Welsh : Ynys Môn [ ˈənɨs ˈmoːn ] ) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales . It forms the principal area ( as Isle of Anglesey ) and historic county of that name , which includes Holy Island to the west and some islets and skerries . Anglesey island , at 260 square miles ( 673 km2 ) , is by far the largest island in Wales , seventh largest in the British Isles , largest in the Irish Sea and second most populous after the Isle of Man . The local-government area of Isle of Anglesey County Council measures 276 square miles ( 715 km2 ) , , with a 2011 census population of 69,751 , of whom 13,659 live on Holy Island . The Menai Strait between Anglesey and mainland Wales is spanned by the Menai Suspension Bridge , designed by Thomas Telford in 1826 , and the Britannia Bridge , built in 1850 and replaced in 1980 . The largest town is Holyhead , where the port handles over 2 million passengers a year with Ireland . The next largest is Llangefni , seat of the county council . From 1974 to 1996 Anglesey was run as part of Gwynedd . Most Anglesey inhabitants are Welsh speakers . The name Ynys Môn is used for the UK Parliament and National Assembly constituencies . The island forms the LL postcode area ( LL58-LL78 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atherstone Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warwickshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warwickshire', 'summary': 'Warwickshire ( /ˈwɒrɪkʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; abbreviated Warks ) is a county in the West Midlands region of England . The county town is Warwick , and the largest town is Nuneaton . The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare . The county is divided into five districts of North Warwickshire , Nuneaton and Bedworth , Rugby , Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon . The current county boundaries were set in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 . The historic county boundaries include Coventry , Sutton Coldfield and Solihull , as well as much of Birmingham .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banbury Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxfordshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxfordshire', 'summary': "Oxfordshire ( abbreviated Oxon , from Oxonium , the Latin name for Oxford ) is a county in South East England . The ceremonial county borders Warwickshire to the north-west , Northamptonshire to the north-east , Buckinghamshire to the east , Berkshire to the south , Wiltshire to the south-west and Gloucestershire to the west . The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance motorsport companies and facilities . Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms ; the University of Oxford is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies . As well as the city of Oxford , other centres of population are Banbury , Bicester , Kidlington and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford ; Carterton and Witney to the west ; Thame and Chinnor to the east ; and Abingdon-on-Thames , Wantage , Didcot , Wallingford and Henley-on-Thames to the south . The areas south of the Thames , the Vale of White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire , are in the historic county of Berkshire , as is the highest point , the 261 metres ( 856 ft ) White Horse Hill . Oxfordshire 's county flower is the snake's-head fritillary ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackpool Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancashire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancashire', 'summary': 'Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ LANG-kə-shər , /-ʃɪər/ -\u2060sheer ; abbreviated Lancs . ) is a ceremonial county in North West England . The administrative centre is Preston . The county has a population of 1,449,300 and an area of 1,189 square miles ( 3,080 km2 ) . People from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians . The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century . In the Domesday Book of 1086 , some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire . The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey , Inter Ripam et Mersam , was included in the returns for Cheshire . When its boundaries were established , it bordered Cumberland , Westmorland , Yorkshire , and Cheshire . Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution . Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities , with economies built around the docks and the cotton mills respectively . These cities dominated global trade and the birth of modern industrial capitalism .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bogside Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogside_Racecourse', 'summary': "Bogside Racecourse was a horse racing track situated in Irvine , Scotland , on the banks of the River Irvine . Its first meeting was held on 7 June 1808 , and its last on 10 April 1965 , although there is evidence of an event known as the Irvine Marymass Races in the area as far back as 1636 , initiated by the Earl of Eglinton . Bogside 's flat course was an undulating , right-handed triangular course of two miles in length . Its jumps course , meanwhile , was two and a half miles round , with nine plain fences , two open ditches and one water jump . It was here that the first steeplechase recorded in Scotland took place on 25 April 1839 . During its existence it hosted the Scottish Grand National ( now contested at nearby Ayr ) and twice hosted the National Hunt Chase Challenge Cup which now takes place at the Cheltenham Festival . Its other major race was the Bogside Cup . Among the most notable achievements at the course was jockey Alec Russell riding all six winners in a day on 19 July 1957 . For a short time the racecourse had its own railway station , Bogside Racecourse . In 1963 , the Levy Board opted to cease funding the course , declaring 'When Ayr is developed as the main Scottish course , racing under both rules , the retention of Bogside , only 12 miles away , can not be economically justified ' . Racing at Bogside ceased soon thereafter . Point-to-Point meetings took place at Bogside until 1994 , and evidence of the former racecourse still remains ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayrshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayrshire', 'summary': 'Ayrshire ( Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Inbhir Àir , pronounced [ ˈʃirˠəxk iɲiˈɾʲaːɾʲ ] ) is a historic county and registration county in south-west Scotland , located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde . Its principal towns include Ayr , Kilmarnock and Irvine and it borders the counties of Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire to the north-east , Dumfriesshire to the south-east , and Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire to the south . Like many other counties of Scotland it currently has no administrative function , instead being sub-divided into the council areas of North Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and East Ayrshire . It has a population of approximately 366,800 . The electoral and valuation area named Ayrshire covers the three council areas of South Ayrshire , East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire , therefore including the Isle of Arran , Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae . These three islands are part of the County of Bute and are sometimes included when the term Ayrshire is applied to the region . The same area is known as Ayrshire and Arran in other contexts .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '10 April 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bournemouth Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ensbury_Park_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Ensbury Park Racecourse was a short lived horse racing and greyhound racing course in Bournemouth between the Kinson and Ensbury Park areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampshire', 'summary': "Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ , /-ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; postal abbreviation Hants . ) [ note 1 ] is a county in southern England . The county town is the city of Winchester . Its two largest cities , Southampton and Portsmouth , are administered separately as unitary authorities ; the rest of the county is governed by Hampshire County Council . First settled about 14,000 years ago , Hampshire 's history dates to Roman Britain , when its chief town was Winchester . When the Romans left Britain , the area was infiltrated by tribes from Scandinavia and mainland Europe , principally in the river valleys . The county was recorded in the 11th century Domesday Book , divided into 44 hundreds . From the 12th century , the ports grew in importance , fuelled by trade with the continent , wool and cloth manufacture in the county , and the fishing industry , and a shipbuilding industry was established . By the 16th century , the population of Southampton had outstripped that of Winchester . By the mid-19th century , with the county 's population at 219,210 ( double that at the beginning of the century ) in more than 86,000 dwellings , agriculture was the principal industry and 10 per cent of the county was still forest . Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars . The Isle of Wight , historically part of Hampshire , became a separate ceremonial county in 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brocklesby Hunt Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincolnshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincolnshire', 'summary': "Lincolnshire ( abbreviated Lincs . ) is a county in eastern England , with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east . It borders Norfolk to the south east , Cambridgeshire to the south , Rutland to the south west , Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west , South Yorkshire to the north west , and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north . It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards ( 19 m ) , England 's shortest county boundary . The county town is the city of Lincoln , where the county council has its headquarters . The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire and the area covered by the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire . Part of the ceremonial county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England , and most is in the East Midlands region . The county is the second-largest of the English ceremonial counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use . The county is fourth-largest of the two-tier counties , as the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire are not included . The county has several geographical sub-regions , including the rolling chalk hills of the Lincolnshire Wolds . In the southeast are the Lincolnshire Fens ( southeast Lincolnshire ) , the Carrs ( similar to the Fens but in north Lincolnshire ) , the industrial Humber Estuary and North Sea coast around Grimsby and Scunthorpe , and in the southwest of the county , the Kesteven Uplands , comprising rolling limestone hills in the district of South Kesteven ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bromford Bridge Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bromford_Bridge_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Bromford Bridge Racecourse was a racecourse in the Bromford area of Birmingham , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '21 June 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buckfastleigh Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buckfastleigh_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Buckfastleigh Racecourse ( 21 June 1883 - 27 August 1960 ) was a British horse racing venue .'}]}, {'value': 'Devon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devon', 'summary': "Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/ ) , also known as Devonshire , is a county of England , reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south . It is part of South West England , bounded by Cornwall to the west , Somerset to the north east , and Dorset to the east . The city of Exeter is the county town . The county includes the districts of East Devon , Mid Devon , North Devon , South Hams , Teignbridge , Torridge , and West Devon . Plymouth and Torbay are each geographically part of Devon , but are administered as unitary authorities . Combined as a ceremonial county , Devon 's area is 6,707 km2 ( 2,590 square miles ) and its population is about 1.1 million . Devon derives its name from Dumnonia . During the British Iron Age , Roman Britain , and the early Middle Ages , this was the homeland of the Dumnonii Brittonic Celts . ( The shift from M to V is a typical Celtic consonant shift . ) The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries . The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936 . Devon was later constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '27 August 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ely_Racecourse', 'summary': "Ely Racecourse was a horse racing venue in Cardiff , Wales . The Racecourse opened in 1855 , with the first race being held on 30 May . By 1864 racing at Ely was a regular event , the races that year were acclaimed as 'the most brilliant and successful ever held ' . In 1895 the first Welsh Grand National was held at the Ely Racecourse . It was watched by over 40,000 people , many of whom did not pay for entry after charging the entry gates and overpowering the stewards . In the early 1900s Attendance figures began to steadily decline and the racecourse never fully recovered from a fire that destroyed the grandstand in 1937 . The last race to be held there , in 1939 , was won by Grasshopper , ridden by Keith Piggott , father of the famous Lester Piggott ."}]}, {'value': 'Glamorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glamorgan', 'summary': 'Glamorgan ( /ɡləˈmɔːrɡən/ ) , or sometimes Glamorganshire ( Welsh : Morgannwg [ mɔrˈɡanʊɡ ] or Sir Forgannwg [ ˈsiːr vɔrˈɡanʊɡ ] ) , is one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales and a former administrative county of Wales . It was originally an early medieval petty kingdom of varying boundaries known as Glywysing until taken over by the Normans as a lordship . Glamorgan is latterly represented by the three preserved counties of Mid Glamorgan , South Glamorgan and West Glamorgan . The name also survives in that of Vale of Glamorgan , a county borough . Although initially a rural and pastoral area of little value , the area that became known as Glamorgan was a conflict point between the Norman lords and the Welsh princes , with the area being defined by a large concentration of castles . After falling under English rule in the 16th century , Glamorgan became a more stable county , and exploited its natural resources to become an important part of the Industrial Revolution . Glamorgan was the most populous and industrialised county in Wales , and was once called the crucible of the Industrial Revolution , as it contained the world centres of three metallurgical industries and its rich resources of coal . The county of Glamorgan comprises several distinct regions : the industrial valleys , the agricultural Vale of Glamorgan , and the scenic Gower Peninsula . The county is bounded to the north by Brecknockshire , east by Monmouthshire , south by the Bristol Channel , and west by Carmarthenshire and Carmarthen Bay . Its total area is 2,100 km2 ( 811 sq mi ) , and the total population of the three preserved counties of Glamorgan in 1991 was 1,288,309 . Glamorgan contains two cities , Cardiff , the county town and from 1955 the capital city of Wales , and Swansea . The highest point in the county is Craig y Llyn ( 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) ) which is situated near the village of Rhigos in the Cynon Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelmsford Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelmsford_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Chelmsford Racecourse was a horse racing venue located at Galleywood , near Chelmsford , Essex . The course was active from at least 1759 until its final closure in April 1935 . The course initially staged Flat racing before switching to National Hunt racing in 1892 . Amongst the horses who raced at the course was the Cheltenham Gold Cup winner Golden Miller , who won two hurdle races at Chelmsford in 1931 . Parts of the course have been preserved and can still be seen .'}]}, {'value': 'Essex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essex', 'summary': 'Essex ( /ˈɛsɪks/ ) is a county in the southeast of England , northeast of London . One of the home counties , it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north , Hertfordshire to the west , Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south , and London to the southwest . The county town is Chelmsford , the only city in the county . For government statistical purposes Essex is placed in the East of England region . There are three definitions of the extent of Essex , the widest being the Ancient County , the more usual being the smaller Ceremonial County and smallest being the administrative county - the area administered by the County Council and which excludes the two unitary authorities of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea . The Ceremonial County occupies the eastern part of what was , during the Early Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Essex . As well as rural areas , the county also includes London Stansted Airport , the new towns of Basildon and Harlow , Lakeside Shopping Centre , the port of Tilbury and the borough of Southend-on-Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chesterfield Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derbyshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derbyshire', 'summary': "Derbyshire ( /ˈdɑːrbiʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) is a county in the East Midlands of England . A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire , containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills which extend into the north of the county . The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest , West Yorkshire to the north , South Yorkshire to the northeast , Nottinghamshire to the east , Leicestershire to the southeast , Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west . Kinder Scout , at 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) , is the highest point in the county , whilst Trent Meadows , where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire , is its lowest point at 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . :1 The River Derwent is the county 's longest river at 66 miles ( 106 km ) , and runs roughly north to south through the county . In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms ( near Swadlincote ) as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain . The city of Derby is a unitary authority area , but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire . The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants . There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland : 75% of the population live in 25% of the area . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colwall Park Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colwall_Park_Racecourse', 'summary': "Colwall Park Racecourse was a British horse racing venue which operated from 1900 to 1939 . It was known as one of Englands prettiest racecourses . The course was designed by journalist and National Hunt fan , Frederick Page , as a left-handed , mainly flat steeplechase course of one and a half miles . It had eight fences , including two ditches and a water jump . There was also a one-mile hurdle course . There was a slight rise on the far side of the course and a run-in of 400 yards . The course was situated at Brook Farm on the Barton Court Estate , near to the village railway station , and was established by Roland Cave-Brown-Cave , a local man who had married the widowed daughter of the estate 's owners . He built the nearby hotel , which still exists . The first meeting was held on Thursday 10 May 1900 . Meetings were held annually , with the main races being the Herefordshire Open Hunters Steeplechase and Colwall Stewards Hurdle ."}]}, {'value': 'Worcestershire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcestershire', 'summary': 'Worcestershire ( /ˈwʊstərʃər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər-shər , /-ʃɪər/ -\u2060sheer ; written abbreviation : Worcs ) is a county in the West Midlands of England . The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and county town . Other major towns in the county include Bromsgrove , Droitwich , Evesham , Kidderminster , Malvern , Redditch , and Stourport-on-Severn . The north-east of Worcestershire includes part of the industrial West Midlands ; the rest of the county is largely rural . The county is divided into six administrative districts : Worcester , Redditch , Wychavon , Malvern Hills , Wyre Forest , and Bromsgrove . The area that is now Worcestershire was absorbed into the unified Kingdom of England in 927 , at which time it was constituted as a county ( see History of Worcestershire ) . Over the centuries the county borders have been modified , but it was not until 1844 that substantial changes were made . This culminated with the abolition of Worcestershire in 1974 with its northern area becoming part of the West Midlands and the rest part of the county of Hereford and Worcester . However , in 1998 the county of Hereford and Worcester was abolished and Worcestershire was reconstituted without the northern area ceded to the West Midlands .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croxton Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicestershire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicestershire', 'summary': 'Leicestershire ( /ˈlɛstərʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; postal abbreviation Leics . ) is a landlocked county in the English Midlands . The county borders Nottinghamshire to the north , Lincolnshire to the north-east , Rutland to the east , Northamptonshire to the south-east , Warwickshire to the south-west , Staffordshire to the west , and Derbyshire to the north-west . The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street , the modern A5 road . Leicestershire takes its name from the city of Leicester located at its centre and administered separately from the rest of the county . The ceremonial county - the non-metropolitan county plus the city of Leicester - has a total population of just over 1 million ( 2016 estimate ) , more than half of which lives in the Leicester Urban Area .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derby Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derby_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Derby Racecourse is a former horse racing venue in Derby , England , from 1848 to 1939 . It was preceded by two earlier courses , at different locations .'}]}, {'value': 'Derbyshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derbyshire', 'summary': "Derbyshire ( /ˈdɑːrbiʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) is a county in the East Midlands of England . A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire , containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills which extend into the north of the county . The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest , West Yorkshire to the north , South Yorkshire to the northeast , Nottinghamshire to the east , Leicestershire to the southeast , Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west . Kinder Scout , at 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) , is the highest point in the county , whilst Trent Meadows , where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire , is its lowest point at 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . :1 The River Derwent is the county 's longest river at 66 miles ( 106 km ) , and runs roughly north to south through the county . In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms ( near Swadlincote ) as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain . The city of Derby is a unitary authority area , but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire . The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants . There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland : 75% of the population live in 25% of the area . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '9 August 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durham Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Racecourse', 'summary': "The Racecourse is part of Durham University 's sports facilities . It contains squash , tennis and fives courts , cricket , rugby , hockey and football pitches and rowing houses . It is located along the River Wear and has been used as a sports ground since at least 1733 . As well as use by Durham University , the Racecourse is known for hosting two annual events , the Durham Regatta and Durham Miners ' Gala . Its cricket ground is used for first class cricket and is the home of Durham MCC University ( previously Durham University Centre of Cricketing Excellence ) ."}]}, {'value': 'County Durham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Durham', 'summary': "County Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ , locally /ˈdɜrəm/ listen ) [ note 1 ] is a county in North East England . The county town is Durham , a cathedral city . County Durham can refer to the modern ceremonial county , the smaller area of a unitary authority , or the historic county with different boundaries . The largest settlement in the ceremonial county is Darlington , closely followed by Hartlepool , Billingham and Stockton-on-Tees . It borders Tyne and Wear to the north east , Northumberland to the north , Cumbria to the west and North Yorkshire to the south . The area of the unitary authority , Durham County Council , does not include Darlington , Hartlepool or Stockton-on-Tees . The historic county 's boundaries stretch between the rivers Tyne and Tees , thus including places such as Gateshead , Jarrow , South Shields and Sunderland , but do not include the part of the modern county south of the Tees . During the Middle Ages , the county was an ecclesiastical centre , due largely to the presence of St Cuthbert 's shrine in Durham Cathedral , and the extensive powers granted to the Bishop of Durham as ruler of the County Palatine of Durham . The county has a mixture of mining , farming and heavy railway heritage , with the latter especially noteworthy in the southeast of the county , in Darlington , Shildon and Stockton . It is an area of regeneration and promoted as a tourist destination ; in the centre of the city of Durham , Durham Castle and Durham Cathedral are UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eglinton Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eglinton_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Eglinton Country Park is located in the grounds of the old Eglinton Castle estate , Kilwinning , North Ayrshire , Scotland ( map reference NS 3227 4220 ) . Eglinton Park is situated in the parish of Kilwinning , part of the former district of Cunninghame , and covers an area of 400 ha ( 990 acres ) ( [ 98 acres ( 40 ha ) ] of which are woodland ) . The central iconic feature of the country park is the ruined Eglinton Castle , once home to the Eglinton family and later the Montgomeries , Earls of Eglinton and chiefs of the Clan Montgomery . Eglinton Country Park is managed and maintained by North Ayrshire Council and its Ranger Service .'}]}, {'value': 'County Londonderry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Londonderry', 'summary': 'County Londonderry ( Irish : Contae Dhoire ; Ulster-Scots : Coontie Lunnonderrie ) , also known as County Derry , is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland . Prior to the partition of Ireland , it was one of the counties of the Kingdom of Ireland from 1613 onward and then of the United Kingdom after the Acts of Union 1800 . Adjoining the north-west shore of Lough Neagh , the county covers an area of 2,074 km² ( 801 sq mi ) and today has a population of about 247,132 . Since 1972 , the counties in Northern Ireland , including Londonderry , have no longer been used by the state as part of the local administration . Following further reforms in 2015 , the area is now governed under three different districts ; Derry and Strabane , Causeway Coast and Glens and Mid-Ulster . Despite no longer being used for local government and administrative purposes , it is sometimes used in a cultural context in All-Ireland sporting and cultural events ( i.e . Derry GAA ) . Since 1981 , it has become one of four counties in Northern Ireland that has a Catholic majority ( 55.56% according to the 2001 Census ) , with 57% of the Catholic population residing within Derry City Council . The county flower is the Purple Saxifrage .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eridge Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sussex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sussex', 'summary': "Sussex ( /ˈsʌsɪks/ ) , from the Old English Sūþsēaxe ( South Saxons ) , is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex . It is bounded to the west by Hampshire , north by Surrey , northeast by Kent , south by the English Channel , and divided for many purposes into the ceremonial counties of West Sussex and East Sussex . Brighton and Hove , though part of East Sussex , was made a unitary authority in 1997 , and as such , is administered independently of the rest of East Sussex . Brighton and Hove was granted City status in 2000 . Until then , Chichester was Sussex 's only city . Sussex has three main geographic sub-regions , each oriented approximately east to west . In the southwest is the fertile and densely populated coastal plain . North of this are the rolling chalk hills of the South Downs , beyond which is the well-wooded Sussex Weald . The name derives from the Kingdom of Sussex , which was founded , according to legend , by Ælle of Sussex in AD 477 . Around 827 , it was absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex and subsequently into the kingdom of England . It was the home of some of Europe 's earliest recorded hominids , whose remains have been found at Boxgrove . It was invaded by the Romans and is the site of the Battle of Hastings ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Former race courses -- Closed during 20th century', 'section_text': 'Between 1900 and 1981 , 97 racecourses closed their doors . [ 3 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_British_racecourses_1', 'intro': 'This List of British racecourses gives details of both current and former horse racing venues in Great Britain. There are, as of 2 February 2020, 59 racecourses operating in Great Britain (excluding Point-to-Point courses). In addition, there is a former racecourse, Folkestone, which is mothballed pending a decision over its future. There are currently no plans for Folkestone to operate fixtures although the basic racecourse infrastructure remains intact. Hereford racecourse reopened in October 2016 having been closed since 2012. Towcester racecourse is currently in administration and the future of racing at the venue is uncertain.'} | null | null | When did the course in the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England close ? | 21 June 1965 |
0689bd0f87aacbf7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Mr._Basketball', 'title': 'Florida Mr. Basketball', 'header': ['Year', 'Player', 'High School', 'College', 'NBA Draft'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vernon Carey Jr. ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vernon_Carey_Jr.', 'summary': 'Vernon A. Carey Jr. ( born February 25 , 2001 ) is an American college basketball player for the Duke Blue Devils of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . He finished his high school career at NSU University School as a five star recruit and among the top-ranked players in the 2019 class .'}]}, {'value': 'NSU University School , Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NSU_University_School', 'summary': 'The NSU University School , commonly known as University School or simply U-School , is a fully accredited , independent , college preparatory school in Fort Lauderdale , Florida that serves grades Pre-K through Grade 12 . The school is located on the Nova Southeastern University ( NSU ) campus . It is divided into Lower , Middle , and Upper schools , respectively representing national elementary , middle and high school divisions . In 2015 William J. Kopas became its headmaster , replacing Jerome Chermak who had served in that role for 16 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Lauderdale ( /ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida , 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Miami . It is the county seat of Broward County . As of the 2018 [ update ] census , the city has an estimated population of 182,595 . Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The city is a popular tourist destination , with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F ( 24.2 °C ) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year . Greater Fort Lauderdale , encompassing all of Broward County , hosted 13 million overnight visitors in 2018 . There were over 560 hotels , and nearly 36,000 hotel rooms . From that , the county collected nearly $ 87 million from its 5% hotel development tax it charges . Additionally , 3.89 million cruise passengers passed through its Port Everglades , making it the 3rd largest cruise port in the world.Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants , 63 golf courses , 12 shopping malls , 16 museums , 132 nightclubs , 278 parkland campsites , and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts . Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War . The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale ( 1782-1838 ) , younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale . William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort .'}]}, {'value': 'Duke', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represents Duke University in NCAA Division I college basketball and competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is fourth all-time in wins of any NCAA men 's basketball program , and is coached by Mike Krzyzewski . Duke has won 5 NCAA Championships ( tied with Indiana for fourth all-time behind UCLA , Kentucky and North Carolina ) and appeared in 11 Championship Games ( third all-time ) and 16 Final Fours ( fourth all-time behind North Carolina , UCLA , and Kentucky ) , and has an NCAA-best .755 NCAA tournament winning percentage . Eleven Duke players have been named the National Player of the Year , and 71 players have been selected in the NBA Draft . Additionally , Duke has 36 players named All-Americans ( chosen 60 times ) and 14 Academic All-Americans . Duke has been the Atlantic Coast Conference Champions a record 21 times , and also lays claim to 19 ACC regular season titles . Prior to joining the ACC , Duke won the Southern Conference championships five times . Duke has also finished the season ranked No . 1 in the AP poll seven times and is the all-time leader in total weeks ranked as the number one team in the nation by the AP with 135 weeks . Additionally , the Blue Devils have the third longest streak in the AP Top 25 in history with 200 consecutive appearances from 1996 to 2007 , trailing only UCLA 's 221 consecutive polls from 1966 to 1980 , and Kansas 212 consecutive polls from 2009 to 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vernon Carey Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vernon_Carey_Jr.', 'summary': 'Vernon A. Carey Jr. ( born February 25 , 2001 ) is an American college basketball player for the Duke Blue Devils of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . He finished his high school career at NSU University School as a five star recruit and among the top-ranked players in the 2019 class .'}]}, {'value': 'NSU University School , Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NSU_University_School', 'summary': 'The NSU University School , commonly known as University School or simply U-School , is a fully accredited , independent , college preparatory school in Fort Lauderdale , Florida that serves grades Pre-K through Grade 12 . The school is located on the Nova Southeastern University ( NSU ) campus . It is divided into Lower , Middle , and Upper schools , respectively representing national elementary , middle and high school divisions . In 2015 William J. Kopas became its headmaster , replacing Jerome Chermak who had served in that role for 16 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Lauderdale ( /ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida , 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Miami . It is the county seat of Broward County . As of the 2018 [ update ] census , the city has an estimated population of 182,595 . Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The city is a popular tourist destination , with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F ( 24.2 °C ) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year . Greater Fort Lauderdale , encompassing all of Broward County , hosted 13 million overnight visitors in 2018 . There were over 560 hotels , and nearly 36,000 hotel rooms . From that , the county collected nearly $ 87 million from its 5% hotel development tax it charges . Additionally , 3.89 million cruise passengers passed through its Port Everglades , making it the 3rd largest cruise port in the world.Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants , 63 golf courses , 12 shopping malls , 16 museums , 132 nightclubs , 278 parkland campsites , and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts . Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War . The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale ( 1782-1838 ) , younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale . William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort .'}]}, {'value': 'Duke', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represents Duke University in NCAA Division I college basketball and competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is fourth all-time in wins of any NCAA men 's basketball program , and is coached by Mike Krzyzewski . Duke has won 5 NCAA Championships ( tied with Indiana for fourth all-time behind UCLA , Kentucky and North Carolina ) and appeared in 11 Championship Games ( third all-time ) and 16 Final Fours ( fourth all-time behind North Carolina , UCLA , and Kentucky ) , and has an NCAA-best .755 NCAA tournament winning percentage . Eleven Duke players have been named the National Player of the Year , and 71 players have been selected in the NBA Draft . Additionally , Duke has 36 players named All-Americans ( chosen 60 times ) and 14 Academic All-Americans . Duke has been the Atlantic Coast Conference Champions a record 21 times , and also lays claim to 19 ACC regular season titles . Prior to joining the ACC , Duke won the Southern Conference championships five times . Duke has also finished the season ranked No . 1 in the AP poll seven times and is the all-time leader in total weeks ranked as the number one team in the nation by the AP with 135 weeks . Additionally , the Blue Devils have the third longest streak in the AP Top 25 in history with 200 consecutive appearances from 1996 to 2007 , trailing only UCLA 's 221 consecutive polls from 1966 to 1980 , and Kansas 212 consecutive polls from 2009 to 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Knox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Knox_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Kevin DeVon Knox II ( born August 11 , 1999 ) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats and attended high school at Tampa Catholic High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Tampa Catholic High School , Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Catholic_High_School', 'summary': 'Tampa Catholic High School is a diocesan , Catholic , coeducational high school located in Tampa , Florida , United States , founded in 1962 . It is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Petersburg . Its motto is Veritas et Caritas , which means Truth and Charity .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team is an American college basketball team that represents the University of Kentucky . Kentucky is the most successful NCAA Division I basketball program in history in terms of both all-time wins ( 2,293 ) and all-time winning percentage ( .765 ) . The Wildcats are currently coached by John Calipari . Kentucky leads all schools in total NCAA tournament appearances ( 59 ) , NCAA tournament wins ( 131 ) , NCAA Tournament games played ( 184 ) , NCAA Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 45 ) , NCAA Elite Eight appearances ( 38 ) , and total postseason tournament appearances ( 68 ) . Further , Kentucky has played in 17 NCAA Final Fours ( tied for 2nd place all-time with UCLA ) , 12 NCAA Championship games , and has won 8 NCAA championships ( second only to UCLA 's 11 ) . In addition to these titles , Kentucky won the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in both 1946 and 1976 , making it the only school to win multiple NCAA and NIT championships . Kentucky also leads all schools with sixty-three 20-win seasons , sixteen 30-win seasons , and six 35-win seasons . Throughout its history , the Kentucky basketball program has featured many notable and successful players , both on the collegiate level and the professional level . Kentucky holds the record for the most overall NBA Draft selections ( 128 ) and three Wildcats have been selected as the first overall pick ( John Wall , Anthony Davis , and Karl Anthony-Towns ) . The Wildcats have also been led by many successful head coaches , including Adolph Rupp , Joe B . Hall , Eddie Sutton , Rick Pitino , Tubby Smith , and John Calipari . Kentucky is the only program with 5 different NCAA Championship coaches ( Rupp , Hall , Pitino , Smith , Calipari ) ."}]}, {'value': '2018 NBA Draft : 1st Rnd , 9th overall by the New York Knicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_NBA_Draft', 'summary': "The 2018 NBA draft was held on June 21 , 2018 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur United States college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It was televised nationally by ESPN . State Farm was the presenting sponsor of the NBA draft for the seventh consecutive year . This draft was the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gave teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . It was also considered the final year where undrafted college underclassmen were forced to begin their professional careers early ; on August 8 , 2018 , the NCAA announced that players who declared for the NBA draft and were not selected would have the opportunity to return to their school for at least another year . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection was their first No . 1 overall selection in franchise history . They used the selection on the Bahamian center Deandre Ayton from the nearby University of Arizona . This draft was also notable for its lack of draft-day trades involving NBA veterans . An average of more than five veterans per year were traded on the day of the last three drafts , but this draft was the first since 2003 in which no such trades were announced ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Knicks', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , more commonly referred to as the Knicks , are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , an arena they share with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other team is the Brooklyn Nets . Alongside the Boston Celtics , the Knicks are one of two original NBA teams still located in its original city . The team , established by Ned Irish in 1946 , was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , which became the NBA after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) in 1949 . The Knicks were successful during their early years and were constant playoff contenders under the franchise 's first head coach Joe Lapchick . Beginning in 1950 , the Knicks made three consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , all of which were losing efforts . Lapchick resigned in 1956 and the team subsequently began to falter . It was not until the late 1960s when Red Holzman became the head coach that the Knicks began to regain their former dominance . Holzman successfully guided the Knicks to two NBA championships , in 1970 and 1973 . The Knicks of the 1980s had mixed success that included six playoff appearances ; however , they failed to participate in the NBA Finals ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Bradley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Bradley_(basketball)', 'summary': "Tony Lee Bradley Jr. ( born January 8 , 1998 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the University of North Carolina ( UNC ) . A 6'10 center , Bradley was a primary substitute for the Tar Heels ' 2017 NCAA championship team . He was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers with the 28th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Bartow High School , Bartow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartow_High_School', 'summary': 'Bartow Senior High School is the only high school in Bartow , Florida . It resulted from a merger of the whites-only Summerlin Institute and Union Academy , a school for African Americans , after desegregation . The school is also the location of the International Baccalaureate School at Bartow High .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bartow,_Florida', 'summary': "Bartow ( /ˈbɑːrtoʊ/ BAR-toh ) is the county seat of Polk County , Florida , United States . Founded in 1851 as Fort Blount , the city was renamed in honor of Francis S. Bartow , the first brigade commander of the Confederate Army to die in combat during the American Civil War . According to the 2010 Census , the city had a population of 17,298 and an estimated population of 19,926 in 2018 . It is part of the Lakeland−Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had an estimated population of 584,383 in 2009 . As of 2019 , the mayor of Bartow is Billy Simpson . Located near the source of the Peace River , Bartow is approximately 39 miles ( 63 km ) east of Tampa , Florida and 50 miles ( 80 km ) southwest of the Greater Orlando area . The city is near the center of Lightning Alley and has frequent afternoon thunderstorms in the summer , but typically has sunny and mild winters . Government , mining , and agriculture are the major sectors of the area 's economy . The primary roads in the Bartow area are U.S. Route 17 , U.S. Route 98 and State Road 60 , which provide access to locations throughout Central Florida . The official city nickname is the City of Oaks and Azaleas . Three districts within the city are on the National Register of Historical Places . Other historic landmarks include the Old Polk County Courthouse built in 1909 and Bartow High School , formerly Summerlin Institute , the oldest high school in the county ."}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball program is the intercollegiate men 's basketball team of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The Tar Heels have won six Men 's Basketball National Championships ( 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , and 2017 ) . North Carolina 's six NCAA Tournament Championships are third-most all-time , behind University of California , Los Angeles ( 11 ) and University of Kentucky ( 8 ) . They have also won 18 Atlantic Coast Conference tournament titles , 32 Atlantic Coast Conference regular season titles , and an Atlantic Coast Conference record 20 outright Regular Season Championships . The program has produced many notable players who went on to play in the NBA , including three of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History : Billy Cunningham , Michael Jordan and James Worthy . Many Tar Heel assistant coaches have gone on to become head coaches elsewhere . From the Tar Heels ' first season in 1910-11 through the 2018-19 season , the program has amassed a .739 all-time winning percentage ( second highest all-time ) , winning 2,261 games and losing 799 games in 109 seasons . The Tar Heels also have the most consecutive 20-win seasons with 31 seasons from the 1970-71 season through the 2000-2001 season . On March 2 , 2010 , North Carolina became the second college basketball program to reach 2,000 wins in its history . The Tar Heels are currently ranked 3rd all time in wins trailing Kentucky by 34 games and Kansas by 13 games . The Tar Heels are one of only four Division I Men 's Basketball programs to have ever achieved 2,000 victories . Kentucky , Kansas , and Duke are the other three ."}]}, {'value': '2017 NBA Draft : 1st Rnd , 28th overall by the Los Angeles Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_NBA_Draft', 'summary': "The 2017 NBA draft was held on June 22 , 2017 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The draft lottery took place during the playoffs on May 16 , 2017 . The 53-29 Boston Celtics , who were also the # 1 seed in the Eastern Conference and reached the Eastern Conference Finals at the time of the NBA draft lottery , won the # 1 pick with pick swapping rights thanks to a previous trade with the Brooklyn Nets , who had the worst record the previous season . The Los Angeles Lakers , who had risked losing their 2017 first round pick to the Philadelphia 76ers , moved up two spots to get the No . 2 pick , while Philadelphia moved up to receive the No . 3 pick due to the Sacramento Kings moving up in the draft , which activated pick swapping rights the 76ers had from an earlier trade . On June 19 , four days before the NBA draft began , the Celtics and 76ers traded their top first round picks to each other , meaning the holders of the top four picks of this year 's draft would be exactly the same as the previous year 's draft . The draft class was the youngest draft class to date , with the most freshmen and fewest seniors selected in the first round ; the top seven picks in the draft were college freshmen . It was the third time , and the second in a row , that three players were selected from Serbian team KK Mega Basket in the same draft ( Vlatko Čančar , Ognjen Jaramaz , Alpha Kaba ) , with it previously occurring during the 2014 and 2016 NBA draft . The draft also received a lot of media coverage from ESPN pertaining to eventual no . 2 pick Lonzo Ball and his outspoken father , LaVar Ball , much to the chagrin of many sports fans and even some ESPN employees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference in the Pacific Division . The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center , an arena shared with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA , and have won 16 NBA championships , the second-most behind the Boston Celtics . The franchise began with the 1947 purchase of a disbanded team , the Detroit Gems of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The new team began playing in Minneapolis , calling themselves the Minneapolis Lakers . Initially a member of the NBL , the Lakers won the 1948 NBL championship before joining the rival Basketball Association of America , where they would win five of the next six championships , led by star George Mikan . After struggling financially in the late 1950s following Mikan 's retirement , they relocated to Los Angeles before the 1960-61 season . Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West , Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s , but lost each series to the Celtics , beginning their long and storied rivalry . In 1968 , the Lakers acquired four-time NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Wilt Chamberlain , and won their sixth NBA title - and first in Los Angeles - in 1972 , led by new head coach Bill Sharman . After the retirement of West and Chamberlain , the team acquired Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , who also won multiple MVP awards , but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s . The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed Showtime due to their fast break-offense led by Magic Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Blakeney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Blakeney', 'summary': 'Antonio Davon Blakeney ( born October 4 , 1996 ) is an American professional basketball player . He played college basketball for the LSU Tigers .'}]}, {'value': 'Oak Ridge High School , Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oak_Ridge_High_School_(Orlando,_Florida)', 'summary': 'Oak Ridge High School is a public secondary school in Orlando , Florida , established in 1959 . The school had been rated a D or F institution by the state starting in 2000 . In 2012 , the school was awarded a C grade , breaking the low performance streak . In 2013 , the school further improved and was awarded a B grade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Tigers_basketball', 'summary': "The LSU Tigers basketball team represents Louisiana State University in NCAA Division I men 's college basketball . The Tigers are currently coached by head coach Will Wade . They play their home games in the Pete Maravich Assembly Center located on the LSU campus in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The team participates in the Southeastern Conference ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joel Berry II ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Berry_II', 'summary': 'Joel DeWayne Berry II ( born April 1 , 1995 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League . He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels and led the team to the 2017 national championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Highland Preparatory School , Apopka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Highland_Preparatory_School', 'summary': 'Lake Highland Preparatory School is a private , coeducational school in Orlando , Florida . Founded in 1970 as a segregation academy , it is today the largest private school in Orlando and serves grades pre-K through 12 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apopka,_Florida', 'summary': "Apopka is a city in Orange County , Florida . The city 's population was 41,542 at the 2010 census , up from 26,969 at the 2000 U.S. Census . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area . Apopka comes from Seminole word Ahapopka for Potato eating place . Apopka is often referred to as the Indoor Foliage Capital of the World ."}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joel Berry II ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Berry_II', 'summary': 'Joel DeWayne Berry II ( born April 1 , 1995 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League . He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels and led the team to the 2017 national championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Highland Preparatory School , Apopka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Highland_Preparatory_School', 'summary': 'Lake Highland Preparatory School is a private , coeducational school in Orlando , Florida . Founded in 1970 as a segregation academy , it is today the largest private school in Orlando and serves grades pre-K through 12 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apopka,_Florida', 'summary': "Apopka is a city in Orange County , Florida . The city 's population was 41,542 at the 2010 census , up from 26,969 at the 2000 U.S. Census . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area . Apopka comes from Seminole word Ahapopka for Potato eating place . Apopka is often referred to as the Indoor Foliage Capital of the World ."}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joel Berry II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Berry_II', 'summary': 'Joel DeWayne Berry II ( born April 1 , 1995 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League . He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels and led the team to the 2017 national championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Highland Preparatory School , Apopka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Highland_Preparatory_School', 'summary': 'Lake Highland Preparatory School is a private , coeducational school in Orlando , Florida . Founded in 1970 as a segregation academy , it is today the largest private school in Orlando and serves grades pre-K through 12 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apopka,_Florida', 'summary': "Apopka is a city in Orange County , Florida . The city 's population was 41,542 at the 2010 census , up from 26,969 at the 2000 U.S. Census . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area . Apopka comes from Seminole word Ahapopka for Potato eating place . Apopka is often referred to as the Indoor Foliage Capital of the World ."}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin Rivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Rivers', 'summary': "Austin James Rivers ( born August 1 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Rivers led Winter Park High School to back-to-back Florida 6A state championships in 2010 and 2011 . He also played in the 2011 Nike Hoop Summit for the Team USA , and was a McDonald 's All-American . He was one of the top rated high school basketball players in the class of 2011 , being rated as high as No . 1 by Rivals.com . On September 30 , 2010 , Rivers committed to Duke University . Rivers gained national recognition after making a game winning 3-pointer against Duke rival North Carolina in 2012 . He was drafted with the 10th pick in the NBA draft by the New Orleans Hornets ( now Pelicans ) , playing three seasons there before being traded to the Clippers . After three years with the Clippers , he was traded to the Wizards in June 2018 . In December 2018 , he joined the Rockets . On January 16 , 2015 , Rivers became the first player in NBA history to play for his father , coach Doc Rivers of the Los Angeles Clippers ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter Park High School , Winter Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winter_Park_High_School', 'summary': 'Winter Park High School ( often simply abbreviated as WPHS ) located in Winter Park , Florida is one of nineteen public high schools in Orange County . Winter Park High School is a magnet school for the International Baccalaureate program and delivers Advanced Placement courses .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida', 'summary': 'Winter Park is a suburban city in Orange County , Florida , United States . The population was 27,852 at the 2010 United States Census . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Winter Park was founded as a resort community by northern business magnates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( Founded on July 4th 1881 - Tales of Winter Park ) . Its main street includes civic buildings , retail , art galleries , a private liberal arts college ( Rollins College ) , museums , a park , a train station , a golf course country club , a historic cemetery , and a beach and boat launch .'}]}, {'value': 'Duke', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represents Duke University in NCAA Division I college basketball and competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is fourth all-time in wins of any NCAA men 's basketball program , and is coached by Mike Krzyzewski . Duke has won 5 NCAA Championships ( tied with Indiana for fourth all-time behind UCLA , Kentucky and North Carolina ) and appeared in 11 Championship Games ( third all-time ) and 16 Final Fours ( fourth all-time behind North Carolina , UCLA , and Kentucky ) , and has an NCAA-best .755 NCAA tournament winning percentage . Eleven Duke players have been named the National Player of the Year , and 71 players have been selected in the NBA Draft . Additionally , Duke has 36 players named All-Americans ( chosen 60 times ) and 14 Academic All-Americans . Duke has been the Atlantic Coast Conference Champions a record 21 times , and also lays claim to 19 ACC regular season titles . Prior to joining the ACC , Duke won the Southern Conference championships five times . Duke has also finished the season ranked No . 1 in the AP poll seven times and is the all-time leader in total weeks ranked as the number one team in the nation by the AP with 135 weeks . Additionally , the Blue Devils have the third longest streak in the AP Top 25 in history with 200 consecutive appearances from 1996 to 2007 , trailing only UCLA 's 221 consecutive polls from 1966 to 1980 , and Kansas 212 consecutive polls from 2009 to 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '2012 NBA Draft : 1st Rnd , 10th overall by the New Orleans Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_NBA_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2012 NBA Draft was held on June 28 , 2012 , at Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The draft started at 7:00 pm Eastern Daylight Time ( 2300 UTC ) , and was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . This draft marked the first time that the first two players selected were from the same school ( Anthony Davis and Michael Kidd-Gilchrist were teammates at Kentucky ) . It also set a record of having six players from one school ( Kentucky ) being selected in the two rounds of the draft and was the first draft to have the first three selections be college freshmen all from the same conference , the Southeastern Conference . Not only that , but it also featured the oldest player to ever get selected in an NBA draft , with Bernard James being 27 years old at the time of the draft . Of the players drafted , 30 are forwards , 21 are guards , and 9 are centers . The 2012 NBA draft marked the first appearance of the Brooklyn Nets . This draft also marks the last draft appearance for the New Orleans Hornets . After the 2012-13 season , the franchise was renamed as the New Orleans Pelicans . New Orleans made their first draft appearance as the Pelicans in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Hornets', 'summary': "The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002-03 season when then-owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007-08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012-13 season . The Charlotte Hornets ' name , history , and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 16 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 610-686 , and has qualified for the playoffs seven times . Their achievements include two playoff series victories and one division title ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Knight ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Knight_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Brandon Emmanuel Knight ( born December 2 , 1991 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . A two-time Gatorade National Player of the Year , Knight played one season of college basketball for Kentucky before being selected by the Detroit Pistons in the 2011 NBA draft . After two seasons with the Pistons , he was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks . He spent a season and a half in Milwaukee before being traded to the Phoenix Suns in February 2015 . In August 2018 , he was traded to the Rockets .'}]}, {'value': 'Pine Crest School , Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Crest_School', 'summary': "Pine Crest School is a private preparatory school with campuses in Fort Lauderdale , Florida and Boca Raton . It was founded in Fort Lauderdale in 1934 by Mae McMillan , who also served as the school 's first president . Pine Crest is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools ( NAIS ) and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) , The Southern Association of Independent Schools ( SAIS ) , the Florida Council of Independent Schools ( FCIS ) , and the Florida Kindergarten Council ( FKC ) . Pine Crest has also been named a Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education . Pine Crest School has two campuses - the main Mae McMillan Campus in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , and the William J. McMillan Campus in Boca Raton , Florida , United States . The Boca Raton campus , originally Boca Raton Academy , was absorbed by Pine Crest in 1987 and hosts students in pre-kindergarten through Grade 8 . The Fort Lauderdale campus hosts students in Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Lauderdale ( /ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida , 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Miami . It is the county seat of Broward County . As of the 2018 [ update ] census , the city has an estimated population of 182,595 . Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The city is a popular tourist destination , with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F ( 24.2 °C ) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year . Greater Fort Lauderdale , encompassing all of Broward County , hosted 13 million overnight visitors in 2018 . There were over 560 hotels , and nearly 36,000 hotel rooms . From that , the county collected nearly $ 87 million from its 5% hotel development tax it charges . Additionally , 3.89 million cruise passengers passed through its Port Everglades , making it the 3rd largest cruise port in the world.Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants , 63 golf courses , 12 shopping malls , 16 museums , 132 nightclubs , 278 parkland campsites , and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts . Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War . The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale ( 1782-1838 ) , younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale . William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team is an American college basketball team that represents the University of Kentucky . Kentucky is the most successful NCAA Division I basketball program in history in terms of both all-time wins ( 2,293 ) and all-time winning percentage ( .765 ) . The Wildcats are currently coached by John Calipari . Kentucky leads all schools in total NCAA tournament appearances ( 59 ) , NCAA tournament wins ( 131 ) , NCAA Tournament games played ( 184 ) , NCAA Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 45 ) , NCAA Elite Eight appearances ( 38 ) , and total postseason tournament appearances ( 68 ) . Further , Kentucky has played in 17 NCAA Final Fours ( tied for 2nd place all-time with UCLA ) , 12 NCAA Championship games , and has won 8 NCAA championships ( second only to UCLA 's 11 ) . In addition to these titles , Kentucky won the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in both 1946 and 1976 , making it the only school to win multiple NCAA and NIT championships . Kentucky also leads all schools with sixty-three 20-win seasons , sixteen 30-win seasons , and six 35-win seasons . Throughout its history , the Kentucky basketball program has featured many notable and successful players , both on the collegiate level and the professional level . Kentucky holds the record for the most overall NBA Draft selections ( 128 ) and three Wildcats have been selected as the first overall pick ( John Wall , Anthony Davis , and Karl Anthony-Towns ) . The Wildcats have also been led by many successful head coaches , including Adolph Rupp , Joe B . Hall , Eddie Sutton , Rick Pitino , Tubby Smith , and John Calipari . Kentucky is the only program with 5 different NCAA Championship coaches ( Rupp , Hall , Pitino , Smith , Calipari ) ."}]}, {'value': '2011 NBA Draft : 1st Rnd , 8th overall by the Detroit Pistons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NBA_Draft', 'summary': "The 2011 NBA draft was held on June 23 , 2011 , at Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The draft started at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time ( 23:00 UTC ) , and was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . Kia Motors was the presenting sponsor of the 2011 NBA draft . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Cleveland Cavaliers had the first pick due to a previous trade they had involving the Los Angeles Clippers , choosing point guard Kyrie Irving of Duke . Of the 60 players drafted , 7 were freshmen , 7 were sophomores , 14 were juniors , 19 were seniors , 12 were international players without U.S. college basketball experience ( including the first-ever Qatari-selected player ) , and 1 was a D-League player . The 2011 NBA draft marked the final time the New Jersey Nets made an NBA draft appearance . After the end of the Nets ' 2011-12 season , the franchise relocated to Brooklyn , New York and was renamed to the Brooklyn Nets . The Nets made their first draft appearance with the Brooklyn moniker in 2012 . Four of the first-round picks , including three of the top four picks , Kyrie Irving , Derrick Williams , Tristan Thompson , and Iman Shumpert would all eventually become teammates on the Cleveland Cavaliers . This is considered one of the most loaded drafts in NBA history . Seven players in the draft would play in at least one All-Star game , including the final pick of the draft , Isaiah Thomas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Pistons', 'summary': "The Detroit Pistons are an American professional basketball team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Pistons compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division and plays its home games at Little Caesars Arena , located in Midtown . The team was founded in Fort Wayne , Indiana as the Fort Wayne ( Zollner ) Pistons in 1941 , a member of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) where it won two NBL championships : in 1944 and 1945 . The Pistons later joined the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) in 1948 . The NBL and BAA merged to become the NBA in 1949 , and the Pistons became part of the merged league . In 1957 , the franchise moved to Detroit . The Pistons have won three NBA championships : in 1989 , 1990 and 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Knight_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Brandon Emmanuel Knight ( born December 2 , 1991 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . A two-time Gatorade National Player of the Year , Knight played one season of college basketball for Kentucky before being selected by the Detroit Pistons in the 2011 NBA draft . After two seasons with the Pistons , he was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks . He spent a season and a half in Milwaukee before being traded to the Phoenix Suns in February 2015 . In August 2018 , he was traded to the Rockets .'}]}, {'value': 'Pine Crest School , Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Crest_School', 'summary': "Pine Crest School is a private preparatory school with campuses in Fort Lauderdale , Florida and Boca Raton . It was founded in Fort Lauderdale in 1934 by Mae McMillan , who also served as the school 's first president . Pine Crest is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools ( NAIS ) and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) , The Southern Association of Independent Schools ( SAIS ) , the Florida Council of Independent Schools ( FCIS ) , and the Florida Kindergarten Council ( FKC ) . Pine Crest has also been named a Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education . Pine Crest School has two campuses - the main Mae McMillan Campus in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , and the William J. McMillan Campus in Boca Raton , Florida , United States . The Boca Raton campus , originally Boca Raton Academy , was absorbed by Pine Crest in 1987 and hosts students in pre-kindergarten through Grade 8 . The Fort Lauderdale campus hosts students in Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Lauderdale ( /ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida , 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Miami . It is the county seat of Broward County . As of the 2018 [ update ] census , the city has an estimated population of 182,595 . Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The city is a popular tourist destination , with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F ( 24.2 °C ) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year . Greater Fort Lauderdale , encompassing all of Broward County , hosted 13 million overnight visitors in 2018 . There were over 560 hotels , and nearly 36,000 hotel rooms . From that , the county collected nearly $ 87 million from its 5% hotel development tax it charges . Additionally , 3.89 million cruise passengers passed through its Port Everglades , making it the 3rd largest cruise port in the world.Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants , 63 golf courses , 12 shopping malls , 16 museums , 132 nightclubs , 278 parkland campsites , and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts . Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War . The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale ( 1782-1838 ) , younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale . William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 NBA Draft : 1st Rnd , 8th overall by the Detroit Pistons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ray Shipman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monsignor Edward Pace High School , Miami Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monsignor_Edward_Pace_High_School', 'summary': 'Monsignor Edward Pace High School is a Catholic secondary school in Miami Gardens , Florida . It was named a Blue Ribbon School in 2002 and one of the top 50 Catholic high schools in the country in 2004 and 2005 by the Catholic High School Honor Roll . Pace is a member of the National Catholic Educational Association ( NCEA ) . This school is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Florida', 'summary': 'Miami Gardens is a city located in north-central Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States . Its boundaries stretch from I-95 and NE 2nd Avenue on the east , to NW 47th and NW 57th Avenues on the west , and from the Broward County line on the north , to 151st Street on the south . The city name comes from one of the major roadways through the area , Miami Gardens Drive . According to the 2017 estimate from the US Census Bureau , the city had a population of 113,750 , and it is the largest city in Florida that has a majority African American population . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida / Central Florida', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Florida_Gators_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Florida Gators men 's basketball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of basketball . The Gators compete in NCAA Division I 's Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Home games are played in the Exactech Arena at the Stephen C. O'Connell Center on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus . The University of Florida 's first basketball team took the court in 1915 , but success was scarce for many years . The program did not have an adequate gymnasium until the Florida Gymnasium in 1950 , did not hire a full-time basketball coach until Norm Sloan in 1960 , and did not play in a modern arena until the O'Connell Center opened in 1980 . Florida made its first postseason tournament appearance in the 1969 National Invitation Tournament and first appeared in the NCAA tournament in 1987 , but consistent success was elusive , and the Gators often found themselves in the bottom half of the conference standings . Florida 's basketball program finally found consistent success under head coach Billy Donovan , who was hired in 1996 . In nineteen years as Florida 's coach , Donovan led the program to seven of its eight Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) regular season championships , all four SEC tournament championships , fourteen of twenty-two NCAA Tournament appearances , four out of five Final Four appearances , and back-to-back national championships in 2006 and 2007 . Florida 's head coach since 2015 has been Mike White , who has led the Gators to three NCAA Tournament bids in his first four seasons at the school ."}, {'url': '/wiki/UCF_Knights_football', 'summary': "The UCF Knights football team represents The University of Central Florida ( UCF ) in the sport of American football . The Knights compete in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . Their current head coach is Josh Heupel , formerly a player and coach at Oklahoma and offensive coordinator at Missouri . The Knights play their home games at the 44,206-seat Spectrum Stadium , which is located on UCF 's main campus in Orlando , Florida , United States . UCF first fielded a varsity football team in the fall of 1979 as a NCAA Division III program and subsequently completed their ascension to Division I-A , now known as the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , in 1996 , becoming the only program in NCAA history to have played in all four divisions of football . As a Division I-AA program , the Knights made the 1990 and 1993 playoffs , and were picked as the preseason No . 1 team to start the 1994 season . As of 2019 , UCF has compiled 259 victories , six division titles , six conference championships , and an undefeated season in 2017 . The Knights have a national championship for the 2017 season despite being excluded from that season 's College Football Playoff . The Knights have made ten postseason appearances since joining the FBS , including winning two major bowls : the 2014 Fiesta Bowl and the 2018 Peach Bowl . The program has produced one Consensus All-American , Kevin Smith in 2007 , and three Heisman Trophy candidates , Daunte Culpepper ( QB ) in 1998 , Kevin Smith ( RB ) in 2007 , and McKenzie Milton ( QB ) in 2017 and 2018 . UCF has produced a long line of accomplished NFL players , including Blake Bortles , A.J ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Calathes ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Calathes', 'summary': 'Nicholas William Calathes ( Greek : Νικόλαος Νικ Καλάθης ; born February 7 , 1989 ) is a Greek-American professional basketball player for Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague . He played college basketball for the Florida Gators . An All-EuroLeague First Team selection in 2018 and 2019 , Calathes has also played in the NBA and the VTB United League . He represents the National Team of Greece internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Howell High School , Winter Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Howell_High_School', 'summary': 'Lake Howell High School is a comprehensive four-year high school in Central Florida , US . The school is in Winter Park , Florida , which is in Seminole County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida', 'summary': 'Winter Park is a suburban city in Orange County , Florida , United States . The population was 27,852 at the 2010 United States Census . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Winter Park was founded as a resort community by northern business magnates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( Founded on July 4th 1881 - Tales of Winter Park ) . Its main street includes civic buildings , retail , art galleries , a private liberal arts college ( Rollins College ) , museums , a park , a train station , a golf course country club , a historic cemetery , and a beach and boat launch .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 NBA Draft : 2nd Rnd , 45th overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NBA_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2009 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2009 , at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City . In this draft , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Los Angeles Clippers , who won the draft lottery on May 19 , 2009 , used their first overall draft pick to draft Blake Griffin from University of Oklahoma . However , he missed the entire 2009-10 season due to surgery on his broken left kneecap , which he injured during the pre-season . Tanzanian-born Hasheem Thabeet from University of Connecticut was drafted second by the Memphis Grizzlies . Thabeet became the first player born in Tanzania to be drafted by an NBA team . James Harden was drafted 3rd by the Oklahoma City Thunder . This made him the first player to be drafted by the franchise as the Oklahoma City Thunder ; the franchise moved from Seattle to OKC in 2008 . The Sacramento Kings drafted Tyreke Evans 4th ; he was named 2009-10 NBA Rookie of the Year , after he became the fourth NBA player in history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds and 5 assists in his rookie season , joining the elite club of Oscar Robertson ( 1960 ) , Michael Jordan ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2003 ) . Spanish teenager Ricky Rubio was drafted 5th by the Minnesota Timberwolves . Rubio became the fifth-highest-drafted international player who never played U.S. college basketball to be drafted in the NBA , tied with Nikoloz Tskitishvili ( 5th in 2002 ) , and behind Yao Ming ( 1st in 2002 ) , Andrea Bargnani ( 1st in 2006 ) , Darko Miličić ( 2nd in 2003 ) and Pau Gasol ( 3rd in 2001 ) . Twenty-third pick Omri Casspi became the first Israeli player to be drafted in the first round , and later he became the first Israeli to play in the NBA .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves', 'summary': "The Minnesota Timberwolves ( also commonly known as the Wolves ) are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis . The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Founded in 1989 , the team is owned by Glen Taylor who also owns the WNBA 's Minnesota Lynx . The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center , their home since 1990 . Like most expansion teams , the Timberwolves struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft , the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004 . Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts , the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season . Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player for that season . The team then went into rebuilding mode for more than a decade after missing the postseason in 2005 , and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007 . Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there , retiring in the 2016 offseason . The Timberwolves ended a 14-year playoff drought when they returned to the postseason in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Calathes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Calathes', 'summary': 'Nicholas William Calathes ( Greek : Νικόλαος Νικ Καλάθης ; born February 7 , 1989 ) is a Greek-American professional basketball player for Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague . He played college basketball for the Florida Gators . An All-EuroLeague First Team selection in 2018 and 2019 , Calathes has also played in the NBA and the VTB United League . He represents the National Team of Greece internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Howell High School , Winter Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 NBA Draft : 2nd Rnd , 45th overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith Brumbaugh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeLand High School , DeLand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeLand_High_School', 'summary': 'DeLand High School is a public high school in DeLand , Florida , established in 1922 , with an enrollment of 3,616 students , a student/teacher ratio of 16.5 , and a graduation rate above 90% .'}, {'url': '/wiki/DeLand,_Florida', 'summary': "DeLand is a city in the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat of Volusia County . The city sits approximately 34 miles ( 55 km ) north of the central business district of Orlando , and approximately 23 miles ( 37 km ) west of the central business district of Daytona Beach . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the city had a population of 27,031 . It is a part of the Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach metropolitan area , which was home to 590,289 people as of the 2010 census . The city was founded in 1876 , and was named for its founder , Henry Addison DeLand . DeLand is home to Stetson University , Florida 's oldest private college , as well as the Museum of Art - DeLand . The DeLand Municipal Airport serves as an uncontrolled general aviation reliever airport to commercial operations at Daytona Beach International Airport ( DAB ) , Orlando Sanford International Airport ( SFB ) and Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) . On February 2 , 2007 , DeLand and the surrounding area was the site of a major tornado outbreak ."}]}, {'value': 'Hillsborough CC ( FL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsborough_Community_College', 'summary': 'Hillsborough Community College ( HCC ) is a two-year community college in Hillsborough County , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darius Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darius_Washington', 'summary': "Darius Myron Washington Jr. ( born December 6 , 1985 ) is an American-Macedonian professional basketball player who last played for Rabotnički of the Macedonian First League . He is a combo guard and played college basketball with the University of Memphis . He has also played with the NBA 's San Antonio Spurs and the NBA D-League 's Austin Toros in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Edgewater High School , Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgewater_High_School', 'summary': "Edgewater High School is a public secondary school located in the College Park section of Orlando , Florida . It is operated by the Orange County Public Schools system . The athletic teams are known as the 'Fighting Eagles ' with colors red and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Memphis Tigers men 's basketball team represents the University of Memphis in NCAA Division I men 's college basketball . The Tigers have competed in the American Athletic Conference since 2013 . As of 2011 , the Tigers had the 29th highest winning percentage in NCAA history . Lacking an on campus arena they play home games at the Memphis Grizzlies arena the FedExForum . ESPN Stats and Information Department ranked Memphis as the 19th most successful basketball program from 1962 to 2012 in their annual 50 in 50 list ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Richard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Richard_(basketball)', 'summary': "Chris Richard ( born December 25 , 1984 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Richard , a power forward , played college basketball for the University of Florida . He has a wingspan of 7'4½ . His role was that of the sixth man that came off the bench for the Florida Gators national championship men 's team during the 2006-07 season . He is a former Mr. Basketball in the state of Florida ( 2002 ) and scored 8 points to go along with 8 rebounds ( 5 offensive ) in his final game of his college career . He was taken 1st overall in 2008 D-League draft by the Tulsa 66ers . In the 2007-08 NBA season , Richard played 52 games with the Minnesota Timberwolves . Richard signed with the Chicago Bulls during the 2009-10 NBA season . He played 18 regular season games , and was waived on June 30 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kathleen High School , Lakeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_High_School_(Lakeland,_Florida)', 'summary': "Kathleen High School is the second oldest of four high schools in Lakeland , Florida , United States . It was originally housed north of its present location , at the site of the current Kathleen Middle School . It is currently the smallest of the city 's public high schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lakeland is a city in Polk County , Florida , along Interstate 4 east of Tampa . The westernmost city in Polk County , it is part of the Tampa Bay Area . According to the 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , the city had a population of 110,516 . Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . Native Americans lived in the area from soon after the end of the last ice age until the end of the Second Seminole War . European-American settlers arrived in Lakeland from South Carolina in the 1870s . The city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service , with the first freedmen railway workers settling here in 1883 . They and European immigrants also came because of new jobs in the large phosphate industry that developed . Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 NBA Draft : 2nd Rnd , 41st overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_NBA_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2007 NBA draft was held on June 28 , 2007 at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . It was broadcast on television in 115 countries . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . Freshman Greg Oden from Ohio State University was drafted first overall by the Portland Trail Blazers , who won the draft lottery . However , he missed the 2007-08 season due to microfracture surgery on his right knee during the pre-season . Another freshman , Kevin Durant , was drafted second overall from the University of Texas by the Seattle SuperSonics , and went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award for the 2007-08 season . Oden and Durant became the first freshmen to be selected with the top two picks in the draft . Al Horford , the son of former NBA player Tito Horford , was drafted third by the Atlanta Hawks . Of the three top picks , Durant has been a League MVP , a two-time finals MVP and perennial All-Star whilst Horford has enjoyed a solid All-Star career . Oden , however , was beset by numerous microfracture surgeries on both knees that limited him to only 82 games from 2008 to 2010 . On the night after the draft , the Seattle Supersonics traded seven-time All-Star Ray Allen along with the draft rights of the 35th pick Glen Davis to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Delonte West , Wally Szczerbiak , and the draft rights to the 5th pick , Jeff Green . The Portland Trail Blazers and the New York Knicks were also involved in a multi-player trade that sent Zach Randolph to the Knicks and Steve Francis to the Blazers .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Amar ' e Stoudemire", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Amar'e_Stoudemire", 'summary': "Amar ' e Carsares Stoudemire ( Hebrew : אמארה סטודמאייר ; /əˈmɑːreɪ ˈstɒdəmaɪər/ ; born November 16 , 1982 ) is an American-Israeli professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the EuroLeague . He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2003 with the Phoenix Suns , who selected him with the ninth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft . He made six appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and was named to the All-NBA Team five times , including one first-team selection in 2007 . Stoudemire played high school basketball for five different schools , ultimately graduating from Cypress Creek High School in Orlando , Florida , and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep-to-pro player . He won several prep honors , including being selected as Florida 's Mr. Basketball . The highly athletic Stoudemire suffered from chronic knee problems during his career and underwent microfracture surgery on both knees . He played for the Suns , the New York Knicks , the Dallas Mavericks , and the Miami Heat before retiring from the NBA in 2016 . Stoudemire won a bronze medal with the United States national team at the 2004 Olympic Games . His off-court ventures include a record label , a clothing line , acting and a series of children 's books for Scholastic Press . In addition , Stoudemire owns a significant share of Hapoel Jerusalem , the team he won a championship with in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cypress Creek High School , Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cypress_Creek_High_School_(Orlando,_Florida)', 'summary': 'Cypress Creek High School is located in Orlando , Florida and serves students in grades 9 through 12 . Cypress Creek is an IB World School with an International Baccalaureate Diploma Program . As an IB World School , CCHS is a local magnet school allowing students from other Orange County , Florida schools to attend . Cypress Creek High School receives graduating students from Meadow Woods Middle School , South Creek Middle School and Walker Middle School . However , it is a magnet school , so students from surrounding middle schools ( e.g . Hunters Creek Middle School , Freedom Middle School , Westridge Middle School , Lake Nona Middle School , Southwest Middle School ) also attend Cypress Creek albeit in smaller numbers .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_prep-to-pro_players', 'summary': 'The NBA high school draftees are players who have been drafted to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) straight out of high school without playing basketball at the collegiate level . The process of jumping directly from high school to the professional level is also known as going prep-to-pro . Since 2006 , the practice of drafting high school players has been prohibited by the new collective bargaining agreement , which requires that players who entered the draft be 19 years of age and at least one year removed from high school . Contrary to popular belief , the player does not have to play at least a year in college basketball : the player can choose to instead play in another professional league ( like the NBA G League or especially somewhere overseas ) like Brandon Jennings or Emmanuel Mudiay in Italy and China respectively ; simply take the year off , as Mitchell Robinson and Darius Bazley did ; or even hold themselves back a year in high school before declaring for the draft , like with Satnam Singh Bhamara or Thon Maker . The NBA has long had a preference for players who played basketball at the collegiate level ; the vast majority of players to play in the NBA have had college experience . However , there have been numerous notable players who attended high school in the United States and then joined the NBA without playing college basketball .'}]}, {'value': '2002 NBA Draft : 1st Rnd , 9th overall by the Phoenix Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_NBA_Draft', 'summary': "The 2002 NBA draft was held on June 26 , 2002 , at The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting 57 amateur college basketball players and other first-time eligible players , such as players from non-North American leagues . The draft was broadcast on TNT at 7:30 PM ( EDT ) . The NBA announced that about 42 college and high school players , and five international players , had filed as early-entry candidates for the draft . The Chicago Bulls and the Golden State Warriors both had a 22.5 percent probability of acquiring the first overall pick , but the Houston Rockets , with an 8.9 percent probability , won the NBA draft lottery on May 19 . The Bulls and Warriors were second and third , respectively . As punishment for salary-cap violations during the 2000-01 season , the Minnesota Timberwolves forfeited their first-round draft pick . The 2002 draft set a record with 17 international selections , with six coming in the first round alone . Number 2 pick Jay Williams violated his contract by riding a motorcycle , and nearly lost his life in an accident that shattered his pelvis , severed a main nerve in his leg , and tore three ligaments in his left knee including his ACL . Although he underwent an intense rehabilitation program , Williams never played a game in the NBA again . When it became clear Williams would not be returning to the Bulls because of his injuries , he was waived . The Bulls could have voided Williams ' contract , since riding a motorcycle was contractually prohibited ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Suns', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . The Suns compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division , and are the only team in their division not based in California . The Suns play their home games at the Talking Stick Resort Arena . The franchise began play in 1968 as an expansion team , and their early years were shrouded in mediocrity , but their fortunes changed in the 1970s , where , after partnering long-term guard Dick Van Arsdale and center Alvan Adams with Paul Westphal , the Suns reached the 1976 NBA Finals , in what is considered to be one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . However , after failing to capture a championship , the Suns would rebuild around Walter Davis for a majority of the 1980s , until the acquisition of Kevin Johnson in 1988 . Under Johnson , and after trading for perennial NBA All-Star Charles Barkley , and combined with the output of Tom Chambers and Dan Majerle , the Suns reached the playoffs for a franchise-record thirteen consecutive appearances and remained a regular title contender throughout the 1990s , and reached the 1993 NBA Finals . However , the team would again fail to win a championship , and entered into another period of mediocrity until the early part of the 2000s . In 2004 , the Suns reacquired Steve Nash , and immediately returned into playoff contention . With Nash , Shawn Marion , and Amar ' e Stoudemire , and under head coach Mike D'Antoni , the Suns became renowned worldwide for their quick , dynamic offense , which led them to tie a franchise record in wins in the 2004-05 season . Two more top two Conference placements followed , but the Suns again failed to attain an NBA championship , and were forced into another rebuild . The Suns own the NBA 's seventh-best all-time winning percentage , and have the second highest winning percentage of any teams to have never won an NBA championship . 10 Hall of Famers have played for Phoenix , while two Suns , Barkley and Nash , have won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the team ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrian McPherson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_McPherson', 'summary': 'Adrian Jamal McPherson ( born May 8 , 1983 ) is a gridiron football quarterback who his currently a free agent . McPherson played the majority of his professional career for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the fifth round of the 2005 NFL Draft . He played college football at Florida State . As a professional , McPherson has also been a member of the Indiana Firebirds , Utah Blaze , Austin Wranglers , Grand Rapids Rampage , Tampa Bay Storm , Calgary Stampeders , Los Angeles KISS and Toronto Argonauts .'}]}, {'value': 'Southeast High School , Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeast_High_School_(Florida)', 'summary': 'Southeast High School is a public high school in Bradenton , FL operated by the Manatee County School District & is the only public high school in Manatee County to offer the International Baccalaureate ( IB ) program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida State ( football )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles football team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of American football . The Seminoles compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is known for its storied history , distinctive helmet , fight song and colors as well as the many traditions associated with the school . Florida State has won three national championships , eighteen conference titles and six division titles along with a playoff appearance . The Seminoles have achieved three undefeated seasons , finished ranked in the top four of the AP Poll for 14 straight years from 1987 through 2000 and completed 41 straight winning seasons from 1977 through 2017 ; from 2012 through 2014 , the team won 29 consecutive games , tied for the twelfth-longest winning streak in college football and tied for the longest winning streak in ACC history . The 1999 team received votes from ESPN as one of the top teams in college football history . The team has produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterbacks Charlie Ward in 1993 , Chris Weinke in 2000 and Jameis Winston in 2013 . The Biletnikoff Award , presented annually to the top receiver in college football , is named for Florida State hall of famer Fred Biletnikoff . Other awards won by Florida State players include the Walter Camp Award , the Maxwell Award , the Davey O'Brien Award , the Lombardi Award , the Dick Butkus Award , the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award , the Lou Groza Award , the Dave Rimington Trophy and the Bobby Bowden Award . Florida State coaches have been honored with the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award , the Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award , the Home Depot Coach of the Year Award , the Broyles Award , and the Paul Bear Bryant Award . Many former Seminoles have gone on to have successful careers in the NFL . The program has produced 219 All-Americans ( 45 consensus and 15 unanimous ) and 250 professional players ."}]}, {'value': '2005 NFL Draft : 5th Rnd , 152nd overall by the New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_NFL_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2005 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 23-24 , 2005 . The league also held a supplemental draft that year , which was held after the regular draft but before the regular season . The draft took place at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City , and was televised for the 26th consecutive year on ESPN and ESPN2 . The NFL draft had been held at Madison Square Garden since 1995 , but was moved to the Javits Center in 2005 . The draft featured the San Francisco 49ers selecting first overall Alex Smith from the University of Utah . The main storyline going into the draft was the mystery surrounding when Quarterback Aaron Rodgers would be drafted , as well as his subsequent fall to the Packers . Compensatory selections were distributed amongst fourteen teams , with the Philadelphia Eagles and the St. Louis Rams garnering the most with four picks each . Three of the first five picks were running backs , an NFL draft first . The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of :'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints', 'summary': "The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Saints currently compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The team was founded by John W. Mecom Jr. , David Dixon , and the city of New Orleans on November 1 , 1966 . The Saints began play in Tulane Stadium in 1967 where they remained until the 1974 NFL season , when they moved to the new Louisiana Superdome ( now the Mercedes-Benz Superdome ) . The name Saints is an allusion to November 1 being All Saints ' Day in the Catholic faith . New Orleans has a large Catholic population , and the spiritual When the Saints Go Marching In is strongly associated with New Orleans and is often sung by fans at games . The team 's primary colors are old gold and black ; their logo is a simplified fleur-de-lis . For most of their first 20 years , the Saints were barely competitive , only getting to .500 twice . In 1987 , they finished 12-3 - their first-ever winning season - and qualified for the NFL playoffs for the first time in franchise history , but lost to the Minnesota Vikings 44-10 . The next season in 1988 ended with a 10-6 record , but no playoff berth . Following the 2000 regular season , the Saints defeated the defending Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams 31-28 to notch their first-ever playoff win . In 2005 , Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and much of the Gulf Coast region ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orien Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orien_Greene', 'summary': "Orien Randolph Greene II ( born February 4 , 1982 ) is an American former professional basketball player . His first two professional seasons were spent with the NBA 's Boston Celtics and Indiana Pacers , respectively . He played briefly with the Sacramento Kings in 2007 , and with the New Jersey Nets in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gainesville High School , Gainesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gainesville_High_School_(Florida)', 'summary': 'Gainesville High School ( GHS ) is a high school in Gainesville , Florida , United States . There were 1,890 students attending it in 2015 . The current principal is David Shellnut , who joined the GHS staff in December 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida', 'summary': "Gainesville is the county seat of , and the largest city in , Alachua County , Florida , and is both the principal city of the Gainesville , Florida , metropolitan statistical area and the largest city in North Central Florida . In 2018 the US Census Bureau estimated Gainesville 's population at 133,857 , a 7.4% increase from 2010 , and the metropolitan statistical area 's population at 288,212 . Gainesville is home to the University of Florida , the fifth-largest university campus by enrollment in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida/ UL Lafayette', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Louisiana–Lafayette_Ragin'_Cajuns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Louisiana Ragin ' Cajuns men 's basketball program represents intercollegiate men 's basketball at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette . The school competes in the Sun Belt Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and play home games at the Cajundome in Lafayette , Louisiana . Bob Marlin is in his eighth season as head coach ."}]}, {'value': '2005 NBA Draft : 2nd Rnd , 53rd overall by the Boston Celtics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_NBA_Draft', 'summary': "The 2005 NBA draft took place on June 28 , 2005 , in the Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City . In this draft , NBA teams took turns selecting amateur college basketball players and other first-time eligible players , such as players from high schools and non-North American leagues . The NBA announced that 49 college and high school players and 11 international players had filed as early-entry candidates for the draft . This was the last NBA draft for which high school players were eligible . The new collective bargaining agreement between the league and its players union established a new age limit for draft eligibility . Starting with the 2006 NBA draft , players of any nationality who complete athletic eligibility at a U.S. high school can not declare themselves eligible for the draft unless they turn 19 no later than December 31 of the year of the draft and are at least one year removed from the graduation of their high school classes . International players , defined in the NBA 's collective bargaining agreement as non-US nationals who did not complete athletic eligibility at a U.S. high school , must turn 19 ( or older ) in the calendar year of the draft , up from 18 . As of 2016 , the only players to have declared for the NBA draft straight out of high school ever since these restrictions took place were Satnam Singh Bhamara ( 2015 ) , Thon Maker ( 2016 ) , and Anfernee Simons ( 2018 ) . This draft is notable for a most recent draft pick from an NAIA ( and non-NCAA ) school in any round ( that pick is Robert Whaley , the 51st pick from Walsh University , which is now in NCAA Division II ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Celtics', 'summary': "The Boston Celtics ( /ˈsɛltɪks/ SEL-tiks ) are an American professional basketball team based in Boston . The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . Founded in 1946 as one of the league 's original eight teams , the Celtics play their home games at TD Garden , which they share with the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's Boston Bruins . The Celtics are regarded as the most successful basketball team in NBA history ; the franchise has won the most championships in the NBA with 17 ( accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA championships since the league 's founding ) , and currently hold the record for the most recorded wins of any NBA team . The Celtics have a notable rivalry with the Los Angeles Lakers , who have won 16 NBA championships , second behind the Celtics . The rivalry was heavily highlighted throughout the 1960s and 1980s . The franchise has played the Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA Finals ( including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010 ) , of which the Celtics have won nine . Four Celtics players ( Bob Cousy , Bill Russell , Dave Cowens and Larry Bird ) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards . Both the nickname Celtics and their mascot Lucky the Leprechaun are a nod to Boston 's historically large Irish population . The Celtics ' rise to dominance began in the late 1950s , after acquiring center Bill Russell in a draft day trade in 1956 , who would become the cornerstone of the Celtics dynasty . Led by Russell and superstar point guard Bob Cousy , the Celtics won their first NBA championship in 1957 . Russell , along with a talented supporting cast of future Hall of Famers including John Havlicek , Tom Heinsohn , K. C. Jones , Sam Jones , Satch Sanders , and Bill Sharman , would usher the Celtics into the greatest period in franchise history , winning eight consecutive NBA championships throughout the 1960s ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Award winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Florida_Mr._Basketball_0', 'intro': 'Each year the Florida Mr. Basketball award is given to the person chosen as the best high school boys basketball player in the U.S. state of Florida. The winner of the Mr. Basketball Award, sponsored by Florida Dairy Farmers, Inc. and the Florida Athletic Coaches Association, is determined in voting by a statewide panel of high school basketball coaches and prep media representatives.'} | null | null | Who is the coach of the college basketball team that the 2019 Florida Mr. Basketball went to ? | Mike Krzyzewski |
0689f6509bcd84f3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_throw', 'title': 'Discus throw', 'header': ['Year', 'Distance', 'Athlete', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'While the most notable story coming out of 1968 was Socio-Political , politics involved with the Olympics was not something unique to this year . However , the year marked the beginning of several emerging elements of contemporary Track and Field .'}]}, {'value': '62.54 m ( 205 ft 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liesel Westermann ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liesel_Westermann', 'summary': "Lieselotte Liesel Westermann-Krieg ( born Westermann on 2 November 1944 ) is a retired German discus thrower . She held the world record from 5 November 1967 to 12 August 1971 , with a two-months break in 1968 . She competed for West Germany at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics and finished in second and fifth place , respectively . She won silver medals at the 1966 and 1971 European championships . For her athletics achievements Westermann was selected as the German Sportspersonality of the year in 1967 and 1969 , and inducted into the Germany 's Sports Hall of Fame in 2011 . After retiring from competitions Westermann worked as a teacher of physical education , eventually becoming a consultant for sports and health education with the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony . An avid opponent of doping ( she was once described as the last undoped discus world record holder ) she was a member of the Anti-Doping Commission of the German Sports Federation and the National Olympic Committee . Westermann is married and has four children . As a member of the Free Democratic Party she unsuccessfully contested district elections in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Werdohl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werdohl', 'summary': 'Werdohl is a town in the district Märkischer Kreis , in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '63.96 m ( 209 ft 10 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liesel Westermann ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liesel_Westermann', 'summary': "Lieselotte Liesel Westermann-Krieg ( born Westermann on 2 November 1944 ) is a retired German discus thrower . She held the world record from 5 November 1967 to 12 August 1971 , with a two-months break in 1968 . She competed for West Germany at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics and finished in second and fifth place , respectively . She won silver medals at the 1966 and 1971 European championships . For her athletics achievements Westermann was selected as the German Sportspersonality of the year in 1967 and 1969 , and inducted into the Germany 's Sports Hall of Fame in 2011 . After retiring from competitions Westermann worked as a teacher of physical education , eventually becoming a consultant for sports and health education with the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony . An avid opponent of doping ( she was once described as the last undoped discus world record holder ) she was a member of the Anti-Doping Commission of the German Sports Federation and the National Olympic Committee . Westermann is married and has four children . As a member of the Free Democratic Party she unsuccessfully contested district elections in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamburg', 'summary': "Hamburg ( English : /ˈhæmbɜːrɡ/ , German : [ ˈhambʊʁk ] ( listen ) , locally also [ ˈhambʊɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) [ ˈhambɔːχ ] ; Low Saxon : Hamborg ) , officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg ( German : Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg ; Low Saxon : Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg ) , is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million . One of Germany 's 16 federal states , it is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south . The city 's metropolitan region is home to more than five million people . Hamburg lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries , the River Alster and the River Bille . The official name reflects Hamburg 's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire . Before the 1871 Unification of Germany , it was a fully sovereign city state , and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg , North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids , the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe . Hamburg is Europe 's third-largest port . Major regional broadcaster NDR , the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city . Hamburg is the seat of Germany 's oldest stock exchange and the world 's oldest merchant bank , Berenberg Bank . Media , commercial , logistical , and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus , Blohm + Voss , Aurubis , Beiersdorf , and Unilever . The city hosts specialists in world economics and international law , including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea , the EU-LAC Foundation , and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning , multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20 ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '63.66 m ( 208 ft 10 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karin Illgen ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karin_Illgen', 'summary': "Karin Illgen ( born 7 April 1941 in Greifswald , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ) is a female discus thrower , who competed for East Germany during her career . She represented East Germany at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , finishing in tenth place in the overall-rankings . Illgen is best known for winning the gold medal in the women 's discus event at the 1970 Summer Universiade in Torino . She also participated at the 1971 European Championships in Athletics , but was eliminated in the qualification round . She continues to throw in masters athletics ."}]}, {'value': 'Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '64.88 m ( 212 ft 10 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faina Melnik ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faina_Melnik', 'summary': 'Faina Grigorievna Melnik ( Russian : Фаина Григорьевна Велева-Мельник , Ukrainian : Фаїна Григорівна Мельник ( Faina Hryhorivna Melnyk ) ; 9 June 1945 - 16 December 2016 ) was a Soviet discus thrower , a 1972 Summer Olympics champion in the discus event . During her career she set 11 world records .'}]}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67.32 m ( 220 ft 10 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina Menis ( ROM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina_Menis', 'summary': 'Argentina Menis ( born 19 July 1948 ) is a retired Romanian discus thrower who won silver medals at the 1972 Olympics and 1974 European Athletics Championships . She finished sixth at the 1976 Olympics . On 23 September 1972 she set a world record that stood for eight months . After retiring from competitions she worked at her club Dinamo București .'}]}, {'value': 'Constanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constanta', 'summary': 'Constanța ( UK : /kɒnˈstæntsə/ , US : /kənˈstɑːn ( t ) sə/ , Romanian : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ; Greek : Κωνστάντζα , romanized : Kōnstántza , or Κωνστάντια Kōnstántia ; Bulgarian : Кюстенджа , romanized : Kjustendža , or Констанца Konstanca ; Turkish : Köstence ) , historically known as Tomis ( Ancient Greek : Τόμις ) , is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania . It was founded around 600 BC . The city is located in the Northern Dobruja region of Romania , on the Black Sea coast . It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region of Dobruja . As of the 2011 census , Constanța has a population of 283,872 , making it the fifth most populous city in Romania . The Constanța metropolitan area includes 14 localities within 30 km ( 19 mi ) of the city , and with a total population of 425,916 inhabitants , it is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Romania . The Port of Constanța has an area of 39.26 km2 ( 15.16 sq mi ) and a length of about 30 km ( 19 mi ) . [ citation needed ] It is the largest port on the Black Sea , and one of the largest ports in Europe .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69.48 m ( 227 ft 11 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faina Melnik ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faina_Melnik', 'summary': 'Faina Grigorievna Melnik ( Russian : Фаина Григорьевна Велева-Мельник , Ukrainian : Фаїна Григорівна Мельник ( Faina Hryhorivna Melnyk ) ; 9 June 1945 - 16 December 2016 ) was a Soviet discus thrower , a 1972 Summer Olympics champion in the discus event . During her career she set 11 world records .'}]}, {'value': 'Edinburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69.90 m ( 229 ft 3 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faina Melnik ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faina_Melnik', 'summary': 'Faina Grigorievna Melnik ( Russian : Фаина Григорьевна Велева-Мельник , Ukrainian : Фаїна Григорівна Мельник ( Faina Hryhorivna Melnyk ) ; 9 June 1945 - 16 December 2016 ) was a Soviet discus thrower , a 1972 Summer Olympics champion in the discus event . During her career she set 11 world records .'}]}, {'value': 'Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prague', 'summary': "Prague ( /prɑːɡ/ ; Czech : Praha [ ˈpraɦa ] ( listen ) , German : Prag , Latin : Praga ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic , the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated on the Vltava river , Prague is home to about 1.3 million people , while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million . The city has a temperate oceanic climate , with relatively warm summers and chilly winters . Prague is a political , cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history . Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque eras , Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors , most notably of Charles IV ( r. 1346-1378 ) . It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years ' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era . Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions , many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe . Main attractions include Prague Castle , Charles Bridge , Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock , the Jewish Quarter , Petřín hill and Vyšehrad . Since 1992 , the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . The city has more than ten major museums , along with numerous theatres , galleries , cinemas and other historical exhibits . An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.20 m ( 230 ft 3 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faina Melnik ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faina_Melnik', 'summary': 'Faina Grigorievna Melnik ( Russian : Фаина Григорьевна Велева-Мельник , Ukrainian : Фаїна Григорівна Мельник ( Faina Hryhorivna Melnyk ) ; 9 June 1945 - 16 December 2016 ) was a Soviet discus thrower , a 1972 Summer Olympics champion in the discus event . During her career she set 11 world records .'}]}, {'value': 'Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zürich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.50 m ( 231 ft 3 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faina Melnik ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faina_Melnik', 'summary': 'Faina Grigorievna Melnik ( Russian : Фаина Григорьевна Велева-Мельник , Ukrainian : Фаїна Григорівна Мельник ( Faina Hryhorivna Melnyk ) ; 9 June 1945 - 16 December 2016 ) was a Soviet discus thrower , a 1972 Summer Olympics champion in the discus event . During her career she set 11 world records .'}]}, {'value': 'Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sochi', 'summary': "Sochi ( Russian : Со́чи , IPA : [ ˈsotɕɪ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia . The Greater Sochi area , which includes territories and localities subordinated to Sochi proper , has a total area of 3,526 square kilometers ( 1,361 sq mi ) and sprawls for 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains . [ citation needed ] The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers ( 68.25 sq mi ) . According to the 2010 Census , the city had a permanent population of 343,334 , up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census , making it Russia 's largest resort city . Being part of the Caucasian Riviera , it is one of the very few places in Russia with a subtropical climate , with warm to hot summers and mild winters . With the alpine and Nordic events held at the nearby ski resort of Rosa Khutor in Krasnaya Polyana , Sochi hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 , as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020 . It was also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68.92 m ( 226 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabine Engel ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabine_Engel', 'summary': 'Sabine Engel ( born 21 April 1954 in Prenzlau , Bezirk Neubrandenburg ) is a retired East German discus thrower . She finished fifth at the 1976 Summer Olympics , third at the 1977 World Cup and fourth at the 1978 European Championships . She represented the sports team SC Neubrandenburg and became East German champion in 1975 . Her personal best throw was 68.92 metres , achieved in June 1977 in Karl-Marx-Stadt . This result ranks her tenth among German discus throwers , behind Gabriele Reinsch , Ilke Wyludda , Diana Gansky-Sachse , Irina Meszynski , Gisela Beyer , Martina Hellmann-Opitz , Evelin Jahl , Silvia Madetzky and Franka Dietzsch .'}]}, {'value': 'Karl-Marx-Stadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl-Marx-Stadt', 'summary': "Chemnitz ( German : [ ˈkɛmnɪts ] ( listen ) , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Kamjenica ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : Zwickauer Mulde→ Mulde→ Elbe→ North Sea ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The city 's economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.72 m ( 232 ft ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evelin Jahl ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evelin_Jahl', 'summary': "Evelin Jahl ( née Schlaak and later Herberg , born 28 March 1956 in Annaberg-Buchholz , Saxony , East Germany ) is a German former discus thrower , who won two Olympic gold medals representing East Germany . In 1976 she won the women 's discus throwing event at the Montreal Summer Olympics defeating favourite and world record holder Faina Melnik . In 1978 she set a new world record and also won the European Championships . Two years later Jahl defended the Olympic title in Moscow , again relegating Vergova , also competing under her married name ( Petkova ) , into second place . From 1980 until 2016 Jahl was the only discus thrower to defend her Olympic title and win two Olympic gold medals . Her feat was equalled by Sandra Perković of Croatia on 17 August 2016 at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . She retired from throwing in 1982 after an injury . She later became GDR chairperson of a commission in the GDR track and field association DVfL . After the 1976 Olympics she married shot putter Norbert Jahl und competed under her married name for the rest of her sporting career . Shortly after her retirement , she married the swim trainer Harald Herberg but she soon divorced him ."}]}, {'value': 'Dresden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dresden', 'summary': "Dresden ( /ˈdrɛzdən/ , German : [ ˈdʁeːsdn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Drježdźany ; Czech : Drážďany ; Polish : Drezno ) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city , following only Leipzig . It is the 12th most populous city of Germany , the third largest by area ( following only Berlin , Hamburg and Cologne ) , and the third most populous city in the area of former East Germany , following only ( East ) Berlin and Leipzig . Dresden is contiguous with Freital , Pirna , Radebeul , Meissen and Coswig , and its urban area has around 780,000 inhabitants , making it the largest in Saxony . Dresden is the largest city on the River Elbe after Hamburg . [ a ] Most of Dresden 's population lives in the Elbe Valley , but a large , albeit very sparsely populated area of the city east of the Elbe lies in the West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands ( the westernmost part of the Sudetes ) and thus in Lusatia , while many boroughs west of the Elbe lie in the foreland of the Ore Mountains as well as in the valleys of the rivers rising there and flowing through Dresden , the longest of which are the Weißeritz and the Lockwitzbach . The name of the city as well as the names of most of its boroughs and rivers are of Slavic origin . Dresden is the second largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area , following only Leipzig . The Sorbian language area begins east of the city , in Lusatia . Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony , who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor , and was once by personal union the family seat of Polish monarchs . The city was known as the Jewel Box , because of its baroque and rococo city centre . The controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25,000 people , many of whom were civilians , and destroyed the entire city centre . After the war restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city , including the Katholische Hofkirche , the Zwinger and the Semper Oper ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1979 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '69.82 m ( 229 ft ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evelin Jahl ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evelin_Jahl', 'summary': "Evelin Jahl ( née Schlaak and later Herberg , born 28 March 1956 in Annaberg-Buchholz , Saxony , East Germany ) is a German former discus thrower , who won two Olympic gold medals representing East Germany . In 1976 she won the women 's discus throwing event at the Montreal Summer Olympics defeating favourite and world record holder Faina Melnik . In 1978 she set a new world record and also won the European Championships . Two years later Jahl defended the Olympic title in Moscow , again relegating Vergova , also competing under her married name ( Petkova ) , into second place . From 1980 until 2016 Jahl was the only discus thrower to defend her Olympic title and win two Olympic gold medals . Her feat was equalled by Sandra Perković of Croatia on 17 August 2016 at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . She retired from throwing in 1982 after an injury . She later became GDR chairperson of a commission in the GDR track and field association DVfL . After the 1976 Olympics she married shot putter Norbert Jahl und competed under her married name for the rest of her sporting career . Shortly after her retirement , she married the swim trainer Harald Herberg but she soon divorced him ."}]}, {'value': 'Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This page contains an overview of the year 1980 in athletics . The major athletics event of the year was the 1980 Moscow Olympics . A boycott of this competition meant many of world 's leading athletes did not face each other , with many of the boycotting athletes taking part in the rival Liberty Bell Classic competition . A further global event , the 1980 World Championships in Athletics , was held specifically for women athletes in the 400 metres hurdles and 3000 metres disciplines , as neither event featured on the Olympic programme in spite of IAAF approval ."}]}, {'value': '71.80 m ( 235 ft 6 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Petkova ( BUL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Petkova', 'summary': 'Mariya Dimitrova Petkova ( Bulgarian : Мария Димитрова Петкова , née Vergova ( Вергова ) ; born 3 November 1950 in Plovdiv ) is a retired Bulgarian discus thrower . In 1976 she won an Olympic silver medal behind Evelin Schlaak , a standing that would repeat itself in 1980 . This year she also achieved a personal best throw of 71.80 metres . In 1982 she won a European Championship silver medal behind countrywoman Tsvetanka Khristova , who is twelve years younger . One year later Petkova won the bronze medal at the first World Championships in Athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Sofia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sofia', 'summary': "Sofia ( /ˈsoʊfiə , ˈsɒf- , soʊˈfiːə/ SOH-fee-ə , SOF- ; Bulgarian : София , romanized : Sofiya , IPA : [ ˈsɔfijɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria . The city is at the foot of Vitosha mountain in the western part of the country . Being in the centre of the Balkans , it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea , and closest to the Aegean Sea . Sofia is the 13th largest city in the European Union . The city is surrounded by mountains , such as Mount Vitosha by the southern side , Lyulin by the western side , and the Balkan Mountains by the north , which makes it the second highest European capital after Madrid . The city is built on the Iskar river , and has many mineral springs , such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths . Sofia has a humid continental climate . Sofia has been described as the 'triangle of religious tolerance ' . This is due to the fact that three colossal temples of the three world major religions - Christianity , Islam and Judaism , reside inside the borders of the city , which are the Sveta Nedelya Church , Banya Bashi Mosque and Sofia Synagogue . Being Bulgaria 's primate city , Sofia is a hometown of many of the major local universities , cultural institutions and commercial companies . Sofia is one of the top ten best places for start-up businesses in the world , especially in information technologies . Sofia was Europe 's most affordable capital to visit in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1981 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '71.46 m ( 234 ft 5 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evelin Jahl ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evelin_Jahl', 'summary': "Evelin Jahl ( née Schlaak and later Herberg , born 28 March 1956 in Annaberg-Buchholz , Saxony , East Germany ) is a German former discus thrower , who won two Olympic gold medals representing East Germany . In 1976 she won the women 's discus throwing event at the Montreal Summer Olympics defeating favourite and world record holder Faina Melnik . In 1978 she set a new world record and also won the European Championships . Two years later Jahl defended the Olympic title in Moscow , again relegating Vergova , also competing under her married name ( Petkova ) , into second place . From 1980 until 2016 Jahl was the only discus thrower to defend her Olympic title and win two Olympic gold medals . Her feat was equalled by Sandra Perković of Croatia on 17 August 2016 at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . She retired from throwing in 1982 after an injury . She later became GDR chairperson of a commission in the GDR track and field association DVfL . After the 1976 Olympics she married shot putter Norbert Jahl und competed under her married name for the rest of her sporting career . Shortly after her retirement , she married the swim trainer Harald Herberg but she soon divorced him ."}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1982 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '71.40 m ( 234 ft 3 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irina Meszynski ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irina_Meszynski', 'summary': "Irina Meszynski ( born 24 March 1962 in Berlin ) is a retired East German discus thrower . On 17 August 1984 Meszynski set a world record in women 's discus throw at boycott inspired Friendship Games of 73.36 meters . Her record lasted barely a week before it was bested by Zdeňka Šilhavá with a mark that puts Šilhavá as equal to the number 2 thrower in history . Today , Meszynski 's result is enough to occupy the sixth place on the world all-time list and a fourth place on the German all-time list behind Gabriele Reinsch , Ilke Wyludda and Diana Gansky-Sachse . Her career highlights include a gold medal with 60.30 m at the 1979 European Junior Championships , an eighth place with 63.78 m at the 1982 European Championships in Athletics and a fourth place with 65.20 m at the 1986 European Championships in Athletics . She represented the sports team TSC Berlin and became East German champion in 1982 . She weighed 97 kg , and stood 1.76 m tall ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl-Marx-Stadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl-Marx-Stadt', 'summary': "Chemnitz ( German : [ ˈkɛmnɪts ] ( listen ) , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Kamjenica ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : Zwickauer Mulde→ Mulde→ Elbe→ North Sea ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The city 's economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1983 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '73.26 m ( 240 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galina Savinkova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galina_Savinkova', 'summary': "Galina Savinkova ( Russian : Галина Савинкова ; born 15 July 1953 ) is a retired female track and field athlete from the Soviet Union , who set the world record in the women 's discus throw on 23 May 1983 with a distance of 73.26 metres . A year later , on 8 September 1984 in Donetsk , she reached 73.28 metres . That mark still is the Russian national record ."}]}, {'value': 'Leselidze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leselidze_(town)', 'summary': "Leselidze ( Georgian : ლესელიძე , Leselidze ; Abkhazian : Гьачрыҧшь , G'achryphsh ; Russian : Леселидзе , Гечрипш ) is a town in Abkhazia . [ note 1 ] Formerly named Yermolovsk , the town is located on the shores of the Black Sea and is 14 kilometers from the city of Gagra ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1984 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '74.56 m ( 244 ft 7 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zdeňka Šilhavá ( TCH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zdeňka_Šilhavá', 'summary': "Zdeňka Bartoňová-Šilhavá ( born 15 June 1954 in Krnov , Czechoslovakia ) is a retired female track and field athlete from the Czech Republic , who set the world record in the women 's discus throw on 26 August 1984 with a distance of 74.56 metres ( 244.6 ft ) . That mark still is the national record . Šilhavá represented Czechoslovakia at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , finishing in sixth place ( 67.84 metres ( 222.6 ft ) ) in the women 's discus , and in eleventh place in the women 's shot put event ( 18.86 metres ( 61.9 ft ) ) . She threw again in the 1996 Summer Olympics at the age of 42 . Three years after the Olympics , she threw masters W45 world records in both the shot put and discus that still stand ."}]}, {'value': 'Nitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nitra', 'summary': 'Nitra ( Slovak pronunciation : [ ˈɲitra ] ( listen ) ; also known by other alternative names ) is a city in western Slovakia , situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the valley of the river Nitra . With a population of about 76,655 it is the fifth-largest city in Slovakia . Nitra is also one of the oldest cities in Slovakia ; it was the political center of the Principality of Nitra . Today , it is a seat of a kraj ( Nitra Region ) and an okres ( Nitra District ) .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1985 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '72.96 m ( 239 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galina Savinkova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galina_Savinkova', 'summary': "Galina Savinkova ( Russian : Галина Савинкова ; born 15 July 1953 ) is a retired female track and field athlete from the Soviet Union , who set the world record in the women 's discus throw on 23 May 1983 with a distance of 73.26 metres . A year later , on 8 September 1984 in Donetsk , she reached 73.28 metres . That mark still is the Russian national record ."}]}, {'value': 'Erfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt', 'summary': "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1986 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '73.26 m ( 240 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana Gansky ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Gansky', 'summary': "Diana Gansky ( née Sachse , born 14 December 1963 in Bergen auf Rügen , Bezirk Rostock ) is a German track and field athlete . She won an Olympic medal and was one of the world 's best discus throwers . She represented East Germany and was the 1986 European champion ( with her birth name Sachse ) . In 1987 and 1988 she was second in both the world championship and the Olympic games . Gansky won the European Junior Championship as a 17-year-old in 1981 , but she needed a few more years before she was able to compete with the already strong discus team of East Germany . She stood in the shadows of Martina Hellmann ( who she only beat at the 1986 European championship ) . For a long time she trained with Gabriele Reinsch , the world record holder since July 1988 when she threw 76.80 meters . During her career Gansky reached 70 meters in 24 meetings , more than any other woman . She represented ASK Vorwärts Potsdam and trained with Lothar Hillebrand . During her active career she was 1.84 meters tall and weighed 92 kilograms . She studied sports science , and at the time of German reunification she became a self-employed physiotherapist . Later she became active on the senior sports circuit and became the 2002 European Masters Champion ( age 35-40 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Neubrandenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neubrandenburg', 'summary': "Neubrandenburg ( lit . New Brandenburg , IPA : [ nɔʏˈbʁandn̩bʊʁk ] ) is a city in the southeast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany . It is located on the shore of a lake called Tollensesee and forms the urban centre of the Mecklenburg Lakeland . The city is famous for its rich medieval heritage of Brick Gothic , especially the world 's best preserved defensive wall of this style , and the Concert Church ( Saint Mary ) , home venue of the Neubrandenburg Philharmonic . Neubrandenburg is nicknamed for its four medieval city gates - Stadt der Vier Tore ( City of Four Gates ) . It is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic , a route which leads through seven countries along the Baltic Sea coast . Since 2011 , Neubrandenburg is the capital of the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district . It is the third-largest city and one of the main urban centres of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . The city is an economical node of northeastern Germany , featuring one of the highest national ranks in employment density and GDP per capita . The closest greater urban areas are the regiopolis of Rostock and the metropolises of Szczecin , Berlin and Hamburg . Since 1991 , Neubrandenburg hosts a University of Applied Sciences that also offers international exchanges , guest programs and studies ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1987 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '74.08 m ( 243 ft ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana Gansky ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Gansky', 'summary': "Diana Gansky ( née Sachse , born 14 December 1963 in Bergen auf Rügen , Bezirk Rostock ) is a German track and field athlete . She won an Olympic medal and was one of the world 's best discus throwers . She represented East Germany and was the 1986 European champion ( with her birth name Sachse ) . In 1987 and 1988 she was second in both the world championship and the Olympic games . Gansky won the European Junior Championship as a 17-year-old in 1981 , but she needed a few more years before she was able to compete with the already strong discus team of East Germany . She stood in the shadows of Martina Hellmann ( who she only beat at the 1986 European championship ) . For a long time she trained with Gabriele Reinsch , the world record holder since July 1988 when she threw 76.80 meters . During her career Gansky reached 70 meters in 24 meetings , more than any other woman . She represented ASK Vorwärts Potsdam and trained with Lothar Hillebrand . During her active career she was 1.84 meters tall and weighed 92 kilograms . She studied sports science , and at the time of German reunification she became a self-employed physiotherapist . Later she became active on the senior sports circuit and became the 2002 European Masters Champion ( age 35-40 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl-Marx-Stadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl-Marx-Stadt', 'summary': "Chemnitz ( German : [ ˈkɛmnɪts ] ( listen ) , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Kamjenica ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : Zwickauer Mulde→ Mulde→ Elbe→ North Sea ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The city 's economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Discus_throw_3', 'intro': 'The discus throw (pronunciation), also known as disc throw, is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc - called a discus - in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors. It is an ancient sport, as demonstrated by the fifth-century-BC Myron statue Discobolus. Although not part of the modern pentathlon, it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon, which can be dated back to at least to 708 BC, and is part of the modern decathlon.'} | null | null | What is the nationality of the thrower who competed between 1970 and 1972 ? | Soviet |
068b196518a3ce9c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_association_football_clubs_in_New_Zealand', 'title': 'List of association football clubs in New Zealand', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Home Ground', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cashmere Technical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cashmere_Technical', 'summary': "Cashmere Technical is an association football club based in Christchurch , New Zealand . It was formed in early 2012 from the merger of two of the city 's premier teams , Cashmere Wanderers and Woolston Technical . The two clubs had agreed to work together in early 2011 , and the 2011 Christchurch earthquake which devastated their home city and resulted in the loss of many playing facilities hastened their merger into a combined side . Cashmere Technical play in the Mainland Premier League , and have reached the last 16 of the 2012 Chatham Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Woolston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woolston,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Woolston is a light industrial and residential suburb of Christchurch in the South Island of New Zealand . It is situated three kilometres southeast of the city centre , close to major arterial routes including State Highways 74 and 76 to Banks Peninsula . The Heathcote River flows through the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Garrick Memorial Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coastal Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coastal_Spirit_FC', 'summary': "Coastal Spirit FC is an association football club in Christchurch , New Zealand . Their Premier Men 's team currently compete in the Mainland Premier Football League , commonly regarded as the strongest league in the South Island of New Zealand , and their Premier Women 's team compete in the Mainland Women 's Premier League . Coastal Spirit FC was established through the merger of New Brighton AFC and Rangers AFC in 2007 , which was one of the oldest clubs in New Zealand having been founded in 1910 ."}]}, {'value': 'Linwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linwood,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Linwood is an inner suburb of the city of Christchurch , New Zealand . It lies to the east of the city centre , mostly between Ferry Road and Linwood Avenue , two of the major arterial roads to the eastern suburbs of Christchurch .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuthberts Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Twenty 11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Twenty_11', 'summary': 'FC Twenty 11 is a New Zealand amateur football club based in the city of Christchurch . The club was formed in 2011 following the merger of Avon United and Burnside A.F.C . The club is based in the western part of Christchurch and draw most of their players from Avonhead , Riccarton , Burnside , Fendalton , Ilam , Bryndwr and Hornby . The club rooms are situated at Riccarton Domain on Yaldhurst Road .'}]}, {'value': 'Yaldhurst', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burnside Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burnside_Park,_Christchurch', 'summary': 'Burnside Park is a cricket ground in Burnside , Canterbury , New Zealand . The first recorded match on the ground came when Canterbury Women played Auckland Women in 1974 . The ground later held its only first-class match in 1991 when Canterbury played Central Districts in the 1991/92 Shell Trophy , with the match ending in a 3 wicket victory for Canterbury . It is the home ground of the Burnside West Christchurch University Cricket Club . The park also has Burnside Rugby Club , Burnside Bowling Club , Burnside Tennis Club as well as other recreation facilities .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferrymead Bays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferrymead_Bays', 'summary': "Ferrymead Bays is a semi-professional association football club based in Christchurch , New Zealand . They compete in the Mainland Premier League and they have won the league title on four occasions . Ferrymead Bays play their home games at Barnett Park in Redcliffs , Christchurch . The club 's traditional kit colours are navy blue and white shirts , navy blue shorts and navy blue socks . Their club crest takes elements of the local suburbs and bays , featuring a football on waves . The clubs main rival is Cashmere Technical due to the club 's close proximity and other recent rivals include Coastal Spirit . The club nickname is The Bays , a reference to the club 's several bays and coastal landmarks around that part of the city the club is located . The club crest first featured Ferrymead Bays Soccer around the ball and changed to Ferrymead Bays Football due to the modern reference to game 's name ."}]}, {'value': 'Redcliffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redcliffs', 'summary': 'Redcliffs is an outer coastal suburb of Christchurch , Canterbury , New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Barnett Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halswell United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halswell_United', 'summary': "Halswell United is an amateur association football club based in the Christchurch , New Zealand in the suburb of Halswell . They have competed in the Robbie 's Premier Football League . The club was founded in 1964 as Halswell United Soccer , changing its name in 1999 when the national body officially changed its title to include the word football , and it is one of the largest clubs in the South Island , with over 900 members ."}]}, {'value': 'Halswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halswell', 'summary': 'Originally a separate village , Halswell is now a residential suburb of Christchurch , New Zealand , located 9 kilometres ( 5.6 mi ) southwest of Cathedral Square on State Highway 75 .'}]}, {'value': 'Halswell Domain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nelson Suburbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC', 'summary': "Nelson Suburbs FC is a football ( soccer ) club in Nelson , New Zealand . They compete in the Mainland Premier League . They have won the Mainland Premier League three times and were the first club to reach 300 points , the milestone was reached in just 164 games . Nelson Suburbs FC has strong ties with the region 's most successful football school Nelson College . Nelson Suburbs FC manages teams for Seniors ( over 18yrs ) , Women ( from age 14yrs ) , Juniors/Youth ( ages 9 to 19 ) , Fun Football ( ages 7 to 8 ) and First Kicks ( ages 4 to 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Nelson ( Māori : Whakatū ) is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay . Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand - it was established in 1841 and was proclaimed a city by royal charter in 1858 . Nelson City is bordered to the west and south-west by Tasman District Council and to the north-east , east and south-east by Marlborough District Council . The city does not include Richmond , the area 's second-largest settlement . Nelson City has a population of around 50,000 , making it New Zealand 's 12th most populous city . When combined with the town of Richmond , which has roughly 15,000 residents , the whole conurbation is ranked as New Zealand 's 9th largest urban area by population . Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene ; each year , the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike , such as the Nelson Arts Festival . The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum , World of Wearable Art now showcases winning designs alongside a collection of classic cars ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxton Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saxton_Oval', 'summary': 'Saxton Oval , also known as Saxton Field , is a cricket ground in Saxton , Stoke , Nelson Region , New Zealand . Saxton Oval was one of the venues for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . It hosted three matches during the tournament .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nomads United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nomads_United', 'summary': "Nomads United is an association football club based in Harewood , Christchurch , New Zealand . They currently compete in the Robbie 's Premier Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Harewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harewood,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Harewood is a suburb of Christchurch , New Zealand . It is north-west of the city centre . Harewood had a population of 3,219 at the 2013 New Zealand census , a decrease of 12 people since the 2006 census . There were 1,584 males and 1,635 females . 82.1% were European/Pākehā , 7.6% were Māori , 3.6% were Pacific peoples and 11.2% were Asian .'}]}, {'value': 'Tulett Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_A.F.C.', 'summary': "Western A.F.C . is a semi-professional association football club in Christchurch , New Zealand . They compete in the Robbie 's Premier Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Mairehau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mairehau', 'summary': 'Mairehau is a suburb of Christchurch , New Zealand . It is located four kilometres north of the city centre , close to the edge of the urbanised central city area . It is home to a secondary school , Mairehau High School . Much new development is being carried out on the northern edge of Mairehau . The suburb was named after Rose Mairehau ( Maire ) Hutton ( née Rhodes ) , daughter of Arthur Rhodes , who in turn was Mayor of Christchurch in 1901-1902 and a major local property owner .'}]}, {'value': 'ASB Football Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Mainland Premier League', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_association_football_clubs_in_New_Zealand_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of association football clubs in New Zealand.'} | null | null | How many times has the team located in New Zealand 's second-oldest settled city won the Mainland Premier League ? | three |
068c4275e487abcc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_German_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1991 German Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Brundle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Brundle', 'summary': 'Martin John Brundle ( born 1 June 1959 ) is a British former racing driver , best known as a Formula One driver and as a commentator for ITV Sport from 1997 to 2008 , the BBC from 2009 to 2011 , and Sky Sports since 2012 . Brundle contested the 1983 British Formula Three Championship , finishing a close second to Ayrton Senna , and the two progressed to Formula One the next year . Brundle failed to win a race at the top level of single seater racing , though continued to find success in other series . He was the 1988 World Sportscar Champion with Silk Cut Jaguar , with a record points score ; and won the 1990 24 Hours of Le Mans race for Jaguar Cars in a Jaguar XJR-12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brabham - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brabham', 'summary': "Brabham /ˈbræbəm/ is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd. , a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team . Founded in 1960 by two Australians , driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac , the team won four Drivers ' and two Constructors ' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history . Jack Brabham 's 1966 FIA Drivers ' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver 's own name . In the 1960s , Brabham was the world 's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams ; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars . During this period , teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three . Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing . In the 1970s and 1980s , Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling , carbon brakes , and hydropneumatic suspension . Its unique Gordon Murray-designed fan car won its only race before being withdrawn . The team won two more Formula One Drivers ' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet . He won his first championship in 1981 in the ground effect BT49-Ford , and became the first to win a Drivers ' Championship with a turbocharged car , in 1983 . In 1983 the Brabham BT52 , driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese , was powered by the BMW M12 straight-4 engine , and powered Brabham to four of the team 's 35 Grand Prix victories . British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s , and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:42.810', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriele Tarquini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriele_Tarquini', 'summary': "Gabriele Tarquini ( born 2 March 1962 ) is an Italian racing driver . He participated in 78 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on May 3 , 1987 . He scored 1 championship point , and holds the record for the most failed attempts to qualify . He has subsequently raced successfully in Touring Cars , winning the BTCC in 1994 , the ETCC in 2003 the WTCC in 2009 and the WTCR in 2018 . On 22 November 2009 he won the 2009 FIA World Touring Car Championship title at the age of 47 years and 266 days . This made him the oldest ever world champion in an FIA series , breaking Juan Manuel Fangio 's record of being FIA Formula One World Drivers ' Champion at the age of 46 years and 41 days in 1957 . Tarquini backed up this record by winning the 2018 FIA World Touring Car Cup at the age of 56 years and 259 days ."}]}, {'value': 'AGS - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobiles_Gonfaronnaises_Sportives', 'summary': 'Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives ( also known as AGS and Gonfaron Sports Cars ) was a small French racecar constructor that competed in various racing categories over a period of thirty years , including Formula One from 1986 to 1991 . AGS survived as a prosperous Formula One driving school , in Le Luc , near Gonfaron .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:43.939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.129', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michele Alboreto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michele_Alboreto', 'summary': 'Michele Alboreto ( 23 December 1956 - 25 April 2001 ) was an Italian racing driver . He was runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship , as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races . Alboreto competed in Formula One from 1981 until 1994 , racing for a number of teams , including five seasons ( 1984-88 ) for Ferrari . His career in motorsport began in 1976 , racing a car he and a number of his friends had built in the Formula Monza series . The car , however , achieved very little success and two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three . Wins in the Italian Formula Three championship and a European Formula Three Championship crown in 1980 paved the way for his entrance into Formula One with the Tyrrell team . Two wins , the first in the final round of the 1982 season in Las Vegas , and the second a year later in Detroit , earned him a place with the Ferrari team . Alboreto took three wins for the Italian team and challenged Alain Prost for the 1985 Championship , eventually losing out by 20 points . The following three seasons were less successful , however , and at the end of the 1988 campaign , the Italian left Ferrari and re-signed with his former employers Tyrrell , where he stayed until joining Larrousse midway through 1989 . Further seasons with Footwork , Scuderia Italia and Minardi followed during the tail end of his F1 career . In 1995 , Alboreto moved on to sportscars and a year later the American IndyCar series . He took his final major victories , the 1997 Le Mans 24 Hours and 2001 Sebring 12 Hours , with German manufacturers Porsche and Audi respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Footwork - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Footwork_Arrows', 'summary': 'Footwork Arrows was the name of a British Formula One motor racing team , competing during the mid-1990s . Japanese businessman Wataru Ohashi , who was the president of Footwork Express Co. , Ltd. , a Japanese logistics company , began investing heavily in the Arrows team in 1990 , the deal including requiring the cars to display the Footwork logo prominently . The team was officially renamed Footwork in 1991 , and secured a deal to race with Porsche engines . Results were poorer than expected , and after just six races , Footwork dropped the Porsche engines and continued with Hart-built Ford engines . For the 1992 season they switched engine supplier to Mugen . Arrows retained the Footwork name until Ohashi withdrew his financial backing before the 1996 season , whereupon the name of the team reverted to Arrows . Regardless , Jackie Oliver had retained operational control throughout the entire period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:44.034', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.224', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Blundell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Blundell', 'summary': 'Mark Blundell ( born 8 April 1966 ) is a British racing driver who competed in Formula One for four seasons , sports cars , and CART . He won the 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans . He was a Formula One presenter for the British broadcaster ITV until the end of the 2008 season when the TV broadcasting rights switched to the BBC . Blundell returned to the track in 2019 , driving in the Kwik Fit British Touring Car Championship for the Trade Price Cars team .'}]}, {'value': 'Brabham - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brabham', 'summary': "Brabham /ˈbræbəm/ is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd. , a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team . Founded in 1960 by two Australians , driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac , the team won four Drivers ' and two Constructors ' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history . Jack Brabham 's 1966 FIA Drivers ' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver 's own name . In the 1960s , Brabham was the world 's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams ; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars . During this period , teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three . Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing . In the 1970s and 1980s , Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling , carbon brakes , and hydropneumatic suspension . Its unique Gordon Murray-designed fan car won its only race before being withdrawn . The team won two more Formula One Drivers ' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet . He won his first championship in 1981 in the ground effect BT49-Ford , and became the first to win a Drivers ' Championship with a turbocharged car , in 1983 . In 1983 the Brabham BT52 , driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese , was powered by the BMW M12 straight-4 engine , and powered Brabham to four of the team 's 35 Grand Prix victories . British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s , and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:44.257', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.447', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Grouillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Grouillard', 'summary': 'Olivier Grouillard ( born 2 September 1958 , in Fenouillet ) is a racing driver from France . He started racing go-karts from the age of fourteen competing in events such as the Volant Elf . He progressed to Formula Renault winning the title before Grouillard competed in F3000 from 1985 to 1988 taking two wins . He also participated in the Birmingham Superprix but did not start the race . In 1989 , Grouillard joined the Ligier Formula One team before joining the Osella team for 1990 and 1991 when the team was renamed Fondmetal . His last season came in 1992 , when Grouillard drove for Tyrrell . He left the sport following the year without receiving offers for a drive in 1993 . After leaving Formula One , Grouillard raced in the CART PPG World Series , competing in the Indianapolis 500 for which he did not qualify but showed consistency . Grouillard became well known for driving in Sports Cars between 1994 and 2001 having success . During his time in Sports Cars , he raced in the BPR Global GT Series , the FIA GT Championship , the Daytona 24 Hours , the Le Mans 24 Hours and the American Le Mans Series . He retired from motorsport at the end of 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fondmetal - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fondmetal', 'summary': 'Fondmetal S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of alloy wheels , founded in 1972 by Gabriele Rumi . A Formula One constructor of the same name , also owned by Rumi , competed in the 1991 and 1992 seasons , scoring no championship points . The company also sponsored , and supplied wheels to , numerous other constructors from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s . In 2014 the Fondmetal brand expanded to the United States and became known as Fondmetal USA . All wheels continue to be made in Italy and are TUV approved .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:44.645', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.835', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Caffi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Caffi', 'summary': 'Alessandro Alex Caffi ( born 18 March 1964 ) is an Italian racing driver , former Formula One driver , and team owner . He participated in 75 Grands Prix , debuting on 7 September 1986 . In 2006 he raced in the inaugural season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers . He currently serves as the team owner of NASCAR Whelen Euro Series team Alex Caffi Motorsport , occasionally doing owner-driver duties as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Footwork - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Footwork_Arrows', 'summary': 'Footwork Arrows was the name of a British Formula One motor racing team , competing during the mid-1990s . Japanese businessman Wataru Ohashi , who was the president of Footwork Express Co. , Ltd. , a Japanese logistics company , began investing heavily in the Arrows team in 1990 , the deal including requiring the cars to display the Footwork logo prominently . The team was officially renamed Footwork in 1991 , and secured a deal to race with Porsche engines . Results were poorer than expected , and after just six races , Footwork dropped the Porsche engines and continued with Hart-built Ford engines . For the 1992 season they switched engine supplier to Mugen . Arrows retained the Footwork name until Ohashi withdrew his financial backing before the 1996 season , whereupon the name of the team reverted to Arrows . Regardless , Jackie Oliver had retained operational control throughout the entire period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:45.282', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabrizio Barbazza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza', 'summary': 'Fabrizio Barbazza ( born 2 April 1963 ) is an Italian former Formula One driver who raced for the AGS and Minardi teams and was the 1987 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'AGS - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobiles_Gonfaronnaises_Sportives', 'summary': 'Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives ( also known as AGS and Gonfaron Sports Cars ) was a small French racecar constructor that competed in various racing categories over a period of thirty years , including Formula One from 1986 to 1991 . AGS survived as a prosperous Formula One driving school , in Le Luc , near Gonfaron .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:46.604', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.794', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Chaves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Chaves', 'summary': 'Pedro António Matos Chaves ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾu ˈmatuʃ ˈʃavɨʃ ] ; born in Oporto , 27 February 1965 ) is a Portuguese racing driver . Chaves was the second Portuguese Formula Ford Champion , in 1986 , starting an international career in 1987 in the British Formula Ford Championship . In 1990 he won the British F3000 Championship with the Madgwick Motorsport outfit , also racing in a few rounds of the FIA F3000 series . In 1991 , he suffered a disastrous season in Formula One , failing to pre-qualify for 13 Grands Prix with an under-financed and uncompetitive Coloni . After failing to pre-qualify for the Portuguese Grand Prix , Chaves left the team , taking the remainder of his sponsorship money with him . At the end of that year Chaves had an agreement with Leyton House ( which would be renamed to March F1 ) to compete in 1992 , however the sponsorship money came too late , and Karl Wendlinger took the place . In 1992 , Chaves returned to F3000 , first with GJ Racing and later in the season moving to the more competitive Il Barone Rampante , with no results . Chaves then spent three years in the American Indy Lights series with Brian Stewart Racing , winning one race , in Vancouver in 1995 . Chaves and Robbie Buhl were the only drivers to win that season other than Greg Moore , who won the rest of the events . In 1996 , he moved to touring car racing and was second in the Spanish Touring Car Championship in a BMW , before racing a Porsche in the FIA GT Championship . Chaves moved to the Portuguese Rally Championship in 1998 , winning the title in 1999 and 2000 , with his co-driver Sérgio Paiva , in a works-supported Toyota Corolla WRC . In 2001 , he took the Spanish GT Championship title , in a Saleen S7-R co-driven by Miguel Ramos .'}]}, {'value': 'Coloni - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Coloni', 'summary': "Coloni Motorsport , also known as Scuderia Coloni , is an auto racing team from Italy . Formed by Enzo Coloni in 1982 , the team participated in Formula Three between 1983 and 1986 , before racing in Formula One as Enzo Coloni Racing Car Systems between 1987 and 1991 . They made 82 attempts to take part in a Formula One race but only qualified 14 times . Since then , under the management of Enzo Coloni 's son Paolo , the team has been successful in Formula Three , Formula 3000 and GP2 Series . Between 2006 and 2009 the team ran under the name of Fisichella Motor Sport , with support from Formula One driver Giancarlo Fisichella and his manager Enrico Zanarini ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:47.546', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.736', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Pre-Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1991_German_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 1991 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hockenheimring on 28 July 1991. It was the ninth round of the 1991 Formula One season. The 45-lap race was won by Williams driver Nigel Mansell after he started from pole position. His teammate Riccardo Patrese finished second with Ferrari driver Jean Alesi third.'} | null | null | What year was the constructor established upon separation whose driver finished a close second to Ayrton Senna in 1983 British Formula Three Championship ? | 1955 |
068d56ca237d3e87 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_dinosaur_body_fossils', 'title': 'List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur body fossils', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Almond Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almond_Formation', 'summary': 'The Almond Formation is a geological formation in Wyoming whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahia Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahia_Group', 'summary': 'The Bahia Group , also known as Bahia Series , is an Aptian geologic group of the Recôncavo Basin in Bahia , Brazil . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus . The conglomerates were deposited in an estuarine environment .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chari Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chari_Formation', 'summary': 'The Chari Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in India . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chota Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chota_Formation', 'summary': 'The Chota Formation is an Early Campanian to Late Eocene geologic formation of the Cajamarca and western Amazonas Region in northern Peru . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus . The formation was formerly named Bagua Formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crato Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crato_Formation', 'summary': "The Crato Formation is a geologic formation of Early Cretaceous ( Aptian ) age in northeastern Brazil 's Araripe Basin . It is an important Lagerstätte ( undisturbed fossil accumulation ) for palaeontologists . The strata were laid down mostly during the early Aptian age , about 113 million years ago , in a shallow inland sea . At that time , the South Atlantic was opening up in a long narrow shallow sea . The Crato Formation earns the designation of Lagerstätte due to an exceedingly well preserved and diverse fossil faunal assemblage . Some 25 species of fossil fishes are often found with stomach contents preserved , enabling paleontologists to study predator-prey relationships in this ecosystem . There are also fine examples of pterosaurs , reptiles and amphibians , invertebrates ( particularly insects ) , and plants . Even dinosaurs are represented : a new maniraptor was described in 1996 . The unusual taphonomy of the site resulted in limestone accretions that formed nodules around dead organisms , preserving even soft parts of their anatomy ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gres a Avicula contorta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gres_a_Avicula_contorta', 'summary': 'The Gres a Avicula contorta is a geological formation in France . It dates back to the late Norian .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guichon Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guichon_Formation', 'summary': 'The Guichón Formation is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation of the Paysandú Group in Uruguay . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruguay', 'summary': 'Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hornitos Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hornitos_Formation', 'summary': 'The Hornitos Formation is a Campanian geologic formation of the Algarrobal Basin in the Atacama Region of northern Chile . The formation comprises limestones , sandstones , conglomerates , marls and tuff . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus .'}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaladongar Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaladongar_Formation', 'summary': 'The Kaladongar Formation is the oldest Mesozoic geologic formation of the Kachchh basin . It is found in Patcham Island , Kachchh , Gujarat , India . It is made up of limestone and sandstone . It was later intruded by an olivine gabbroic intrusion which baked and shattered the overlying Limestone . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kallankurichi Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kallankurichi_Formation', 'summary': 'The Kallankurichi Formation is a geological formation in India whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahadek Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahadek_Formation', 'summary': 'The Mahadek Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in India . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marnes de Bleville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marnes_de_Bleville', 'summary': 'The Marnes de Bleville is a geological formation in France . It dates back to the Late Jurassic .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patcham Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patcham_Formation', 'summary': 'The Patcham Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation of Patcham Island , India . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sables et Gres a Trigonia gibbosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sables_et_Gres_a_Trigonia_gibbosa', 'summary': 'The Sables et Gres a Trigonia gibbosa is a geological formation in Europe . It dates back to the Late Jurassic .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiki Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiki_Formation', 'summary': 'The Tiki Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in India . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation , although none have yet been referred to a specific genus .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yacoraite Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yacoraite_Formation', 'summary': 'The Yacoraite Formation is a largely Mesozoic geologic formation . The deposits of this formation mainly date from the Maastrichtian of the Upper Cretaceous , but the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ( K-T boundary ) runs right through this formation near its top , and the uppermost parts are consequently from the Danian ( Lower Paleocene ) . It was probably deposited around the intertidal zone , as the sedimentary rocks of this formation alternate according to sea level changes between deposits of muddy beaches and of shallow ocean .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'By diversity -- Indeterminate', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils This list includes stratigraphic units that have produced dinosaur remains , although none of these remains have been referred to a specific genus .', 'uid': 'List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_dinosaur_body_fossils_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of stratigraphic units from which dinosaur body fossils have been recovered. Although Dinosauria is a clade which includes modern birds, this article covers only Mesozoic stratigraphic units. Units listed are all either formation rank or higher (e.g. group).'} | null | null | What is the name of the basin that an Aptian formation in the largest country in South America is found in ? | Recôncavo Basin |
068e2fd08c956d28 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_video_games', 'title': '1995 in video games', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Genre ( s )', '# of charting months', 'Peak position'], 'data': [{'value': 'NBA Jam : Tournament Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBA_Jam_(1993_video_game)', 'summary': 'NBA Jam is a basketball arcade game published and developed by Midway in 1993 . It is the first entry in the NBA Jam series . The project leader for this game was Mark Turmell . Midway had previously released such sports games as Arch Rivals in 1989 , High Impact in 1990 , and Super High Impact in 1991 . The gameplay of NBA Jam is based on Arch Rivals , another 2-on-2 basketball video game . However , it was the release of NBA Jam that brought mainstream success to the genre . The game became exceptionally popular , and generated a significant amount of money for arcades after its release , creating revenue of $ 1 billion in quarters . In early 1994 , the Amusement & Music Operators Association reported that NBA Jam had become the highest-earning arcade game of all time . The release of NBA Jam gave rise to a new genre of sports games which were based around fast , action-packed gameplay and exaggerated realism , a formula which Midway would also later apply to the sports of football ( NFL Blitz ) , hockey ( 2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge ) and baseball ( MLB Slugfest ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Acclaim Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Acclaim Entertainment , Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Glen Cove , New York . Originally formed by Greg Fischbach , Robert Holmes and Jim Scoroposki out of an Oyster Bay storefront in 1987 , the company established a worldwide development team through a series of acquisitions in the late 1990s and early 2000s . After poor financial returns in their 2003 fiscal year , Acclaim filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in September 2004 . Properties owned by Acclaim were subsequently auctioned off to various parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports ( basketball )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_game', 'summary': 'A sports game is a video game genre that simulates the practice of sports . Most sports have been recreated with a game , including team sports , track and field , extreme sports and combat sports . Some games emphasize actually playing the sport ( such as the Madden NFL series ) , whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management ( such as Championship Manager and Out of the Park Baseball ) . Some , such as Need for Speed , Arch Rivals and Punch-Out ! ! , satirize the sport for comic effect . This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive , just like real-world sports . A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players , and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes . Sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "World Series Baseball '95", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/World_Series_Baseball_'95", 'summary': "World Series Baseball '95 is a traditional baseball simulation video game by Sega . It was released in 1995 for the Game Gear and Sega Genesis , as well as a 32X version sold as World Series Baseball starring Deion Sanders . In Japan , the game features Hideo Nomo on the cover and is called Nomo 's World Series Baseball in English and Nomo Hideo no World Series Baseball in Japanese ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports ( baseball )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_game', 'summary': 'A sports game is a video game genre that simulates the practice of sports . Most sports have been recreated with a game , including team sports , track and field , extreme sports and combat sports . Some games emphasize actually playing the sport ( such as the Madden NFL series ) , whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management ( such as Championship Manager and Out of the Park Baseball ) . Some , such as Need for Speed , Arch Rivals and Punch-Out ! ! , satirize the sport for comic effect . This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive , just like real-world sports . A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players , and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes . Sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Road Rash 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Road_Rash_3', 'summary': 'Road Rash 3 is a racing video game developed by American studio Monkey Do Productions and published by Electronic Arts exclusively for Sega Genesis in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Electronic Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronic_Arts', 'summary': "Electronic Arts Inc. ( EA ) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018 . Founded and incorporated on May 27 , 1982 , by Apple employee Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games . EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games , leading to the 1987 release of Skate or Die ! . The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable , as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable . Currently , EA develops and publishes games of established franchises , including Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command & Conquer , Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two , Titanfall , and Star Wars , as well as the EA Sports titles FIFA , Madden NFL , NBA Live , NHL , and EA Sports UFC . Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin , an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve 's Steam and Epic Games ' Store . EA also owns and operates major gaming studios such as EA Tiburon in Orlando , EA Vancouver in Burnaby , DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles , BioWare in Edmonton and Austin , and Respawn Entertainment in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': 'Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_video_game', 'summary': 'The racing video game genre is the genre of video games , either in the first-person or third-person perspective , in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land , water , air or space vehicles . They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings . In general , they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore simulations , and simpler arcade racing games . Racing games may also fall under the category of sports games .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NBA Action '95", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/NBA_Action_'95", 'summary': "NBA Action '95 : Starring David Robinson is a video game developed by American studio Double Diamond Sports and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports ( basketball )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_game', 'summary': 'A sports game is a video game genre that simulates the practice of sports . Most sports have been recreated with a game , including team sports , track and field , extreme sports and combat sports . Some games emphasize actually playing the sport ( such as the Madden NFL series ) , whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management ( such as Championship Manager and Out of the Park Baseball ) . Some , such as Need for Speed , Arch Rivals and Punch-Out ! ! , satirize the sport for comic effect . This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive , just like real-world sports . A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players , and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes . Sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge Dredd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judge_Dredd_(1995_video_game)', 'summary': 'Judge Dredd is an action video game for the Super NES , Sega Genesis/Mega Drive , Game Gear and Game Boy originally released in 1995 . The game is loosely based on the 1995 film Judge Dredd , which was a spin off from the Judge Dredd strip from 2000AD .'}]}, {'value': 'Acclaim Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Acclaim Entertainment , Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Glen Cove , New York . Originally formed by Greg Fischbach , Robert Holmes and Jim Scoroposki out of an Oyster Bay storefront in 1987 , the company established a worldwide development team through a series of acquisitions in the late 1990s and early 2000s . After poor financial returns in their 2003 fiscal year , Acclaim filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in September 2004 . Properties owned by Acclaim were subsequently auctioned off to various parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Run and gun', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shoot_'em_up", 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Adventures of Batman & Robin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Batman_&_Robin_(video_game)', 'summary': 'The Adventures of Batman & Robin is a series of video game adaptations released between 1994 and 1995 featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Robin based on Batman : The Animated Series ( which had been retitled The Adventures of Batman and Robin for its second season ) . The games were released for numerous platforms , with the Genesis , Game Gear , and Sega CD versions published by Sega while the Super NES version was published by Konami ( who also produced an earlier Game Boy video game based on the show ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Run and gun', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shoot_'em_up", 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mortal Kombat 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_3', 'summary': 'Mortal Kombat 3 is a fighting video game developed by Midway / Atari Games and first released into arcades in 1995 as the third game in the Mortal Kombat series . As in the previous games , it has a cast of characters that players choose from and guide through a series of battles against other opponents . The game avoids the tournament storyline of its predecessors , as various warriors instead fight against the returning Shao Kahn , who has resurrected his bride Sindel and started an invasion of Earthrealm . The third installment of the Mortal Kombat series retains the notorious extreme depictions of violence that defined the series . It also introduces new types of the finishing moves , including Animalities . Other features new to the series were combos , predefined sequences used to perform a series of consecutive attacks . A Run button was also added , allowing players to briefly dash toward the opponent , as were Kombat Kodes , an unlockable content system using various symbols that can be entered before two-player matches to achieve certain effects . Some characters from the previous games returned and new characters were introduced into the series . Mortal Kombat 3 notably omitted popular characters from previous games , some of whom were added in an update , Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 , released later in 1995 . The PC and home console-exclusive Mortal Kombat Trilogy ( 1996 ) added even more characters , as well as other new features .'}]}, {'value': 'Williams Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WMS_Industries', 'summary': 'WMS Industries , Inc. is an American electronic gaming and amusement manufacturer in Enterprise , Nevada . WMS traces its roots to 1943 , to the Williams Manufacturing Company , founded by Harry E. Williams . However , the company that became WMS Industries was formally founded in 1974 as Williams Electronics , Inc. Williams initially was a manufacturer of pinball machines . In 1964 , Williams was acquired by jukebox manufacturer Seeburg Corp. and reorganized as Williams Electronics Manufacturing Division . In 1973 , the company branched out into the coin-operated arcade video game market with its Pong clone Paddle Ball , eventually creating a number of video game classics , including Defender and Robotron : 2084 . In 1974 , Williams Electronics , Inc. was incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Seeburg . Williams Electronics was sold as an independent company during the bankruptcy of Seeburg in 1980 . In 1987 , Williams changed its parent name to WMS Industries , Inc. when it made its public offering . WMS is a shortening of Williams , which it also selected for its NYSE ticker symbol . In 1988 , it acquired competitor Bally/Midway , which it spun off in 1998 , together with its video game business . WMS entered the reel-spinning slot machine market in 1994 . It closed its pinball division in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fighting_game', 'summary': "A fighting game is a video game genre based around close combat between a limited number of characters , in a stage in which the boundaries are fixed . The characters fight each others until they defeat their opponents or the time expires . The matches typically consist of several rounds , in an arena , with each player character having different abilities but each is relatively viable to choose . Players must master techniques such as blocking , counter-attacking , and chaining attacks together into combos . Starting in the early 1990s , most fighting games allowed the player to execute special attacks by performing specific input combinations . The fighting game genre is related to but distinct from beat 'em ups , which involve large numbers of enemies against the human player . The first game to feature fist fighting was Heavyweight Champ in 1976 , but it was Karate Champ which popularized one-on-one martial arts games in arcades in 1984 . The following year , Yie Ar Kung-Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles , while The Way of the Exploding Fist further popularized the genre on home systems . In 1987 , Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks . In 1991 , Capcom 's highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre . The fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid-1990s , particularly in arcades . This period spawned dozens of other popular fighting games , including franchises like Street Fighter , Super Smash Bros. , Tekken , and Virtua Fighter ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Triple Play Baseball '96", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Triple_Play_Baseball_'96", 'summary': "Triple Play Baseball '96 is a video game developed by Canadian studio Extended Play and published by EA Sports for the Sega Genesis ."}]}, {'value': 'EA Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA_Sports', 'summary': 'EA Sports is a division of Electronic Arts that develops and publishes sports video games . Formerly a marketing gimmick of Electronic Arts , in which they tried to imitate real-life sports networks by calling themselves the EA Sports Network ( EASN ) with pictures or endorsements with real commentators such as John Madden , it soon grew up to become a sub-label on its own , releasing game series such as FIFA , NHL , NBA Live and Madden NFL . Most games under this brand are developed by EA Vancouver , the studio of Electronic Arts in Burnaby , British Columbia as well as EA Tiburon in Maitland , Florida . The main rival to EA Sports is 2K Sports . Notably , both companies compete over the realm of NBA games . Konami is its rival in association football games . Unlike some other sports game companies , EA Sports has no special ties to a single platform , which means that all games are released for the bestselling active platforms , sometimes long after most of the other companies abandon them . For example , FIFA 98 , Madden NFL 98 , NBA Live 98 , and NHL 98 were released for the Sega Genesis and the Super NES throughout 1997 ; Madden NFL 2005 and FIFA 2005 had PlayStation releases in 2004 ( FIFA 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 were also the last two PlayStation titles to be released ) ; and NCAA Football 08 had an Xbox release in 2007 . Madden NFL 08 also had Xbox and Nintendo GameCube releases in 2007 , and was the final title released for the GameCube , with Madden NFL 09 following as the final Xbox title . Additionally , NASCAR Thunder 2003 and NASCAR Thunder 2004 were released not only for the PlayStation 2 , but for the original PlayStation as well . EA Sports brand name is used to sponsor English Football League Two team Swindon Town F.C . from the 2009-10 season onward and the EA Sports Cup in the Republic of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports ( baseball )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_game', 'summary': 'A sports game is a video game genre that simulates the practice of sports . Most sports have been recreated with a game , including team sports , track and field , extreme sports and combat sports . Some games emphasize actually playing the sport ( such as the Madden NFL series ) , whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management ( such as Championship Manager and Out of the Park Baseball ) . Some , such as Need for Speed , Arch Rivals and Punch-Out ! ! , satirize the sport for comic effect . This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive , just like real-world sports . A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players , and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes . Sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice League Task Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_Task_Force_(video_game)', 'summary': "Justice League Task Force ( ジャスティス・リーグ ) is a competitive fighting game produced by Sunsoft and distributed by Acclaim for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Genesis in 1995 . The Super NES version was co-developed by Blizzard Entertainment and the Genesis version by Condor , Inc. ( later known as Blizzard North ) . It involves characters from DC Comics ' Justice League , including Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Arrow , The Flash , and Aquaman . Additional Justice League members Martian Manhunter and Fire , as well as the supervillain Shrapnel , were also planned to appear , but had to be omitted due to memory limitations ."}]}, {'value': 'Acclaim Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Acclaim Entertainment , Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Glen Cove , New York . Originally formed by Greg Fischbach , Robert Holmes and Jim Scoroposki out of an Oyster Bay storefront in 1987 , the company established a worldwide development team through a series of acquisitions in the late 1990s and early 2000s . After poor financial returns in their 2003 fiscal year , Acclaim filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in September 2004 . Properties owned by Acclaim were subsequently auctioned off to various parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fighting_game', 'summary': "A fighting game is a video game genre based around close combat between a limited number of characters , in a stage in which the boundaries are fixed . The characters fight each others until they defeat their opponents or the time expires . The matches typically consist of several rounds , in an arena , with each player character having different abilities but each is relatively viable to choose . Players must master techniques such as blocking , counter-attacking , and chaining attacks together into combos . Starting in the early 1990s , most fighting games allowed the player to execute special attacks by performing specific input combinations . The fighting game genre is related to but distinct from beat 'em ups , which involve large numbers of enemies against the human player . The first game to feature fist fighting was Heavyweight Champ in 1976 , but it was Karate Champ which popularized one-on-one martial arts games in arcades in 1984 . The following year , Yie Ar Kung-Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles , while The Way of the Exploding Fist further popularized the genre on home systems . In 1987 , Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks . In 1991 , Capcom 's highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre . The fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid-1990s , particularly in arcades . This period spawned dozens of other popular fighting games , including franchises like Street Fighter , Super Smash Bros. , Tekken , and Virtua Fighter ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batman Forever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman_Forever_(video_game)', 'summary': "Batman Forever is a beat 'em up video game based on the movie of the same name . Though released by the same publisher at roughly the same time , it is an entirely different game from Batman Forever : The Arcade Game ."}]}, {'value': 'Acclaim Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Acclaim Entertainment , Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Glen Cove , New York . Originally formed by Greg Fischbach , Robert Holmes and Jim Scoroposki out of an Oyster Bay storefront in 1987 , the company established a worldwide development team through a series of acquisitions in the late 1990s and early 2000s . After poor financial returns in their 2003 fiscal year , Acclaim filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in September 2004 . Properties owned by Acclaim were subsequently auctioned off to various parties .'}]}, {'value': "Beat 'em up", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Beat_'em_up", 'summary': "Beat 'em up ( also known as brawler ) is a video game genre featuring hand-to-hand combat between the protagonist and an improbably large number of opponents . Traditional beat 'em ups take place in scrolling , two-dimensional ( 2D ) levels , though some later games feature more open three-dimensional ( 3D ) environments with yet larger numbers of enemies . These games are noted for their simple gameplay , a source of both critical acclaim and derision . Two-player cooperative gameplay and multiple player characters are also hallmarks of the genre . Most of these games take place in urban settings and feature crime-fighting and revenge-based plots , though some games may employ historical , science fiction or fantasy themes . The first beat 'em up was 1984 's Kung-Fu Master , with 1986 's Renegade introducing the urban settings and underworld revenge themes employed extensively by later games . The genre then saw a period of high popularity between the release of Double Dragon in 1987 , which defined the two-player cooperative mode central to classic beat 'em ups , and led to 1991 's Street Fighter II , which drew gamers towards one-on-one fighting games . Games such as Streets of Rage , Final Fight , Golden Axe and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are other classics to emerge from this period . The genre has been less popular since the emergence of 3D-based mass-market games , but still some beat 'em ups adapted the simple formula to utilize large-scale 3D environments . In recent years , the genre has seen a resurgence in Asia , with the success of South Korean online beat 'em up Dungeon Fighter Online ( 2004 ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest-renting console titles according to Blockbuster Video', 'section_text': "Blockbuster Video , an American chain of video rental shops , released a GamePro-exclusive monthly list of the chain 's highest-renting console titles . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Highest-renting SNES titles of 1995 Title Publisher Genre ( s ) # of charting months Peak position Donkey Kong Country Nintendo Platform 8 # 1 NBA Jam : Tournament Edition Acclaim Entertainment Sports ( basketball ) 6 # 1 Killer Instinct Nintendo Fighting 4 # 1 Justice League Task Force Acclaim Entertainment Fighting 4 # 2 Spider-Man Acclaim Entertainment Action 4 # 4 Judge Dredd Acclaim Entertainment Run and gun 3 # 1 Mortal Kombat 3 Williams Entertainment Fighting 3 # 2 Kyle Petty 's No Fear Racing Williams Entertainment Racing 3 # 3 Kirby 's Avalanche Nintendo Puzzle 3 # 4 EarthBound Nintendo Role-playing 3 # 4 Highest-renting Sega Genesis titles of 1995", 'uid': '1995_in_video_gaming_2', 'intro': "1995 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Mario's Picross, Chrono Trigger, Mega Man 7, Rayman, Twisted Metal, Star Wars: Dark Forces, Destruction Derby and Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island."} | null | null | What date was the company founded that published the game that had Hideo Nomo on its cover ? | June 3 , 1960 |
068e71ddd5768e80 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Stars_Hurler_of_the_Year', 'title': 'All Stars Hurler of the Year', 'header': ['County', 'Number of wins', 'Winning years'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2000', 'summary': "The 2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( also known as the Guinness Hurling Championship for sponsorship reasons ) was the 114th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , the Gaelic Athletic Association 's premier inter-county hurling tournament . The draw for the 2000 fixtures took place on 14 November 1999 . The championship began on 6 May 2000 and ended on 10 September 2000 . Cork were the defending champions but were defeated by Offaly in the All-Ireland semi-final . Carlow , New York and Westmeath fielded teams after long absences . On 10 September 2000 , Kilkenny won the championship following a 5-15 to 1-14 defeat of Offaly in the All-Ireland final . This was their 26th All-Ireland title , their first in seven championship seasons . It was the third All-Ireland final to feature teams from the same province . Offaly 's Johnny Dooley was the championship 's top scorer with 0-41 . Kilkenny 's D. J. Carey was the unanimous choice for Hurler of the Year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2002', 'summary': "The 2002 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship 2002 ) was the 116th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Kilkenny won the championship , beating Clare 2-20 to 0-19 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2003', 'summary': 'The 2003 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship ) was the 117th since its establishment in 1887 . The first matches of the season were played in May 2003 , and the championship ended on 14 September 2003 . Kilkenny went into the 2003 championship as defending champions , having won their twenty-seventh All-Ireland title the previous year . The championship culminated with the All-Ireland final , held at Croke Park , Dublin . The match was contested by Kilkenny and Cork . It was their first meeting in the final since 1999 . Kilkenny won the game by 1-14 to 1-11 . It was their second All-Ireland title in succession .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 120th staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment in 1887 . The draw for the 2006 fixtures took place on November 2005 . The championship began on 14 May 2006 and ended on 3 September 2006 . Cork entered the championship as defending champions , however , they were beaten by Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final on a 1-16 to 1-13 score line .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2008', 'summary': 'The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 2008 was the 122nd since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The first matches of the season were played on 25 May 2008 , and the championship ended on 7 September 2008 . Kilkenny went into the 2008 championship as defending champions , having won their thirtieth All-Ireland title the previous year . The championship culminated with the All-Ireland final , held at Croke Park , Dublin . The match was contested by Kilkenny and Waterford . It was their first meeting in the final since 1963 . Kilkenny won the game by 3-30 to 1-13 . It was their third All-Ireland title in succession and a record thirty-first for the county . Kilkenny overtook Cork with the most All Ireland Titles . A position which they have not lost since .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2009', 'summary': "The 2009 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 123rd staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , the Gaelic Athletic Association 's premier inter-county hurling tournament . The draw for the 2000 fixtures took place on 8 October 2008 . The championship began on 30 May 2009 and ended on 6 September 2009 . Kilkenny were the defending champions . Antrim and Galway joined the Leinster Championship for the first time . On 6 September 2009 , Kilkenny won the championship following a 2-22 to 0-23 defeat of Tipperary in the All-Ireland final . This was their 32nd All-Ireland title overall , their 7th championship of the decade and a record-equalling fourth All-Ireland title in-a-row . Galway 's Joe Canning was the championship 's top scorer with 3-46 . Kilkenny 's Tommy Walsh won Hurler of the Year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2011', 'summary': 'The 2011 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 123rd staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The draw for the 2011 fixtures took place on 7 October 2010 . The championship began on 14 May and ended on 4 September 2011 . Tipperary were the defending champions . Kilkenny secured the title with a 2-17 to 1-16 defeat of Tipperary in the All-Ireland final . This was their 33rd All-Ireland title , their eighth in twelve championship seasons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2012', 'summary': 'The 2012 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 125th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The draw for the 2012 fixtures took place on 6 October 2011 . The championship began on 19 May 2012 and ended on 30 September 2012 . Kilkenny were the defending champions and successfully retained their title following a 3-22 to 3-11 victory over Galway in a replay of the final .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2014', 'summary': 'The 2014 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 127th staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The draw for the 2014 fixtures took place on 3 October 2013 . The championship began on 27 April 2014 and ended on 7 September 2014 . On 7 June 2014 Kilkenny versus Offahttps : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championshiply was broadcast on Sky Sports , the first time a Championship fixture was broadcast live to a UK-wide audience . British viewers were reported to have been amazed and confused , bemused but impressed and amused and confounded after seeing hurling for the first time . Clare entered the championship as defending champions , however , they were defeated by Wexford . Kilkenny won the All-Ireland title following a 2-17 to 2-14 defeat of Tipperary after a replay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The 2015 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 129th staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The draw for the 2015 fixtures took place on 9 October 2014 live on RTÉ2 . The championship began on 3 May 2015 and ended on 6 September 2015 . Kilkenny were the defending champions and successfully retained the title following a 1-22 to 1-18 defeat of Galway .'}]}, {'value': 'Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_GAA', 'summary': "The Cork County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Chorcaí ) or Cork GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Cork and the Cork inter-county teams . It is one of the constituent counties of Munster GAA . Cork is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both Gaelic football and hurling . As of the end of the 2015 National Leagues , Cork compete in the top division of both sports . However , despite both teams competing at the top level of the game for most of the county 's history , the hurling team has experienced more success , winning the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 30 times . By comparison , Cork has only won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship seven times . Traditionally football is strongest in the western half of the county , with the O'Donovan Rossa club of Skibbereen the only Cork team from outside the city to have an All-Ireland Club Football title . Hurling is the dominant sport in the east , with teams such as Sarsfields and Midleton having won Cork 's club championship multiple times . Naturally , there are exceptions to this rule of thumb , with hurling pockets in football areas and vice versa . One example is Fermoy in east Cork , which has seven Cork football titles to its name . The city of Cork traditionally has strong teams in both sports , with Nemo Rangers being the record-holders for All-Ireland Club Football Championships won , and Blackrock having three All-Ireland Club Hurling titles . As well as this , the St Finbarr 's club in the city has eight Cork football titles and 25 in hurling ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 , 2004 , 2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_1999', 'summary': "The 1999 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship ) was the 113th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , the Gaelic Athletic Association 's premier inter-county hurling tournament . The draw for the fixtures took place on 15 November 1998 . The championship began on 22 May 1999 and ended on 12 September 1999 . Offaly were the defending champions but were defeated by Cork in the All-Ireland semi-final . Meath , who had participated in the championship since 1993 , declined to field a team . On 12 September 1999 , Cork won the championship following a 0-13 to 0-12 defeat of Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final . This was their 28th All-Ireland title , their first in nine championship seasons . Cork 's Joe Deane and Kilkenny 's Henry Shefflin were the championship 's top scorers with 1-24 apiece . Cork 's Donal Óg Cusack and Offaly 's Stephen Byrne were deemed the best goalkeepers after keeping three clean sheets each . Cork 's Brian Corcoran was the choice for Hurler of the Year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2004', 'summary': "The 2004 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 118th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Cork won the championship , beating Kilkenny 0-17 to 0-9 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2005', 'summary': "The 2005 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 119th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Cork won the championship , beating Galway 1-21 to 1-16 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}]}, {'value': 'Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterford_GAA', 'summary': "The Waterford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Phort Láirge ) or Waterford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for all levels of Gaelic games in County Waterford . The County Board is also responsible for the Waterford inter-county teams . The county board 's offices are based at Walsh Park in the city of Waterford . The Waterford County Board was founded in 1886 . Hurling is generally regarded the dominant sport , with the county having won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship twice . While Gaelic football is the secondary sport in the county , it is widely played nonetheless . Waterford 's greatest achievement in Gaelic football was reaching the 1898 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final , losing to Dublin ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 , 2007 , 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_1998', 'summary': "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1998 ( known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship 1998 ) was the 112th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling competition . Offaly won the championship , beating Kilkenny 2-16 to 1-13 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 121st staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The championship began on 22 May 2007 and ended on 2 September 2007 . Kilkenny were the defending champions , and successfully retained their All-Ireland crown following a 2-19 to 1-15 defeat of Limerick . This put them on level terms with Cork on 30 titles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2016', 'summary': 'The 2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 129th staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . It is the top tier of senior inter-county championship hurling . The championship began on 1 May 2016 and ended on 4 September 2016 . Kilkenny were the defending champions . Kerry qualified for the competition for the first time since 2004 Tipperary won the title for the 27th time and for the first time since 2010 , defeating Kilkenny in the final , 2-29 to 2-20 .'}]}, {'value': 'Clare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clare_GAA', 'summary': 'The Clare County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Contae an Chláir ) or Clare GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Clare . Clare plays its home games at Cusack Park in Ennis . The Clare Hurling team compete in the Munster championship which it has won six times , most recently in 1998 . Clare has won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship four times in its history . They won their first title in 1914 and it took another 81 years for them to win their next title in 1995 , which remains the record wait for a successive title in Senior Championship history . Clare won their most recent two titles in 1997 and 2013 . Clare compete in Division 1 of the National Hurling League .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 , 1997 , 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_1995', 'summary': "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1995 ( known for the first time for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship 1995 ) was the 109th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Clare won the championship , beating Offaly 1-13 to 2-8 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_1997', 'summary': "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1997 ( known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship 1997 ) was the 111th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling competition . Clare won the championship , beating Tipperary 0-20 to 2-13 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2013', 'summary': 'The 2013 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 126th staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment in 1887 . The draw for the 2013 fixtures took place on 4 October 2012 . The championship began on 5 May 2013 and ended on 28 September 2013 with Clare winning their fourth All Ireland title after a 5-16 to 3-16 win against Cork in the replayed final . Kilkenny were the defending champions . However , they were knocked out of the Leinster Championship by eventual Leinster champions Dublin at the semi-final stage and Cork saw them off in the All-Ireland quarter-final . Limerick won the Munster Championship for the first time since 1996 . Cork defeated Dublin and Clare defeated Limerick in the All-Ireland semi-finals . The 2013 Championship has been described by many as one of the best ever . In February 2014 , the GAA announced that both the 2013 football and hurling Championships brought in €11.9m in gate receipts , an increase of €1.3m for the hurling championship . The introduction of Hawk-Eye for Championship matches at Croke Park fell foul in a high-profile blunder by the computer system which led to use of Hawk-Eye being suspended during the All-Ireland semi-finals on 18 August . During the minor game between Limerick and Galway , Hawk-Eye ruled a point for Limerick as a miss although the graphic showed the ball passing inside the posts , causing confusion around the stadium - the referee ultimately waved the valid point wide provoking anger from fans , viewers and TV analysts covering the game live . The system was subsequently stood down for the senior game which followed , owing to an inconsistency in the generation of a graphic .'}]}, {'value': 'Tipperary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tipperary_GAA', 'summary': "The Tipperary County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Thiobraid Árann ) or Tipperary GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Tipperary and the Tipperary inter-county teams . County Tipperary holds an honoured place in the history of the GAA as the organisation was founded in Hayes ' Hotel , Thurles , on 1 November 1884 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 , 2010 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2001', 'summary': "The 2001 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 114th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Tipperary won the championship , beating Galway 2-18 to 2-15 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2010', 'summary': "The 2010 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 114th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling competition since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . A total of thirteen teams competed in the championship , with Tipperary unseating the four-time defending champions Kilkenny by 4-17 to 1-18 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin . The championship began on 22 May 2010 and concluded on 5 September 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_1996', 'summary': "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1996 ( known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship 1996 ) was the 110th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Wexford won the championship , beating Limerick 1-13 to 0-14 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}]}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The 2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 130th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The championship began on 23 April 2017 and ended on 3 September 2017 . The draw for the championship was held on 13 October 2016 and was broadcast live on RTÉ2 . Tipperary , the 2016 champions , were defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final . Meath fielded a team in the championship for the first time since 2004 . On 3 September 2017 Galway won the championship following a 0-26 to 2-17 defeat of Waterford in the All-Ireland final . This was their fifth All-Ireland title and their first in 29 championship seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Limerick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limerick_GAA', 'summary': 'The Limerick County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael , Coiste Chontae Luimneach ) or Limerick GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Limerick . The county board is also responsible for the Limerick inter-county teams .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The 2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 131st staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . It is the first tier of senior inter-county championship hurling . The championship began on 12 May 2018 and ended on 19 August 2018 . The draw for the championship round-robin fixtures was held off camera on 19 October 2017 and announced on the championship draw broadcast on RTÉ2 . The Championship was won by Limerick , who were crowned champions after overcoming Galway in the final by a score line of 3-16 to 2-18 . Limerick 's victory was their eighth All-Ireland title and first since 1973 . The 2018 Championship has been described by many as one of the best ever . The 2018 championship saw the biggest change in format since the introduction of the qualifiers in 2002 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Breakdown of winners -- Winners by county', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'All_Stars_Hurler_of_the_Year_0', 'intro': "The GAA-GPA All-Star Hurler of the Year is a hurling award presented to the player voted as best in the country by all the players from around Ireland. It began in 1995 and honours the achievements of a hurler of outstanding excellence. Kilkenny players have dominated the award, winning 10 out of 24 times, ahead of Cork and Clare, which won it three times each. The award's youngest winner was Tony Kelly, who won at the age of 19 in 2013.Henry Shefflin is the only player to have won the award three times. The oldest winner is also Henry Shefflin, who was 33 when he won in 2012. In 2011 the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Gaelic Players' Association announced that their respective annual player awards schemes were to merge under the sponsorship of Opel. The first merged awards were presented in 2011."} | null | null | In which year did the county in which hurling and football are run by separate boards won the title ? | 2017 |
068eb4347b18a19d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films', 'title': 'List of sports films', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pool Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pool_Sharks', 'summary': 'Pool Sharks ( also sometimes known as The Pool Shark ) is a 1915 silent short film . The film is notable for being the film acting and writing debut of W. C. Fields , and also features an early stop-motion animation scene , during a game of pool .'}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Silent film with W. C. Fields gambling for a woman 's love on a game of billiards", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._C._Fields', 'summary': "William Claude Dukenfield ( January 29 , 1880 - December 25 , 1946 ) , better known as W. C. Fields , was an American comedian , actor , juggler , and writer . Fields ' comic persona was a misanthropic and hard-drinking egotist , who remained a sympathetic character despite his supposed contempt for children and dogs . His career in show business began in vaudeville , where he attained international success as a silent juggler . He gradually incorporated comedy into his act and was a featured comedian in the Ziegfeld Follies for several years . He became a star in the Broadway musical comedy Poppy ( 1923 ) , in which he played a colorful small-time con man . His subsequent stage and film roles were often similar scoundrels or henpecked everyman characters . Among his recognizable trademarks were his raspy drawl and grandiloquent vocabulary . The characterization he portrayed in films and on radio was so strong it was generally identified with Fields himself . It was maintained by the publicity departments at Fields ' studios ( Paramount and Universal ) and was further established by Robert Lewis Taylor 's biography , W. C. Fields , His Follies and Fortunes ( 1949 ) . Beginning in 1973 , with the publication of Fields ' letters , photos , and personal notes in grandson Ronald Fields ' book W. C. Fields by Himself , it was shown that Fields was married ( and subsequently estranged from his wife ) , and financially supported their son and loved his grandchildren ."}]}, {'value': 'The Hustler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hustler_(film)', 'summary': "The Hustler is a 1961 American CinemaScope drama film directed by Robert Rossen from Walter Tevis 's 1959 novel of the same name , adapted for the screen by Rossen and Sidney Carroll . It tells the story of small-time pool hustler Fast Eddie Felson and his desire to break into the major league of professional hustling and high-stakes wagering by high-rollers that follows it . He throws his raw talent and ambition up against the best player in the country , seeking to best the legendary pool player Minnesota Fats . After initially losing to Fats and getting involved with unscrupulous manager Bert Gordon , Eddie returns to try again , but only after paying a terrible personal price . The film was shot on location in New York City and stars Paul Newman as Fast Eddie Felson ; Jackie Gleason as Minnesota Fats ; Piper Laurie as Sarah ; and George C. Scott as Bert . It was followed by The Color of Money in 1986 , with Newman reprising his role . The Hustler was a major critical and popular success , gaining a reputation as a modern classic . Its exploration of winning , losing , and character garnered a number of major awards ; it is also credited with helping to spark a resurgence in the popularity of pool ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acclaimed film with Paul Newman as a pool shark and Jackie Gleason as Minnesota Fats . Nominated for nine Academy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Newman', 'summary': "Paul Leonard Newman ( January 26 , 1925 - September 26 , 2008 ) was an American actor , film director , producer , race car driver , IndyCar owner , entrepreneur , and philanthropist . He won and was nominated for numerous awards , winning an Oscar for his performance in the 1986 film The Color of Money , a BAFTA Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a Cannes Film Festival Award , an Emmy Award , and many others . Newman 's other roles include the title characters in The Hustler ( 1961 ) , Hud ( 1963 ) , Harper ( 1966 ) Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) , The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean ( 1972 ) , The Sting ( 1973 ) , Slap Shot ( 1977 ) , and The Verdict ( 1982 ) . He voiced Doc Hudson in the first installment of Disney-Pixar 's Cars as his final acting performance , with voice recordings being used in Cars 3 ( 2017 ) . Newman won several national championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing , and his race teams won several championships in open-wheel IndyCar racing . He was a co-founder of Newman 's Own , a food company from which he donated all post-tax profits and royalties to charity . As of November 2018 , these donations have totaled over US $ 535 million . He was a co-founder of Safe Water Network , a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need . In 1988 , Newman founded the SeriousFun Children 's Network , a global family of summer camps and programs for children with serious illness which has served 290,076 children since its inception . He was the husband of Oscar winning actress Joanne Woodward ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jackie_Gleason', 'summary': "John Herbert Gleason ( February 26 , 1916 - June 24 , 1987 ) was an American comedian , actor , writer , composer and conductor . Developing a style and characters from growing up in Brooklyn , New York , he was known for his brash visual and verbal comedy , exemplified by his bus driver Ralph Kramden character in the television series The Honeymooners . He also developed The Jackie Gleason Show , which maintained high ratings from the mid-1950s through 1970 . After originating in New York City , filming moved to Miami Beach , Florida in 1964 after Gleason took up permanent residence there . Among his notable film roles were Minnesota Fats in 1961 's The Hustler ( co-starring with Paul Newman ) , and Buford T. Justice in the Smokey and the Bandit series from 1977 into the early 1980s ( co-starring Burt Reynolds ) . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , Gleason enjoyed a prominent secondary music career , producing a series of best-selling mood music albums . His first album , Music for Lovers Only , still holds the record for the longest stay on the Billboard Top Ten Charts ( 153 weeks ) , and his first 10 albums sold over a million copies each . To date his output spans some 20-plus singles , nearly 60 long-playing record albums , and over 40 CDs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Fats', 'summary': "Minnesota Fats , or George Hegerman , is a fictional pool hustler created by American novelist Walter Tevis . The character appears in Tevis ' novel The Hustler ( 1959 ) . Jackie Gleason portrayed the character in the 1961 film adaptation of The Hustler , a performance that received several awards and nominations . The character was an original creation of Tevis , though a real pool hustler , Rudolf Wanderone , who began calling himself Minnesota Fats in 1961 , claimed to be the inspiration . Tevis denied Wanderone 's claim , though Wanderone capitalized on it for years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The Academy Awards , more popularly known as the Oscars , are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry . Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , although more commonly referred to by its nickname , the Oscar . The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide . It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards ; its other three equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music - are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2018 , was held on February 24 , 2019 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,096 Oscar statuettes have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 91st ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'The Baltimore Bullet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Baltimore_Bullet', 'summary': "The Baltimore Bullet is a 1980 film based on the adventures of two pool hustlers in the United States . It was directed by Robert Ellis Miller and starred James Coburn , Omar Sharif , Bruce Boxleitner and Ronee Blakley . The screenplay was written by film and stage dancer John Brascia , from a story by Brascia and Robert Vincent O'Neil . Brascia also produced the film . Various real-life notable professional players made cameo appearances , including Lou Butera , Willie Mosconi , Steve Mizerak , Mike Sigel and Jimmy Mataya . As of January 2009 , the film has been released on ( now out-of-print ) NTSC VHS video tape , and a Region-2 ( European , PAL-format ) DVD , but is not presently available in other DVD regions ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A pocket billiards expert ( James Coburn ) lends his experience to a young protege', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Coburn', 'summary': 'James Harrison Coburn III ( August 31 , 1928 - November 18 , 2002 ) was an American actor . He featured in more than 70 films , largely action roles , and made 100 television appearances during a 45-year career , ultimately winning an Academy Award in 1999 for his supporting role as Glen Whitehouse in Affliction . Coburn was a capable , rough-hewn leading man , whose toothy grin and lanky physique made him a perfect tough guy in numerous leading and supporting roles in westerns and action films , such as The Magnificent Seven , Hell Is for Heroes , The Great Escape , Charade , Our Man Flint , In Like Flint , Duck , You Sucker ! , Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid , and Cross of Iron . Coburn provided the voice of Mr. Waternoose in the Pixar film Monsters , Inc . In 2002 , he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries nomination for producing The Mists of Avalon . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , Coburn cultivated an image synonymous with cool and , along with such contemporaries as Lee Marvin , Steve McQueen , and Charles Bronson , became one of the prominent tough-guy actors of his day .'}]}, {'value': 'The Color of Money', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Color_of_Money', 'summary': "The Color of Money is a 1986 American drama film directed by Martin Scorsese from a screenplay by Richard Price , based on the 1984 novel of the same title by Walter Tevis . The film stars Paul Newman and Tom Cruise , with Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio , Helen Shaver , and John Turturro in supporting roles . It features an original score by Robbie Robertson . Newman won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance , his first Oscar win after eight nominations , seven of them for Best Actor . The film continues the story of pool hustler and stakehorse Edward Fast Eddie Felson from Tevis ' first novel , The Hustler ( 1959 ) , with Newman reprising his role from the 1961 film adaptation . It begins more than 25 years after the events of the previous film , with Eddie retired from the pool circuit . Although Tevis did author a screenplay , adapting the storyline from his novel , the filmmakers decided not to use it , instead crafting an entirely different story under Tevis ' title . The Color of Money was released by Touchstone Pictures ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hustler sequel 25 years later , with Newman in his Oscar-winning role , co-starring Tom Cruise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Cruise', 'summary': 'Thomas Cruise ( born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV ; July 3 , 1962 ) is an American actor and film producer . He has received several accolades for his work , including three Golden Globe Awards and nominations for three Academy Awards . Cruise is one of the best-paid actors in the world , and his films have grossed over $ 4 billion in North America and over $ 10.1 billion worldwide , making him one of the highest-grossing box-office stars of all time . Cruise began acting in the early 1980s and made his breakthrough with leading roles in the comedy Risky Business ( 1983 ) and the action drama Top Gun ( 1986 ) . Critical acclaim came with his roles in the dramas The Color of Money ( 1986 ) , Rain Man ( 1988 ) , and Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) . For portraying Ron Kovic in the latter , he won a Golden Globe Award and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . As a leading Hollywood star in the 1990s , Cruise starred in several commercially successful films , including the drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , the thriller The Firm ( 1993 ) , the horror film Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , and the romance Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) , for which he won another Golden Globe and received his second Oscar nomination . His performance as a motivational speaker in the 1999 drama Magnolia earned him a third Golden Globe and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . As an action star , Cruise has played Ethan Hunt in six films of the Mission : Impossible film series from 1996 to 2018 . He also continued to feature in several science fiction and action films , including Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) , Minority Report ( 2002 ) , The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) , Collateral ( 2004 ) , War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) , Knight and Day ( 2010 ) , Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) , Oblivion ( 2013 ) , and Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) . Cruise has been married to actresses Mimi Rogers , Nicole Kidman , and Katie Holmes . He has three children , two of whom were adopted during his marriage to Kidman and the other of whom is a biological daughter he had with Holmes .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiss Shot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stickmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stickmen_(film)', 'summary': 'Stickmen is a 2001 New Zealand film directed by Hamish Rothwell and starring Robbie Magasiva . The screenplay concerns Thomas ( Paolo Rotondo ) , Jack ( Robbie Magasiva ) and Wayne ( Scott Wills ) , who are the best of mates . Each of them lives their life the way they play pool . Thomas is either absolutely brilliant or absolutely crap . Jack is always slick , cool and forever setting up the next shot . Wayne bumbles his way through life happy to be the guy that always says the wrong thing at the wrong time . During the high-stakes underground eight-ball tournament run by Daddy ( Enrico Mammarella ) , a Greek crime lord , they encounter a weird and wonderful collection of people on their way to compete for the big prize .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pool Hall Junkies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pool_Hall_Junkies', 'summary': 'Poolhall Junkies is a 2002 drama , thriller , and sports film co-written , starring , and directed by Mars Callahan . The film also features Alison Eastwood , Michael Rosenbaum , Rick Schroder , Rod Steiger ( in his final film role ) , Chazz Palminteri , and Christopher Walken . It is the story of a pool hustler who is opposed by his former mentor , with a new prodigy , in a climactic big-stakes nine-ball match . The film has since developed a cult following .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Story of a young nine-ball hustler . Co-starring Christopher Walken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Walken', 'summary': "Christopher Walken ( born Ronald Walken , March 31 , 1943 ) is an American actor , singer , comedian , director , producer , screenwriter , and dancer , who has appeared in more than 100 films and television programs , including Annie Hall ( 1977 ) , The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , The Dogs of War ( 1980 ) , The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) , A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) , Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Antz ( 1998 ) , Vendetta ( 1999 ) , Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) , Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Seven Psychopaths ( 2012 ) , the first three Prophecy films , The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) , and Irreplaceable You ( 2018 ) . He has received a number of awards and nominations , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Deer Hunter . He was nominated for the same award and won BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Catch Me If You Can . His films have grossed more than $ 1 billion in the United States . Walken has also played the lead in the Shakespeare plays Hamlet , Macbeth , Romeo and Juliet , and Coriolanus . He is a popular guest-host of Saturday Night Live , hosting seven times . His most notable roles on the show include record producer Bruce Dickinson in the More Cowbell sketch ; the disgraced Confederate officer Colonel Angus ; and multiple appearances in the Continental sketch . He has also appeared in Hallmark Hall of Fame 's Sarah , Plain and Tall ( 1991 ) , which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Walken debuted as a film director and screenwriter with the 2001 short film Popcorn Shrimp . He also wrote and played the lead role in the 1995 play Him about his idol Elvis Presley ."}]}, {'value': 'Singhaawakokanaya ( Sinhalese )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting Gallery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_Gallery_(film)', 'summary': 'Shooting Gallery ( also known as Pool Hall Prophets ) is a 2005 film directed by Keoni Waxman and starring Freddie Prinze , Jr . The plot consists of a young hustler ( Prinze ) who meets his match in a veteran pool player and small-time gangster ( Ving Rhames ) .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A young player ( Freddie Prinze , Jr. ) tries to hustle a pool veteran ( Ving Rhames )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freddie_Prinze,_Jr.', 'summary': "Frederick James Prinze Jr. ( born March 8 , 1976 ) is an American actor . He has starred in films such as I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) , She 's All That ( 1999 ) , Summer Catch ( 2001 ) , Scooby-Doo ( 2002 ) , and its sequel Scooby-Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . Prinze has also had recurring and starring roles in television shows , including Friends ( 2002 ) , Boston Legal ( 2004 ) , Freddie ( 2005-06 ) and 24 ( 2010 ) , and voiced Kanan Jarrus in the Disney XD series Star Wars Rebels ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ving_Rhames', 'summary': "Irving Rameses Rhames ( born May 12 , 1959 ) is an American stage and screen actor . He is best known for his starring role as Luther Stickell in the Mission : Impossible film series and his supporting role as gang kingpin Marsellus Wallace in Pulp Fiction . He also appeared in Jacob 's Ladder ( 1990 ) , Dave ( 1993 ) , Striptease ( 1996 ) , Don King : Only in America ( 1997 ) , Rosewood ( 1997 ) , Con Air ( 1997 ) , Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , Baby Boy ( 2001 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) , Piranha 3D ( 2010 ) , and Father Figures ( 2017 ) . He voiced Cobra Bubbles in the animated film Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) . Rhames is a Golden Globe Award winner , as well as an Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Turn the River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turn_the_River', 'summary': 'Turn the River is a film written and directed by Chris Eigeman and starring Famke Janssen , Jaymie Dornan , Rip Torn , Matt Ross , Lois Smith , Marin Hinkle , Terry Kinney , Jordan Bridges , and Ari Graynor . The film debuted at the Hamptons International Film Festival on October 17 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Famke Janssen as a pool-hall hustler single mom in Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Famke_Janssen', 'summary': "Famke Beumer Janssen ( Dutch : [ ˈfɑmkə ˈjɑnsə ( n ) ] ; born c. 1964 ) is a Dutch actress , director , screenwriter , and former fashion model . She played Xenia Onatopp in GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , Jean Grey / Phoenix in the X-Men film series ( 2000-2014 ) , Ava Moore on Nip/Tuck , and Lenore Mills in the Taken film trilogy ( 2008-2014 ) . In 2008 , she was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador for Integrity by the United Nations . She made her directorial debut with Bringing Up Bobby in 2011 . She is also known for her role in the Netflix original series Hemlock Grove and for her role in ABC 's How to Get Away with Murder . Janssen starred in the 2017 NBC crime thriller The Blacklist : Redemption ."}]}, {'value': 'The Rack Pack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rack_Pack', 'summary': 'The Rack Pack is a 2016 British comedy-drama television film about professional snooker during the 1970s through the 1980s , focusing on the intense rivalry between Alex Higgins and Steve Davis . The film is directed by Brian Welsh and was released on BBC iPlayer on 17 January 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Focuses on the rivalry between Alex Higgins and Steve Davis in the 1970s and 1980s', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cue sports', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_films_15', 'intro': 'This compilation of films covers all sports activities. Sports films have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties, standard elements of melodrama.'} | null | null | Based on the 1959 novel of the same name , what movie featured a main character based on the real pool hustler , Rudolf Wanderone ? | The Hustler |
068f96c19e87abcd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rhys', 'title': 'Matthew Rhys', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A History of Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)', 'summary': "A History of Britain is a BBC documentary series written and presented by Simon Schama , first transmitted in the United Kingdom from 30 September 2000 . A study of the history of the British Isles , each of the 15 episodes allows Schama to examine a particular period and tell of its events in his own style . All the programmes are of 59 minutes ' duration and were broadcast over three series , ending 18 June 2002 . The series was produced in conjunction with The History Channel and the executive producer was Martin Davidson . The music was composed by John Harle , whose work was augmented by vocal soloists such as Emma Kirkby and Lucie Skeaping . Schama 's illustrative presentation was aided by readings from actors , including Lindsay Duncan , Michael Kitchen , Christian Rodska , Samuel West and David Threlfall ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lost World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lost_World_(2001_film)', 'summary': 'The Lost World is a 2001 adaptation of the novel of the same name by Arthur Conan Doyle , directed by Stuart Orme and adapted by Tony Mulholland and Adrian Hodges . It was filmed at various locations on the West Coast of New Zealand . The mini-series consisted of two 75 minute episodes which were broadcast on BBC One on 25 and 26 December 2001 , receiving 8.68 million and 6.98 million viewers respectively . Bob Hoskins played Professor Challenger and was supported by James Fox , Peter Falk , Matthew Rhys , Tom Ward and Elaine Cassidy .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Malone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbo_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Columbo ( /kəˈlʌmboʊ/ ) is an American crime drama television series starring Peter Falk as Columbo , a homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department . After two pilot episodes , the show originally aired on NBC from 1971 to 1978 as one of the rotating programs of The NBC Mystery Movie . Columbo then aired less frequently on ABC from 1989 to 2003 . The character and show , created by Richard Levinson and William Link , popularized the inverted detective story format , which begins by showing the commission of the crime and its perpetrator ; the plot therefore usually has no whodunit element , and instead revolves around how a perpetrator known to the audience will finally be caught and exposed ( sometimes referred to as a howcatchem ) . Columbo is a shrewd but inelegant blue-collar homicide detective whose trademarks include his rumpled beige raincoat , unassuming demeanor , frequent cigar smoking , old Peugeot 403 , unseen wife ( whom he mentions regularly ) , and catchphrase Just one more thing . His suspects are often affluent members of high society who try to carefully cover their tracks . Initially dismissive of Columbo 's circumstantial speech and apparent ineptitude , they become increasingly unsettled as his pestering behavior leads him to tease out incriminating evidence . His relentless approach often leads to self-incrimination or an outright confession by the suspect . Episodes of Columbo are between 70 and 98 minutes long , and have been broadcast in 44 countries . The 1971 episode Murder by the Book , directed by Steven Spielberg , was ranked No . 16 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time and in 1999 , the magazine ranked Lt. Columbo No . 7 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list ."}]}, {'value': 'Justin Price', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Columbo Likes the Nightlife', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'POW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P.O.W._(TV_series)', 'summary': "P.O.W . was a television series consisting of 6 episodes , broadcast on ITV in 2003 . The series starred James D'Arcy and Joe Absolom . The drama series is based on true stories [ citation needed ] , set in Germany in the year 1940 and follows the character of Jim Caddon as he is captured after his plane crashes during a bombing raid over Normandy . In contrast to previous entries in the World War Two prison escape genre such as The Colditz Story , it concentrated on escape attempts by other ranks rather than officers [ citation needed ] . The series was filmed in Lithuania and first broadcast on television on 10 October 2003 . A second series has not been commissioned , though ITV followed it with several other World War Two dramas including Colditz and Island at War . The title P.O.W . stands for prisoner of war ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfie Harris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode # 1.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beau Brummell : This Charming Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beau_Brummell:_This_Charming_Man', 'summary': 'Beau Brummell : This Charming Man is a 2006 BBC Television drama based on the biography of Beau Brummell by Ian Kelly . The title references a 1983 song by The Smiths .'}]}, {'value': 'Lord Byron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lord_Byron', 'summary': "George Gordon Byron , 6th Baron Byron , FRS ( 22 January 1788 - 19 April 1824 ) , known simply as Lord Byron , was an English poet , peer , and politician who became a revolutionary in the Greek War of Independence , and is considered one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement . He is regarded as one of the greatest English poets and remains widely read and influential . Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ; many of his shorter lyrics in Hebrew Melodies also became popular . He travelled extensively across Europe , especially in Italy , where he lived for seven years in the cities of Venice , Ravenna and Pisa . During his stay in Italy he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley . Later in life Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died of disease leading a campaign during that war , for which Greeks revere him as a national hero . He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Siege of Missolonghi . His only legitimate child , Ada Lovelace , is regarded as a foundational figure in the field of computer programming based on her notes for Charles Babbage 's Analytical Engine . Byron 's illegitimate children include Allegra Byron , who died in childhood , and possibly Elizabeth Medora Leigh ."}]}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brothers & Sisters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brothers_&_Sisters_(2006_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Brothers & Sisters is an American television drama series that centers on the Walker family and their lives in Los Angeles and Pasadena , California . It aired for five seasons on ABC from September 24 , 2006 , to May 8 , 2011 . It aired , for its entire run , in a Sunday night timeslot after Desperate Housewives . Brothers & Sisters features an ensemble cast led by Sally Field as Nora Walker , with Rachel Griffiths as Sarah , Calista Flockhart as Kitty , Balthazar Getty as Tommy , Matthew Rhys as Kevin and Dave Annable as Justin Walker , her grown children . Patricia Wettig co-starred as Holly Harper , with Emily VanCamp later joining the cast as Rebecca Harper , as well as Ron Rifkin as Saul Holden . Field won both a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performances throughout the series , as well as Griffiths receiving nominations for two Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards for her portrayal .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Walker_(Brothers_&_Sisters)', 'summary': "Kevin Herbert Walker is a fictional character in the ABC television series Brothers & Sisters . He is portrayed by the Welsh actor Matthew Rhys . In a two-part 2010 episode , the actor Kasey Campbell played a teenage Kevin in flashback sequences set in 1986 . Rhys is the second actor to appear in all the episodes of the series . His relationship with Scotty Wandell was included in TV Guide 's list of the best TV couples of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Main role', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mystery of Edwin Drood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'The Mystery of Edwin Drood is a 2012 British television adaptation of the unfinished novel by Charles Dickens , adapted with a new ending by Gwyneth Hughes , produced by Lisa Osborne , and directed by Diarmuid Lawrence . It was aired in the United Kingdom on BBC2 as two one-hour parts on 10 and 11 January 2012 , in the United States as a single two-hour film on PBS on 15 April 2012 , and in Australia on ABC1 on 2 January 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Jasper', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Americans', 'summary': "The Americans is an American period spy thriller television series created by Joe Weisberg for the FX television network . Set during the Cold War , it follows the story of Elizabeth ( Keri Russell ) and Philip Jennings ( Matthew Rhys ) , two Soviet KGB officers posing as an American married couple living in Falls Church , a Virginia suburb of Washington , D.C. with their children , Paige ( Holly Taylor ) and Henry ( Keidrich Sellati ) . The show also explores the conflict between Washington 's FBI office and the KGB Rezidentura by following the perspectives of agents on both sides , including the Jennings ' neighbor Stan Beeman ( Noah Emmerich ) , an FBI agent working in counterintelligence . The series begins in the aftermath of the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan in January 1981 and concludes in December 1987 , shortly before the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . The Americans premiered in the United States on January 30 , 2013 , and concluded on May 30 , 2018 , after six seasons . The series was acclaimed by critics , who considered it among the best of its era ; its writing , characters , and acting were often singled out . Although The Americans went relatively ignored by major award shows during its first seasons , the series 's final season earned Rhys the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , while Weisberg and co-lead writer Joel Fields won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ; it was also awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama . Additionally , Margo Martindale won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series twice for her performance in the third and fourth seasons , and the series became one of the rare drama shows to receive two Peabody Awards during its run ( the first time since Breaking Bad ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Philip Jennings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Jennings_(The_Americans)', 'summary': 'Philip Jennings ( real name Mikhail ( called Mischa ) ; Russian : Михаил/Миша ) is a fictional character in the American television drama series The Americans on FX , and the male lead . He was created by series creator Joe Weisberg and is portrayed by Welsh actor Matthew Rhys . Philip is a KGB agent and , along with Elizabeth ( Keri Russell ) , poses as a travel agent in Washington D.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Main role', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Comes to Pemberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Comes_to_Pemberley_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Death Comes to Pemberley is a three-part British television drama based on the best-selling P.D . James novel of the same name . Her murder mystery was based on the style and characters of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . The series was commissioned by Controller of BBC Drama Commissioning Ben Stephenson and then-Controller of BBC One Danny Cohen , and was first broadcast from 26-28 December 2013 on BBC One ."}]}, {'value': 'Mr Darcy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr_Darcy', 'summary': "Fitzwilliam Darcy , generally referred to as Mr. Darcy , is one of the two central characters in Jane Austen 's novel Pride and Prejudice . He is an archetype of the aloof romantic hero , and a romantic interest of Elizabeth Bennet , the novel 's protagonist . The story 's narration is almost exclusively from Elizabeth 's perspective ; the reader is given a one-sided view of Darcy for much of the novel , but hints are given throughout that there is much more to his character than meets the eye . The reader gets a healthy dose of dramatic irony as Elizabeth continually censures ( with some prejudice ) Mr. Darcy 's character despite the aforementioned hints ( via the narrative voice and other characters ' observations ) that Mr. Darcy is really a noble character at heart , albeit somewhat prideful . Usually referred to only as Mr. Darcy or Darcy by characters and the narrator , his first name is mentioned twice in the novel ."}]}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)', 'summary': "Archer is an American adult animated sitcom created by Adam Reed for FX that premiered on September 17 , 2009 . The series follows the exploits of the title character ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) , a dysfunctional , irreverent secret agent and seven of his colleagues - domineering boss/mother Malory Archer ( Jessica Walter ) , professional Lana Kane ( Aisha Tyler ) , mild-mannered Cyril Figgis ( Chris Parnell ) , delusional , psychotic Cheryl Tunt ( Judy Greer ) , gossipy Pam Poovey ( Amber Nash ) , openly gay Ray Gillette ( Adam Reed ) and bizarre , mysterious Dr. Algernop Krieger ( Lucky Yates ) . Beginning with the eighth season , the show experiments with the standard setup of an anthology , each with self-contained arcs , new settings , a disparate set of personae for each character , even distinct humor . The season also marked the show 's move to the sibling FXX network . Archer was conceived by Reed shortly after the cancellation of his Adult Swim comedy Frisky Dingo . It draws inspiration from a variety of sources , including the James Bond franchise . The show 's hallmarks include reference-heavy humor , rapid-fire dialogue , and meta-comedy . Archer is produced using limited animation and takes its visual style from mid-century comic art . The cast members record their lines individually , and the show regularly employs guest actors and actresses for supporting characters . The series has received positive reviews from critics and won awards , including three Primetime Emmy Awards and four Critics Choice Awards . The series has also received 15 Annie Award nominations , among others , for outstanding achievement in animation , writing , direction , and voice acting . As of season 10 , 110 episodes have been broadcast ."}]}, {'value': 'Lloyd Llewellyn ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Achub y Morfilod', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bastard Executioner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bastard_Executioner', 'summary': 'The Bastard Executioner is an American historical fiction drama television series , created by Kurt Sutter , that aired on FX from September 15 , 2015 to November 17 , 2015 . On November 18 , 2015 , Sutter announced that FX had cancelled the series after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gruffudd y Blaidd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wine Show', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himself ( co-host )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Girls is an American comedy-drama television series created by and starring Lena Dunham and executive produced by Judd Apatow . The series follows the lives of four young women living in New York City . The show 's premise and major aspects of the main character - including being cut off financially from her parents , becoming a writer , and making unfortunate decisions - were drawn from Dunham 's own life . The first season of Girls was filmed between April and August 2011 . The first three episodes were screened at the 2012 SXSW Festival and the series premiered on HBO on April 15 , 2012 . The second season ran on HBO from January 13 , 2013 , to March 17 , 2013 . The third season , which contained 12 episodes as opposed to the previous seasons ' 10 episodes , ran from January 12 , 2014 , to March 23 , 2014 . The fourth season of the series started filming in April 2014 and premiered on January 11 , 2015 . The fifth season premiered on February 21 , 2016 . Girls ' sixth and final season concluded on April 16 , 2017 , culminating in a total of 62 episodes . Since its release in 2012 , the series has generated significant criticism over its lack of racial representation , depiction of sexual assault , and Dunham 's frequent on-screen nudity , though it has also received considerable critical acclaim and several accolades , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Musical or Comedy and the BAFTA TV Award for Best International ."}]}, {'value': 'Chuck Palmer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : American Bitch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death and Nightingales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_and_Nightingales_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Death and Nightingales ( also written Death & Nightingales ) is a 2018 television historical drama miniseries , based on the 1992 novel of the same name by author Eugene McCabe . The series stars Ann Skelly , Jamie Dornan and Matthew Rhys . It started broadcast on RTÉ One in Republic of Ireland on 26 November 2018 , and two days later in the UK on BBC Two .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Infinity Train', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infinity_Train', 'summary': "Infinity Train is an American animated anthology television series created by Owen Dennis , previously a writer and storyboard artist on Regular Show , for Cartoon Network . The pilot was published on November 1 , 2016 , with Cartoon Network greenlighting the full series due to positive reception ; the series premiered on August 5 , 2019 . Two seasons have currently been released , plus a series of shorter episodes in late 2019 . The series is set on a gigantic , mysterious and seemingly endless train traveling through a barren landscape , whose cars contain a variety of bizarre , fantastical and impossible environments ; each season ( referred to as a Book ) follows a different set of characters , as they try to find a way to leave the train . The first season , retroactively titled The Perennial Child , follows a young girl named Tulip trying to escape with the help of a robot named One-One and the talking dog Atticus , while the second , Cracked Reflection , focuses on MT , a minor character from the first season , who befriends a boy named Jesse and a deer they name Alan Dracula . Upon its debut , Infinity Train received critical acclaim for its plot , characters , visual animation style and voice acting . It was initially promoted as a miniseries , but following the first season 's finale it was announced that Infinity Train would continue as an anthology series instead ."}]}, {'value': 'Aloysius / Alrick ( voices )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BoJack Horseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BoJack_Horseman', 'summary': "BoJack Horseman is an American adult animated web television series created by Raphael Bob-Waksberg . It stars Will Arnett , Amy Sedaris , Alison Brie , Paul F. Tompkins and Aaron Paul . Set primarily in Los Angeles , the series tells the story of BoJack Horseman ( Arnett ) , the washed-up star of a 1990s sitcom who plans his return to celebrity relevance with an autobiography to be written by his ghostwriter Diane Nguyen ( Brie ) . On his road back to stardom , BoJack also has to contend with the demands of his agent Princess Carolyn ( Sedaris ) , his roommate Todd Chavez ( Paul ) , and his former rival Mr. Peanutbutter ( Tompkins ) . The show is designed by cartoonist Lisa Hanawalt , who has been friends with Bob-Waksberg since high school and had previously worked with him on the webcomic Tip Me Over , Pour Me Out . The series premiered on August 22 , 2014 on Netflix and ended on January 31 , 2020 , with a total of 77 episodes over six seasons . The first five seasons consist of twelve episodes each , while the sixth and final season consists of sixteen episodes divided into two parts of eight episodes each . A one-off Christmas special was released on December 19 , 2014 . BoJack Horseman is widely regarded as one of the greatest animated television series of all time . Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , critics were significantly more positive towards the second half of the first season , and the subsequent seasons received near-universal acclaim . It is lauded for its realistic take on dealing with depression , trauma , addiction , self-destructive behavior , racism , sexism , sexuality , and the human condition . The series received numerous accolades , including four Critics ' Choice Television Awards for Best Animated Series , three Annie Awards and two Writers Guild of America Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Justin Kenyon ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Episode : A Quick One , While He 's Away", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perry Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Mason_(miniseries)', 'summary': 'Perry Mason is an upcoming American drama television series , based on the Perry Mason series of short stories and novels written by Erle Stanley Gardner , that is set to premiere on HBO . The series is being written by Rolin Jones and Ron Fitzgerald and is set to star Matthew Rhys in the title role .'}]}, {'value': 'Perry Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Mason', 'summary': "Perry Mason is an American fictional character , a criminal defense lawyer who is the main character in works of detective fiction written by Erle Stanley Gardner . Perry Mason features in more than 80 novels and short stories , most of which involve a client 's murder trial . Typically , Mason establishes his client 's innocence ( rather than a verdict of 'not guilty ' ) by implicating another character , who then confesses . The character of Perry Mason was adapted for motion pictures and a long-running radio series . These were followed by its best-known adaptation , the CBS television series Perry Mason ( 1957-66 ) starring Raymond Burr . A second television series , The New Perry Mason starring Monte Markham , ran from 1973 to 1974 ; and 30 Perry Mason television films ran from 1985 to 1995 , with Burr reprising the role of Mason in 26 of them prior to his death in 1993 . The Perry Mason series ranks third in the top ten best selling book series . In 2015 , the American Bar Association 's publishing imprint , Ankerwycke , began reissuing Gardner 's Perry Mason books , which had been out of print in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Also executive producer', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Matthew_Rhys_1', 'intro': 'Matthew Rhys Evans (born 4 November 1974; /riːs/) is a Welsh actor. He is known for playing Kevin Walker in Brothers & Sisters (2006-2011) and Philip Jennings in the The Americans (2013-2018), for which he received two Golden Globe Award nominations and a Primetime Emmy Award. In film, he has appeared as Dylan Thomas in the film The Edge of Love (2008), Daniel Ellsberg in the film The Post (2017) and starred in A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019).'} | null | null | Rhys played a revolutionary in the Greek War of Independence in a 2006 BBC Television drama based on a biography written by whom ? | by Ian Kelly |
068ff34a0fe5af5b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament', 'title': 'Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament', 'header': ['School', 'Appearances', 'Championships'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mississippi State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_baseball', 'summary': 'The Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball team representing Mississippi State University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The program is a member of the West Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The current head coach is Chris Lemonis , who replaced interim head coach Gary Henderson . They have appeared in the College World Series 11 times , most recently in 2019 . They earned their highest finish in their 2013 CWS appearance , losing in the finals to UCLA , finishing the season with a consensus No . 2 ranking , the highest in program history .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ole Miss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_baseball', 'summary': 'The Ole Miss Rebels baseball team represents the University of Mississippi in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They are currently coached by Mike Bianco .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_baseball', 'summary': 'The Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team represents the University of Alabama in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Alabama athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference . The team plays its home games on campus at Sewell-Thomas Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Gators_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida Gators baseball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of baseball . Florida competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games in Alfred A. McKethan Stadium on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Kevin O'Sullivan . In the 105-season history of the Florida baseball program , the team has won 15 SEC championships and has appeared in 12 College World Series tournaments . The Gators won their first national championship in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Auburn Tigers baseball team represents Auburn University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Auburn athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Western division of the Southeastern Conference . The Tigers play their home games on campus at Plainsman Park , and they are coached by Butch Thompson .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_baseball', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs baseball team represents the University of Georgia in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Georgia athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference . Georgia won the College World Series in 1990 . The Bulldogs play their home games on UGA 's campus in Foley Field , and are coached by head coach Scott Stricklin ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanderbilt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball', 'summary': 'The Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team is an American National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college baseball team , and the reigning Division I national champion . From Vanderbilt University in Nashville , Tennessee , the team participates in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and plays its home games on campus at Hawkins Field . The Commodores are coached by three-time National Coach of the Year and three-time SEC Coach of the Year , Tim Corbin .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': "The LSU Tigers baseball team represents Louisiana State University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference . It is one of the elite college baseball programs in the nation , ranking seventh all-time with 18 College World Series appearances and second all-time with six national championships ( 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , and 2009 ) . The Tigers play home games on LSU 's campus at Alex Box Stadium , Skip Bertman Field , and they are currently coached by Paul Mainieri ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_baseball', 'summary': 'The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Georgia Tech athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Yellow Jackets play their home games in Russ Chandler Stadium and they are currently coached by Danny Hall .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': 'The Kentucky Wildcats baseball team represents the University of Kentucky in NCAA Division I college baseball and competes in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The current head coach of the Wildcats is Nick Mingione . Kentucky is the only member of the 14-team SEC never to reach the College World Series . Arkansas and South Carolina , both of which joined the SEC in 1992 , have made multiple trips to Omaha since coming aboard , with the Gamecocks claiming back-to-back championships in 2010 and 2011 . In 2013 , the newest members , Missouri and Texas A & M , both made appearances as members of other conferences .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Tennessee Volunteers baseball team represents the University of Tennessee in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Tennessee athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference . The Volunteers play all on-campus home games at Lindsey Nelson Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'SEC Championship Series Winners ( 1948–1976 ) -- By School', 'section_text': 'Updated as of 2018 season', 'uid': 'Southeastern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament_0', 'intro': "The Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament (sometimes known simply as the SEC Tournament) is the conference tournament in baseball for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is a double-elimination tournament and seeding is based on regular season records. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. The SEC Tournament champion is separate from the conference champion. The conference championship is determined solely by regular season record."} | null | null | How many times did the university that contested the SEC baseball tourney three times play in the collegiate world series ? | never |
0690cfd541e3362b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynden_Walch', 'title': 'Hynden Walch', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1993-94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Untouchables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Untouchables_(1993_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Untouchables is an American crime drama series that aired for two seasons in syndication , from January 1993 to May 1994 . The series portrayed work of the real life Untouchables federal investigative squad in Prohibition-era Chicago and its efforts against Al Capone 's attempts to profit from the market in bootleg liquor . The series features Tom Amandes as Eliot Ness and William Forsythe as Al Capone , and was based on the 1959 series and 1987 film of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Mae Capone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order', 'summary': "Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf , launching the Law & Order franchise . Airing its entire run on NBC , Law & Order premiered on September 13 , 1990 and completed its twentieth and final season on May 24 , 2010 . Set and filmed in New York City , the series follows a two-part approach : the first half-hour is the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives ; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines , although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different . The show has had a revolving cast over the years . Among the longest-running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff ( seasons 1-10 ) , Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe ( seasons 3-14 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren ( seasons 4-20 ) , Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy ( seasons 5-20 ; later District Attorney ) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green ( seasons 10-18 ) . Law & Order 's twenty seasons are second only to its spin-off Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) for the longest-running live-action scripted American primetime series . The success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows , making Law & Order a franchise , with also a television film , several video games , and international adaptations of the series . It has won and has been nominated for numerous awards over the years , including a number of Emmy Awards . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order and would air its final episode on May 24 , 2010 . Immediately following the show 's cancellation , Wolf attempted to find a new home for the series . Those attempts failed , and in July 2010 , Wolf declared that the series had now moved to the history books ."}]}, {'value': 'Angel Monroe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Practice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Practice', 'summary': 'The Practice is an American legal drama created by David E. Kelley centering on the partners and associates at a Boston law firm . Running for eight seasons on ABC from March 4 , 1995 , to May 16 , 2004 , the show won the Emmy in 1998 and 1999 for Best Drama Series , and spawned the spin-off series Boston Legal , which ran for five more seasons , from 2004 to 2008 . Conflict between legal ethics and personal morality was a recurring theme with light comedy being occasionally present . Kelley claimed that he conceived the show as something of a rebuttal to L.A. Law and its romanticized treatment of the American legal system and legal proceedings .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Fisher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Drew Carey Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show', 'summary': 'The Drew Carey Show is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from September 13 , 1995 to September 8 , 2004 . It was set in Cleveland , Ohio and revolved around the retail office and home life of everyman Drew Carey , a fictionalized version of the actor . The show was created by Carey , who had both stand-up comedy and writing experience , and Bruce Helford , who was once a writer for Roseanne . It was the first television show to have an episode simulcast on the Internet . Produced by Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television , it debuted on September 13 , 1995 , and ranked among the Top 30 programs for four seasons before sliding in popularity . Ratings declined sharply during the final two seasons , and the last two episodes aired on September 8 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Amy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poky and Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poky_and_Friends', 'summary': 'Poky and Friends is a series of animated videos and books produced by Varga TVC Productions and Golden Books Family Entertainment that ran from 1998 until 2003 . It is a spinoff of classic Little Golden Books characters ( The Poky Little Puppy , The Shy Little Kitten , etc . ) , just like the animated special Little Golden Book Land , although the series featured different character designs for the characters to fit the animated series .'}]}, {'value': 'Shy Little Kitten ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugrats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugrats', 'summary': "Rugrats is an American animated children 's television series created by Arlene Klasky , Gábor Csupó , and Paul Germain for Nickelodeon . The show focuses on a group of babies most prominently Tommy , Chuckie , twins Phil and Lil , and Angelica , and their day-to-day lives , usually involving life experiences that become much greater adventures in the imaginations of the main characters . The series premiered on August 11 , 1991 , as the second Nicktoon - after Doug and before The Ren & Stimpy Show . Production was initially halted in 1993 after 65 episodes spanning three seasons , with the last episode airing on May 22 , 1994 . From 1995 to 1996 , the only new episodes broadcast were A Rugrats Passover and A Rugrats Chanukah , two Jewish-themed episodes that received critical acclaim ; during this time , after the end of the show 's production run , Rugrats began to receive a boost in ratings and popularity due to constant reruns on Nickelodeon . In 1996 , Klasky Csupo Animation began producing new episodes , and the show 's fourth season began in 1997 . As a result of the show 's popularity , a series of theatrical films were released over the next five years : The Rugrats Movie , which introduced Tommy 's younger brother Dil , was released in 1998 ; Rugrats in Paris : The Movie , which introduced Kimi , Kira , and Fifi , was released in 2000 ; and Rugrats Go Wild , a crossover film with another Klasky Csupo series , The Wild Thornberrys , was released in 2003 . The final TV episode aired on August 1 , 2004 , bringing the series to a total of 172 episodes over nine seasons . The 13-year run ( with the 2-year break ) ties Rugrats with King of the Hill as one of the eighth longest-running American animated television series . On July 21 , 2001 , Nickelodeon broadcast the made-for-TV special All Growed Up to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the series premiere . The special was a pilot for the Rugrats spin-off series All Grown Up ! , which aired from 2003 to 2008 as it chronicles the lives of the babies and their parents after they age 10 years . Another spin-off series , Rugrats Pre-School Daze , aired on TV in 2008 but had only four episodes after Nickelodeon decided to focus on the first spin-off series ."}]}, {'value': 'Freddie ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmed', 'summary': "Charmed is an American fantasy drama television series created by Constance M. Burge and produced by Aaron Spelling and his production company Spelling Television , with Brad Kern serving as showrunner . The series was originally broadcast by The WB for eight seasons from October 7 , 1998 , until May 21 , 2006 . The series narrative follows a trio of sisters , known as The Charmed Ones , the most powerful good witches of all time , who use their combined Power of Three to protect innocent lives from evil beings such as demons and warlocks . Each sister possesses unique magical powers that grow and evolve , while they attempt to maintain normal lives in modern-day San Francisco . Keeping their supernatural identities separate and secret from their ordinary lives often becomes a challenge for them , with the exposure of magic having far-reaching consequences on their various relationships and resulting in a number of police and FBI investigations throughout the series . The series initially focuses on the three Halliwell sisters , Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) , Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) and Phoebe ( Alyssa Milano ) . Following Prue 's death in the third-season finale , their long-lost half sister Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) assumes her place within the Power of Three from season four onwards . Charmed achieved a cult following and popularity on The WB with its first episode Something Wicca This Way Comes garnering 7.7 million viewers , breaking the record for the network 's highest-rated debut episode . The show 's ratings , although smaller than rival shows on the big four networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox ) , were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB network . Charmed went through several timeslot changes during its eight-season run . For its first three seasons in the Wednesday/Thursday 9:00 pm timeslot , Charmed was the second-highest rated series on The WB , behind 7th Heaven . During its fifth season , the show moved to the Sunday 8:00 pm timeslot , where it became the highest-rated Sunday night program in The WB 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcie Steadwell ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYPD Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NYPD_Blue', 'summary': "NYPD Blue is an American police procedural drama television series set in New York City , exploring the struggles of the fictional 15th Precinct detective squad in Manhattan . Each episode typically intertwines several plots involving an ensemble cast . The show was created by Steven Bochco and David Milch , and was inspired by Milch 's relationship with Bill Clark , a former member of the New York City Police Department who eventually became one of the show 's producers . The series was originally broadcast on the ABC network , debuted on September 21 , 1993‚ and aired its final episode on March 1 , 2005 . It was ABC 's longest-running primetime one-hour drama series until Grey 's Anatomy surpassed it in 2016 . NYPD Blue was met with critical acclaim , praised for its grittiness and realistic portrayal of the cast 's personal and professional lives , though the show garnered controversy for its depiction of nudity and alcoholism . In 1997 , True Confessions ( Season 1 , Episode 4 ) , written by Art Monterastelli and directed by Charles Haid , was ranked # 36 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2009 , Hearts and Souls ( Season 6 , Episode 5 ) , Jimmy Smits ' final episode as a main cast member , # 30 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Sperling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanley_(2001_TV_series)', 'summary': "Stanley is an American interactive animated television series that aired on Playhouse Disney based on the series of children 's books written by Griff ( as indicated on the cover of the original book ) , also known as Andrew Griffin . It was produced by Cartoon Pizza and was developed for television by Jim Jinkins ( the creator of Doug , PB & J Otter , Allegra 's Window , JoJo 's Circus , and Pinky Dinky Doo ) and David Campbell . Stanley teaches a wide variety of issues preschool children face , including change , growth , rules , and dealing with others . Each episode centers on an animal that deals with or helps explain the issue Stanley is grappling with . Junkanoo and reggae fusion group Baha Men , known for their hit song Who Let the Dogs Out ? , sang the theme song for the series , My Man Stanley . Relient K later re-recorded the theme song in 2011 , as part of Disney Junior - Live on Stage !"}]}, {'value': 'Elsie ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Static Shock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Static_Shock', 'summary': "Static Shock is an American animated television series based on the Milestone Media/DC Comics superhero Static . It premiered on September 23 , 2000 , on the WB Television Network 's Kids ' WB programming block . Static Shock ran for four seasons , with 52 half-hour episodes in total . The show revolves around Virgil Hawkins , an African-American boy , who uses the secret identity of 'Static ' after exposure to a mutagen gas during a gang fight which gave him electromagnetic powers . Part of the DC animated universe , the series was produced by Warner Bros . Animation from a crew composed mostly of people from the company 's past shows , but also with the involvement of two of the comic 's creators , Dwayne McDuffie and Denys Cowan . Static Shock had some alterations from the original comic book because it was oriented to a pre-teen audience . Nevertheless , the show approached several social issues , which was positively received by most television critics . Static Shock was nominated for numerous awards , including the Daytime Emmy . Some criticism was directed towards its jokes - which were said to be stale and too similar to the Spider-Man style - and animation , which was said to be unnatural and outdated . The series also produced some related merchandise , which sold poorly ; McDuffie cited the low sales as one of the main factors behind the series ' cancellation . In spite of this , its popularity revived interest in the original Milestone comic and introduced McDuffie to the animation industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Maureen Connor / Permafrost ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ChalkZone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ChalkZone', 'summary': "ChalkZone is an American animated television series created by Bill Burnett and Larry Huber for Nickelodeon . The series follows Rudy Tabootie , an elementary school student whose magic chalk allows him into the ChalkZone , an alternate dimension where everything drawn on a blackboard and erased becomes real . The show concentrates on the adventures of Rudy , his sidekick Snap , and classmate , Penny Sanchez , within the Chalkzone . ChalkZone originally aired as part of Fred Seibert 's Oh Yeah ! Cartoons animated shorts showcase in 1998 . The series ran on Nickelodeon from March 22 , 2002 , through August 23 , 2008 , with 40 episodes in total . It was produced by Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio ."}]}, {'value': 'Penny Sanchez ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary the Rat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_the_Rat', 'summary': 'Gary the Rat is an American adult animated series created by the Cullen Brothers for Spike ( previously known as TNN ) and animated by Spike Animation Studios . It was produced by Grammnet Productions and Cheyenne Enterprises and distributed by Viacom . It began as web episodes in flash animation on the internet in 2000 , created by the defunct eStudio ( later re-structured studio BLITZ ) for Mediatrip.com . It consisted of 13 short episodes programmed in Adobe Flash which also included a game to occupy the viewer while the episode loaded in the background . The network TV series aired on Spike in 2003 , lasting for one season . It is rated TV-14 in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Little Girl ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Justice League is an American animated television series which ran from 2001 to 2004 on Cartoon Network . It is part of the DC animated universe . The show was produced by Warner Bros . Animation . It is based on the Justice League of America and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics . After two seasons , the series was replaced by Justice League Unlimited , a successor series which aired for three seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Ace ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teen Titans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Titans_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Teen Titans is an American animated superhero television series developed by Glen Murakami and Sam Register , based on DC Comics 's superhero team of the same name . It premiered on Cartoon Network on July 19 , 2003 , and its first two seasons also aired on Kids ' WB . Initially , only four seasons were planned , but the popularity of the series led to Cartoon Network ordering a fifth season . The final half-hour episode of the show , Things Change , aired on January 16 , 2006 ; it was later followed by a TV movie , Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo , that premiered on September 15 , 2006 , serving as the series finale . Teen Titans became one of Cartoon Network 's most beloved and critically acclaimed series , renowned for its character development and serious themes . During its run , the series was nominated for three Annie Awards and one Motion Picture Sound Editors Award . Spin-off media included comics , DVD releases , video games , music albums , and collectible toys . Reruns have aired on Cartoon Network 's retro animation sister channel Boomerang until June 1 , 2014 . In 2013 , the show spawned a spin-off , titled Teen Titans Go ! , which received a theatrical film released on July 27 , 2018 , titled Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ."}]}, {'value': 'Starfire , Blackfire , Madame Rouge , Argent ( voices )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madame_Rouge', 'summary': 'Madame Rouge is a fictional supervillain appearing in DC Comics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Argent_(comics)', 'summary': 'Argent is a DC Comics fictional superheroes . She first appeared in issue # 1 of the second series of the Teen Titans comics . She remained a regular member of that team for a long time , until the events of Graduation Day when the Titans were disbanded by Nightwing .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice League Unlimited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited', 'summary': "Justice League Unlimited ( JLU ) is an American animated television series that was produced by Warner Bros . Animation and aired on Cartoon Network . Featuring a wide array of superheroes from the DC Comics universe , and specifically based on the Justice League superhero team , it is a direct sequel to the previous Justice League animated series . JLU debuted on July 31 , 2004 , on Toonami and ended on May 13 , 2006 . It was also the final series set in the long-running DC animated universe , which started with Batman : The Animated Series in 1992 . Boomerang reran the series from June 3 , 2007 , to March 26 , 2010 , as part of Boomeraction . On August 25 , 2012 , The CW 's Vortexx Saturday morning block began airing reruns of this series , lasting until August 23 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ace ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immortal Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Immortal_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "IGPX : Immortal Grand Prix ( Japanese : IGPX インモータル・グランプリ , Hepburn : Ai Jī Pī Ekkusu Inmōtaru Guranpuri ) refers to two anime series co-produced by Cartoon Network and Production I.G . The first is a microseries consisting of five 5-minute episodes , and the second is a 26-episode animated series loosely related to the first . Koichi Mashimo co-wrote and directed the microseries , while Bee Train and Production I.G animated it , and Bandai Entertainment acted as the North American distributor . The full-length anime series was handled by director and writer Mitsuru Hongo and was animated by Production I.G , with Bee Train returning for in-between animation . Production I.G president Mitsuhisa Ishikawa joined on as producer for the series . It was the first time he had worked on a joint U.S. Japanese production , due to the Pokémon companion franchise . The series ' English dub was produced by Williams Street in Atlanta , Georgia and Bang Zoom ! Entertainment in Burbank , California . Both studios collaborated on the English script and casting , Bang Zoom directed and recorded the actors , and Williams Street handled the final mixing for the dub . IGPX was the first original series on Toonami . An IGPX video game was released on September 12 , 2006 , for the PlayStation 2 . The program returned to the Toonami block April 28 , 2013 at 2am/1c on Adult Swim ."}]}, {'value': 'Amy Stapleton ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Robot_Monkey_Team_Hyperforce_Go!', 'summary': 'Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! ( スーパー・ロボット・モンキー・チーム・ハイパーフォース GO ! , Sūpā Robotto Monkī Chīmu Haipāfōsu GO ! ) ( commonly known by its acronym , SRMTHFG ) is an American/Japanese anime-influenced television series created by Ciro Nieli , one of the directors of Teen Titans , [ citation needed ] and produced by Jetix Animation Concepts with animation being done by The Answer Studio ( who would later work on the Cartoon Network original series Transformers : Animated ) . It was the first original show produced for the Jetix block and for the Jetix channels worldwide , where the show premiered in 2004 . Set mainly on the fictional planet of Shuggazoom , the series follows the adventures of five cyborg monkeys and a human boy named Chiro Takashi as they struggle to protect their planet - and the rest of the universe - from the forces of evil .'}]}, {'value': 'Valina ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catscratch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catscratch', 'summary': "Catscratch is an American animated television series created by Doug TenNapel ( also known for creating Earthworm Jim ) . It aired on Nickelodeon from July 9 , 2005 to February 10 , 2007 . It was a loose adaptation of TenNapel 's graphic novel , Gear , which in the series is also the name of the cats ' monster truck . The series features music composed by longtime TenNapel collaborator , Terry Scott Taylor . Catscratch 's first DVD appearance was on Nick Picks Vol . 3 , which came out on February 7 , 2006 ( though the DVD contained only Bringin ' Down the Mouse ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Katilda ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Dragon : Jake Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Dragon:_Jake_Long', 'summary': 'American Dragon : Jake Long is an American animated television series . It was produced by Walt Disney Television Animation , created by Jeff Goode and co-developed by Eddie Guzelian And Matt Negrete . It premiered on Disney Channel on January 21 , 2005 , and ended on September 1 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fury , Euryale , Medusa ( voices )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Random ! Cartoons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Random!_Cartoons', 'summary': 'Random ! Cartoons is an American animation showcase television series . Much like Oh Yeah ! Cartoons , it was created by Fred Seibert and produced by Frederator Incorporated and Nickelodeon Animation Studio for Nicktoons , and was the fourth of their cartoon laboratories . It premiered on December 6 , 2008 and ended on August 14 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ms . Chic / Olympia ( voices )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Hynden_Walch_1', 'intro': 'Heidi Hynden Walch (born February 1, 1971, in Davenport, Iowa) is an American actress, voice actress, writer and singer. She is best known for voicing Penny Sanchez in ChalkZone, Princess Bubblegum in Adventure Time, Starfire in Teen Titans and Teen Titans Go!, and Viridi in Kid Icarus: Uprising.'} | null | null | How are the episodes of the series in which Hynden Walch played Angel Monroe in 1994 segmented ? | two-part |
06919e8ba0545d63 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'title': 'Slovenian PrvaLiga', 'header': ['Club', 'Position in 2018-19', 'PrvaLiga debut', 'PrvaLiga seasons', 'First season of current spell', 'Last title ( number of titles )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aluminij', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Aluminij', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Aluminij ( English : Aluminij Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Aluminij or simply Aluminij , is a Slovenian football club from Kidričevo , playing in the Slovenian PrvaLiga . The club was founded in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the 22nd edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its establishment in 1991 . Also known by the abbreviation 1 . SNL , PrvaLiga was contested by the top ten clubs in Slovenia , for the title of national champions . The fixture schedule was released on 26 June 2012 . The season began on 14 July 2012 and ended on 26 May 2013 . Maribor were the defending champions , having won their 10th league title the previous season . The season featured nine teams from the 2011-12 Slovenian PrvaLiga and one team from the 2011-12 Slovenian Second League , Aluminij , who was promoted directly as the winners of the second division , replacing Nafta . This was the first season for Aluminij in the top division .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bravo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Bravo', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Bravo ( English : Bravo Football Club ) , commonly referred simply as Bravo , is a Slovenian football club from Ljubljana , which plays in the Slovenian PrvaLiga . The club was founded in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '2 . SNL , 1st ( promoted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovenian_Second_League', 'summary': 'The Slovenian Second Football League ( Slovene : 2 . Slovenska Nogometna Liga or commonly 2 . SNL ) is the second highest football league in Slovenia . The league was formed in 1991 with the dissolution of the Yugoslav Second League and it is operated by the Football Association of Slovenia .'}]}, {'value': '2019-20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019–20_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2019-20 Slovenian PrvaLiga is the 29th edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since the league was formed in 1991 . The season began on 13 July 2019 and will end on 15 May 2020 . The league winners will qualify for a place in the 2020-21 UEFA Champions League . Maribor are the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Celje', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Celje ( English : Celje Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Celje or simply Celje , is an association football club from Celje , Slovenia . They play in the Slovenian PrvaLiga . Together with Maribor , they are the only club that have participated in every season of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its formation in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the first season of Slovenian top division football . The season started on 18 August 1991 and ended on 21 June 1992 with each team playing a total of 40 matches .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Domžale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Domžale', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Domžale ( English : Domžale Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Domžale or simply Domžale , is a Slovenian football club that plays in the town of Domžale . They have won both the Slovenian League and the Slovenian Cup twice .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the first season of Slovenian top division football . The season started on 18 August 1991 and ended on 21 June 1992 with each team playing a total of 40 matches .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-08 ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2007-08 Slovenian PrvaLiga season started on 20 July 2007 and ended on 31 May 2008 . Each team played a total of 36 matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Maribor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Maribor', 'summary': "Nogometni klub Maribor ( English : Maribor Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Maribor or simply Maribor , is a professional football club based in Maribor , Slovenia , that competes in the Slovenian PrvaLiga , the top tier of Slovenian football . Nicknamed The Purples ( Vijoličasti ) , the club was founded on 12 December 1960 . They are regarded as a symbol of Slovenian football , particularly in their home region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia . Maribor have won a record 15 Slovenian PrvaLiga titles , 9 Slovenian Cups and 4 Slovenian Supercups . The club 's most successful period was in the late 1990s and early 2000s , when they won seven successive league titles . Following the 2010-11 season , Maribor became the major force in Slovenian football for the second time , having won seven out of nine championships since then . Prior to Slovenia 's independence in 1991 , Maribor played in the Yugoslav football system , where the club , apart from winning the Yugoslav second division in 1967 , had no major successes . Maribor are one of three Slovenian teams which participated in the Yugoslavia 's highest division , the Yugoslav First League , between the end of World War II in 1945 and the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 . The club is also one of the two founding members of the Slovenian PrvaLiga who have never been relegated from the top flight since the league 's establishment in 1991 . In addition , Maribor is the only Slovenian club to have participated in the group stages of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Besides that , the club is one of the only two clubs from former Yugoslavia , beside Red Star Belgrade , that have won an official UEFA trophy since winning the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The club holds a long-standing rivalry with Olimpija from the capital Ljubljana , with whom they contest the Eternal derby ( Večni derbi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Champions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the first season of Slovenian top division football . The season started on 18 August 1991 and ended on 21 June 1992 with each team playing a total of 40 matches .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-19 ( 15 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Slovenian PrvaLiga ( also known as the Prva liga Telekom Slovenije for sponsorship reasons ) was the 28th edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its establishment in 1991 . The season began on 20 July 2018 and ended on 25 May 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NŠ_Mura', 'summary': "Nogometna šola Mura , commonly referred to as NŠ Mura or simply Mura , is a Slovenian football team , playing in the town of Murska Sobota . Founded in 2012 , the team currently plays in the Slovenian PrvaLiga . The club 's home ground is Fazanerija stadium with a capacity of 3,782 seats ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Slovenian PrvaLiga ( also known as the Prva liga Telekom Slovenije for sponsorship reasons ) was the 28th edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its establishment in 1991 . The season began on 20 July 2018 and ended on 25 May 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olimpija Ljubljana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Olimpija_Ljubljana', 'summary': "Nogometni klub Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovene pronunciation : [ nɔɡɔˈméːtni ˈklúːp ɔˈlìːmpija ljubˈljàːna ] ; English : Olimpija Ljubljana Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Olimpija Ljubljana or simply Olimpija , is a professional association football club , based in the city of Ljubljana , Slovenia . The club competes in the Slovenian PrvaLiga , the country 's highest football division . Founded in 1911 . Olimpija began competing in the Slovenian Fifth League during the 2005-06 season and managed to achieve promotion in four successive seasons , reaching the top division for the first time in 2009 after winning the 2008-09 Slovenian Second League . After seven years in the top division , Olimpija won their first major trophy when they were crowned champions in the 2015-16 season . They won another league title in the 2017-18 season ; during the same season , Olimpija also won the national cup , completing the double . Originally , the club played at the Bežigrad Stadium and ŽAK Stadium during the club 's stay in the second division and during the first year in the top division . In 2010 , they moved to the Stožice Stadium with a capacity of 16,038 . The club played its opening match on the new stadium on 22 August 2010 . Olimpija 's nicknames are The Green-Whites ( Zeleno-beli ) , referring to their primary colours , and The Dragons ( Zmaji ) , referring to the dragon which is a symbol of Ljubljana and is represented on the city 's coat of arms and on the club 's crest ."}]}, {'value': 'Runners-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the 19th season of top-tier football in Slovenia . The season began on 18 July 2009 and finished in May 2010 . Koper won the league for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-18 ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 Slovenian PrvaLiga ( also known as the Prva liga Telekom Slovenije for sponsorship reasons ) was the 27th edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its establishment in 1991 . The season began on 15 July 2017 and ended on 27 May 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudar Velenje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Rudar_Velenje', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Rudar Velenje ( English : Rudar Velenje Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Rudar Velenje or simply Rudar Velenje , is a Slovenian football club from Velenje , currently playing in the Slovenian PrvaLiga .'}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the first season of Slovenian top division football . The season started on 18 August 1991 and ended on 21 June 1992 with each team playing a total of 40 matches .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tabor Sežana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Tabor_Sežana', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Tabor Sežana , commonly referred to as NK Tabor Sežana or simply Tabor Sežana , is a Slovenian football club from Sežana which plays in the Slovenian PrvaLiga . The club was established in 1923 .'}]}, {'value': '2 . SNL , 2nd ( promoted via PrvaLiga play-off )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovenian_Second_League', 'summary': 'The Slovenian Second Football League ( Slovene : 2 . Slovenska Nogometna Liga or commonly 2 . SNL ) is the second highest football league in Slovenia . The league was formed in 1991 with the dissolution of the Yugoslav Second League and it is operated by the Football Association of Slovenia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Slovenian PrvaLiga ( also known as the Prva liga Telekom Slovenije for sponsorship reasons ) was the 28th edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its establishment in 1991 . The season began on 20 July 2018 and ended on 25 May 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 2000-01 Slovenian PrvaLiga season started on 21 July 2000 and ended on 27 May 2001 . Each team played a total of 33 matches .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triglav Kranj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Triglav_Kranj', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Triglav Kranj ( Triglav Kranj Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Triglav Kranj or simply Triglav , is a Slovenian football club from Kranj . The team currently plays in the Slovenian PrvaLiga . The club was founded in 1920 . In the mid-1990s , the club merged with NK Naklo and was re-established under the current name Triglav Kranj .'}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_Slovenian_PrvaLiga', 'summary': 'The 1998-99 Slovenian PrvaLiga season started on 2 August 1998 and ended on 13 June 1999 . Each team played a total of 33 matches .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clubs -- 2019–20 season', 'section_text': 'Below is the list of clubs that are members of the 2019–20 Slovenian PrvaLiga season . The information and the statistics shown in the table are correct as of the end of 2018–19 season . Key Reigning champions , winners of the previous season Runners-up of the previous season Promoted from Slovenian Second League , 2 . SNL', 'uid': 'Slovenian_PrvaLiga_0', 'intro': 'The Slovenian First Football League (Slovene: Prva slovenska nogometna liga, pronounced [ˈpərʋa slɔˈʋeːnska nɔɡɔˈmɛtna ˈliːɡa]), currently named Prva liga Telekom Slovenije [ˈpərʋa ˈliːɡa ˈteːlɛkɔm slɔˈʋeːnijɛ] due to sponsorship reasons, also known by the abbreviation 1. SNL, is the main football league in Slovenia, and was formed in 1991 after Slovenia became an independent country. From 1920 until the end of the 1990-91 season, the Slovenian Republic League was a lower division of the Yugoslavian league football system. The league is currently governed by the Football Association of Slovenia. Between 2001 and 2012 the league was governed by the Association of 1. SNL. Celje and Maribor are the only two founding clubs that have never been relegated from the league since its foundation in 1991.'} | null | null | The season the The Green-Whites club moved into the PrvaLiga , what team won the league title ? | Koper |
0692420fc8c31878 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SC_Bastia_players', 'title': 'List of SC Bastia players', 'header': ['Player', 'Pos', 'Bastia career', 'Match', 'Goal', 'Nationality'], 'data': [{'value': 'Toussaint Sabbatini', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '1984-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stéphane Saillant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': '1993-1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilles Salou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '1990-1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amiran Sanaia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amiran_Sanaia', 'summary': 'Amiran Sanaia ( born 3 September 1989 ) is a Georgian professional footballer who plays for Rodez AF .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '2011-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(country)', 'summary': "Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthieu Sans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthieu_Sans', 'summary': 'Matthieu Sans ( born 16 June 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who currently plays as a defender for Chamois Niortais .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '2010-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Etienne Sansonetti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etienne_Sansonetti', 'summary': 'Étienne Sansonetti ( 5 December 1935 - 31 May 2018 ) was a French professional footballer who played as a striker . Sansonetti played his club football with Marseille , Valenciennes , Angers , Bastia , AC Ajaccio , Monaco and Gazélec Ajaccio . Sansonetti was the Ligue 1 topscorer in the 1967-68 season , scoring 26 goals .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': '1965-1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Didier Santini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Didier_Santini', 'summary': 'Didier Santini ( born September 7 , 1968 in Marseille ) is a French former professional footballer . He spent the majority of his playing career in the top two divisions of French football with Marseille , Bastia , Toulouse and Lille . In the 2001-02 season , he had a spell with Scottish Premier League side Livingston . Santini was appointed manager of CFA2 club Calvi in 2009 . Two years later , he led the team to promotion to the CFA .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '1989-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '174', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Santolalla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': '1950-1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Santos_Muntubila', 'summary': "Jean-Santos N'Diela Muntubila nicknamed Santos ( born 20 December 1958 ) is a Congolese former football player and manager . He played for AS Bilima Kinshasa , FC Sochaux-Montbéliard , Olympique de Marseille , 1 . FC Saarbrücken , SC Bastia , US Valenciennes and ESA Brive ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': '1986-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo', 'summary': 'The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République démocratique du Congo [ kɔ̃ɡo ] ) , also known as DR Congo , the DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It was formerly called Zaire ( 1971-1997 ) . It is , by area , the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa , the second-largest in all of Africa ( after Algeria ) , and the 11th-largest in the world . With a population of over 84 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country , the fourth-most-populous country in Africa , and the 16th-most-populous country in the world . Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of ongoing military conflict in Kivu , since 2015 . Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , his colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber . From 1885 to 1908 , millions of the Kongo people died as a consequence of disease and exploitation .'}]}, {'value': 'Alain Santucci', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': '1972-1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Sauget', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Sauget', 'summary': 'David Sauget ( born 23 November 1979 ) is a retired French professional footballer who played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '2004-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niša Saveljić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niša_Saveljić', 'summary': 'Niša Saveljić ( Cyrillic : Ниша Савељић ; born 27 March 1970 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a defender . At international level , Saveljić represented FR Yugoslavia in one World Cup and one European Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '2003-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ."}]}, {'value': 'Cvetko Savković', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '1971-1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Pierre Serra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': '1968-1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djibril Sidibé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djibril_Sidibé_(footballer,_born_1982)', 'summary': 'Djibril Sidibé ( born 23 March 1982 ) is a Malian football midfielder who last played for Red Star .'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': '2004-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mali', 'summary': "Mali ( /ˈmɑːli/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mali ] ) , officially the Republic of Mali ( French : République du Mali ; Bambara : Mali ka Fasojamana ; N'Ko script : ߡߊߟߌ ߝߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ ) is a landlocked country in West Africa . Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa , with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) . The population of Mali is 19.1 million . 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017 . Its capital is Bamako . The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert , while the country 's southern part , where the majority of inhabitants live , features the Niger and Senegal rivers . The country 's economy centers on agriculture and mining . Some of Mali 's prominent natural resources include gold , being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent , and salt . Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade : the Ghana Empire ( for which Ghana is named ) , the Mali Empire ( for which Mali is named ) , and the Songhai Empire . During its golden age , there was a flourishing of mathematics , astronomy , literature , and art . At its peak in 1300 , the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa . In the late 19th century , during the Scramble for Africa , France seized control of Mali , making it a part of French Sudan ."}]}, {'value': 'Ermin Šiljak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ermin_Šiljak', 'summary': 'Ermin Šiljak ( born 11 May 1973 ) is a former Slovenian football player . He is renowned as a great finisher , and has top off the ball instincts to get into scoring positions .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': '1996-1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovenia', 'summary': 'Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures .'}]}, {'value': 'Franck Silvestre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franck_Silvestre', 'summary': 'Franck Claude Silvestre ( born 5 April 1967 ) is a French former professional footballer who played as a centre back . During his career , spent in two countries and with six different clubs , he played in more than 700 official games . A French international during three years , Silvestre represented the nation at Euro 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '2002-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre-François Sodini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre-François_Sodini', 'summary': 'Pierre-François Sodini ( born 22 June 1989 ) is a French footballer . The most recent , SC Bastia team had been playing . Agreement , on 31 July 2012 as mutually dissolved .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '2006-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Solas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': '1973-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gérard Soler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gérard_Soler', 'summary': "Gérard Soler ( born 29 March 1954 in Oujda , French Morocco ) is a former French-Moroccan footballer of Catalan descent , who played as a forward or attacking midfielder . He played from 1972 until 1988 , for Sochaux , Monaco , Bordeaux , Toulouse , Strasbourg , Bastia , Lille , Rennes and Orléans , where he retired . He briefly worked as a coach at Saint-Étienne in 2000 . Soler represented France at the 1982 World Cup , scoring their goal in a 3-1 defeat to England in Bilbao . He was the only player to score against England in the tournament . In total , Soler won 16 caps for France between November 16 , 1974 and May 31 , 1983 , scoring four goals . In May 2018 , Soler was appointed president of the newly-formed football club C'Chartres Football ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': '1985-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'S', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_SC_Bastia_players_17', 'intro': 'This list includes the SC Bastia players all play. Charles Orlanducci, where more than 429 matches with the match, the team holds the record for the player. Claude Papi, made by the player who scored 117 goals with the team record for a maximum holds. This list, the team has addressed all the players playing.'} | null | null | Who started their Bastia career first ? Was it a french footballer who was born on June 22nd , 1989 , or a famous Congolese former football player and manager ? | Santos |
0693e3537871f789 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheeses', 'title': 'List of cheeses', 'header': ['Name', 'Region', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Castelo Branco cheese ( PDO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castelo_Branco_cheese', 'summary': "Castelo Branco ( Portuguese : Queijo de Castelo Branco ) is a cheese named after the city of the same name in Portugal , the main city of the district where it is produced . Since 1996 Castelo Branco cheese has had a Protected designation of origin ( PDO ) , being one of the three Beira Baixa cheeses ( PDO ) ( Portuguese : Queijos da Beira Baixa DOP ) . The cheese is made from milk produced by either a goat or a ewe , and has a soft texture . Typically , the cheese takes 40 days to mature when made with goat 's milk , and 50 days when made with ewe 's milk . The fat content is around 45% and the cheese is usually a close-to-white colour ."}]}, {'value': 'Beira Baixa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beira_Baixa_Province', 'summary': 'Beira Baixa ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈbɐjɾɐ ˈbajʃɐ ] ) was a Portuguese province . It was abolished with the Constitution of 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'a cheese named after the city of the same name in Portugal , the main city of the district where it is produced . The cheese is made from milk produced by either a goat or a ewe , and has a soft texture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castelo_Branco,_Portugal', 'summary': 'The city of Castelo Branco ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ kɐʃˈtɛlu ˈβɾɐ̃ku ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality and former bishopric in Castelo Branco District , in Centro Region , Portugal . The name means white castle . The city of Castelo Branco is made up of 19 Freguesias ( civil parish ) with a population of 30,649 in 2001 . The municipality has a total of 19 parishes . The population in 2011 was 56,109 , in an area of 1,438.19 square kilometres ( 555.29 square miles ) , making it one of the largest municipalities in Portugal . It is bounded in the north by the municipality of Fundão , in the east by Idanha-a-Nova , in the south by Spain , in the southwest by Vila Velha de Ródão , and in the west by Proença-a-Nova and Oleiros .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/District_of_Castelo_Branco', 'summary': 'Castelo Branco District ( Portuguese : Distrito de Castelo Branco [ kɐʃˈtɛlu ˈβɾɐ̃ku ] ( listen ) ) is located in Central Portugal . Its capital is Castelo Branco , which is now also the most populous city , taking over Covilhã , what was once the largest city . It has an area of 6675 km² ( 4th largest in Portugal ) , and a population of 225,916 inhabitants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milk', 'summary': "Milk is a nutrient-rich , white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals ( including humans who are breastfed ) before they are able to digest other types of food . Early-lactation milk contains colostrum , which carries the mother 's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases . It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose . Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon , particularly among humans , many of whom consume the milk of other mammals . As an agricultural product , milk , also called dairy milk , is extracted from farm animals during or soon after pregnancy . Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011 , from 260 million dairy cows . India is the world 's largest producer of milk , and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder , yet it exports few other milk products . The ever-increasing rise in domestic demand for dairy products and a large demand-supply gap could lead to India being a net importer of dairy products in the future . New Zealand , Germany and the Netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products . China and Russia were the world 's largest importers of milk and milk products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient , contributing to a worldwide glut of milk . Throughout the world , more than six billion people consume milk and milk products ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Goat', 'summary': 'The domestic goat or simply goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus ) is a subspecies of C. aegagrus domesticated from the wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe . The goat is a member of the animal family Bovidae and the subfamily Caprinae , meaning it is closely related to the sheep . There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat . Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species of animal , and have been used for milk , meat , fur and skins across much of the world . Milk from goats is often turned into goat cheese . Female goats are referred to as does or nannies , intact males are called bucks or billies and juvenile goats of both sexes are called kids . Castrated males are called wethers . While the words hircine and caprine both refer to anything having a goat-like quality , hircine is used most often to emphasize the distinct smell of domestic goats . In 2011 , there were more than 924 million goats living in the world , according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheep_milk', 'summary': "Sheep 's milk ( or ewes ' milk ) is the milk of domestic sheep . It is commonly used to make cultured dairy products such as cheese . Some of the most popular sheep cheeses include feta ( Greece ) , ricotta ( Italy ) , and Roquefort ( France ) . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Queijo de Nisa ( PDO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queijo_de_Nisa', 'summary': "Queijo de Nisa is a semi-hard sheep 's milk cheese from the municipality of Nisa , in the subregion of Alto Alentejo in Portugal . It is created from raw milk , which is coagulated , then curdled using an infusion of thistle . It is yellowish white , with a robust flavor and a somewhat acidic finish . Since 1996 , Nisa cheese has a protected geographical status . It is registered and has a Protected designation of origin ( PDO ) by the European Commission . It was honored by the magazine Wine Spectator as one of the world 's top 100 in an edition devoted to cheese : 100 Great Cheeses ."}]}, {'value': 'Alto Alentejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alto_Alentejo_Subregion', 'summary': 'The Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alto Alentejo ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈaɫtu ɐlẽˈtɛʒu ] ; English : Upper Alentejo ) is an administrative division in Portugal . It was created in 2009 . The seat of the intermunicipal community is Portalegre . Alto Alentejo is coterminous with the former Portalegre District . The population in 2011 was 118,506 , in an area of 6,084.34 km² . Together with Alentejo Central it covers the area of the former Alto Alentejo Province . With Ponte de Sor the intermunicipal community also includes one municipality that lies in the area of the former Ribatejo Province . Alto Alentejo is also a NUTS3 subregion of Alentejo Region , in Portugal . Since January 2015 , the NUTS 3 subregion covers the same area as the intermunicipal community .'}]}, {'value': "a semi-hard sheep 's milk cheese from the municipality of Nisa . It is created from raw milk , which is coagulated , then curdled using an infusion of thistle", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheep_milk', 'summary': "Sheep 's milk ( or ewes ' milk ) is the milk of domestic sheep . It is commonly used to make cultured dairy products such as cheese . Some of the most popular sheep cheeses include feta ( Greece ) , ricotta ( Italy ) , and Roquefort ( France ) . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Cheese', 'summary': "Cheese is a dairy product derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors , textures , and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein . It comprises proteins and fat from milk , usually the milk of cows , buffalo , goats , or sheep . During production , the milk is usually acidified , and adding the enzyme rennet causes coagulation . The solids are separated and pressed into final form . Some cheeses have molds on the rind , the outer layer , or throughout . Most cheeses melt at cooking temperature . Over a thousand types of cheese exist and are currently produced in various countries . Their styles , textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk ( including the animal 's diet ) , whether they have been pasteurized , the butterfat content , the bacteria and mold , the processing , and how long they have been aged for . Herbs , spices , or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents . The yellow to red color of many cheeses is produced by adding annatto . Other ingredients may be added to some cheeses , such as black pepper , garlic , chives or cranberries . A cheesemonger , or specialist seller of cheeses , may have expertise with selecting the cheeses , purchasing , receiving , storing and ripening them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nisa,_Portugal', 'summary': 'Nisa ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈnizɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal . The population in 2011 was 7,450 , in an area of 575.68 km² . The present Mayor is Maria Idalina Alves Trindade ( PS - Partido Socialista ) . The municipal holiday is Easter Monday . In addition , it lends its name to one of the most famous Portuguese sheep cheeses ( Certificate of Protected Origin or D.O.P . ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Curd', 'summary': "Curd is a dairy product obtained by coagulating milk in a process called curdling . The coagulation can be caused by adding rennet or any edible acidic substance such as lemon juice or vinegar , and then allowing it to coagulate . The increased acidity causes the milk proteins ( casein ) to tangle into solid masses , or curds . Milk that has been left to sour ( raw milk alone or pasteurized milk with added lactic acid bacteria ) will also naturally produce curds , and sour milk cheeses are produced this way . Producing cheese curds is one of the first steps in cheesemaking ; the curds are pressed and drained to varying amounts for different styles of cheese and different secondary agents ( molds for blue cheeses , etc . ) are introduced before the desired aging finishes the cheese . The remaining liquid , which contains only whey proteins , is the whey . In cow 's milk , 90 percent of the proteins are caseins . In Indian English , used only in the Indian subcontinent , curd or curds instead refers to the traditional homemade yogurt ( also known as dahi ) , while paneer and chhena are used to denote curdled milk . Though people often consider curd and yogurt to be the same , there 's a thin line of difference between the two . The preparation of curd requires a lactobacillus bacteria , while yogurt is made using two specific strains of bacteria called Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thistle', 'summary': "Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins , mostly in the family Asteraceae . Prickles can also occur all over the plant - on the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves . These prickles are an adaptation that protects the plant from being eaten by herbivores . Typically , an involucre with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle 's flowerheads . The comparative amount of spininess varies dramatically by species . For example , Cirsium heterophyllum has minimal spininess while Cirsium spinosissimum is the opposite . Typically , species adapted to dry environments have greater spininess . The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean precisely those plants in the tribe Cardueae ( synonym : Cynareae ) , especially the genera Carduus , Cirsium , and Onopordum . However , plants outside this tribe are sometimes called thistles , and when this is done , thistles would form a polyphyletic group . A thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland and Lorraine , as well as the emblem of the Encyclopædia Britannica . Biennial thistles are particularly noteworthy for their high wildlife value , producing such things as copious floral resources for pollinators , nourishing seeds for birds like the goldfinch , foliage for butterfly larvae , and down for the lining of birds ' nests ."}]}, {'value': 'Queijo do Pico ( PDO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queijo_do_Pico', 'summary': 'Cheese of Pico ( Portuguese : Queijo do Pico ) is a cheese originating from the island of Pico in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores . It has been classified as a Denomination of Protected Origin , in accordance with the laws of the European Union since October 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Azores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azores', 'summary': 'The Azores ( /əˈzɔːrz/ ə-ZORZ , also US : /ˈeɪzɔːrz/ AY-zorz ; Portuguese : Açores [ ɐˈsoɾɨʃ ] ) , officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores ( Região Autónoma dos Açores ) , is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal ( along with Madeira ) . It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean , about 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) west of continental Portugal , about 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) west of Lisbon , in continental Portugal , about 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) northwest of Morocco , and about 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) southeast of Newfoundland , Canada . Its main industries are agriculture , dairy farming , livestock , fishing , and tourism , which is becoming the major service activity in the region . In addition , the government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors . The main city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada . There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster , in three main groups . These are Flores and Corvo , to the west ; Graciosa , Terceira , São Jorge , Pico , and Faial in the centre ; and São Miguel , Santa Maria , and the Formigas Reef to the east . They extend for more than 600 km ( 370 mi ) and lie in a northwest-southeast direction . All the islands have volcanic origins , although some , such as Santa Maria , have had no recorded activity since the islands were settled . Mount Pico , on the island of Pico , is the highest point in Portugal , at 2,351 m ( 7,713 ft ) . If measured from their base at the bottom of the ocean to their peaks , which thrust high above the surface of the Atlantic , the Azores are actually some of the tallest mountains on the planet . The climate of the Azores is very mild for such a northerly location , being influenced by its distance from the continents and by the passing Gulf Stream .'}]}, {'value': 'Originating from the island of Pico , this cured cheese is produced in cylindrical formats from cow milk It is considered a fatty cheese and the ripening of the cheese forms a yellow exterior irregular crust and yellowish-white , soft and pasty interior . Pico cheese has a salty taste and a , characteristically , intense aroma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pico_Island', 'summary': 'Pico Island ( Ilha do Pico , Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈiʎɐ du ˈpiku ] ) , is an island in the Central Group of the Portuguese Azores . The landscape features an eponymous volcano , Ponta do Pico , which is the highest mountain in Portugal , the Azores , and the highest elevation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . In the tradition of the Portuguese poet , Raul Brandão , Pico is referred to as the Ilha Preta ( Black Island ) , for its black volcanic earth , responsible for its UNESCO-designated historical vineyards that allowed the development of the island .'}]}, {'value': 'Queijo de Azeitão ( PDO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queijo_de_Azeitão', 'summary': 'Queijo de Azeitão is a Portuguese cheese originating from the town of Azeitão , in the municipality of Setúbal . It is produced in Setúbal , Palmela and Sesimbra . It has been granted PDO status in the European Union . In 2014 , Azeitão cheese was named one of the 50 best gastronomic products in the world by the Great Taste Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Azeitão , Setúbal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azeitão_(São_Lourenço_e_São_Simão)', 'summary': 'Azeitão ( São Lourenço e São Simão ) is a civil parish in the municipality of Setúbal , Portugal . It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes São Lourenço and São Simão . The population in 2011 was 18,877 , in an area of 69.32 km² . It is composed of a cluster of small aldeias or small villages , some of those are : Vila Fresca de Azeitão , Vila Nogueira de Azeitão , Brejos de Azeitão , Aldeia de Irmãos , Vendas de Azeitão . Two of the closest cities are Setúbal and Palmela .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Setúbal_District', 'summary': 'The District of Setúbal ( Portuguese : Distrito de Setúbal [ sɨˈtuβal , -βɐl ] ( listen ) ) is located in the south-west of Portugal , the District Capital is the city of Setúbal .'}]}, {'value': "Sheep 's milk cheese originating from the town of Azeitão", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azeitão_(São_Lourenço_e_São_Simão)', 'summary': 'Azeitão ( São Lourenço e São Simão ) is a civil parish in the municipality of Setúbal , Portugal . It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes São Lourenço and São Simão . The population in 2011 was 18,877 , in an area of 69.32 km² . It is composed of a cluster of small aldeias or small villages , some of those are : Vila Fresca de Azeitão , Vila Nogueira de Azeitão , Brejos de Azeitão , Aldeia de Irmãos , Vendas de Azeitão . Two of the closest cities are Setúbal and Palmela .'}]}, {'value': 'São Jorge ( PDO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Jorge_cheese', 'summary': 'São Jorge Cheese ( Portuguese : Queijo São Jorge ) is a semi-hard to hard cheese , produced on the island of São Jorge , in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores , certified as a Região Demarcada do Queijo de São Jorge ( Demarcated Region of the Cheese of São Jorge ) and regulated as a registered Denominação de Origem Protegida ( Denomination of Protected Origin ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Azores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azores', 'summary': 'The Azores ( /əˈzɔːrz/ ə-ZORZ , also US : /ˈeɪzɔːrz/ AY-zorz ; Portuguese : Açores [ ɐˈsoɾɨʃ ] ) , officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores ( Região Autónoma dos Açores ) , is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal ( along with Madeira ) . It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean , about 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) west of continental Portugal , about 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) west of Lisbon , in continental Portugal , about 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) northwest of Morocco , and about 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) southeast of Newfoundland , Canada . Its main industries are agriculture , dairy farming , livestock , fishing , and tourism , which is becoming the major service activity in the region . In addition , the government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors . The main city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada . There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster , in three main groups . These are Flores and Corvo , to the west ; Graciosa , Terceira , São Jorge , Pico , and Faial in the centre ; and São Miguel , Santa Maria , and the Formigas Reef to the east . They extend for more than 600 km ( 370 mi ) and lie in a northwest-southeast direction . All the islands have volcanic origins , although some , such as Santa Maria , have had no recorded activity since the islands were settled . Mount Pico , on the island of Pico , is the highest point in Portugal , at 2,351 m ( 7,713 ft ) . If measured from their base at the bottom of the ocean to their peaks , which thrust high above the surface of the Atlantic , the Azores are actually some of the tallest mountains on the planet . The climate of the Azores is very mild for such a northerly location , being influenced by its distance from the continents and by the passing Gulf Stream .'}]}, {'value': "Produced in the São Jorge Island , this is a hard/semi-hard cheese made from unpasteurised cow 's milk , and the pâte has small eyes", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Jorge_Island', 'summary': 'São Jorge ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈʒɔɾʒ ( ɨ ) ] ) is an island situated in the central group of the Azores archipelago and part of the autonomous region of Portugal . Separated from its nearest neighbors ( Pico and Faial islands ) by the 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) Pico-São Jorge Channel , the central group is often referred colloquially as part of the Triangulo ( Triangle ) group or just The Triangle . São Jorge is a relatively long thin island with tall cliffs , whose 9500 inhabitants are concentrated on various geological debris fields ( fajãs ) along the north and south coasts ; from east to west , the island is 53 kilometres ( 33 mi ) long and , north to south , 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) wide : its area is 237.59 square kilometres ( 91.73 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cheese', 'summary': "Cheese is a dairy product derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors , textures , and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein . It comprises proteins and fat from milk , usually the milk of cows , buffalo , goats , or sheep . During production , the milk is usually acidified , and adding the enzyme rennet causes coagulation . The solids are separated and pressed into final form . Some cheeses have molds on the rind , the outer layer , or throughout . Most cheeses melt at cooking temperature . Over a thousand types of cheese exist and are currently produced in various countries . Their styles , textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk ( including the animal 's diet ) , whether they have been pasteurized , the butterfat content , the bacteria and mold , the processing , and how long they have been aged for . Herbs , spices , or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents . The yellow to red color of many cheeses is produced by adding annatto . Other ingredients may be added to some cheeses , such as black pepper , garlic , chives or cranberries . A cheesemonger , or specialist seller of cheeses , may have expertise with selecting the cheeses , purchasing , receiving , storing and ripening them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pasteurisation', 'summary': 'Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which water and certain packaged and non-packaged foods ( such as milk and fruit juice ) are treated with mild heat , usually to less than 100 °C ( 212 °F ) , to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life . The process is intended to destroy or deactivate organisms and enzymes that contribute to spoilage or risk of disease , including vegetative bacteria , but not bacterial spores . Since pasteurization is not sterilization , and does not kill spores , a second double pasteurization will extend the quality by killing spores that have germinated . The process was named after the French microbiologist , Louis Pasteur , whose research in the 1880s demonstrated that thermal processing would inactivate unwanted microorganisms in wine . Spoilage enzymes are also inactivated during pasteurization . Today , pasteurization is used widely in the dairy industry and other food processing industries to achieve food preservation and food safety . Most liquid products are heat treated in a continuous system where heat can be applied using a plate heat exchanger and/or the direct or indirect use of hot water and steam . Due to the mild heat , there are minor changes to the nutritional quality and sensory characteristics of the treated foods . Pascalization or high pressure processing ( HPP ) and pulsed electric field ( PEF ) are non-thermal processes that are also used to pasteurize foods .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Cow's_milk", 'summary': "Milk is a nutrient-rich , white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals ( including humans who are breastfed ) before they are able to digest other types of food . Early-lactation milk contains colostrum , which carries the mother 's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases . It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose . Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon , particularly among humans , many of whom consume the milk of other mammals . As an agricultural product , milk , also called dairy milk , is extracted from farm animals during or soon after pregnancy . Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011 , from 260 million dairy cows . India is the world 's largest producer of milk , and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder , yet it exports few other milk products . The ever-increasing rise in domestic demand for dairy products and a large demand-supply gap could lead to India being a net importer of dairy products in the future . New Zealand , Germany and the Netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products . China and Russia were the world 's largest importers of milk and milk products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient , contributing to a worldwide glut of milk . Throughout the world , more than six billion people consume milk and milk products ."}]}, {'value': 'Serra da Estrela ( PDO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serra_da_Estrela_cheese', 'summary': 'Serra da Estrela cheese ( Queijo Serra da Estrela ) is a cheese made in mountainous region of Serra da Estrela in Portugal , which has been granted PDO status in the European Union . The region where the Serra da Estrela cheese can be manufactured is limited to an area of 3,143.16 km2 ( 1,213.58 sq mi ) , which comprises the municipalities of Celorico da Beira , Fornos de Algodres , Gouveia , Mangualde , Manteigas , Nelas , Oliveira do Hospital , Penalva do Castelo , Carregal do Sal and Seia .'}]}, {'value': 'Serra da Estrela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serra_da_Estrela', 'summary': "Serra da Estrela ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɛʁɐ ðɐ ( ɨ ) ʃˈtɾelɐ ] , Star Mountain Range ) is the highest mountain range in Continental Portugal . Together with the Serra da Lousã it is the westernmost constituent range of the Sistema Central and also one of the highest in the system . It includes mainland Portugal 's highest point at 1,993 metres ( 6,539 feet ) above mean sea level ( although the summit of Mount Pico in the Portuguese Azores islands is higher ) . This point is not a distinctive mountain summit , but rather the highest point in a plateau , being known as Torre ( Tower in English ) . Torre is an unusual summit in that it is accessible by a paved road . The peak has a topographic prominence of 1,204 m ( 3,950 ft ) and its parent peak is Pico Almanzor , in Spain . The mountain range , situated between the municipalities of Seia , Manteigas , Gouveia , Guarda and Covilhã , is about 100 kilometres ( 60 miles ) long and is 30 km ( 19 mi ) across at its widest point . It is formed from a huge granite ridge that once formed the southern frontier of the country ."}]}, {'value': "Produced in a mountainous region this cheeses is made from sheep 's milk , mostly during the months of November to March . The texture of the paste varies depending on its age , from a very soft semi-liquid when young , to a soft but sliceable solid when older . It is a cured cheese created by artisanal producers with a white or slightly yellow color and a uniform creamy consistency with at most a few small holes in it", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sheep's_milk", 'summary': "Sheep 's milk ( or ewes ' milk ) is the milk of domestic sheep . It is commonly used to make cultured dairy products such as cheese . Some of the most popular sheep cheeses include feta ( Greece ) , ricotta ( Italy ) , and Roquefort ( France ) . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Artisan_cheese', 'summary': "Artisanal cheese refers to cheeses produced by hand using the traditional craftsmanship of skilled cheesemakers . As a result , the cheeses are often more complex in taste and variety . Many are aged and ripened to achieve certain aesthetics . This contrasts with the more mild flavors of mass-produced cheeses produced in large scale operations , often shipped and sold right away . Part of the artisanal cheese making process is aging and ripening of the cheeses to develop flavor and textural characteristics . One type of artisanal cheese is known as farmstead cheese , made traditionally with milk from the producer 's own herds of cows , sheep , and goats . Artisan cheeses may be made by mixing milk from multiple farms , whereas the more strict definition of farmstead cheese ( or farmhouse cheese ) requires that milk come only from one farm ."}]}, {'value': 'Requeijão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Requeijão', 'summary': 'Requeijão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁekejˈʒɐ̃w ] ) is a milk-derived product , produced in Portugal and Brazil . It is sometimes called requesón ( the Spanish word for ricotta ) in English-speaking countries . It is a loose , ricotta-like cheese used to make cheese spreads . A mild , unsalty ricotta can be substituted . This variety is most often sold in the markets wrapped in fresh corn husks . In El Salvador , cheeses such as requesón can sometimes be transported wrapped in banana leaves instead of corn husks .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A milk-derived product produced in Portugal and Brazil , it is sometimes called requesón ( the Spanish word for ricotta ) in English-speaking countries . It is a loose , ricotta -like cheese used to make cheese spreads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricotta', 'summary': 'Ricotta ( pronounced [ riˈkɔtta ] in Italian ) is an Italian whey cheese made from sheep , cow , goat , or Italian water buffalo milk whey left over from the production of other cheeses . Like other whey cheeses , it is made by coagulating the proteins that remain after the casein has been used to make cheese , notably albumin and globulin . Ricotta ( literally meaning recooked ) protein can be harvested if the whey is first allowed to become more acidic by additional fermentation ( by letting it sit for 12-24 hours at room temperature ) . Then the acidified whey is heated to near boiling . The combination of low pH and high temperature denatures the protein and causes it to precipitate , forming a fine curd . Once cooled , it is separated by passing the liquid through a fine cloth , leaving the curd behind . Ricotta curds are creamy white in appearance , and slightly sweet in taste . The fat content changes depending on the brand and the type of milk used . In this form , it is somewhat similar in texture to some cottage cheese variants , though considerably lighter . It is highly perishable . However , ricotta also is made in aged varieties which are preservable for much longer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricotta', 'summary': 'Ricotta ( pronounced [ riˈkɔtta ] in Italian ) is an Italian whey cheese made from sheep , cow , goat , or Italian water buffalo milk whey left over from the production of other cheeses . Like other whey cheeses , it is made by coagulating the proteins that remain after the casein has been used to make cheese , notably albumin and globulin . Ricotta ( literally meaning recooked ) protein can be harvested if the whey is first allowed to become more acidic by additional fermentation ( by letting it sit for 12-24 hours at room temperature ) . Then the acidified whey is heated to near boiling . The combination of low pH and high temperature denatures the protein and causes it to precipitate , forming a fine curd . Once cooled , it is separated by passing the liquid through a fine cloth , leaving the curd behind . Ricotta curds are creamy white in appearance , and slightly sweet in taste . The fat content changes depending on the brand and the type of milk used . In this form , it is somewhat similar in texture to some cottage cheese variants , though considerably lighter . It is highly perishable . However , ricotta also is made in aged varieties which are preservable for much longer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cheese', 'summary': "Cheese is a dairy product derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors , textures , and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein . It comprises proteins and fat from milk , usually the milk of cows , buffalo , goats , or sheep . During production , the milk is usually acidified , and adding the enzyme rennet causes coagulation . The solids are separated and pressed into final form . Some cheeses have molds on the rind , the outer layer , or throughout . Most cheeses melt at cooking temperature . Over a thousand types of cheese exist and are currently produced in various countries . Their styles , textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk ( including the animal 's diet ) , whether they have been pasteurized , the butterfat content , the bacteria and mold , the processing , and how long they have been aged for . Herbs , spices , or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents . The yellow to red color of many cheeses is produced by adding annatto . Other ingredients may be added to some cheeses , such as black pepper , garlic , chives or cranberries . A cheesemonger , or specialist seller of cheeses , may have expertise with selecting the cheeses , purchasing , receiving , storing and ripening them ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Europe -- Portugal', 'section_text': 'See also : Portuguese cuisine and List of Portuguese cheeses with protected status', 'uid': 'List_of_cheeses_39', 'intro': "This is a list of cheeses by place of origin. Cheese is a milk-based food that is produced in wide-ranging flavors, textures, and forms. Hundreds of types of cheese from various countries are produced. Their styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether they have been pasteurized, the butterfat content, the bacteria and mold, the processing, and aging. Herbs, spices, or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents. The yellow to red color of many cheeses, such as Red Leicester, is normally formed from adding annatto. While most current varieties of cheese may be traced to a particular locale, or culture, within a single country, some have a more diffuse origin, and cannot be considered to have originated in a particular place, but are associated with a whole region, such as queso blanco in Latin America. Cheese is an ancient food whose origins predate recorded history. There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheesemaking originated, either in Europe, Central Asia or the Middle East, but the practice had spread within Europe prior to Roman times and, according to Pliny the Elder, had become a sophisticated enterprise by the time the Roman Empire came into existence. In this list, types of cheeses are included; brand names are only included if they apply to a distinct variety of cheese."} | null | null | The cheese that is created from raw milk , which is coagulated , then curdled using an infusion of thistle is from what Region ? | Alto Alentejo |
0694521db8293421 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenechi Udeze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenechi_Udeze', 'summary': 'Kenechi Nduka Udeze ( /kəˈnɛtʃi uːˈdɛzeɪ/ ; born March 5 , 1983 ) is the linebackers coach for the Vanderbilt Commodoroes . He was a defensive end in the National Football League ( NFL ) for four seasons during the early 2000s . He played college football for the University of Southern California ( USC ) , and earned consensus All-American honors . The Minnesota Vikings picked Udeze in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft . He was forced to retire in 2008 after he was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_football', 'summary': 'The USC Trojans football program represent University of Southern California in the sport of American football . The Trojans compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the South Division of the Pac-12 Conference'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dontarrious Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dontarrious_Thomas', 'summary': 'Dontarrious Dewayne Thomas ( born September 2 , 1980 ) is a former American football linebacker who last played for the Sacramento Mountain Lions of the United Football League . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft . He played college football at Auburn . Thomas was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers , California Redwoods , and San Diego Chargers .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football', 'summary': "The Auburn Tigers football program represents Auburn University in the sport of American college football . Auburn competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Auburn officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1892 . The Tigers joined the Southeastern Conference in 1932 as one of the inaugural members of the conference and the Tigers began competing in the West Division when the conference divided in 1992 . Auburn has achieved twelve undefeated seasons , won twelve conference championships , along with eight divisional championships . The Tigers have made 43 post season bowl appearances , including twelve historically major bowl berths . The Tigers have the 13th most wins in FBS history with over 700 victories and have finished ranked in the top 25 of either the AP or Coaches ' polls 37 times , including finishing in the top ten 18 times ( ranked 12th nationally for top ten finishes ) . The Tigers have produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterback Pat Sullivan in 1971 , running back Bo Jackson in 1985 , and quarterback Cam Newton in 2010 . Auburn has also produced twenty-nine consensus All-American players . The College Football Hall of Fame has inducted a total of 12 individuals from Auburn , including eight student-athletes and four head coaches : John Heisman , Mike Donahue , Ralph Jordan , and Pat Dye . Jordan , who coached from 1951 to 1975 , led Auburn to its first national championship and won a total of 176 games , the most by any Auburn coach . Auburn 's home stadium is Jordan-Hare Stadium , which opened in 1939 and becomes Alabama 's fifth largest city on gamedays with a capacity of 87,451 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darrion Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrion_Scott', 'summary': 'Darrion Scott ( born October 25 , 1981 ) is a former American football defensive end . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 2004 NFL Draft . He played college football at Ohio State University . Scott has also played for the Florida Tuskers and Washington Redskins .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football', 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes football team competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , representing Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus , Ohio since 1922 . The Buckeyes are recognized by the university and NCAA as having won eight national championships along with 40 conference championships ( including 38 Big Ten titles ) , eight division championships , 10 undefeated seasons , and six perfect seasons ( no losses or ties ) . As of 2017 , the football program is valued at $ 1.5 billion , the highest valuation of any such program in the country . The first Ohio State game was a 20-14 victory over Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware , Ohio , on May 3 , 1890 . The team was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference ( OAC ) as a charter member in 1902 . The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State won their first national championship in 1942 under head coach Paul Brown . Following World War II , Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 hired Woody Hayes to coach the team . Under Hayes , Ohio State won over 200 games , 13 Big Ten championships and five national championships ( 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , and 1970 ) , and had four Rose Bowl wins in eight appearances . Following Hayes ' dismissal in 1978 , Earle Bruce and later John Cooper coached the team to a combined seven conference championships between them . Jim Tressel was hired as head coach in 2001 and led Ohio State to its seventh national championship in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '115', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nat Dorsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nat_Dorsey', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Willie Dorsey , III ( born September 9 , 1983 ) , is a former American football offensive tackle . He was originally drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL Draft . He played college football at Georgia Tech .'}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in the sport of American football . The Yellow Jackets team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Georgia Tech has fielded a football team since 1892 and , as of 2017 , has an all-time record of 735-502-43 ( a .591 winning percentage ) . The Yellow Jackets play in Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field in Atlanta , which has a capacity of 55,000 . One of the most successful college football programs over a long history , the Yellow Jackets have won four national championships across four different decades ( 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 ) as well as sixteen conference titles . Among the team 's former coaches are John Heisman , for whom the Heisman Trophy is named , and Bobby Dodd , for whom the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award and the school 's stadium are named . Heisman led the team to the most lopsided game in football history , 222-0 , and both Heisman and Dodd led Tech 's football team to national championships . Dodd also led the Jackets on their longest winning streak - 8 straight games - against the University of Georgia in Tech 's most time-endured rivalry , called Clean , Old-Fashioned Hate . For his part , Heisman led Georgia Tech to an undefeated 12-0-1 record in the Georgia Tech-Clemson football rivalry and what made it sting even more was that Heisman had previously coached Clemson . A number of successful collegiate and professional football players have also played for Tech . The program has 48 first-team All-Americans and over 150 alumni who have played in the NFL . Among the most lauded and most notable players the school has produced are Maxie Baughan , Calvin Johnson , Demaryius Thomas , Keith Brooking , Joe Hamilton , Joe Guyon , Pat Swilling and Billy Shaw ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mewelde Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mewelde_Moore', 'summary': 'Mewelde Jaem Cadere Moore ( born July 24 , 1982 ) is a former American football running back . He was originally drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL Draft . Moore also played with the Pittsburgh Steelers , winning a Super Bowl ring over the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII . He played college football at Tulane , just down the road from his hometown of Baton Rouge , LA where he was a standout performer at Belaire High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulane_Green_Wave_football', 'summary': 'The Tulane Green Wave football team represents Tulane University in the sport of American football . The Green Wave compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as a member of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . The football team is coached by Willie Fritz , and plays its home games in Yulman Stadium on its campus in Uptown New Orleans .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '155', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rod Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rod_Davis_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Rod Davis ( born April 2 , 1981 ) is a professional gridiron football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He was selected in the fifth round of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings . He played college football for the Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles . Davis has played for the Carolina Panthers , Philadelphia Soul , Edmonton Eskimos , Montreal Alouettes , and Calgary Stampeders .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Miss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles', 'summary': "The Southern Miss Golden Eagles and Lady Eagles ( also known as Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles and Lady Eagles ) are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent the University of Southern Mississippi ( USM ) , located in Hattiesburg , Mississippi . The Golden Eagles ( Lady Eagles for women 's basketball ) compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level mainly as a member of Conference USA ( C-USA ) . USM 's newest sport of women 's beach volleyball , a sport not sponsored by C-USA , was added in the 2018-19 school year and competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association . The school 's earliest nickname was Tigers . Thereafter came such nicknames as Normalites ( from Mississippi Normal College , the early name of the university ) , Yellow Jackets , Confederates , and Southerners . Golden Eagles was selected in a student/alumni vote in the early 1972 . Seymour d'Campus is the name of the modern-day mascot eagle . Southern Miss has a long history in the NCAA , and its intercollegiate sports teams operate under the auspices of the university 's Department of Intercollegiate Athletics sponsors . Bowl games , conference championships , and All-American athletes have all been frequent occurrences at Southern Miss . Among notable alumni are former NFL quarterback Brett Favre and former NFL punter Ray Guy ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '184', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Deandre ' Eiland", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Deandre'_Eiland", 'summary': "Deandre ' Eiland ( born June 4 , 1982 ) is a former American football player ."}]}, {'value': 'Safety', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks football program represents the University of South Carolina in the sport of American football . The Gamecocks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference . Will Muschamp currently serves as the team 's head coach . They play their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . USC 's SEC tenure has been highlighted by an SEC East title in 2010 , Final Top-25 rankings in 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ( AP No . 19 , No . 13 , No . 22 , No . 9 , No . 8 and No . 4 ) , and six wins over Top-5 SEC opponents , ( No ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Dugan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Dugan', 'summary': 'Jeffery Stephen Dugan ( born April 8 , 1981 ) is a retired American football tight end and fullback . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in seventh round of 2004 NFL Draft . He played college football for the University of Maryland . Before college Dugan attended Central Catholic High School , where NFL quarterbacks Dan Marino and Marc Bulger attended .'}]}, {'value': 'Tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_football', 'summary': "The Maryland Terrapins football team represents the University of Maryland , College Park in the sport of American football . The Terrapins compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Big Ten Conference . The Terrapins joined the Big Ten Conference on July 1 , 2014 , following 62 years in the Atlantic Coast Conference as a founding member . Mike Locksley is the head coach . Since 1950 , the Terrapins have played their home games at Maryland Stadium in College Park , Maryland with occasional home games from time to time in Baltimore , making them one of two FBS football teams in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area ( Navy Midshipmen ) and the closest Football Bowl Subdivision team to Washington , D.C . The team 's official colors of red , white , black , and gold have been in use in some combination since the 1920s and are taken from Maryland 's state flag , and the Terrapins nickname - often abbreviated as Terps - was adopted in 1933 after a turtle species native to the state . Maryland shares storied rivalries with Virginia and West Virginia . The program 's achievements have included one national championship , nine ACC championships , two Southern Conference championships , eleven consensus All-Americans , several Hall of Fame inductees , and twenty-four bowl game appearances . Maryland possesses the third-most ACC championships with nine , which places them behind Clemson and Florida State with 15 each . Many former Terrapins players and coaches have gone on to careers in professional football including 16 first-round NFL Draft picks ."}]}], 'section_title': '2004 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_43', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'} | null | null | What is the full name of the player from USC ? | Kenechi Nduka Udeze |
06975c7a7fd0ae44 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Calumet_County,_Wisconsin', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Calumet County, Wisconsin', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aebischer Site ( 47CT30 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 10 , 1985 ( # 85003136 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chilton,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Chilton is a city in and county seat of Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The population was 3,933 at the 2010 census . The city is located partially within the Town of Chilton .'}]}, {'value': 'Four archaeological sites ranging from 9000 BC to 1900 AD , located within the Killsnake Wildlife Area , including a Paleo-Indian site which has produced Clovis -like fluted points', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killsnake_River', 'summary': 'The Killsnake River is a 19.7-mile-long ( 31.7 km ) river in eastern Wisconsin in the United States . It is a tributary of the South Branch of the Manitowoc River , which flows to Lake Michigan . The river flows for its entire course in central Calumet County . It rises about 3 miles ( 5 km ) east of Lake Winnebago and flows generally east-southeastwardly ; it joins the South Branch of the Manitowoc River about 6 miles ( 10 km ) east of Chilton in the Killsnake Wildlife Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paleo-Indian', 'summary': 'Paleo-Indians , Paleoindians or Paleoamericans , were the first peoples who entered , and subsequently inhabited , the Americas during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period . The prefix paleo- comes from the Greek adjective palaios ( παλαιός ) , meaning old or ancient . The term Paleo-Indians applies specifically to the lithic period in the Western Hemisphere and is distinct from the term Paleolithic . Traditional theories suggest that big-animal hunters crossed the Bering Strait from North Asia into the Americas over a land-and-ice bridge ( Beringia ) . This bridge existed from 45,000 to 12,000 BCE ( 47,000-14,000 BP ) . Small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska . From c. 16,500 - c. 13,500 BCE ( c. 18,500 - c. 15,500 BP ) , ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America . This allowed animals , followed by humans , to migrate south into the interior of the continent . The people went on foot or used primitive boats along the coastline . The precise dates and routes of the peopling of the New World remain subjects of ongoing debate . At least two morphologically different Paleo-Indian populations were coexisting in different geographical areas of Mexico 10,000 years ago . Stone tools , particularly projectile points and scrapers , are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clovis_point', 'summary': 'Clovis points are the characteristically-fluted projectile points associated with the New World Clovis culture . They are present in dense concentrations across much of North America ; in South America , they are largely restricted to the north of that continent . Clovis points date to the Early Paleoindian period roughly 13,500 to 12,800 calendar years ago . Clovis fluted points are named after the city of Clovis , New Mexico , where examples were first found in 1929 by Ridgely Whiteman . A typical Clovis point is a medium to large lanceolate point . Sides are parallel to convex , and exhibit careful pressure flaking along the blade edge . The broadest area is near the midsection or toward the base . The base is distinctly concave with a characteristic flute or channel flake removed from one or , more commonly , both surfaces of the blade . The lower edges of the blade and base are ground to dull edges for hafting . Clovis points also tend to be thicker than the typically thin later-stage Folsom points . with length ranging from 4 to 20 centimetres ( 1.6 to 7.9 in ) and width from 2.5 to 5 centimetres ( 0.98 to 1.97 in ) . Whether the points were knife blades or spear points is an open question .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calumet County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calumet_County_Courthouse', 'summary': 'The Calumet County Courthouse , built in 1913 , is an historic copper-domed county courthouse building located at 206 Court St in Chilton , Wisconsin . Designed by B. Mehner in the Classical Revival style , it was built of red brick . In 1978 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . It is a three-story building with a low center dome . It has a concrete-block ground story and two red brick stories . Inside , it had a three-story rotunda but that was reduced in the 1960s . It was designed by architect Baldwin Mehner of Dorchester , Wisconsin , who soon after designed the Taylor County Courthouse ( 1913 , which was NRHP-listed in 1980 ) . The two courthouses have only minor differences .'}]}, {'value': 'March 9 , 1982 ( # 82000640 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '206 Court St. 44°01′48″N 88°10′06″W / 44.03°N 88.168333°W / 44.03 ; -88.168333 ( Calumet County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chilton,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Chilton is a city in and county seat of Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The population was 3,933 at the 2010 census . The city is located partially within the Town of Chilton .'}]}, {'value': 'Neoclassical courthouse with center dome , built in 1913 and designed by B. Mehner , who designed the similar Taylor County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taylor_County_Courthouse_(Wisconsin)', 'summary': 'The current Taylor County Courthouse , built in 1914 , is a Neoclassical-styled three-story building with a metal-clad dome , located in Medford , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . It was preceded by a courthouse built in 1876 on the same site .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calumet County Park Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calumet_County_Park_Group', 'summary': 'Calumet County Park Group is an archaeological site in Calumet County , Wisconsin , United States . It consists of six effigy mounds of panthers and other water spirits and it is located at the top of the Niagara Escarpment where overlook Lake Winnebago . The group is located within the Calumet County Park approximately 2 miles northwest of Stockbridge . The mounds are consistent with other mound groups found at the peak of the Niagara Escarpment along the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago , including the High Cliff Mounds . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1997 ( # 97001551 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N6150 CTH EE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilbert,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Hilbert is a village in Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The population was 1,132 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Six effigy mounds of panthers or water spirits , on the escarpment overlooking Lake Winnebago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Effigy_mound', 'summary': 'An effigy mound is a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal , symbol , human , or other figure and generally containing one or more human burials . Effigy mounds were primarily built during the Late Woodland Period ( 350-1300 CE ) . Conical and linear mounds , the predecessors of effigy mounds may date from as far back as 700 BCE . They remain places First Peoples frequent to visit and speak with ancestors , to put down tobacco and to give thanks . These sites are primarily visited by Hochungra ( pl . of Hochunk ) people whose ancestors likely built the great majority of them , though they are also visited by people from other original indigenous nations such as Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe ) , Kikapu , Oneida , Menominii who reside in Wisconsin and surrounding areas . There also remains the possibility that a greater diversity of First Peoples such as ancestors of those named nations may have contributed to building some percentage of the mounds . That is to say that ancestral Hochunk likely popularized the form and other groups may have adopted the practice of building effigy mounds from having observed the Hochunk ancestors methods and aesthetics surrounding their construction . Scholars believe that effigy mounds were built primarily for spiritual purposes , although most also fulfilled a burial mound function . According to 2011 ground-penetrating radar and magnetometry studies surveying 586 mounds at 128 sites , 65% of linear mounds in Wisconsin contain evidence of burials , 89% of conical mounds contain evidence of burials , and 87% of effigy ( animal and other abstract shaped ) mounds contain persistent evidence of burials . Older conical mound construction evolves into effigy mound construction over time . Given the expected rates of decay regarding burial evidence ( some conical mounds being as old as 2700 years ) it is reasonable to project that all mounds in the conical-to-effigy mound spectrum , are burial or funerary earthworks .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chilton Post Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chilton_Post_Office', 'summary': 'The Chilton Post Office is a historic post office located at 57 E. Main St. in Chilton , Wisconsin , United States . The post office was built in 1938 and designed in the Georgian Revival style . The red brick building has a metal hip roof in the front and a flat roof in the back . The front entrance has a pair of bronze aluminum doors with white trim topped by a metal eagle . A Works Progress Administration mural by Charles Winstanley Thwaites , titled Threshing Barley , is painted on a wall in the lobby . The post office was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 24 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 24 , 2000 ( # 00001249 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57 E. Main St. 44°01′45″N 88°09′41″W / 44.029167°N 88.161389°W / 44.029167 ; -88.161389 ( Chilton Post Office )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chilton,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Chilton is a city in and county seat of Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The population was 3,933 at the 2010 census . The city is located partially within the Town of Chilton .'}]}, {'value': 'Red-brick Georgian Revival building built by the Public Works Administration in 1938 , containing a 1940 mural by Charles W. Thwaites : Threshing Barley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgian_architecture', 'summary': 'Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830 . It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover - George I , George II , George III , and George IV - who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830 . The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture ; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture . In the United States the term Georgian is generally used to describe all buildings from the period , regardless of style ; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are architectural in intention , and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period , though that covers a wide range . The Georgian style is highly variable , but marked by symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome , as revived in Renaissance architecture . Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition , but typically restrained , and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior . The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before , replacing English vernacular architecture ( or becoming the new vernacular style ) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period . Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance ; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube . Regularity , as with ashlar ( uniformly cut ) stonework , was strongly approved , imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules : the lack of symmetry , where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible , was deeply felt as a flaw , at least before John Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles . Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning . Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century , Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_Works_Administration', 'summary': 'Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , part of the New Deal of 1933 , was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes . It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression . It built large-scale public works such as dams , bridges , hospitals , and schools . Its goals were to spend $ 3.3 billion in the first year , and $ 6 billion in all , to provide employment , stabilize purchasing power , and help revive the economy . Most of the spending came in two waves in 1933-35 , and again in 1938 . Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works , it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944 . The PWA spent over $ 7 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work . It created an infrastructure that generated national and local pride in the 1930s and remains vital eight decades later . The PWA was much less controversial than its rival agency with a confusingly similar name , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by Harry Hopkins , which focused on smaller projects and hired unemployed unskilled workers .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haese Memorial Village Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haese_Memorial_Village_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Haese Memorial Village Historic District is located in Forest Junction , Wisconsin .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2 , 1982 ( # 82000641 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milwaukee and Randolph Sts 44°12′28″N 88°08′32″W / 44.207778°N 88.142222°W / 44.207778 ; -88.142222 ( Haese Memorial Village Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forest Junction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forest_Junction,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Forest Junction is an unincorporated census-designated place in the town of Brillion , Calumet County , Wisconsin , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 616 . The community has its own water tower and utilities . Its ZIP code is 54123 .'}]}, {'value': 'Remnant business district of a town that formed where two railroads crossed , then withered as logging faded , as the automobile replaced the train , and as Appleton grew . Structures include the 1884 Haese General Store ( pictured ) , the 1908 Hunt hardware store , a summer kitchen , and the 1908 Haese gas station', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High Cliff Mounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Cliff_State_Park', 'summary': 'High Cliff State Park is a 1,187-acre ( 480 ha ) Wisconsin state park near Sherwood , Wisconsin . It is the only state-owned recreation area located on Lake Winnebago . The park got its name from cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment , a land formation east of the shore of Lake Winnebago that stretches north through northeast Wisconsin , Upper Michigan , and Ontario to Niagara Falls and New York State . A new Master Plan for the park created in 2013 aims to nearly double the size of the park , to add new amenities , and expand conservation efforts .'}]}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1997 ( # 96001629 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherwood,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Sherwood is a village in Calumet County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 2,713 at the 2010 census . The former historical unincorporated community of High Cliff is located within present-day Sherwood .'}]}, {'value': 'Effigy mound group on the escarpment at High Cliff State Park , including panther mounds , conical and linear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Effigy_mound', 'summary': 'An effigy mound is a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal , symbol , human , or other figure and generally containing one or more human burials . Effigy mounds were primarily built during the Late Woodland Period ( 350-1300 CE ) . Conical and linear mounds , the predecessors of effigy mounds may date from as far back as 700 BCE . They remain places First Peoples frequent to visit and speak with ancestors , to put down tobacco and to give thanks . These sites are primarily visited by Hochungra ( pl . of Hochunk ) people whose ancestors likely built the great majority of them , though they are also visited by people from other original indigenous nations such as Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe ) , Kikapu , Oneida , Menominii who reside in Wisconsin and surrounding areas . There also remains the possibility that a greater diversity of First Peoples such as ancestors of those named nations may have contributed to building some percentage of the mounds . That is to say that ancestral Hochunk likely popularized the form and other groups may have adopted the practice of building effigy mounds from having observed the Hochunk ancestors methods and aesthetics surrounding their construction . Scholars believe that effigy mounds were built primarily for spiritual purposes , although most also fulfilled a burial mound function . According to 2011 ground-penetrating radar and magnetometry studies surveying 586 mounds at 128 sites , 65% of linear mounds in Wisconsin contain evidence of burials , 89% of conical mounds contain evidence of burials , and 87% of effigy ( animal and other abstract shaped ) mounds contain persistent evidence of burials . Older conical mound construction evolves into effigy mound construction over time . Given the expected rates of decay regarding burial evidence ( some conical mounds being as old as 2700 years ) it is reasonable to project that all mounds in the conical-to-effigy mound spectrum , are burial or funerary earthworks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Cliff_State_Park', 'summary': 'High Cliff State Park is a 1,187-acre ( 480 ha ) Wisconsin state park near Sherwood , Wisconsin . It is the only state-owned recreation area located on Lake Winnebago . The park got its name from cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment , a land formation east of the shore of Lake Winnebago that stretches north through northeast Wisconsin , Upper Michigan , and Ontario to Niagara Falls and New York State . A new Master Plan for the park created in 2013 aims to nearly double the size of the park , to add new amenities , and expand conservation efforts .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ridge Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1978 ( # 78000079 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brothertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brothertown,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Brothertown is a town in Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The population was 1,329 at the 2010 census . The unincorporated communities of Brothertown , Charlesburg , Eckers Lakeland , Jericho , and Maple Heights are located in the town . The unincorporated community of Calumetville is also located partially in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Collection of mounds , enclosures & burial grounds built by Woodland people', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodland_period', 'summary': 'In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America , the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America , with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period , from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period . The term Woodland Period was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures . The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region , the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . This period is variously considered a developmental stage , a time period , a suite of technological adaptations or traits , and a family tree of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures . It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools , leather crafting , textile manufacture , cultivation , and shelter construction . Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period , when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however , Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ) , and the diversification of pottery forms , decorations , and manufacturing practices . The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation , also meant that groups became less mobile over time and , in some times and places , people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities . Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from c. 1000-1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact , around 500 years ago .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockbridge Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calumet_County_Parks', 'summary': "Calumet County , Wisconsin maintains three county parks Calumet County Park , Becker 's Lake Park and Ledge View Nature Center and Brothertown and Stockbridge harbors . The Stockbridge harbor is on the List of Registered Historic Places in Wisconsin . Calumet County Park is under the Calumet County Park Group , an archeological site listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Ledge View Nature Center has a nature center which explains the geology of the area ."}]}, {'value': 'September 3 , 1998 ( # 98001089 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockbridge,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Stockbridge is a village in Calumet County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 636 at the 2010 census . The village lies within the Town of Stockbridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Site of a palisaded village , possibly built around 1100 CE by a mix of effigy mound and Late Woodland people', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palisade', 'summary': 'A palisade , sometimes called a stakewall or a paling , is typically a fence or defensive wall made from iron or wooden stakes , or tree trunks and used as a defensive structure or enclosure . Palisades can form a stockade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Effigy_mound', 'summary': 'An effigy mound is a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal , symbol , human , or other figure and generally containing one or more human burials . Effigy mounds were primarily built during the Late Woodland Period ( 350-1300 CE ) . Conical and linear mounds , the predecessors of effigy mounds may date from as far back as 700 BCE . They remain places First Peoples frequent to visit and speak with ancestors , to put down tobacco and to give thanks . These sites are primarily visited by Hochungra ( pl . of Hochunk ) people whose ancestors likely built the great majority of them , though they are also visited by people from other original indigenous nations such as Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe ) , Kikapu , Oneida , Menominii who reside in Wisconsin and surrounding areas . There also remains the possibility that a greater diversity of First Peoples such as ancestors of those named nations may have contributed to building some percentage of the mounds . That is to say that ancestral Hochunk likely popularized the form and other groups may have adopted the practice of building effigy mounds from having observed the Hochunk ancestors methods and aesthetics surrounding their construction . Scholars believe that effigy mounds were built primarily for spiritual purposes , although most also fulfilled a burial mound function . According to 2011 ground-penetrating radar and magnetometry studies surveying 586 mounds at 128 sites , 65% of linear mounds in Wisconsin contain evidence of burials , 89% of conical mounds contain evidence of burials , and 87% of effigy ( animal and other abstract shaped ) mounds contain persistent evidence of burials . Older conical mound construction evolves into effigy mound construction over time . Given the expected rates of decay regarding burial evidence ( some conical mounds being as old as 2700 years ) it is reasonable to project that all mounds in the conical-to-effigy mound spectrum , are burial or funerary earthworks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodland_period', 'summary': 'In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America , the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America , with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period , from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period . The term Woodland Period was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures . The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region , the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . This period is variously considered a developmental stage , a time period , a suite of technological adaptations or traits , and a family tree of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures . It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools , leather crafting , textile manufacture , cultivation , and shelter construction . Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period , when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however , Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ) , and the diversification of pottery forms , decorations , and manufacturing practices . The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation , also meant that groups became less mobile over time and , in some times and places , people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities . Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from c. 1000-1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact , around 500 years ago .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockbridge Indian Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockbridge_Indian_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Stockbridge Indian Cemetery is a cemetery north of Stockbridge , Wisconsin . It is located on Moore Road just west of Wisconsin Highway 55 . The cemetery was established in 1834 after the Stockbridge Indians moved to the community . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . The Stockbridge initially lived in New York and Massachusetts , but were forced by the federal government to come to Wisconsin . They were largely Christianized farmers and the Indian Commissioners hoped that this acculturation would rub off on the neighboring Indians here . Chief John Metoxin , whose stone is in the cemetery , led them through this movement . But here again white farmers wanted their land , and in the 1840s the government pushed them to dissolve the tribe or sell their land and move west . After debate within the tribe , they decided to stay together . John Quinney ( who is also buried in the cemetery ) traveled to Washington repeatedly , arguing for the Stockbridge , and finally obtained the right for them to stay in Wisconsin . Many of them moved to Shawano County , and their descendants live in the Stockbridge-Munsee Community there . The cemetery is all that remains of the community at Stockbridge .'}]}, {'value': 'October 22 , 1980 ( # 80000111 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N of Stockbridge off WI 55 44°04′56″N 88°18′03″W / 44.082222°N 88.300833°W / 44.082222 ; -88.300833 ( Stockbridge Indian Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockbridge,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Stockbridge is a village in Calumet County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 636 at the 2010 census . The village lies within the Town of Stockbridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Small burial ground of a farming community of Stockbridge Indians from around the 1820s to 1856 , since moved to Shawano County . Burials include John Quinney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockbridge_Indians', 'summary': 'The Stockbridge-Munsee Community also known as the Mohican Nation Stockbridge-Munsee Band is a federally recognized Native American tribe formed in the late eighteenth century from communities of so-called praying Indians ( or Moravian Indians ) , descended from Christianized members of two distinct peoples : Mohicans from the praying town of Stockbridge , Massachusetts , and Munsees . Their land-base , the Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation , is 22,000 acres located at 44°53′55″N 88°51′42″W / 44.89861°N 88.86167°W / 44.89861 ; -88.86167 in Shawano County , Wisconsin . It encompasses the towns of Bartelme and Red Springs . Among their enterprises is the North Star Mohican Resort and Casino . In settlement of a large land claim in New York , where the tribe had occupied land in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , in 2010 the state of New York agreed to give the tribe 330 acres in Sullivan County in the Catskills and two acres in Madison County ( their former territory ) . This was in exchange for dropping their larger claim for 23,000 acres of land in Madison ( near the city of Syracuse ) , which they had occupied in the early 19th century . The state granted the tribe the right to develop the Catskills property as a gaming casino . The deal is controversial and opposed by numerous interests , including other federally recognized tribes in New York . The tribe dropped their bid for a gaming casino in New York in June 2014 , given a high level of competition from other developers for sites in Orange County , which is closer to the metropolitan market . Another land claim was dismissed by the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals in June 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawano_County', 'summary': 'Shawano County ( originally Shawanaw County ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . As of the 2010 census , the population was 41,949 . Its county seat is Shawano . Shawano County is included in the Shawano , WI Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Green Bay-Shawano , WI Combined Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Wannuaucon_Quinney', 'summary': 'John Wannuaucon Quinney ( 1797 - July 21 , 1855 ) was a Mahican ( also Stockbridge ) diplomat , and was nicknamed The Dish .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herman C. Timm House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herman_C._Timm_House', 'summary': 'The Herman C. Timm House is a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in New Holstein , Wisconsin , United States . The house is a significant example of Stick style architecture , a rather rare predecessor of Queen Anne style architecture in the United States . The house was the home of an original settler and prominent citizen , Herman C. Timm .'}]}, {'value': 'July 5 , 1996 ( # 96000727 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1600 Main St. 43°57′00″N 88°05′08″W / 43.95°N 88.085556°W / 43.95 ; -88.085556 ( Herman C. Timm House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Holstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Holstein,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'New Holstein is a city in Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The population was 3,236 at the 2010 census . The city is located within the Town of New Holstein .'}]}, {'value': 'The initial modest house built in 1872 was expanded and remodeled in a grand Stick style in 1892 . Timm was a German immigrant who built a grain elevator in New Holstein , served as village president , and founded the State Bank . Now a museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stick_style', 'summary': 'The Stick style was a late-19th-century American architectural style , transitional between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid-19th century , and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s . It is named after its use of linear stickwork ( overlay board strips ) on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Calumet_County,_Wisconsin_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Calumet County, Wisconsin. It is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of entries in the National Register of Historic Places that are located in Calumet County, Wisconsin. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a map. There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'} | null | null | How many acres in size is the place in Sherwood ? | 1,187-acre |
0697c563b79334d3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament', 'title': 'Committees of the European Parliament', 'header': ['Committee', 'Acronym', 'Chairperson ( group )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Agriculture and Rural Development', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development', 'summary': 'The Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( AGRI ) is a committee of the European Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'AGRI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norbert Lins ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norbert_Lins', 'summary': "Norbert Lins ( born 22 December 1977 ) is a German politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament since 2014 . He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union , part of the European People 's Party . From 2004 to 2009 , he worked as a parliamentary assistant to Andreas Schwab at the European Parliament in Brussels ."}]}, {'value': 'Budgets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Budgets', 'summary': "The Committee on Budgets ( BUDG ) is a committee of the European Parliament . It has 41 members plus 39 substitute members . The committee 's current chair is Jean Arthuis , who has held this position since 7 July 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'BUDG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johan Van Overtveldt ( ECR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johan_Van_Overtveldt', 'summary': 'Johan Van Overtveldt ( born 24 August 1955 ) is a Belgian journalist and politician of the New Flemish Alliance ( N-VA ) . He served as Minister of Finance of Belgium from 2014 until 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Budgetary Control', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Budgetary_Control', 'summary': "The Committee on Budgetary Control ( CONT ) is a committee of the European Parliament . with 30 permanent members . It can be seen as the European Union 's internal political watchdog , seeking to identify undesirable developments within EU institutions and other bodies and then to elaborate constructive suggestions for improvement . The committee 's current chair , elected on 7 July 2014 , is Ingeborg Grässle ."}]}, {'value': 'CONT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monika Hohlmeier ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monika_Hohlmeier', 'summary': "Monika Hohlmeier ( née Strauß , born 2 July 1962 ) is a German politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) since 2009 . She is a member of the Christian Social Union , part of the European People 's Party . Between 1998 and 2005 she served as Bavarian State Minister for Education and Cultural Affairs ."}]}, {'value': 'Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Civil_Liberties,_Justice_and_Home_Affairs', 'summary': 'The Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs ( LIBE ) is a committee of the European Parliament that is responsible for protecting civil liberties and human rights , including those of minorities , as listed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . Its current chair , elected on 10 July 2019 , is Juan Fernando López Aguilar , member of the S & D political group .'}]}, {'value': 'LIBE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Fernando López Aguilar ( S & D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Fernando_López_Aguilar', 'summary': "Juan Fernando López Aguilar ( born 10 June 1961 ) is a Spanish politician and jurist , member of the European Parliament since 2009 . A member of the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party , he served as Minister of Justice in the government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero . He also represented Las Palmas in the Congress of Deputies between 1996 and 2007 and between 2008 and 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Constitutional Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Constitutional_Affairs', 'summary': "The Committee on Constitutional Affairs ( AFCO ) is a committee of the European Parliament dealing with institutional matters such as the Treaties of the European Union and the Parliament 's rules of procedure . It is currently chaired by Danuta Hübner MEP , a Polish member of the European People 's Party parliamentary group ."}]}, {'value': 'AFCO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Tajani ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Tajani', 'summary': 'Antonio Tajani ( Italian pronunciation : [ anˈtɔːnjo taˈjaːni ] ; born 4 August 1953 ) is an Italian politician and former Italian Army officer , serving as President of the European Parliament from 2017 to 2019 , and has served as a member of the European Parliament since 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Culture and Education', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Culture_and_Education', 'summary': 'The Committee on Culture and Education ( CULT ) is a committee of the European Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'CULT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabine Verheyen ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabine_Verheyen', 'summary': "Sabine Verheyen ( born 24 October 1964 ) is a German architect and politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2009 . She is a member of the Christian Democratic Union , part of the European People 's Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Development', 'summary': 'The Committee on Development ( Commission du développement , DEVE ) is a committee of the European Parliament responsible for promoting , implementing and monitoring the development and cooperation policy of the European Union , notably talks with developing countries ; aid to developing countries ; and promotion of democratic values , good governance and human rights in developing countries . The committee has thirty-four members and the same number of substitute members . Its current chair , elected on 10 July 2019 , is Tomas Tobé .'}]}, {'value': 'DEVE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomas Tobé ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomas_Tobé', 'summary': 'Tomas Gunnar Tobé ( born 16 February 1978 ) is a Swedish politician and who served as party secretary of the Moderate Party from 10 January 2015 to 2 June 2017 . He was elected Member of the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Economic and Monetary Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs', 'summary': "The Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs ( ECON ) is a committee of the European Parliament which is responsible for the regulation of financial services , the free movement of capital and payments , taxation and competition policies , oversight of the European Central Bank , and the international financial system . Since the establishment of the Economic and Monetary Union ( EMU ) , one of the most important function of this committee has been the oversight of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) through the monetary dialogue . Although guaranteed independence under the Treaty , the ECB is accountable for its actions towards the European Parliament , and more precisely the ECON Committee . Every three months , the President of the ECB , or occasionally another member of the ECB 's executive board , appears before the Committee to report on monetary policy and answer question from MEPs . These proceedings , usually called the monetary dialogue , are webstreamed and a transcript is made available on both the Parliament and ECB websites . The European Parliament 's ECON Committee also plays an advisory role in the appointments of the President and board members of the ECB ."}]}, {'value': 'ECON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberto Gualtieri ( S & D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Gualtieri', 'summary': 'Roberto Gualtieri ( born 19 July 1966 ) is an Italian university professor and politician of the Democratic Party ( PD ) . Since 5 September 2019 , he has been serving as Minister of Economy and Finances in the government of Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte . He previously was a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019 , where he chaired the influential Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee within the Parliament from 2014 until 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Employment and Social Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Employment_and_Social_Affairs', 'summary': 'The Committee on Employment and Social Affairs ( EMPL ) is a committee of the European Parliament . Its current chair , elected on 7 July 2014 , is Thomas Händel . It is responsible for overseeing employment discrimination law within the European Union , among other things .'}]}, {'value': 'EMPL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucia Ďuriš Nicholsonová ( ECR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucia_Ďuriš_Nicholsonová', 'summary': 'Lucia Ďuriš Nicholsonová ( née Kubovičová ; born 28 November 1976 ) is a Slovak politician and Member of the European Parliament . She is a former journalist , former State Secretary of the Ministry of Labor , Social and Family Affairs , and former vice-chairwoman of the National Council of Slovakia . As a member of the Freedom and Solidarity political party , Nicholsonová was elected as a member of the National Council during the 2010 Slovak parliamentary election , served as State Secretary and later became part of the Social Affairs Committee . She became a vice-chairwoman of the National Council of the Slovak Republic in 2016 and programme leader of the Freedom and Solidarity party for socially excluded communities . She has not dealt only with the social area but was also a loud and frequent critic of the government corruption scandals , including corrupted redistribution of euro-funds in agriculture or social and labour policies . Under her first married name of Lucia Nicholsonová she worked for at least ten media outlets in Slovakia , whereas her first husband , Tom Nicholson , was also a journalist , working for the Slovak newspaper SME and English-language newspaper The Slovak Spectator . She remarried in June 2016 , subsequently being known as Lucia Ďuriš Nicholsonová . Ďuriš Nicholsonová was part of a small delegation from the Slovak parliament to meet the Dalai Lama during his visit to Slovakia in October 2016 . Ďuriš Nicholsonová is well-known for the reform she proposed as an opposition politician to improve the Roma minority living conditions and prevent their further socio-economic exclusion , consisting of early pre-schooling for children from excluded communities and more effective , specialised and motivational social support and tailored assistance . . In May 2019 she became one of the 14 Members of the European Parliament from Slovakia , as her political party Freedom and Solidarity ( SaS ) has won 9.60% of votes , resulting in two mandates . She has focused on employment and social matters , including rights of persons with disabilities and active ageing , during her European election campaign and praised work-life balance incentives of the European Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Environment , Public Health and Food Safety', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety', 'summary': 'The Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Food Safety ( ENVI ) is a committee of the European Parliament . It has 69 full members . Its current chair is Pascal Canfin .'}]}, {'value': 'ENVI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pascal Canfin ( RE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pascal_Canfin', 'summary': 'Pascal Canfin ( born in Arras , 22 August 1974 ) is a Member of the European Parliament as part of the LaREM national party and Renew Europe group . He is Chair of the Environment , Public Health and Food Safety Committee . He was formerly the head of the French section of WWF until 25 March 2019 , and Minister for Development under the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Ayrault Cabinet . Canfin previously served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2012 . From July 2014 to December 2015 , he was the Senior Advisor on Climate at World Resources Institute ( WRI ) , ranked the most influential think tank in the world on environmental issues , on the preparation of the International climate summit to be held in Paris in December 2015 ( COP21 ) . For this matter , he also co-chaired with Alain Grandjean the Commission for innovative financing for climate , mandated by the President of the French Republic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renew_Europe', 'summary': 'Renew Europe ( Renew ) is a liberal , pro-European political group of the European Parliament founded for the ninth European Parliament term . The group is the successor to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) group which existed during the sixth , seventh and eighth terms from 2004 to 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fisheries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Fisheries', 'summary': 'The Committee on Fisheries ( PECH ) is a committee of the European Parliament . Chris Davies was the chairman ( 2019 - 2020 ) - until the United Kingdom left the European Union .'}]}, {'value': 'PECH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Davies ( RE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Davies_(Liberal_Democrat_politician)', 'summary': 'Christopher Graham Davies ( born 7 July 1954 ) is a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom . He is a former Member of Parliament . He served as a Member of the European Parliament for North West England from 1999 to 2014 and from 2019 to 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Foreign Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs', 'summary': 'The Committee on Foreign Affairs ( AFET , after the French name Affaires étrangères ) , previously called Political Affairs , is a committee of the European Parliament . Composed of 75 members and 74 substitutes , it has two subcommittees : the Subcommittee on Human Rights ( DROI ) and the Subcommittee on Security and Defence ( SEDE ) . Foreign affairs is not an area that Parliament has much power over , yet attracts a high proportion of the more well-known and influential MEPs given the prestige of the area [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': 'AFET', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David McAllister ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_McAllister', 'summary': "David James Mac McAllister ( born 12 January 1971 ) is a German politician and member of the European Parliament from Germany . He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union , part of the European People 's Party . He is the current Vice President of the European People 's Party and he is also Vice Chairman of the International Democrat Union . He was appointed Chair of the European Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee in February 2017 . On 1 July 2010 McAllister was elected Minister-President of the state of Lower Saxony , succeeding Christian Wulff , who resigned following his election as President of Germany . Until his election defeat on 19 February 2013 , he headed a coalition government with the liberal FDP , the Cabinet McAllister . In the 2014 European elections , McAllister was elected a Member of the European Parliament as the CDU 's top candidate in Lower Saxony . A lawyer by profession , he served as chairman of the CDU parliamentary group in the Lower Saxon Parliament from 2003 to 2010 and was elected chairman of the state party in 2008 . In November 2016 he left the chairman post , and announced that he sees his political future in Europe . McAllister holds both German and British citizenship . Following his election as Minister-President , he was described as a rising star in the CDU and , at the time , as a potential successor to Angela Merkel . He has more recently been mentioned as a possible future European Commissioner ."}, {'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_group", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Human Rights ( subcommittee )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Subcommittee_on_Human_Rights', 'summary': 'The Subcommittee on Human Rights ( DROI ) is a subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament . The subcommittee has been chaired since 7 July 2014 by Elena Valenciano .'}]}, {'value': 'DROI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marie Arena ( S & D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie_Arena', 'summary': 'Marie Arena ( born 17 December 1966 ) is a Belgian politician who has been serving as Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) since 2014 . She is a member of the Socialist Party , part of the Party of European Socialists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Security and Defence ( subcommittee )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Subcommittee_on_Security_and_Defence', 'summary': 'The Subcommittee on Security and Defence ( SEDE ) is a subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament . The subcommittee has been chaired since 7 July 2014 by Anna Fotyga .'}]}, {'value': 'SEDE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathalie Loiseau ( RE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Loiseau', 'summary': "Nathalie Loiseau ( born 1 June 1964 ) is a French politician , diplomat and academic administrator currently serving as a Member of European Parliament since 2019 . She previously served as director of the École nationale d'administration ( ENA ) from 2012 to 2017 and as the French Minister for European Affairs from 21 June 2017 to 27 March 2019 . She was the top candidate of the La République En Marche electoral list in the 2019 European elections ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Renew_Europe', 'summary': 'Renew Europe ( Renew ) is a liberal , pro-European political group of the European Parliament founded for the ninth European Parliament term . The group is the successor to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) group which existed during the sixth , seventh and eighth terms from 2004 to 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Industry , Research and Energy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Industry,_Research_and_Energy', 'summary': "The Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( ITRE ) is a committee of the European Parliament . Its areas of responsibility relate to industry , especially technology-intensive manufacturing , information technology , and telecommunications . It also coordinates European space policy and therefore has ties with the European Space Agency . It has oversight duties in relation to the Joint Research Centre and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , as well as similar projects . The committee 's current chair , elected on 10 July 2019 , is Adina-Ioana Vălean ."}]}, {'value': 'ITRE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adina-Ioana Vălean ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adina-Ioana_Vălean', 'summary': 'Adina-Ioana Vălean ( born 16 February 1968 ) is a Romanian politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2007 . In 2019 she was elected chair of the European Parliament Committee on Industry , Research and Energy .'}]}, {'value': 'Internal Market and Consumer Protection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Internal_Market_and_Consumer_Protection', 'summary': 'The Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection ( IMCO ) is a committee of the European Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'IMCO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petra De Sutter ( Greens/EFA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_De_Sutter', 'summary': 'Petra De Sutter ( Oudenaarde , 10 June 1963 ) is a Belgian gynaecologist and politician of the Green party who has been a Member of the European Parliament since 2019 . She previously worked as professor of gynaecology at Ghent University , head of the Department of Reproductive Medicine at Ghent University Hospital ( UZ Gent ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greens–European_Free_Alliance', 'summary': 'The Greens/European Free Alliance ( Greens/EFA ) is the political group of the European Parliament composed primarily of green and regionalist political parties . Formed following the 1999 European elections for the 5th European Parliament , the Greens/EFA group now consists of three distinct European political parties , namely the larger European Green Party ( EGP ) and the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) and the smaller European Pirate Party . The EFA consists of parties representing stateless nations , regionalist and minority political interests . The group has generally limited its membership to progressive parties . These European parties are joined by MEPs from non-aligned national parties , which have included the Dutch Europe Transparent ( 2004-2009 ) and the Swedish ( 2009-2014 ) , German ( 2014- ) and Czech ( 2019- ) Pirate Parties .'}]}, {'value': 'International Trade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_International_Trade', 'summary': "The Committee on International Trade ( INTA ) is a committee of the European Parliament . Its current chair , elected on 10 July 2019 , is Bernd Lange . INTA is responsible for matters relating to the establishment , implementation and monitoring of the EUs common commercial policy and its external economic relations , including trade and investment legislation , bilateral , plurilateral and multilateral agreements and relations with the World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) . With the Treaty of Lisbon , the Parliament has become a co-legislator in the Unions Common Commercial Policy and has the final say on entry into force of all trade agreements . Moreover , the Union competencies were expanded to include foreign investment . The main legislative achievements guided through the Parliament by INTA during the 7th parliamentary term ( 2009-2014 ) include regulations on 'Grandfathering ' , 'Financial Responsibility ' , macro-financial assistance to third countries , 'Enforcement , 'Dual Use ' , 'Omnibus I and II ' packages , the review of the Generalised System of Preferences ( GSP ) and the Market Access Regulation ( MAR ) . Legislation on the Public procurement and Modernisation of the Trade Defence Instruments ( TDI ) would only be adopted if an agreement with the Council is reached . During its last term the European Parliament gave consent to free trade agreements with South Korea and Peru/Colombia , rejected Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement ( ACTA ) , scrutinised trade talks with Canada , Singapore and African , Caribbean and Pacific ( ACP ) countries and started examining ongoing negotiations with Japan and the US ."}]}, {'value': 'INTA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernd Lange ( S & D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernd_Lange', 'summary': 'Bernd Lange ( born 14 November 1955 ) is a German politician and member of the European Parliament from Germany . He is a member of the Social Democratic Party , part of the Party of European Socialists . He was a member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 2004 . Since July 2009 he is again member of the European Parliament within the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament . Since 2014 , Bernd Lange is chairman of the INTA committee ( International Trade ) and rapporteur for TTIP ( Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership )'}]}, {'value': 'Legal Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Legal_Affairs', 'summary': 'The Committee on Legal Affairs ( JURI ) is a committee of the European Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'JURI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucy Nethsingha ( RE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Nethsingha', 'summary': "Lucy Kathleen Nethsingha ( born 6 February 1973 ) is a British politician , who was a Liberal Democrats Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the East of England between 2019 and the United Kingdom 's withdrawal from the EU . She is chair of the Parliament 's Committee on Legal Affairs ( JURI ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Petitions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Petitions', 'summary': "The Committee on Petitions ( PETI ) is a permanent committee of the European Parliament to offer a petition process including a web portal to create and admit petitions . Its current chair , elected on 10 July 2019 , is Dolors Montserrat , member of the EPP Group . The right to petition is one of the fundamental rights of the European citizen and residents . Any of these can bring forward a petition on a matter within the EU 's sphere of activities . The Committee hears cases , some 1500 each year , sometimes presented in Parliament by the citizen themselves . While the Parliament attempts to resolve the issue as a mediator , it can resort to legal proceedings if necessary to resolve the citizen 's dispute ."}]}, {'value': 'PETI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolors Montserrat ( EPP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolors_Montserrat', 'summary': "Dolors Montserrat i Montserrat ( born September 18 , 1973 in Sant Sadurní d'Anoia ) is a Spanish lawyer and politician who serves as Member of the European Parliament . Previously , she has served as Minister of Health , Social Services and Equality of Spain from 2016 to 2018 , when a vote of no-confidence against Mariano Rajoy ousted the government . In addition , she has also been Member of the Congress of Deputies in the Cortes Generales between 2008 and 2019 by Barcelona . She is the daughter of the businesswoman , and also politician of the People 's Party , Dolors Montserrat i Culleré ."}]}, {'value': 'Regional Development', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Regional_Development', 'summary': 'The Committee on Regional Development ( REGI ) is a committee of the European Parliament . Its current chair , elected on 10 July 2019 , is Younous Omarjee .'}]}, {'value': 'REGI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Younous Omarjee ( GUE/NGL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Younous_Omarjee', 'summary': 'Younous Omarjee ( born 30 September 1969 in Saint-Denis , Réunion ) is a Reunionese politician . He has served as a Member of the European Parliament since 4 January 2012 . Since july 2019 , he is chair of the European Parliament Committee on Regional Development . He sits with the Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left . In addition , Younous Omarjee is a member of the Conference of Committee Chairs , of the European Parliament Committee on Budgets and of the European Parliament Committee on Budgetary Control , as well as one of the vice-presidents of the European Parliament Anti-Racism and Diversity Intergroup , the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights , the European Parliament Intergroup on the Welfare and Conservation of Animals , .'}, {'url': '/wiki/European_United_Left–Nordic_Green_Left', 'summary': 'The European United Left/Nordic Green Left ( French : Gauche unitaire européenne/Gauche verte nordique , GUE/NGL ) is a political group of the European Parliament established in 1995 , and composed of left-wing to far-left members . The group comprises political parties of socialist and communist orientation .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of standing committees', 'section_text': 'This is a list of standing committees along with the respective chairperson as elected in July 2019 . [ 2 ]', 'uid': 'Committees_of_the_European_Parliament_0', 'intro': 'The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. Standing Committees are made up of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), who are directly elected to the seats in the European Parliament by the electorate. Each Committee has a chairman and four vice-chairmen, along with numerous committee members. Each committee also has substitute members. Reports are usually compiled by a rapporteur, who is appointed by the chairman of the committee, selected from amongst the members or permanent substitutes.'} | null | null | How many years did the person in the AGRI group work as a parliamentary assistant to Andreas Schwab ? | five |
069a4ccc22a62358 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'title': 'Japan at the 2008 Summer Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomoya Ito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomoya_Ito', 'summary': 'Tomoya Ito ( 伊藤 智也 , Itō Tomoya ) ( born 16 August 1963 ) is a professional Japanese wheelchair Paralympic athlete from Suzuka , Mie , Japan , and a former entrepreneur .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400m T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomoya Ito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomoya_Ito', 'summary': 'Tomoya Ito ( 伊藤 智也 , Itō Tomoya ) ( born 16 August 1963 ) is a professional Japanese wheelchair Paralympic athlete from Suzuka , Mie , Japan , and a former entrepreneur .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 800m T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masashi Ishii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2008 Summer Paralympics consisted of 44 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in Laoshan Velodrome on 7-10 September , and road cycling took place at the Changping Triathlon Venue on 12-14 September .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1 km Time Trial ( LC 3-4 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takayuki Suzuki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takayuki_Suzuki_(swimmer)', 'summary': 'Takayuki Suzuki ( 鈴木 孝幸 , Suzuki Takayuki ) is a paralympic swimmer from Japan competing mainly in category events . Takayuki was part of the Japanese contingent as two Paralympics , 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics . In 2004 he was part of the Japanese squad that won a silver in the 4x50m medley behind a new Paralympic record set by the Brazilian team , he was also part of the squad that finished fourth in the 4x50m freestyle . Individually he finished eighth in the individual medley and seventh in the 100m freestyle . At the 2008 games Takayuki set a new world record in the heats of the 50m breaststroke going on to win the gold medal in the final , he also won a bronze in the 150m individual medley , he finished eighth in the 200m freestyle , seventh in the 100m freestyle but failed to make the final of the 50m freestyle .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in the Beijing National Aquatics Center between September 7 and September 15 , 2008 . A total of 140 gold medals were expected to be distributed . Paralympic records were broken in 122 events , of which the records in 108 events were also world records .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50m Breaststroke SB3", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shingo Kunieda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shingo_Kunieda', 'summary': "Shingo Kunieda ( 国枝 慎吾 , Kunieda Shingo , born February 21 , 1984 in Tokyo ) is a Japanese wheelchair tennis player . Kunieda is a right-handed player whose favorite surface is hard court . He is coached by Hiromichi Maruyama . He is a former world number one wheelchair tennis player and was the ITF World Champion from 2007 to 2010 . He was also the Year End Number One in doubles in 2007 . In 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2014 , and 2015 Kunieda achieved the Grand Slam in singles . In 2007 and 2008 , Kunieda won three of the four Masters series events . Kunieda is the only player to retain the men 's singles title at the Paralympic Games . In addition , Kunieda won the gold medal in the doubles of the Paralympics in 2004 , and has been part of two World Team Cup wins . Kunieda had a three-year , 106-match consecutive win streak . The streak began after his loss at the 2007 Masters and it was ended by Stéphane Houdet in the semifinals of the 2010 Masters . Between January 2014 and December 2015 , Kunieda was on another big winning streak of 77 matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Wheelchair tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Wheelchair tennis at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held at the Olympic Green Tennis Centre from 8 September to 15 September .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Singles", 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chieko Kamiya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Archery at the 2008 Summer Paralympics consists of nine events , five for men and four for women . The competitions were held at the Olympic Green Archery Field from September 9 to September 15 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Individual Compound Open", 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toshihiro Takada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toshihiro_Takada', 'summary': 'Toshihiro Takada ( 高田 稔浩 , Takada Toshihiro ) is a Paralympian athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T52 long distance events .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400m T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toshihiro Takada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toshihiro_Takada', 'summary': 'Toshihiro Takada ( 高田 稔浩 , Takada Toshihiro ) is a Paralympian athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T52 long distance events .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 800m T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hirokazu Ueyonabaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hirokazu_Ueyonabaru', 'summary': "Hirokazu Ueyonabaru ( 上与那原 寛和 , Ueyonabaru Hirokazu , born March 22 , 1971 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T52 long distance events . He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There he won a silver medal in the men 's Marathon - T52 event , finished sixth in the men 's 200 metres - T52 event , finished sixth in the men 's 400 metres - T52 event and finished fourth in the men 's 800 metres - T52 event"}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Marathon T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiroki Sasahara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroki_Sasahara', 'summary': "Hiroki Sasahara ( 笹原 廣喜 , Sasahara Hiroki ) is a Paralympian athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T54 long distance events . He competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , Greece . There he finished tenth in the men 's 10000 metres - T54 event and finished ninth in the men 's Marathon - T54 event . He also competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There he won a silver medal in the men 's Marathon - T54 event and went out in the semi-finals of the men 's 800 metres - T54 event"}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Marathon T54", 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atsushi Yamamoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atsushi_Yamamoto', 'summary': 'Atsushi Yamamoto ( 山本 篤 , Yamamoto Atsushi , born April 19 , 1982 ) is a leg amputee athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T42 sprint and long jump events . He won silver medals in the long jump at the 2008 and 2016 Paralympics . Yamamoto also competed in snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Long Jump F42/44", 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomomi Yamaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomomi_Yamaki', 'summary': "Tomomi Yamaki ( 八巻 智美 , Yamaki Tomomi ) is a Paralympian athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T52 sprint events . She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There she won a silver medal in the women 's 100 metres - T52 event and a silver medal in the women 's 200 metres - T52 event"}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100m T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomomi Yamaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomomi_Yamaki', 'summary': "Tomomi Yamaki ( 八巻 智美 , Yamaki Tomomi ) is a Paralympian athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T52 sprint events . She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There she won a silver medal in the women 's 100 metres - T52 event and a silver medal in the women 's 200 metres - T52 event"}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 200m T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masaki Fujita', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2008 Summer Paralympics consisted of 44 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in Laoshan Velodrome on 7-10 September , and road cycling took place at the Changping Triathlon Venue on 12-14 September .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Individual Pursuit ( LC 3 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masashi Ishii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2008 Summer Paralympics consisted of 44 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in Laoshan Velodrome on 7-10 September , and road cycling took place at the Changping Triathlon Venue on 12-14 September .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Individual Pursuit ( CP 4 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masaki Fujita', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2008 Summer Paralympics consisted of 44 events in two main disciplines , track cycling and road cycling . Track cycling was held in Laoshan Velodrome on 7-10 September , and road cycling took place at the Changping Triathlon Venue on 12-14 September .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1 km Time Trial ( LC 3-4 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satoshi Fujimoto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The Judo competition of the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in Beijing Workers ' Gymnasium from September 7 to September 9 . There were 13 events , corresponding to seven weight classes for men and six for women . At the Paralympics , judo is contested by visually impaired athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'Men −66 kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyosuke Oyama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyosuke_Oyama', 'summary': 'Kyosuke Oyama ( born 26 December 1987 ) is a paralympic swimmer from Japan competing mainly in category S6 events . Kyosuke competed in the 50m , 100m and 400m freestyle at the 2008 Summer Paralympics but it was in the 50m butterfly that he won his only medal , a silver behind Xu Qing of China who broke the world record in winning the race .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in the Beijing National Aquatics Center between September 7 and September 15 , 2008 . A total of 140 gold medals were expected to be distributed . Paralympic records were broken in 122 events , of which the records in 108 events were also world records .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50m Butterfly S6", 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junichi Kawai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junichi_Kawai', 'summary': "Junichi Kawai ( 河合 純一 , Kawai Jun'ichi ) is a Paralympic swimmer from Japan competing mainly in category S11 events ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in the Beijing National Aquatics Center between September 7 and September 15 , 2008 . A total of 140 gold medals were expected to be distributed . Paralympic records were broken in 122 events , of which the records in 108 events were also world records .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50m Freestyle S11", 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toshihiro Takada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toshihiro_Takada', 'summary': 'Toshihiro Takada ( 高田 稔浩 , Takada Toshihiro ) is a Paralympian athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T52 long distance events .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Marathon T52", 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 September', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Japan_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_0', 'intro': "Japan competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. The country's delegation included a women's goalball team, men's and women's sitting volleyball teams, men's and women's wheelchair basketball teams, a wheelchair rugby team, and one wheelchair fencer."} | null | null | For how many years did the gold medal winning tennis player have a winning streak ? | three |
069ab01791fc79ce | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2010 Santos FC season', 'header': ['Pos', 'Name', 'Moving from', 'Type', 'Ends'], 'data': [{'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruno Rodrigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Rodrigo', 'summary': 'Bruno Rodrigo Fenelon Palomo ( born 12 April 1985 ) , known as Bruno Rodrigo , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender for Grêmio .'}]}, {'value': 'Portuguesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Portuguesa_de_Desportos', 'summary': 'Associação Portuguesa de Desportos , usually called Portuguesa or Lusa , is a sports club , and a Brazilian football team from São Paulo in São Paulo state , founded on August 14 , 1920 by the Portuguese population of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruno Aguiar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Aguiar', 'summary': "Bruno João Morais Aguiar ( born 24 February 1981 ) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central midfielder . After an unsuccessful spell with Benfica , although he contributed to the team 's first Primeira Liga title in over one decade , he left the club in 2005 , going on to play professionally in Scotland and Cyprus ."}]}, {'value': 'Guarani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guarani_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Guarani Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . It is also known as Bugre , a popular term for an Indigenous Brazilian , and its supporters are known as bugrinos .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquinhos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcos_Vicente_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Marcos Vicente dos Santos ( born 29 September 1981 ) , commonly known as Marquinhos , is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . His brother Gustavo Santos is also a footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Avaí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avaí_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Avaí Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ avaˈi ] ) is a Brazilian football team from Florianópolis in Santa Catarina , founded on September 1 , 1923 . Their home stadium is Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva , also known as Ressacada , with a capacity of 17,800 . They play in blue and white shirts , shorts and socks . Their best known supporter is tennis player Gustavo Kuerten .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper', 'summary': 'In many team sports which involve scoring goals , the goalkeeper ( sometimes termed goaltender , netminder , goalie or keeper ) is a designated player charged with directly preventing the opposing team from scoring by blocking or intercepting opposing shots on goal . Such positions exist in bandy , rink bandy , camogie , association football , Gaelic football , international rules football , floorball , handball , hurling , field hockey , ice hockey , roller hockey , lacrosse , ringette , rinkball , water polo , and shinty as well as in other sports . In most sports which involve scoring in a net , special rules apply to the goalkeeper that do not apply to other players . These rules are often instituted to protect the goalkeeper ( being a target for dangerous or even violent actions ) . This is most apparent in sports such as ice hockey and lacrosse , where goalkeepers are required to wear special equipment like heavy pads and a face mask to protect their bodies from the impact of the playing object ( eg . ball or puck . ) In some sports , goalkeepers may have the same rights as other players ; in association football , for example , the keeper is allowed to kick the ball just as any other player , but may also use their hands to handle the ball in a restricted area . In other sports , goalkeepers may be limited in the actions they are allowed to take or the area of the field or rink where they may be ; in the NHL , for example , goalkeepers may not play the puck in the restricted areas behind the net or take the puck across the red line .'}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Orlando_Cardoso_de_Araújo_Filho', 'summary': 'Vladimir Orlando Cardoso de Araújo Filho ( born 16 July 1989 ) , simply known as Vladimir , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Santos as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortaleza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortaleza_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': 'Fortaleza Esporte Clube , usually known as Fortaleza , is primarily a football club , but is active in other sports such as futsal , handball and basketball . Fortaleza Esporte Clube is based in Fortaleza , capital of the State of Ceará , Brazil . The club was founded on October 18 , 1918 . Fortaleza is one of the most traditional [ clarification needed ] clubs in the Northeastern region of Brazil alongside Bahia , Vitória , Santa Cruz , Sport , Náutico and Ceará its biggest rival , with minor expression . Club colors are red , blue and white .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper', 'summary': 'In many team sports which involve scoring goals , the goalkeeper ( sometimes termed goaltender , netminder , goalie or keeper ) is a designated player charged with directly preventing the opposing team from scoring by blocking or intercepting opposing shots on goal . Such positions exist in bandy , rink bandy , camogie , association football , Gaelic football , international rules football , floorball , handball , hurling , field hockey , ice hockey , roller hockey , lacrosse , ringette , rinkball , water polo , and shinty as well as in other sports . In most sports which involve scoring in a net , special rules apply to the goalkeeper that do not apply to other players . These rules are often instituted to protect the goalkeeper ( being a target for dangerous or even violent actions ) . This is most apparent in sports such as ice hockey and lacrosse , where goalkeepers are required to wear special equipment like heavy pads and a face mask to protect their bodies from the impact of the playing object ( eg . ball or puck . ) In some sports , goalkeepers may have the same rights as other players ; in association football , for example , the keeper is allowed to kick the ball just as any other player , but may also use their hands to handle the ball in a restricted area . In other sports , goalkeepers may be limited in the actions they are allowed to take or the area of the field or rink where they may be ; in the NHL , for example , goalkeepers may not play the puck in the restricted areas behind the net or take the puck across the red line .'}]}, {'value': 'Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Garcia_dos_Prazeres', 'summary': 'Felipe Garcia dos Prazeres ( born 10 January 1988 ) , simply known as Mão de Alface , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Tombense as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': 'Paraná Clube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraná_Clube', 'summary': "Paraná Clube is a Brazilian football club , established on the 19th of December , 1989 , in the Vila Capanema district of Curitiba , Paraná . It is one of several Brazilian clubs called Tricolor da Vila ( tricolored of the town ) by its fans because it has three team colors . Paraná 's three colors are red , white and blue . Apart from football , other sports sponsored at the club are bowling , futsal , martial arts , tennis , volleyball and weight-lifting ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Brum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Brum', 'summary': 'Roberto Brum Vallado ( born 7 July 1978 ) , known as Brum , is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Figueirense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figueirense', 'summary': 'Figueirense Futebol Clube , also known as Figueirense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ fiɡejˈɾẽsi ] ) , is a Brazilian football club based in Florianópolis , Santa Catarina . Their home stadium is Estádio Orlando Scarpelli , also known as Scarpelão , with a capacity of 19,584 . In the state of Santa Catarina , Figueirense is the club that more often participated in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , with 17 holdings by 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Durval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durval', 'summary': 'Severino dos Ramos Durval da Silva or simply Durval ( born July 11 , 1980 in Cruz do Espírito Santo ) , is a former Brazilian central defender . On November 13 , 2012 , Durval was called up , by Mano Menezes , for seleção brasileira that played the Superclásico de las Américas .'}]}, {'value': 'Sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_do_Recife', 'summary': "Sport Club do Recife ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈspɔɾti ˈklub du ʁeˈsifi ] ; known as Sport and Sport Recife , abbreviated as SCR ) is a Brazilian sports club , located in the city of Recife , in the state of Pernambuco . It was founded on May 13 , 1905 , by Guilherme de Aquino Fonseca , who lived for many years in England , where he studied at Cambridge University . In football , the club has won six CBD/CBF titles , including three national and three regional . Its greatest glories are the Brazilian Championship 1987 and Brazil Cup 2008 . In addition to professional football , the club also participates in women 's football and Olympic sports , such as rowing , swimming , hockey , basketball , futsal , volleyball , table tennis , taekwondo , judo and athletics . It has a historic rivalry with Náutico , where matches between the two are known as the Clássico dos Clássicos , this being the third oldest derby in the country . The derby against Santa Cruz is called the Clássico das Multidões , while the derby with América-PE is called the Clássico dos Campeões ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Wesley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wesley_Lopes_Beltrame', 'summary': 'Wesley Lopes Beltrame ( born 24 June 1987 ) , simply known as Wesley , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Avaí as a central or defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlético-PR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Paranaense', 'summary': "Club Athletico Paranaense , commonly known as Athletico-PR , is a Brazilian football team from Curitiba in Paraná , founded on March 26 , 1924 . The team won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , Brazil 's top football division , in 2001 , the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and the Copa do Brasil in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan Return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Silva_de_Oliveira', 'summary': "Giovanni Silva de Oliveira ( born 4 February 1972 ) , better known as Giovanni , is a Brazilian football manager and former player . A versatile playmaker , his natural and favorite position was as an attacking midfielder , but he could also play as a forward , being an exceptional goalscorer . He was predominantly known for his world-class technique , his exceptional dribbling skills , and his outstanding flair and creativity on the ball , which saw him employ a variety of crafty moves , as well as his passing accuracy and goalscoring ability . At club level , he most notably played for Spanish side Barcelona , Greek side Olympiacos , and Brazilian club Santos . Internationally , he played for the Brazilian national team , gaining 20 caps and scoring 6 goals ; he was part of the Brazilian team that reached the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final . In his prime , Giovanni was one of Barcelona 's most valuable players , but after the arrival of Louis van Gaal at the club , he got into conflict with the Dutch manager , along with fellow Brazilians Rivaldo ( whom van Gaal wanted to use as a left winger , despite his protests ) and Sonny Anderson . He famously called van Gaal a Hitler for Brazilians , and an egomaniac . At Olympiacos Giovanni had the happiest and most successful days of his career , and is still remembered as a club legend by supporters ."}]}, {'value': 'Mogi Mirim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogi_Mirim_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube , commonly called Mogi Mirim , is a Brazilian football team from Mogi Mirim in São Paulo , founded 1 February 1932 . The team 's home ground is the Papa João Paulo II ( Pope John Paul II ) stadium , which has a capacity of 19,900 . Mogi Mirim plays in red shirts , shorts and socks ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Zé Eduardo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zé_Eduardo_(footballer_born_1987)', 'summary': 'This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Bischofe and the second or paternal family name is de Almeida . José Eduardo Bischofe de Almeida or simply Zé Eduardo , also known as Zé Love ( born 29 October 1987 ) , is a Brazilian footballer . Zé Eduardo holds an Italian passport .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinheiros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Luciano Castan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luciano_Castan', 'summary': 'Luciano Castán da Silva ( born September 13 , 1989 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for CSA as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': 'União São João', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/União_São_João_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': 'União São João Esporte Clube , usually known as União São João is a Brazilian football club from Araras , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Maranhão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maranhão_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Manoel Messias Barbosa da Silva , better known as Maranhão ( born 25 December 1985 ) is a Brazilian footballer from Maranhão who plays as a right back for Boa Esporte .'}]}, {'value': 'Guarani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guarani_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Guarani Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . It is also known as Bugre , a popular term for an Indigenous Brazilian , and its supporters are known as bugrinos .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Arouca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arouca_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Marcos Arouca da Silva ( born 11 August 1986 ) , commonly known as Arouca , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Robinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinho', 'summary': 'Robson de Souza ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈʁɔpsõ ] or [ ˈʁɔbisõ d ( ʒi ) ˈsowzɐ ] , born 25 January 1984 ) , more commonly known as Robinho ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁɔˈbĩɲu ] ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Turkish club İstanbul Başakşehir . In 1999 , at 15 years of age , Robinho was picked by Brazil legend Pelé as his heir apparent and , in 2002 , went on to lead Santos FC to their first Campeonato Brasileiro title since Pelé himself played for the club . Since then , he has won a second title with Santos and two more with Spanish club Real Madrid . He won the Italian Serie A title in his first season at Milan . Robinho has won one Copa América title and two FIFA Confederations Cups with the Brazilian national team , and played at two FIFA World Cups . In November 2017 , an Italian court convicted Robinho of sexual assault in the January 2013 gang rape of a 22-year-old Albanian woman at a Milan nightclub .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_City', 'summary': "Manchester City Football Club is an English football club based in Manchester that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Founded in 1880 as St. Mark 's ( West Gorton ) , it became Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894 . The club 's home ground is the City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester , to which it moved in 2003 , having played at Maine Road since 1923 . Manchester City entered the Football League in 1899 , and won their first major honour with the FA Cup in 1904 . It had its first major period of success in the late 1960s , winning the League , FA Cup and League Cup under the management of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison . After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final , the club went through a period of decline , which eventually saw them relegated as far down as third tier of English football by the end of the 1997-98 season . They since regained promotion to the top tier in 2001-02 and have remained a fixture in the Premier League since 2002-03 . In 2008 , Manchester City was purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group for £210 million and received considerable financial investment . The club have won six domestic league titles . Under the management of Pep Guardiola they won the Premier League in 2018 becoming the only Premier League team to attain 100 points in a single season . In 2019 , they won four trophies , completing an unprecedented sweep of all domestic trophies in England and becoming the first English men 's team to win the domestic treble . Manchester City 's revenue was the fifth highest of a football club in the world in the 2018-19 season at €568.4 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Zezinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Luis_dos_Santos_Pinto', 'summary': 'This name uses Portuguese naming customs . the first or maternal family name is Dos Santos and the second or paternal family name is Pinto .'}]}, {'value': 'Juventude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Juventude', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Juventude , also known as Juventude , is a Brazilian football team in Caxias do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul . The club competed several times in the Série A , won the Copa do Brasil and the Série B once and competed once in the Copa Libertadores . Juventude 's greatest rival is Caxias ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Sandro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Sandro_Lobo_Silva', 'summary': 'Alex Sandro Lobo Silva , or simply Alex Sandro ( born 26 January 1991 ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Serie A club Juventus and the Brazil national team . At club level , Alex Sandro began his career with Atletico Paranaense , and later also played for Santos on loan . In 2011 , he joined Porto for €9.6 million , alongside teammate and countryman Danilo , who plays as a right back . He joined Juventus in 2015 , winning the domestic double in his first three seasons , followed by another league title the following year . At international level , Alex Sandro also plays for the Brazil national football team , for which he has gained over 10 caps so far . At youth level , he also represented the Brazil national under-20 football team , winning both the South American Youth Championship and the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 2011 , as well as the Brazil national under-23 football team , with which he won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He was later also part of the Brazil squad that won the 2019 Copa América .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlético-PR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Paranaense', 'summary': "Club Athletico Paranaense , commonly known as Athletico-PR , is a Brazilian football team from Curitiba in Paraná , founded on March 26 , 1924 . The team won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , Brazil 's top football division , in 2001 , the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and the Copa do Brasil in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodriguinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigo_César_Castro_Cabral', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Castro Cesar Cabral , more commonly known as Rodriguinho ( born in Guarapuava on February 5 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian footballer who acts as midfielder . He currently plays for Sport Club do Recife .'}]}, {'value': 'Guarani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guarani_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Guarani Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . It is also known as Bugre , a popular term for an Indigenous Brazilian , and its supporters are known as bugrinos .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Augusto_Ortolan', 'summary': 'Marcel Augusto Ortolan ( born 12 November 1981 in Mirassol , São Paulo ) , commonly known as Marcel , is a Brazilian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Benfica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.L._Benfica', 'summary': "Sport Lisboa e Benfica ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɨˈpɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i βɐ̃jˈfikɐ ] ) , commonly known as Benfica , is a professional football club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , where they are the current champions and the most successful team in terms of overall titles . Founded on 28 February 1904 as Sport Lisboa , Benfica is one of the Big Three clubs in Portugal that have never been relegated from Primeira Liga , along with rivals Sporting CP and FC Porto . Benfica are nicknamed As Águias ( The Eagles ) , for the symbol atop the club 's crest , and Os Encarnados ( The Reds ) , for the shirt colour . Since 2003 , their home ground has been the Estádio da Luz , which replaced the larger , original one , built in 1954 . Benfica is the most supported Portuguese club and the European club with the highest percentage of supporters in its own country , having over 230,000 members and an estimated 14 million supporters worldwide . The club 's anthem , Ser Benfiquista , refers to Benfica supporters , who are called benfiquistas . E pluribus unum is the club motto ; Águia Vitória , the mascot . Benfica is honoured with three Portuguese Orders : those of Christ ( Commander ) , of Prince Henry ( Honorary Member ) and of Merit ( Officer ) . With 83 major trophies won - 84 including the Latin Cup - Benfica is the most decorated club in Portugal . They have won 80 domestic trophies : a record 37 Primeira Liga titles , a record 26 Taça de Portugal , a record 7 Taça da Liga , 8 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and 3 Campeonato de Portugal . Internationally , they won back-to-back European Cups in 1961 and 1962 - a unique feat in Portuguese football - and were runners-up at the Intercontinental Cup in 1961 and '62 , at the European Cup in 1963 , '65 , '68 , '88 and '90 , and at the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 1983 , 2013 and '14 . Benfica 's ten European finals are a domestic record and ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiago Lúis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiago_Luís_Martins', 'summary': 'Tiago Luís Martins ( born 13 March 1989 ) , known as Tiago Luís , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Thai club Rayong as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'União Leiria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.D._Leiria', 'summary': 'União Desportiva de Leiria , commonly known as União de Leiria ( pronounced [ uniˈɐ̃w̃ dɨ lɐjˈɾiɐ ] ) , is a Portuguese football club based in Leiria , central Portugal . Founded on 6 June 1966 , it currently plays in the Campeonato de Portugal , holding home matches at Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , with a 24,000-seat capacity .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Adriano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adriano_Bispo_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Adriano Bispo dos Santos ( born 29 May 1987 ) , or simply Adriano , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Imperatriz .'}]}, {'value': 'São Caetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AD_São_Caetano', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva São Caetano , commonly known as São Caetano , is a Brazilian football team based in the city of São Caetano , Brazil , part of the São Paulo greater metropolitan area . The club finished as runner-up in the Série A twice and once in the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- In', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Santos_FC_season_1', 'intro': "The 2010 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-eighth season in existence and the club's fifty-first consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football. On 4 December 2009, Luis Álvaro de Oliveira Ribeiro was elect President for the next two years. This season marked the new Meninos da Vila generation, where Neymar, Ganso, Rafael, Wesley, André, alongside Robinho (who joined the club on a six-month loan deal) and others players, helped Santos won their 18th Campeonato Paulista title, beating Santo André in the finals. Santos also won the Copa do Brasil title, winning for the first time in history. It was the culmination of a campaign marked by a devastating team with relentless wins, as against Naviraiense 10-0 and 8-1 against Guarani, game in which Neymar scored five goals. In the second half of the year, losses of key players as Wesley (sold to Werder Bremen), André (sold to Dynamo Kyiv), Robinho (who returned to Manchester City), Ganso (who suffered an Anterior cruciate ligament injury), and the dismissal of coach Dorival Junior after a misunderstanding involving Neymar, Santos was unable to go beyond an 8th place in the Campeonato Brasileiro and postponed the conquest of the triple crown (symbolic title given to whoever wins in the same year, the State Championship, the Brazil Cup and Brazil League)."} | null | null | What is another popular name for the team that the player born on Christmas 1985 is moving from ? | Bugre |
069ba008339d1b9d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta', 'title': 'List of towns in Alberta', 'header': ['Former new town', 'Incorporation date ( new town )', 'Previous status', 'Subsequent status change date', 'Subsequent status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cynthia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynthia,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Cynthia is a hamlet in central Alberta , Canada within Brazeau County . It is located approximately 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) south of Highway 16 and 131 kilometres ( 81 mi ) southwest of Edmonton . Cynthia previously held new town status for almost three years , having incorporated as a new town on June 1 , 1956 , but dissolving on May 1 , 1959 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 1 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unincorporated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unincorporated_area', 'summary': 'In law , an unincorporated area is a region of land that is not governed by a local municipal corporation ; similarly an unincorporated community is a settlement that is not governed by its own local municipal corporation , but rather is administered as part of larger administrative divisions , such as a township , parish , borough , county , city , canton , state , province or country . Occasionally , municipalities dissolve or disincorporate , which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent , and services become the responsibility of a higher administration . Widespread unincorporated communities and areas are a distinguishing feature of the United States and Canada . In most other countries of the world , there are either no unincorporated areas at all , or these are very rare ; typically remote , outlying , sparsely populated or uninhabited areas .'}]}, {'value': 'May 1 , 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamlet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamlet_(place)', 'summary': 'A hamlet is a small or very small human settlement . In different jurisdictions and geographies , a hamlet may be the size of a town , village or parish , or may be considered to be a smaller settlement or subdivision or satellite entity to a larger settlement . The word and concept of a hamlet have roots in the Anglo-Norman settlement of England , where the old French hamlet came to apply to small human settlements . In British geography , a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church or other place of worship ( e.g . one road or a crossroads , with houses either side ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Drayton Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drayton_Valley', 'summary': "Drayton Valley is a town in central Alberta , Canada . It is located on Highway 22 ( Cowboy Trail ) , approximately 133 kilometres ( 83 mi ) southwest of Edmonton . It is surrounded by Brazeau County , known for its vast oil fields . The town is located between the North Saskatchewan River and the Pembina River . The town was named after Drayton , Hampshire , the birthplace of the wife of one of the Alberta town 's postmasters ."}]}, {'value': 'June 1 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Village', 'summary': 'A village is a clustered human settlement or community , larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town ( although the word is often used to describe both hamlets and smaller towns ) , with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand . Though villages are often located in rural areas , the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighborhoods . Villages are normally permanent , with fixed dwellings ; however , transient villages can occur . Further , the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another , not scattered broadly over the landscape , as a dispersed settlement .'}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort McMurray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_McMurray', 'summary': 'Fort McMurray ( /mɪkˈmʌri/ mik-MURR-ee ) is an urban service area in the Regional Municipality ( RM ) of Wood Buffalo in Alberta , Canada . It is located in northeast Alberta , in the middle of the Athabasca oil sands , surrounded by boreal forest . It has played a significant role in the development of the national petroleum industry . A severe wildfire in May 2016 led to the evacuation of its residents and caused widespread damage . Formerly a city , Fort McMurray became an urban service area when it amalgamated with Improvement District No . 143 on April 1 , 1995 , to create the Municipality of Wood Buffalo ( renamed the RM of Wood Buffalo on August 14 , 1996 ) . Despite its current official designation of urban service area , many locals , politicians and the media still refer to Fort McMurray as a city . Fort McMurray was known simply as McMurray between 1947 and 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City', 'summary': 'A city is a large human settlement . It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks . Cities generally have extensive systems for housing , transportation , sanitation , utilities , land use , and communication . Their density facilitates interaction between people , government organisations and businesses , sometimes benefiting different parties in the process , such as improving efficiency of goods and service distribution . This concentration also can have significant negative consequences , such as forming urban heat islands , concentrating pollution , and stressing water supplies and other resources . Historically , city-dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall , but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapid urbanisation , roughly half of the world population now lives in cities , which has had profound consequences for global sustainability . Present-day cities usually form the core of larger metropolitan areas and urban areas - creating numerous commuters traveling towards city centres for employment , entertainment , and edification . However , in a world of intensifying globalisation , all cities are in different degree also connected globally beyond these regions . This increased influence means that cities also have significant influences on global issues , such as sustainable development , global warming and global health . The world powers feature several renowned cities , the cities of the United States , include New York City and Los Angeles , and other major cities such as Chicago , Houston , and Philadelphia . While the cities in China , rank among the most populated , for example city proper is Chongqing and the Shanghai area . While the most populous metropolitan areas are the Greater Tokyo Area , and the Jakarta metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Creek,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Fox Creek is a town in northwest Alberta , Canada . It is located on Highway 43 , approximately 259 km ( 161 mi ) northwest of Edmonton and 199 km ( 124 mi ) southeast of Grande Prairie , and has an elevation of 808 m ( 2,651 ft ) . Fox Creek is within the Upper Peace planning region , and is surrounded by the Municipal District of Greenview No . 16 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unincorporated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unincorporated_area', 'summary': 'In law , an unincorporated area is a region of land that is not governed by a local municipal corporation ; similarly an unincorporated community is a settlement that is not governed by its own local municipal corporation , but rather is administered as part of larger administrative divisions , such as a township , parish , borough , county , city , canton , state , province or country . Occasionally , municipalities dissolve or disincorporate , which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent , and services become the responsibility of a higher administration . Widespread unincorporated communities and areas are a distinguishing feature of the United States and Canada . In most other countries of the world , there are either no unincorporated areas at all , or these are very rare ; typically remote , outlying , sparsely populated or uninhabited areas .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Grande Cache', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grande_Cache', 'summary': "Grande Cache is a hamlet within and administered by the Municipal District of Greenview No . 16 in west-central Alberta , Canada . It is located on Highway 40 approximately 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) northwest of Hinton and 435 kilometres ( 270 mi ) west of Edmonton . Grande Cache overlooks the Smoky River , is at the northern edge of Alberta 's Rockies , and serves as the gateway to the Willmore Wilderness Park . The hamlet held town status prior to 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unincorporated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unincorporated_area', 'summary': 'In law , an unincorporated area is a region of land that is not governed by a local municipal corporation ; similarly an unincorporated community is a settlement that is not governed by its own local municipal corporation , but rather is administered as part of larger administrative divisions , such as a township , parish , borough , county , city , canton , state , province or country . Occasionally , municipalities dissolve or disincorporate , which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent , and services become the responsibility of a higher administration . Widespread unincorporated communities and areas are a distinguishing feature of the United States and Canada . In most other countries of the world , there are either no unincorporated areas at all , or these are very rare ; typically remote , outlying , sparsely populated or uninhabited areas .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'High Level', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Level,_Alberta', 'summary': 'High Level is a town in northern Alberta , Canada . It is located at the intersection of the Mackenzie Highway ( Highway 35 ) and Highway 58 , approximately 733 kilometres ( 455 mi ) north of Edmonton and 725 kilometres ( 450 mi ) south of Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . High Level is located within Mackenzie County and was founded in 1947 . The town serves a trading area of approximately 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': 'June 1 , 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamlet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamlet_(place)', 'summary': 'A hamlet is a small or very small human settlement . In different jurisdictions and geographies , a hamlet may be the size of a town , village or parish , or may be considered to be a smaller settlement or subdivision or satellite entity to a larger settlement . The word and concept of a hamlet have roots in the Anglo-Norman settlement of England , where the old French hamlet came to apply to small human settlements . In British geography , a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church or other place of worship ( e.g . one road or a crossroads , with houses either side ) .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Hinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hinton,_Alberta', 'summary': "Hinton is a town in west-central Alberta , Canada . It is located in Yellowhead County , 81 kilometres ( 50 mi ) northeast of Jasper and about 284 kilometres ( 176 mi ) west of Alberta 's capital city , Edmonton , at the intersection of Yellowhead and Bighorn Highway , in the Athabasca River valley ."}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamlet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamlet_(place)', 'summary': 'A hamlet is a small or very small human settlement . In different jurisdictions and geographies , a hamlet may be the size of a town , village or parish , or may be considered to be a smaller settlement or subdivision or satellite entity to a larger settlement . The word and concept of a hamlet have roots in the Anglo-Norman settlement of England , where the old French hamlet came to apply to small human settlements . In British geography , a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church or other place of worship ( e.g . one road or a crossroads , with houses either side ) .'}]}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Lodgepole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lodgepole,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Lodgepole is a hamlet in central Alberta , Canada within Brazeau County . It is located approximately 31 kilometres ( 19 mi ) west of Highway 22 and 131 kilometres ( 81 mi ) southwest of Edmonton .'}]}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unincorporated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unincorporated_area', 'summary': 'In law , an unincorporated area is a region of land that is not governed by a local municipal corporation ; similarly an unincorporated community is a settlement that is not governed by its own local municipal corporation , but rather is administered as part of larger administrative divisions , such as a township , parish , borough , county , city , canton , state , province or country . Occasionally , municipalities dissolve or disincorporate , which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent , and services become the responsibility of a higher administration . Widespread unincorporated communities and areas are a distinguishing feature of the United States and Canada . In most other countries of the world , there are either no unincorporated areas at all , or these are very rare ; typically remote , outlying , sparsely populated or uninhabited areas .'}]}, {'value': 'March 1 , 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamlet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamlet_(place)', 'summary': 'A hamlet is a small or very small human settlement . In different jurisdictions and geographies , a hamlet may be the size of a town , village or parish , or may be considered to be a smaller settlement or subdivision or satellite entity to a larger settlement . The word and concept of a hamlet have roots in the Anglo-Norman settlement of England , where the old French hamlet came to apply to small human settlements . In British geography , a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church or other place of worship ( e.g . one road or a crossroads , with houses either side ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Rainbow Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainbow_Lake,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Rainbow Lake is a town in northwest Alberta , Canada . It is located west of High Level at the end of Highway 58 , in Mackenzie County . The town carries the name of the nearby lake , formed on the Hay River , that was so called due to its curved shape .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unincorporated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unincorporated_area', 'summary': 'In law , an unincorporated area is a region of land that is not governed by a local municipal corporation ; similarly an unincorporated community is a settlement that is not governed by its own local municipal corporation , but rather is administered as part of larger administrative divisions , such as a township , parish , borough , county , city , canton , state , province or country . Occasionally , municipalities dissolve or disincorporate , which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent , and services become the responsibility of a higher administration . Widespread unincorporated communities and areas are a distinguishing feature of the United States and Canada . In most other countries of the world , there are either no unincorporated areas at all , or these are very rare ; typically remote , outlying , sparsely populated or uninhabited areas .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Albert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta', 'summary': "St. Albert is a city in Alberta on the Sturgeon River northwest of the City of Edmonton . It was originally settled as a Métis community , and is now the second-largest city in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region . St. Albert first received its town status in 1904 and was reached by the Canadian Northern Railway in 1906 . Originally separated from Edmonton by several miles of farmland , the 1980s expansion of Edmonton 's city limits placed St. Albert immediately adjacent to the larger city on St. Albert 's south and east sides ."}]}, {'value': 'January 1 , 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Swan Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swan_Hills,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Swan Hills is a town in Alberta , Canada . Part of Northern Alberta , it is located in the eponymous Swan Hills , 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Whitecourt and 62 km ( 39 mi ) northwest of Fort Assiniboine . The town is at the junction of Highway 32 and Grizzly Trail , and is surrounded by Big Lakes County . It is the nearest major settlement to the geographic centre of the province . In 1989 , local resident Roy Chimiuk used a minimum bounding box method to place a cairn marking the exact location at 54°30′N 115°0′W / 54.500°N 115.000°W / 54.500 ; -115.000 , about 30 kilometers south of the town . The site is protected by the Centre of Alberta Natural Area , a 3-kilometer hike from Highway 33 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unincorporated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unincorporated_area', 'summary': 'In law , an unincorporated area is a region of land that is not governed by a local municipal corporation ; similarly an unincorporated community is a settlement that is not governed by its own local municipal corporation , but rather is administered as part of larger administrative divisions , such as a township , parish , borough , county , city , canton , state , province or country . Occasionally , municipalities dissolve or disincorporate , which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent , and services become the responsibility of a higher administration . Widespread unincorporated communities and areas are a distinguishing feature of the United States and Canada . In most other countries of the world , there are either no unincorporated areas at all , or these are very rare ; typically remote , outlying , sparsely populated or uninhabited areas .'}]}, {'value': 'January 1 , 1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Whitecourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitecourt', 'summary': "Whitecourt is a town in central Alberta , Canada within Woodlands County . It is located approximately 177 km ( 110 mi ) northwest of Edmonton and 279 km ( 173 mi ) southeast of Grande Prairie at the junction of Highway 43 and Highway 32 , and has an elevation of 690 m ( 2,260 ft ) . The Whitecourt meteor impact crater is found on nearby Whitecourt Mountain . Whitecourt is also located at the confluence of four waterways - the Athabasca River , McLeod River , Sakwatamau River and Beaver Creek . A Canadian National rail line runs through the town . The Town has branded itself as the Snowmobile Capital of Alberta and its motto is Let 's Go ."}]}, {'value': 'August 15 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Village', 'summary': 'A village is a clustered human settlement or community , larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town ( although the word is often used to describe both hamlets and smaller towns ) , with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand . Though villages are often located in rural areas , the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighborhoods . Villages are normally permanent , with fixed dwellings ; however , transient villages can occur . Further , the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another , not scattered broadly over the landscape , as a dispersed settlement .'}]}, {'value': 'December 20 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}], 'section_title': 'New towns', 'section_text': "New town is a former urban municipal status in Alberta that is no longer in use . The authority to incorporate a community as a new town came from The New Towns Act , which was chapter 39 of the Statutes of Alberta , 1956 . At least 12 communities incorporated as a new town between 1956 and 1967 . Cynthia and Drayton Valley were the first communities in Alberta to incorporate as new towns on June 1 , 1956 . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Drayton Valley did so after only six months of incorporation as a village , [ 22 ] and was also the community that operated under new town status for the shortest period – eight months from June 1 , 1956 to February 1 , 1957 . [ 23 ] The last community to incorporate as a new town was Fox Creek on July 19 , 1967 . [ 24 ] Fox Creek was previously unincorporated prior to this date . It remained a new town for just over sixteen years until September 1 , 1983 when it changed to town status . [ 25 ] Rainbow Lake was the last community to be recognized as a new town . Its status was changed to that of a town in 1994 when numerous former acts under the authority of Alberta Municipal Affairs were transitioned into the current Municipal Government Act . [ 26 ] Rainbow Lake was also the community that operated under new town status for the longest period – nearly 28 years from September 1 , 1966 to May 2 , 1994 . Other communities that applied for new town status included Slave Lake and Smith . Slave Lake applied , despite already being incorporated , to access additional provincial funding but the application was denied by the provincial cabinet . In the case of Smith , after applying in 1968 , its application was denied after the province 's feasibility study for the community determined Smith was unlikely to attract further economic development . [ 27 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_towns_in_Alberta_1', 'intro': "A town is an urban municipality status type used in the Canadian province of Alberta. Alberta towns are created when communities with populations of at least 1,000 people, where a majority of their buildings are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2, apply to Alberta Municipal Affairs for town status under the authority of the Municipal Government Act. Applications for town status are approved via orders in council made by the Lieutenant Governor in Council under recommendation from the Minister of Municipal Affairs. Alberta has 106 towns that had a cumulative population of 455,053 and an average population of 4,293 in the 2016 Canadian Census. The number of towns decreased from 107 to 106 on February 1, 2020, when Granum dissolved from town status to become a hamlet. Alberta's largest and smallest towns are Okotoks and Stavely with populations of 28,881 and 541 respectively. Nobleford is Alberta's newest town, incorporating from village status on February 28, 2018. When a town's population exceeds 10,000 people, the council may request a change to city status, but the change in incorporated status is not mandatory. Towns with populations less than 1,000, whether their populations have declined below 1,000 or they were incorporated as towns prior to the minimum 1,000 population requirement, are permitted to retain town status. A total of 699 elected town officials (107 mayors and 592 councillors)[needs update] provide town governance throughout the province. The highest frequency of towns in Alberta is found in the Queen Elizabeth II Highway/Highway 2A corridor between Calgary and Edmonton corridor including, from south to north, Crossfield, Carstairs, Didsbury, Olds, Bowden, Innisfail, Penhold, Blackfalds, Ponoka and Millet."} | null | null | The town that was first incorporated in 1964 , but later changed to an urban service area , had a severe wildfire , in what year , that led to the evacuation of its residents and caused widespread damage , which is located right in the middle of the Athabasca oil sands ? | 2016 |
069d3331dfb60837 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_centenarians_(medical_professionals)', 'title': 'List of centenarians (medical professionals)', 'header': ['Name', 'Lifespan', 'Age', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Elizabeth Bagshaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Bagshaw', 'summary': "Elizabeth Catherine Bagshaw , CM ( October 19 , 1881 - January 5 , 1982 ) was one of Canada 's first woman physicians . She was the medical director of the first birth control clinic in Canada , located in Hamilton , Ontario ."}]}, {'value': '1881-1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian physician and director of the first birth control clinic in Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Physician', 'summary': 'A physician ( American English ) , medical practitioner ( Commonwealth English ) , medical doctor , or simply doctor , is a professional who practises medicine , which is concerned with promoting , maintaining , or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , prognosis and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments . Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories , types of patients , and methods of treatment - known as specialities - or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals , families , and communities - known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines , such as anatomy and physiology , underlying diseases and their treatment - the science of medicine - and also a decent competence in its applied practice - the art or craft of medicine . Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world . Degrees and other qualifications vary widely , but there are some common elements , such as medical ethics requiring that physicians show consideration , compassion , and benevolence for their patients .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Birth_control', 'summary': 'Birth control , also known as contraception and fertility control , is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy . Birth control has been used since ancient times , but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century . Planning , making available , and using birth control is called family planning . Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally , religiously , or politically undesirable . The most effective methods of birth control are sterilization by means of vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females , intrauterine devices ( IUDs ) , and implantable birth control . This is followed by a number of hormone-based methods including oral pills , patches , vaginal rings , and injections . Less effective methods include physical barriers such as condoms , diaphragms and birth control sponges and fertility awareness methods . The least effective methods are spermicides and withdrawal by the male before ejaculation . Sterilization , while highly effective , is not usually reversible ; all other methods are reversible , most immediately upon stopping them . Safe sex practices , such as with the use of male or female condoms , can also help prevent sexually transmitted infections . Other methods of birth control do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases . Emergency birth control can prevent pregnancy if taken within the 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Barnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Barnes_(Irish_doctor)', 'summary': 'Joseph Barnes ( 14 November 1914 - 4 May 2017 ) was an Irish physician and medical missionary who worked in leper colonies in West Africa in the 1940s . Most notably , he co-founded International Community for the Relief of Suffering and Starvation ( ICROSS ) with Michael Elmore-Meegan . Born in Belfast , Barnes lectured in tropical medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . He became a centenarian in November 2014 , and died in 2017 , aged 102 .'}]}, {'value': '1914-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irish physician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myra Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myra_Bennett', 'summary': "Myra M. Bennett , CM , MBE ( April 1 , 1890 - April 26 , 1990 ) born London , England , died Daniel 's Harbour , Newfoundland , Canada was a celebrated Canadian nurse . Dubbed The Florence Nightingale of Newfoundland by the Evening Telegram , in tribute to her contribution to the people of the Great Northern Peninsula , she was also known simply as The Nurse ."}]}, {'value': '1890-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian nurse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurse', 'summary': "Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals , families , and communities so they may attain , maintain , or recover optimal health and quality of life . Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care , training , and scope of practice . Nurses practice in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority . Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians , and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers . However , nurse practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings . Since the postwar period , nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials , and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing . Nurses develop a plan of care , working collaboratively with physicians , therapists , the patient , the patient 's family , and other team members that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life . In the United States and the United Kingdom , advanced practice nurses , such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners , diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies , depending on individual state regulations . Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of a multidisciplinary health care team such as therapists , medical practitioners , and dietitians . Nurses provide care both interdependently , for example , with physicians , and independently as nursing professionals ."}]}, {'value': 'Elisabeth Bing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elisabeth_Bing', 'summary': 'Elisabeth Dorothea Bing ( née Koenigsberger ; 8 July 1914 - 15 May 2015 ) was a German physical therapist , co-founder of Lamaze International , and proponent of natural childbirth . She trained as a physical therapist in England after fleeing Nazi Germany due to her Jewish ancestry . Her hospital work there made her interested in natural childbirth , and she taught it to parents in the United States after she moved there in 1949 . To promote natural childbirth methods , she co-founded the American Society for Psychoprophylaxis in Obstetrics ( now Lamaze International ) , made several TV appearances and radio broadcasts , and wrote several books on the subject . She became known as the mother of the Lamaze method in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '1914-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German-born American physical therapist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Bing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Bing', 'summary': 'Richard John Bing ( October 12 , 1909 in Nuremberg , Germany - November 8 , 2010 in La Cañada Flintridge , California ) was a cardiologist who made significant contributions to his field of study .'}]}, {'value': '1909-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German-born American cardiologist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiology', 'summary': 'Cardiology ( from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā , heart and -λογία -logia , study ) is a branch of medicine that deals with the disorders of the heart as well as some parts of the circulatory system . The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects , coronary artery disease , heart failure , valvular heart disease and electrophysiology . Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists , a specialty of internal medicine . Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology . Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons , a specialty of general surgery . Although the cardiovascular system is inextricably linked to blood , cardiology is relatively unconcerned with hematology and its diseases . Some obvious exceptions that affect the function of the heart would be blood tests ( electrolyte disturbances , troponins ) , decreased oxygen carrying capacity ( anemia , hypovolemic shock ) , and coagulopathies .'}]}, {'value': 'Wanda Błeńska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wanda_Błeńska', 'summary': 'Wanda Błeńska , also spelled Wanda Blenska ( 30 October 1911 - 27 November 2014 ) , was a Polish leprosy expert and missionary who succeeded to develop the Buluba Hospital in Uganda into an internationally recognized centre for leprosy treatment .'}]}, {'value': '1911-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polish physician and missionary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadie Bonnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadie_Bonnell', 'summary': 'Sadie Bonnell MM ( 4 June 1888 - 2 September 1993 ) was a British FANY ambulance driver in the First World War who was awarded the Military Medal .'}]}, {'value': '1888-1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British FANY ambulance driver who won the Military Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry', 'summary': "The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry ( Princess Royal 's Volunteer Corps ) ( FANY ( PRVC ) ) is a British independent all-female registered charity formed in 1907 and active in both nursing and intelligence work during the World Wars . Although its members wear a military style uniform it is not part of the Regular Army or Army Reserve ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ambulance', 'summary': 'An ambulance is a medically equipped vehicle which transports patients to treatment facilities , such as hospitals . In some instances , out-of-hospital medical care is provided to the patient . Ambulances are used to respond to medical emergencies by emergency medical services . For this purpose , they are generally equipped with flashing warning lights and sirens . They can rapidly transport paramedics and other first responders to the scene , carry equipment for administering emergency care and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care . Most ambulances use a design based on vans or pick-up trucks . Others take the form of motorcycles , cars , buses , aircraft and boats . Generally , vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients . However , it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a non-emergency patient transport vehicle ( also called an ambulette ) is counted as an ambulance . These vehicles are not usually ( although there are exceptions ) equipped with life-support equipment , and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances . Conversely , EMS agencies may also have emergency response vehicles that can not transport patients . These are known by names such as nontransporting EMS vehicles , fly-cars or response vehicles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Military_Medal', 'summary': 'The Military Medal ( MM ) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces , and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries , below commissioned rank , for bravery in battle on land . The award was established in 1916 , with retrospective application to 1914 , and was awarded to other ranks for acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire . The award was discontinued in 1993 when it was replaced by the Military Cross , which was extended to all ranks , while other Commonwealth nations instituted their own award systems in the post war period .'}]}, {'value': 'Geraldine Branch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geraldine_Branch', 'summary': "Geraldine Burton Branch ( October 20 , 1908 - July 22 , 2016 ) was an African American obstetrician-gynecologist who practiced in New York City , NY and Los Angeles , CA . She received her B.S . from Hunter College in chemistry and physics in 1932 and her M.D . from New York Medical College in 1936 . In 1962 , she received a master 's degree in public health from the University of California , Los Angeles . The Dr. Geraldine Burton-Branch Award at Charles S. Drew University of Medicine and Science is a merit-based scholarship named in her honor . In 1992 , Dr. Geraldine Branch received the Healing Hands Award from University of California , Santa Barbara"}]}, {'value': '1908-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American gynecologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clifford Brewer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_Brewer', 'summary': 'Clifford Brewer TD , FRCS , PR , FICS , ( 29 April 1913 - 30 April 2017 ) was an English surgeon who operated on more than 1,000 casualties after the D-Day landings in 1944 . He was the last surviving surgeon to have worked during the landings .'}]}, {'value': '1913-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British surgeon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacinto Convit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacinto_Convit', 'summary': "Jacinto Convit García ( 11 September 1913 - 12 May 2014 ) was a Venezuelan physician and scientist , known for developing a vaccine to prevent leprosy and his studies to treat cancer . He played a role in founding Venezuela 's National Institute of Biomedicine and held many leprosy-related positions . Among Convit 's many honors for his work on leprosy and tropical diseases was Spain 's Prince of Asturias Award in the Scientific and Technical Research category and France 's Legion of Honor . In 1988 , Convit was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Medicine for his experimental anti-leprosy vaccine ."}]}, {'value': '1913-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venezuelan epidemiologist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epidemiology', 'summary': "Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution ( who , when , and where ) , patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations . It is a cornerstone of public health , and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare . Epidemiologists help with study design , collection , and statistical analysis of data , amend interpretation and dissemination of results ( including peer review and occasional systematic review ) . Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research , public health studies , and , to a lesser extent , basic research in the biological sciences . Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation , transmission , outbreak investigation , disease surveillance , environmental epidemiology , forensic epidemiology , occupational epidemiology , screening , biomonitoring , and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials . Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes , statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions , social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes , and engineering for exposure assessment . Epidemiology , literally meaning the study of what is upon the people , is derived from Greek epi , meaning 'upon , among ' , demos , meaning 'people , district ' , and logos , meaning 'study , word , discourse ' , suggesting that it applies only to human populations . However , the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations ( veterinary epidemiology ) , although the term epizoology is available , and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations ( botanical or plant disease epidemiology ) . The distinction between epidemic and endemic was first drawn by Hippocrates , to distinguish between diseases that are visited upon a population ( epidemic ) from those that reside within a population ( endemic ) . The term epidemiology appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española . Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population , a condition known as a syndemic . The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease , but of disease in general , and even many non-disease , health-related conditions , such as high blood pressure , depression and obesity ."}]}, {'value': 'Héctor Croxatto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Héctor_Croxatto', 'summary': 'Héctor Croxatto Rezzio ( 3 July 1908 - 28 September 2010 ) was a Chilean physiologist . He won the Chilean National Prize for Sciences in 1979 . He was a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences . Raised in Temuco , he studied medicine at the University of Chile in Santiago , where he received his medical degree in 1930 . Physiology , biology and biochemistry were the bulk of his research interests . For two decades he taught physiology at the Instituto de Educación Física y Técnica of Casa de Bello . Later , he was dean of the medical faculty of the University of Chile . In 1969 he joined the Academy of Science of Chile . Seven years later he became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences at the Vatican . Croxatto was one of the founders of The World Academy of Sciences in 1983 . He is the father of the medical doctor Horacio Croxatto and grandfather of the actress Luz Croxatto . He died in Santiago on 28 September 2010 at the age of 102 .'}]}, {'value': '1908-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chilean physiologist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Physiologist', 'summary': "Physiology ( /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/ ; from Ancient Greek φύσις ( physis ) , meaning 'nature , origin ' , and -λογία ( -logia ) , meaning 'study of ' ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system . As a sub-discipline of biology , physiology focuses on how organisms , organ systems , individual organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system . According to the classes of organisms , the field can be divided into medical physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , cell physiology , and comparative physiology . Central to physiological functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes , homeostatic control mechanisms , and communication between cells . Physiological state is the condition of normal function , while pathological state refers to abnormal conditions , including human diseases . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'Deng Tietao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deng_Tietao', 'summary': 'Deng Tietao ( Chinese : 邓铁涛 ; 6 November 1916 - 10 January 2019 ) was a Chinese physician , a professor and doctoral advisor at Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine . He was named a Master of National Medicine of China in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '1916-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese physician and academic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leila Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leila_Denmark', 'summary': "Leila Alice Denmark ( née Daughtry ; February 1 , 1898 - April 1 , 2012 ) was an American pediatrician in Atlanta , Georgia . She was the world 's oldest practicing pediatrician until her retirement in May 2001 at the age of 103 , after 73 years . She was a supercentenarian , living to the age of 114 years , 60 days . On December 10 , 2011 , at age 113 years 312 days , she became one of the 100 oldest people ever . ( This record has since been surpassed . ) At her death she was the 5th-oldest verified living person in the world and the 3rd-oldest verified living person in the United States . A pioneering female doctor , medical researcher , and an outspoken voice in the pediatric community , Denmark was one of the few supercentenarians in history to gain prominence in life for reasons other than longevity . She is credited as co-developer of the pertussis ( whooping cough ) vaccine . She started treating children in 1928 . By the time of her retirement , Denmark was treating grandchildren and great-grandchildren of her first patients ."}]}, {'value': '1898-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American pediatrician who helped develop the pertussis vaccine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pediatrics', 'summary': 'Pediatrics ( also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics ) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants , children , and adolescents . The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people be under pediatric care up to the age of 21 . A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician , or paediatrician . The word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children ; they derive from two Greek words : παῖς ( pais child ) and ἰατρός ( iatros doctor , healer ) . Pediatricians work both in hospitals , particularly those working in its subspecialties such as neonatology , and as outpatient primary care physicians .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pertussis', 'summary': 'Whooping cough , also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough , is a highly contagious bacterial disease . Initially , symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose , fever , and mild cough . This is followed by weeks of severe coughing fits . Following a fit of coughing , a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in . The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks , hence the phrase 100-day cough . A person may cough so hard that they vomit , break ribs , or become very tired from the effort . Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe . The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days . Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated , but symptoms are typically milder . Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis . It is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vaccine', 'summary': "A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease . A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe , its toxins , or one of its surface proteins . The agent stimulates the body 's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat , destroy it , and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future . Vaccines can be prophylactic ( to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or wild pathogen ) , or therapeutic ( e.g. , vaccines against cancer , which are being investigated ) . The administration of vaccines is called vaccination . Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases ; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio , measles , and tetanus from much of the world . The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified ; for example , vaccines that have proven effective include the influenza vaccine , the HPV vaccine , and the chicken pox vaccine . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections . The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae ( smallpox of the cow ) , the term devised by Edward Jenner to denote cowpox . He used it in 1798 in the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae Known as the Cow Pox , in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox . In 1881 , to honor Jenner , Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthony F. DePalma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_F._DePalma', 'summary': 'Anthony Federico DePalma ( October 12 , 1904 - April 6 , 2005 ) was an orthopedic surgeon , humanitarian , and teacher at Thomas Jefferson University , as well as the founder of the orthopedic department at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': '1904-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American orthopedic surgeon , father of Brian De Palma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery', 'summary': 'Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics , also spelled orthopaedics , is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system . Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma , spine diseases , sports injuries , degenerative diseases , infections , tumors , and congenital disorders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_De_Palma', 'summary': "Brian Russell De Palma ( born September 11 , 1940 ) is an American film director and screenwriter . With a career spanning over 50 years , he is best known for his work in the suspense , psychological thriller , and crime drama genres . His prominent films include mainstream box office hits such as Carrie ( 1976 ) , Dressed to Kill ( 1980 ) , Scarface ( 1983 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) , and Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) , as well as cult favorites such as Sisters ( 1973 ) , Blow Out ( 1981 ) , Body Double ( 1984 ) , Casualties of War ( 1989 ) , Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) , and Femme Fatale ( 2002 ) . De Palma is often cited as a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors . His directing style often makes use of quotations from other films or cinematic styles , and bears the influence of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Jean-Luc Godard . His films have been criticised for their violence and sexual content but have also been championed by prominent critics such as Roger Ebert and Pauline Kael ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Douglas-Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Douglas-Wilson', 'summary': 'Ian Douglas-Wilson ( 12 May 1912 - 15 October 2013 ) was a British physician who was editor of The Lancet , a United Kingdom-based medical journal , from 1965 to 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '1912-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British physician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joel Elkes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Elkes', 'summary': "Joel Elkes ( pronounced el ' kez ) ( 12 November 1913 , Königsberg - 30 October 2015 , Sarasota ) was a leading medical researcher specialising in the chemistry of the brain . He qualified as a physician in London and later became a medical researcher who published the first double-blind scientific trial on chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia . He is regarded as the father of modern neuropsychopharmacology and directed the first experimental psychiatric Uffculme Clinic in Birmingham , UK . He was responsible for the setting up of international organisations and university departments to further the investigation of the effects of psychopharmacy . He spent the latter part of his career endeavouring to bring higher levels of humanity , compassion and ethics to medical training ."}]}, {'value': '1913-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prussian-born American medical researcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ephraim Engleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ephraim_Engleman', 'summary': "Ephraim Engleman ( March 24 , 1911 - September 2 , 2015 ) was an American rheumatologist and a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of California , San Francisco . He had a major national and international impact on rheumatology during more than six decades , and wrote more than one hundred scientific and medical papers . Engleman received his B.S . from Stanford University in 1933 and his M.D . from Columbia University in 1937 . He saw military service as a major during World War II , serving as chief of the U.S. Armys Rheumatic Fever Center at Torney General Hospital . In 1942 , he was one of two authors of the first English language medical article describing the triad of uveitis , urethritis , and arthritis and coined the eponym Reiter 's syndrome ( now known as reactive arthritis ) after Dr. Hans Conrad Julius Reiter . In 1947 , he joined the clinical faculty at UCSF and spent the remaining 68 years of his professional medical career there , with a national and international impact on the field of rheumatology . From 1962-1963 , Engleman was president of the American Rheumatism Association , now the American College of Rheumatology ; president of the National Society of Clinical Rheumatology ( 1967-1969 ) ; president of the International League Against Rheumatism ( 1981-1985 ) . In the latter position , he made several trips to mainland China and was influential in the creation of the Chinese Rheumatology Association . He also served as Chairman of the World Health Organizations task force on arthritis and on several committees of the Natural Institutes of Health . From 1975 to 1976 , Engleman chaired the National Commission on Arthritis , a congressional mandated task force charged with recommending remedies for the inadequate status of arthritis research , teaching and patient care in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1911-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American rheumatologist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rheumatology', 'summary': 'Rheumatology ( Greek ῥεῦμα , rheûma , flowing current ) is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases . Physicians who have undergone formal training in rheumatology are called rheumatologists . Rheumatologists deal mainly with immune-mediated disorders of the musculoskeletal system , soft tissues , autoimmune diseases , vasculitides , and heritable connective tissue disorders . Many of these diseases are now known to be disorders of the immune system . Rheumatology is considered to be the study and practice of medical immunology . Beginning in the 2000s , the incorporation of drugs called the biologics ( which include inhibitors of TNF-alpha , certain interleukins , and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway ) into standards of care is one of the paramount developments in modern rheumatology .'}]}, {'value': 'Gordon S. Fahrni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_S._Fahrni', 'summary': 'Gordon Samuel Fahrni , ( April 13 , 1887 - November 3 , 1995 ) a recipient of the Order of Canada , was a Canadian physician and a leader in the Canadian Medical community . He served as president of the Canadian Medical Association from 1941-1942 . An expert on goitre surgery he was a founder of the American Goitre Association . He was a medical practitioner for 54 years , dying at age 108 .'}]}, {'value': '1887-1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian physician and expert on goitre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goitre', 'summary': 'A goitre , or goiter , is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland . A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly . Worldwide , over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency . The term is from the Latin gutturia , meaning throat . Most goitres are of a benign nature .'}]}, {'value': 'William Frankland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Frankland_(allergist)', 'summary': 'Alfred William Frankland MBE ( born 19 March 1912 ) is a British allergist whose achievements include the popularisation of the pollen count as a piece of weather-related information to the British public , and the prediction of increased levels of allergy to penicillin . He continues to work , some years after turning 100 .'}]}, {'value': '1912-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British immunologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir George Godber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Godber', 'summary': "Sir George Edward Godber , GCB ( 4 August 1908 - 7 February 2009 ) served as Chief Medical Officer for Her Majesty 's Government in England from 1960 to 1973 . He was also part of the team that planned the National Health Service ( NHS ) and as deputy Chief Medical Officer and subsequently Chief Medical officer campaigned against smoking , and for immunization against polio and diphtheria ."}]}, {'value': '1908-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Medical Officer of the United Kingdom', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of centenarians – specifically , people who became famous as medical professionals – known for reasons other than their longevity . For more lists , see lists of centenarians .', 'uid': 'List_of_centenarians_(medical_professionals)_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of centenarians - specifically, people who became famous as medical professionals - known for reasons other than their longevity. For more lists, see lists of centenarians.'} | null | null | During which war did this British woman offer her services for which she won the medal established in 1916 ? | First World War |
069da29b84cc68dc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_routes_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York', 'title': 'List of county routes in Jefferson County, New York', 'header': ['Route', 'Length ( mi )', 'Length ( km )', 'From', 'Via', 'To'], 'data': [{'value': 'CR 111', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_37', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}]}, {'value': 'Schnauber Corners Road in Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_New_York', 'summary': "Alexandria is a town in the Thousand Islands region of the U.S. state of New York , within Jefferson County . The town 's population was 4,061 at the 2010 United States Census . The town is named after Alexander LeRay , the son of an early developer . The village of Alexandria Bay is within the town . Alexandria is in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Lawrence County line ( becomes CR 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York', 'summary': "St. Lawrence County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 111,944 . The county seat is Canton . The county is named for the Saint Lawrence River , which in turn was named for the Christian saint Lawrence of Rome , on whose Feast day the river was visited by French explorer Jacques Cartier . St. Lawrence County comprises the Ogdensburg-Massena , NY Micropolitan Statistical Area and is New York 's largest county by area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Route_6_(St._Lawrence_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'County routes in St. Lawrence County , New York , are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 120', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}]}, {'value': 'Woodville Road in Ellisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,474 at the 2010 census . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is south of Watertown . Ellisburg is named after early European-American landowners . The town contains a village also called Ellisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 193', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_193', 'summary': 'New York State Route 193 ( NY 193 ) is a short state highway located entirely within the town of Ellisburg in the southwest part of Jefferson County in the North Country of New York in the United States . The western terminus of NY 193 is at an intersection with NY 3 at Southwick Beach State Park , just east of Lake Ontario . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pierrepont Manor , just east of Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) and north of Mannsville .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 121', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3 in Ellisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,474 at the 2010 census . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is south of Watertown . Ellisburg is named after early European-American landowners . The town contains a village also called Ellisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Farm To Market Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 193 in Ellisburg village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_193', 'summary': 'New York State Route 193 ( NY 193 ) is a short state highway located entirely within the town of Ellisburg in the southwest part of Jefferson County in the North Country of New York in the United States . The western terminus of NY 193 is at an intersection with NY 3 at Southwick Beach State Park , just east of Lake Ontario . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pierrepont Manor , just east of Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) and north of Mannsville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a village in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 244 at the 2010 census . The village is named after two brothers who were the original landowners . It is located near the center of the town of Ellisburg and is southwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 122', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oswego County line ( becomes CR 22 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York', 'summary': 'Oswego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 122,109 . The county seat is Oswego . The county name is from a Mohawk language word meaning the outpouring , referring to the mouth of the Oswego River . Oswego County is part of the Syracuse , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Route_22_(Oswego_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'County routes in Oswego County , New York , are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker . Routes typically have one or more road names in addition to their designation ; however , several are known only by their route number .'}]}, {'value': 'Lacona Road in Ellisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,474 at the 2010 census . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is south of Watertown . Ellisburg is named after early European-American landowners . The town contains a village also called Ellisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'US 11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_11_(NY)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from New Orleans , Louisiana , to the Canada-US border at Rouses Point , New York . In the state of New York , US 11 extends for 318.66 miles ( 512.83 km ) from the Pennsylvania state line south of the Southern Tier city of Binghamton to the Canada-US border at the North Country village of Rouses Point , where it becomes Route 223 upon entering Quebec . The portion of US 11 south of Watertown follows a mostly north-south alignment and is paralleled by Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) while the part of the route north of Watertown follows a more east-west routing , parallel to but not directly on the St. Lawrence River . The portion of US 11 in New York passes through the central district of four cities : Binghamton , Cortland , Syracuse , and Watertown . East of Watertown , the route traverses mostly rural terrain and serves only small villages , such as Potsdam , Malone , and Champlain . While the portion of US 11 between the Pennsylvania state line and Watertown is merely an alternate route to I-81 , the section east of Watertown is the primary long-distance route across the North Country of New York . US 11 was designated as part of the 1926 establishment of the U.S. Highway System . It was first signed in New York in 1927 , replacing New York State Route 2 ( NY 2 ) , a route assigned three years earlier as part of the creation of the modern New York state route system . The termini of US 11 have more or less remained the same since ; however , multiple realignments have occurred along the points in between . One of US 11 's three suffixed routes , NY 11C , follows a former routing of US 11 ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 123', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}]}, {'value': 'Harbor Road in Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henderson,_New_York', 'summary': 'Henderson is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,360 at the 2010 census . The town is named after William Henderson , the original European-American land owner . Henderson is in the west part of the county and is southwest of Watertown . The Great Lakes Seaway Trail runs through the town along New York State Route 3 and includes a monument to its founder , William E. Tyson .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Chaumont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12E', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12E ( NY 12E ) is a state highway located entirely within the northwestern part of Jefferson County in northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus is at NY 12F in the village of Brownville . Its northern terminus , both signed and official , is at NY 12 in the village of Clayton . While NY 12 follows a direct north-south routing between Watertown and Clayton , NY 12E diverges westward to follow the shoreline of Lake Ontario . The portion of NY 12E north of its junction with NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail , a National Scenic Byway . Most of modern NY 12E was originally designated as part of NY 3 in 1924 . NY 3 was moved onto its current alignment east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , at which time its former routing between Watertown and Clayton became NY 12E . From Watertown to Limerick , what is now NY 12E was originally NY 12F . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . In 1980 , Jefferson County assumed maintenance of NY 12E between the Watertown city line and Brownville as part of a highway maintenance swap between the county and the state . This section is now county-maintained as County Route 190 ( CR 190 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chaumont,_New_York', 'summary': "Chaumont ( /ʃəˈmoʊ/ shə-MOH ) [ citation needed ] is a village in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . Its population was 624 at the 2010 census . The village is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont , son of Benjamin Franklin 's landlord and friend at Passy in France . The village of Chaumont is in the town of Lyme and is northwest of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'Stone Street and Point Salubrious and Guffins Bay roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Chaumont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 180 in Brownville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_180', 'summary': 'New York State Route 180 ( NY 180 ) is a north-south state highway in the northwestern part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of New York . The southern terminus of the route is at NY 3 in the Hounsfield hamlet of Baggs Corner , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of downtown Watertown . The northern terminus is at NY 12 in the Orleans hamlet of Fishers Landing . NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail from its southern terminus at Baggs Corner to its junction with NY 12E at the Brownville hamlet of Limerick .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brownville_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Brownville is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 6,263 at the 2010 census , up from 5,839 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Jacob Brown , an early settler and leader . Brownville is located in the western part of the county , northwest of Watertown . The town contains a village also named Brownville .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Corners Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Clayton is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 5,153 at the 2010 census . The town is named after John M. Clayton , a federal political leader from Delaware . The town contains a village also named Clayton . Both are northwest of Watertown . The village of Clayton , nearby Cape Vincent , and Alexandria Bay are popular tourist destinations on the New York mainland side of the Thousand Islands region .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 129', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Route_129_(Jefferson_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'New York State Route 342 ( NY 342 ) is a short east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of NY 342 is at an intersection with NY 12 near the hamlet of Scoville Corners in the town of Pamelia . The eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 3 in the town of Le Ray , west of the village of Black River . Along the way , NY 342 connects to Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) in Pamelia and intersects U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) outside of the Le Ray hamlet of Calcium . What is now NY 342 was originally built during the 1950s as a federal-aid highway known as the Watertown Bypass . It became a state highway in 1960 , at which time it was designated as New York State Route 181 . The designation was short-lived as NY 181 was renumbered to NY 342 c. 1963 . The portion of NY 342 between US 11 and NY 3 was part of NY 26 from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s .'}]}, {'value': '0.37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 342', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_342', 'summary': 'New York State Route 342 ( NY 342 ) is a short east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of NY 342 is at an intersection with NY 12 near the hamlet of Scoville Corners in the town of Pamelia . The eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 3 in the town of Le Ray , west of the village of Black River . Along the way , NY 342 connects to Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) in Pamelia and intersects U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) outside of the Le Ray hamlet of Calcium . What is now NY 342 was originally built during the 1950s as a federal-aid highway known as the Watertown Bypass . It became a state highway in 1960 , at which time it was designated as New York State Route 181 . The designation was short-lived as NY 181 was renumbered to NY 342 c. 1963 . The portion of NY 342 between US 11 and NY 3 was part of NY 26 from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Le Ray Street Road in Le Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Ray,_New_York', 'summary': 'Le Ray is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 21,782 at the 2010 census , up from 19,840 at the 2000 census . The town is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray , known as a French father of the American Revolution . The town is in the central part of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Black River village line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_River,_New_York', 'summary': 'Black River is a village in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,348 at the 2010 census . The village is on the border of the towns of Le Ray and Rutland , east of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 136', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Route_136_(Jefferson_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}]}, {'value': '1.82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_37', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}]}, {'value': 'Nobles Corner Road in Theresa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theresa_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Theresa is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,905 at the 2010 census , up from 2,414 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Theresa La Ray , the daughter of an original landowner . The town of Theresa contains a village also named Theresa . The town and village are in the northern part of the county , north-northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 138', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US 11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_11_(NY)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from New Orleans , Louisiana , to the Canada-US border at Rouses Point , New York . In the state of New York , US 11 extends for 318.66 miles ( 512.83 km ) from the Pennsylvania state line south of the Southern Tier city of Binghamton to the Canada-US border at the North Country village of Rouses Point , where it becomes Route 223 upon entering Quebec . The portion of US 11 south of Watertown follows a mostly north-south alignment and is paralleled by Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) while the part of the route north of Watertown follows a more east-west routing , parallel to but not directly on the St. Lawrence River . The portion of US 11 in New York passes through the central district of four cities : Binghamton , Cortland , Syracuse , and Watertown . East of Watertown , the route traverses mostly rural terrain and serves only small villages , such as Potsdam , Malone , and Champlain . While the portion of US 11 between the Pennsylvania state line and Watertown is merely an alternate route to I-81 , the section east of Watertown is the primary long-distance route across the North Country of New York . US 11 was designated as part of the 1926 establishment of the U.S. Highway System . It was first signed in New York in 1927 , replacing New York State Route 2 ( NY 2 ) , a route assigned three years earlier as part of the creation of the modern New York state route system . The termini of US 11 have more or less remained the same since ; however , multiple realignments have occurred along the points in between . One of US 11 's three suffixed routes , NY 11C , follows a former routing of US 11 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sanford Corners Road in Le Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Ray,_New_York', 'summary': 'Le Ray is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 21,782 at the 2010 census , up from 19,840 at the 2000 census . The town is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray , known as a French father of the American Revolution . The town is in the central part of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 342', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_342', 'summary': 'New York State Route 342 ( NY 342 ) is a short east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of NY 342 is at an intersection with NY 12 near the hamlet of Scoville Corners in the town of Pamelia . The eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 3 in the town of Le Ray , west of the village of Black River . Along the way , NY 342 connects to Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) in Pamelia and intersects U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) outside of the Le Ray hamlet of Calcium . What is now NY 342 was originally built during the 1950s as a federal-aid highway known as the Watertown Bypass . It became a state highway in 1960 , at which time it was designated as New York State Route 181 . The designation was short-lived as NY 181 was renumbered to NY 342 c. 1963 . The portion of NY 342 between US 11 and NY 3 was part of NY 26 from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 143', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3 in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'Applegate Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 47 in Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Champion is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,494 at the 2010 census . The town is named after General Henry Champion , early owner . The town is on the eastern edge of the county and is east of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 144', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Staplin Road in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 143', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 145', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 75 in Hounsfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hounsfield,_New_York', 'summary': 'Hounsfield is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,466 at the 2010 census . The name of the town is from Ezra Hounsfield , a land agent and land owner . Hounsfield is in the western part of the county and is west of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'North Harbor Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 66 in Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams,_New_York', 'summary': 'Adams is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . Named after President John Adams , the town had a population of 5,143 at the 2010 census . The town contains a village also named Adams . The village and town are south of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 152', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 178', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_178', 'summary': 'New York State Route 178 ( NY 178 ) is an east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 10.23 miles ( 16.46 km ) from an intersection with NY 3 by Aspinwell Corners in the town of Henderson to a junction with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the village of Adams . NY 178 meets Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) at exit 41 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) west of its junction with US 11 . When NY 178 was assigned in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , it continued east along modern County Route 189 ( CR 189 ) to NY 177 in Rodman . This extension was eliminated in 1979 . From the early 1930s to the late 1960s , NY 178 also continued west toward Lake Ontario on what is now County Route 178 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotts Corners and Stony Creek roads in Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henderson,_New_York', 'summary': 'Henderson is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,360 at the 2010 census . The town is named after William Henderson , the original European-American land owner . Henderson is in the west part of the county and is southwest of Watertown . The Great Lakes Seaway Trail runs through the town along New York State Route 3 and includes a monument to its founder , William E. Tyson .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 178', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 155', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 69 in Rodman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodman,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rodman is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census . The name is derived from a public official , Daniel Rodman . The town is in the southeastern part of the county and is south of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Toad Hollow and Dry Hill roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 165 in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 156', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis County line in Rodman ( becomes CR 21 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lewis County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,087 , making it the fourth-least populous county in New York . Its county seat is Lowville . The county is named after Morgan Lewis , the Governor of New York when the county was established .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rodman,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rodman is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census . The name is derived from a public official , Daniel Rodman . The town is in the southeastern part of the county and is south of Watertown .'}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Route_21_(Lewis_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'County routes in Lewis County , New York , are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackstone Hill and Plank roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 159', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}]}, {'value': 'Gotham Street Road in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Watertown city line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(city),_New_York', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in the U.S. state of New York and the county seat of Jefferson County . It is situated approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Thousand Islands , and along the Black River about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) east of its mouth at Lake Ontario . It lies 180 miles ( 290 km ) northwest of Albany , the state capital , and 328 miles ( 530 km ) northwest of New York City . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 27,023 , an increase of 1.2% since 2000 . The U.S. Army post Fort Drum is near the city . Named after the many falls on the Black River , the city developed early in the 19th century as an industrial and manufacturing center . From years of generating industrial wealth , by the early 20th century the city was said to have more millionaires per capita than any other city in the nation . Geographically , Watertown is located in the central part of Jefferson County . It lies 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Syracuse and 31 miles ( 50 km ) south of the Ontario border . The city is served by Watertown International Airport . The city claims to be the origin of the five and dime store and the safety pin , and it is the home of Little Trees air fresheners . It manufactured the first portable steam engine .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 160', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 126 in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_126', 'summary': "New York State Route 126 ( NY 126 ) is a 28.56-mile-long ( 45.96 km ) state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States . It proceeds in a roughly northwest to southeast direction between NY 12 at the eastern city line of Watertown in central Jefferson County and NY 812 in the village of Croghan in northern Lewis County . In between , NY 126 serves the adjacent villages of West Carthage and Carthage , where the route has overlaps with NY 3 ( in Carthage ) and NY 26 ( in West Carthage ) . Most of the route passes through rural areas , and the portion southeast of Carthage parallels either the Black River or a tributary of it . The portion of NY 126 between Carthage and Croghan was originally part of New York State Route 26A , an alternate route of NY 26 assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It began at NY 26 in Lowville and passed through Croghan before ending at NY 3 and NY 26 in Carthage . At the time , the section of what is now NY 126 from Broad Street in West Carthage to James Street in Carthage was part of NY 26 . NY 26A ceased to exist on July 1 , 1974 when it was replaced by two new routes : NY 126 northwest of Croghan and NY 812 south of the village . In 1979 , the state of New York acquired two county roads leading from West Carthage - one connecting to Evans Mills and another that went to Watertown - as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and Jefferson County . NY 26 was realigned to follow the new state highway leading to Evans Mills , while NY 126 was extended westward to its current terminus in Watertown by way of NY 26 's original routing through Carthage and West Carthage and the newly acquired highway linking West Carthage and Watertown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 161 in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 161', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tylerville and Eames Corners roads in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 160', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 162', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}]}, {'value': 'Community Drive So in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 126', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_126', 'summary': "New York State Route 126 ( NY 126 ) is a 28.56-mile-long ( 45.96 km ) state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States . It proceeds in a roughly northwest to southeast direction between NY 12 at the eastern city line of Watertown in central Jefferson County and NY 812 in the village of Croghan in northern Lewis County . In between , NY 126 serves the adjacent villages of West Carthage and Carthage , where the route has overlaps with NY 3 ( in Carthage ) and NY 26 ( in West Carthage ) . Most of the route passes through rural areas , and the portion southeast of Carthage parallels either the Black River or a tributary of it . The portion of NY 126 between Carthage and Croghan was originally part of New York State Route 26A , an alternate route of NY 26 assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It began at NY 26 in Lowville and passed through Croghan before ending at NY 3 and NY 26 in Carthage . At the time , the section of what is now NY 126 from Broad Street in West Carthage to James Street in Carthage was part of NY 26 . NY 26A ceased to exist on July 1 , 1974 when it was replaced by two new routes : NY 126 northwest of Croghan and NY 812 south of the village . In 1979 , the state of New York acquired two county roads leading from West Carthage - one connecting to Evans Mills and another that went to Watertown - as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and Jefferson County . NY 26 was realigned to follow the new state highway leading to Evans Mills , while NY 126 was extended westward to its current terminus in Watertown by way of NY 26 's original routing through Carthage and West Carthage and the newly acquired highway linking West Carthage and Watertown ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Routes 101 and up', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_county_routes_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York_1', 'intro': 'County routes in Jefferson County, New York, are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker.'} | null | null | What is the 2010 census count of CR 155 's From town ? | 1,176 |
069e57d2317397ee | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Nations_Cup', 'title': '1995 Nations Cup', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nation', 'TFP', 'SP', 'FS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viacheslav Zagorodniuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viacheslav_Zagorodniuk', 'summary': "Vyacheslav Vasylovych Zahorodnyuk ( Ukrainian : В'ячеслав Васильович Загороднюк , born 11 August 1972 ) is a Ukrainian former competitive figure skater . He represented the USSR until its dissolution and then represented Ukraine . He is the 1994 World bronze medalist , 1996 European champion , and 1989 World Junior champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '2.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Urmanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Urmanov', 'summary': 'Alexei Yevgenyevich Urmanov ( Russian : Алексей Евгеньевич Урманов\u200b ( help·info ) ; born 17 November 1973 ) is a Russian figure skating coach and former competitor . He is the 1994 Olympic champion , the 1993 World bronze medalist , the 1997 European champion , the 1995-96 Champions Series Final champion , a four-time Russian national champion , and the 1992 Soviet national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '3.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Eldredge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Eldredge', 'summary': 'Todd James Eldredge ( born August 28 , 1971 ) is an American former competitive figure skater . He is the 1996 World champion , a six-time U.S. national champion ( 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 ) , a three-time Olympian ( 1992 , 1998 , 2002 ) , and a six-time World medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Davis_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Scott Davis ( born January 29 , 1972 ) is an American former competitive figure skater . He is a two-time ( 1993-94 ) U.S. national champion and represented the United States at the 1994 Winter Olympics , where he placed 8th .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrejs Vlascenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrejs_Vlascenko', 'summary': 'Andrejs Vlaščenko ( Russian : Андрей Влащенко ; born 15 June 1974 ) is a figure skater who represented Latvia ( 1992-94 ) and Germany ( 1994-04 ) . Competing for Germany , he won two Grand Prix medals - bronze at both the 2001 Trophee Lalique and at the 1998 Sparkassen Cup on Ice - and became a four-time German national champion . In 1998 , he placed fourth at the European Championships in Milan and fifth at the World Championships in Minneapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '7.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Shmerkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Shmerkin', 'summary': 'Michael Misha Shmerkin ( born 5 February 1970 ) is an Israeli former competitive figure skater . He is a two-time Skate Canada International silver medalist ( 1994 and 1995 ) , 1993 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion , and 1995 Skate Israel champion . He competed in the final segment at two Winter Olympics ( 1994 , 1998 ) , six World Championships , and four European Championships . He is currently a figure skating teacher/coach for many young adults and children . He is located in Brooklyn and Staten Island , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '9.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sébastien Britten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Britten', 'summary': 'Sébastien Britten ( born May 17 , 1970 ) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater . He won bronze medals at three senior internationals - the 1992 International de Paris , the 1993 Nations Cup and the 1994 Skate Canada International - and became the Canadian national champion in 1995 . Britten represented Canada at the 1994 Winter Olympics , where he placed 10th . He competed at three World Championships , achieving his best result , eighth , in 1994 . In 1998 , Britten beat several Olympic and World medallists to win the 1998 World Professional Figure Skating Championships held in Jaca , Spain . Following his retirement from competitive skating , he began working as a coach and choreographer .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Gastellu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oleg Tataurov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oleg_Tataurov', 'summary': 'Oleg Stanislavovich Tataurov ( Russian : Олег Станиславович Татауров ; born 23 August 1972 ) is a Russian figure skating coach and former competitor who represented the Soviet Union and Russia . He won silver and bronze medals at the Grand Prix International St. Gervais and represented Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics , where he placed 11th .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '12.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicolas Pétorin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Pétorin', 'summary': 'Nicolas Pétorin ( born 24 June 1972 ) is a French former competitive figure skater . He is the 1991 World Junior bronze medalist , a two-time Nebelhorn Trophy silver medalist , and a four-time French national medalist . Pétorin competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics , placing 14th . At an event in Sofia on 4 February 1988 , Pétorin became the first French skater to land a triple Axel in international competition .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '14.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirko Eichhorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Eichhorn', 'summary': 'Mirko Eichhorn ( born 30 August 1971 ) is a former German figure skater . He won two national titles , East German in 1989 and German in 1992 . He competed at four World Championships and four European Championships . His best result was seventh at the 1991 European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '16.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shin Amano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shin_Amano', 'summary': "Shin Amano ( 天野 真 , Amano Shin , born May 13 , 1973 in Tokyo ) is a Japanese figure skating coach and ISU technical specialist . He appeared as a men 's singles skater during most of his competitive career , winning the national title in the 1994-1995 season . In 1997 , he began a brief pairs career with Marie Arai . The pair placed 20th at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . They are the 1998 Japanese national champions ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '18.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1995_Nations_Cup_0', 'intro': "The 1995 Nations Cup was the fourth event of six in the 1995-96\nISU Champions Series, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held in Gelsenkirchen on November 23-25. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1995-96 Champions Series Final."} | null | null | How many of the top 5 skaters were born in 1972 ? | 2 |
069f080615c95340 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_Gray's_Inn", 'title': "List of members of Gray's Inn", 'header': ['Call', 'Name', 'Noted for'], 'data': [{'value': '1520', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Atwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Atwater_(bishop)', 'summary': "William Atwater ( 1440-1521 ) was an English churchman , who became Bishop of Lincoln in 1514 . He was a Fellow of Magdalen College , Oxford , from 1480 . He served as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University , in the period from 1497 to 1502 . He became vicar of Cumnor in 1495 . He became Dean of the Chapel Royal , in 1502 . In 1504 he was appointed Canon of the eleventh stall at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , a position he held until 1514 . He was Chancellor of Lincoln from 1506 to 1512 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln', 'summary': "The Bishop of Lincoln is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lincoln in the Province of Canterbury . The present diocese covers the county of Lincolnshire and the unitary authority areas of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire . The bishop 's seat ( cathedra ) is located in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the city of Lincoln . The cathedral was originally a minster church founded around 653 and refounded as a cathedral in 1072 . Until the 1530s the bishops were in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church . The historic medieval Bishop 's Palace lies immediately to the south of the cathedral in Palace Yard ; managed by English Heritage , it is open to visitors . A later residence ( first used by Bishop Edward King in 1885 ) on the same site was converted from office accommodation to reopen in 2009 as a 16-bedroom conference centre and wedding venue . It is now known as Edward King House and provides offices for the bishops , archdeacons and diocesan staff . A 14-bedroom house ( Bishop 's House ) on Eastgate was the official residence in use from 1948 until 2011 , when the bishop 's office staff and home were separated , allowing the incoming bishop , Christopher Lowson , to live in a modern five-bedroom house . A further residence of the mediaeval Bishops of Lincoln was Banbury Castle , built in 1135 by Alexander of Lincoln , Bishop of Lincoln and retained by the see until 1547 ."}]}, {'value': '1555', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Gardiner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner', 'summary': 'Stephen Gardiner ( 27 July 1483 - 12 November 1555 ) was an English bishop and politician during the English Reformation period who served as Lord Chancellor during the reign of Queen Mary I and King Philip .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Winchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester', 'summary': "The Bishop of Winchester is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester in the Church of England . The bishop 's seat ( cathedra ) is at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire . During the Middle Ages , it was one of the wealthiest English sees , and its bishops have included a number of politically prominent Englishmen , notably the 9th century Saint Swithun and medieval magnates including William of Wykeham and Henry of Blois . The Bishop of Winchester is appointed by the Crown , and is one of five Church of England bishops who sit ex officio among the 26 Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords , regardless of their length of service . The Diocese of Winchester is one of the oldest and most important in England . Originally it was the episcopal see of the kingdom of Wessex or the West Saxons , with its cathedra at Dorchester Cathedral under Saints Birinus and Agilbert . The cathedral at Dorchester was founded in AD 634 by Birinius , a Roman missionary . The see was transferred to Winchester in AD 660 . Winchester was divided in AD 909 , with Wiltshire and Berkshire transferring to the new See of Ramsbury . Nevertheless , the domains of the Bishop of Winchester ran from the south coast to the south bank of the River Thames at Southwark , where the bishop had one of his palaces , making it one of the largest as well as one of the richest sees in the land . In more modern times , the former extent of the Diocese of Winchester was reduced by the formation of a new diocese of Southwark in south London , a new diocese of Guildford in Surrey and a new diocese of Portsmouth in Hampshire . The most recent loss of territory was in 2014 when the Channel Islands were removed from the diocese of Winchester after a dispute with Bishop Tim Dakin led to a breakdown in relations ."}]}, {'value': '1588', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Bancroft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Bancroft', 'summary': 'Richard Bancroft ( 1544 - 2 November 1610 ) was an English churchman , Archbishop of Canterbury from 1604 to 1610 and chief overseer of the King James Bible .'}]}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury', 'summary': 'The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England , the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury . The current archbishop is Justin Welby , who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013 . Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury , the Apostle to the English , sent from Rome in the year 597 . Welby succeeded Rowan Williams . From the time of Augustine until the 16th century , the archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the See of Rome and usually received the pallium from the Pope . During the English Reformation , the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope . Thomas Cranmer became the first holder of the office following the English Reformation in 1533 , while Reginald Pole was the last Roman Catholic in the position , serving from 1556 to 1558 during the Counter-Reformation . In the Middle Ages there was considerable variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury and other bishops . At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral , the Pope , or the King of England . Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has been more explicitly a state church and the choice is legally that of the Crown ; today it is made by the reigning monarch on the advice of the British prime minister , who in turn receives a shortlist of two names from an ad hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission .'}]}, {'value': '1589', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancelot Andrewes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes', 'summary': "Lancelot Andrewes ( 1555 - 25 September 1626 ) was an English bishop and scholar , who held high positions in the Church of England during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I . During the latter 's reign , Andrewes served successively as Bishop of Chichester , of Ely , and of Winchester and oversaw the translation of the King James Version of the Bible ( or Authorized Version ) . In the Church of England he is commemorated on 25 September with a Lesser Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Winchester', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1592', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Whitgift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Whitgift', 'summary': "John Whitgift ( c. 1530 - 29 February 1604 ) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1583 to his death . Noted for his hospitality , he was somewhat ostentatious in his habits , sometimes visiting Canterbury and other towns attended by a retinue of 800 horses . Whitgift 's theological views were often controversial ."}]}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Canterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1615', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Laud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Laud', 'summary': "William Laud ( 7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 ) was an English churchman , appointed Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 during the personal rule of Charles I . Arrested in 1640 , he was executed in 1645 . In matters of church polity , Laud was autocratic . Laudianism refers to a collection of rules on matters of ritual , in particular , that were enforced by Laud in order to maintain uniform worship in England and Wales , in line with the king 's preferences . They were precursors to later High Church views . In theology , Laud was accused of being an Arminian and opponent of Calvinism , as well as covertly favouring Roman Catholic doctrines ( see Arminianism in the Church of England ) . On all three grounds , he was regarded by Puritan clerics and laymen as a formidable and dangerous opponent . Laud favoured scholars , and was a major collector of manuscripts . He pursued ecumenical contacts with the Greek Orthodox Church . The pun give great praise to the Lord , and little Laud to the devil is a warning to King Charles attributed to Archibald Armstrong , the official court jester . Laud was known to be touchy about his diminutive stature ."}]}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Canterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1615', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Joseph Hall ( 1 July 1574 - 8 September 1656 ) was an English bishop , satirist and moralist . His contemporaries knew him as a devotional writer , and a high-profile controversialist of the early 1640s . In church politics , he tended in fact to a middle way . Thomas Fuller wrote :'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter', 'summary': "The Bishop of Exeter is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Exeter in the Province of Canterbury . The current incumbent , since 30 April 2014 , is Robert Atwell . The incumbent signs his name as his Christian name or forename followed by Exon. , abbreviated from the Latin Episcopus Exoniensis ( Bishop of Exeter ) . From the first bishop until the sixteenth century the Bishops of Exeter were in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church . However , during the Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church , at first temporarily and later more permanently . Since the Reformation , the Bishop and Diocese of Exeter has been part of the reformed and catholic Church of England . The bishop 's residence is The Palace , Exeter ."}]}, {'value': '1622', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Morton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Thomas Morton ( 20 March 1564 - 20 September 1659 ) was an English churchman , bishop of several dioceses . Well-connected and in favour with James I , he was also a significant polemical writer against Roman Catholic views . He rose to become Bishop of Durham , but despite a record of sympathetic treatment of Puritans as a diocesan , and underlying Calvinist beliefs shown in the Gagg controversy , his royalism saw him descend into poverty under the Commonwealth .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Lichfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield', 'summary': "The Bishop of Lichfield is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield in the Province of Canterbury . The diocese covers 4,516 km² ( 1,744 sq . mi . ) of the counties of Powys , Staffordshire , Shropshire , Warwickshire and West Midlands . The bishop 's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Chad in the city of Lichfield . The Bishop 's residence is the Bishop 's House , Lichfield , in the cathedral close . In the past , the title has had various forms ( see below ) . The current bishop is Michael Ipgrave , following the confirmation of his election on 10 June 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1623', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Ussher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Ussher', 'summary': 'James Ussher ( or Usher ; 4 January 1581 - 21 March 1656 ) was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland between 1625 and 1656 . He was a prolific scholar and church leader , who today is most famous for his identification of the genuine letters of the church father , Ignatius of Antioch , and for his chronology that sought to establish the time and date of the creation as the entrance of the night preceding the 23rd day of October . the year before Christ 4004 ; that is , around 6 pm on 22 October 4004 BC , per the proleptic Julian calendar .'}]}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh', 'summary': "The Archbishop of Armagh is an archiepiscopacy in both the Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Church , two of the main Christian churches in Ireland . It takes its name from the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland . The ordinary also holds the title of Primate of All Ireland in each church . Since the Reformation , parallel successions to the archiepiscopal see have taken place . In the Church of Ireland , the Archbishop is Richard Clarke , who is the ecclesiastical head of the Church of Ireland and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Armagh . He was elected as archbishop in October 2012 and enthroned on 15 December 2012 at St Patrick 's Church of Ireland Cathedral , Armagh . In the Roman Catholic Church , the Archbishop is Eamon Martin , who is the ecclesiastical head of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland , metropolitan of the Province of Armagh and the ordinary of the Archdiocese of Armagh . He succeeded on 8 September 2014 , having been ordained Coadjutor Archbishop of Armagh on 21 April 2013 at St Patrick 's Roman Catholic Cathedral , Armagh ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Primate_of_All_Ireland', 'summary': 'The Primacy of Ireland was historically disputed between the Archbishop of Armagh and the Archbishop of Dublin until finally settled by Pope Innocent VI . Primate is a title of honour denoting ceremonial precedence in the Church , and in the Middle Ages there was an intense rivalry between the two archbishoprics as to seniority . Since 1353 the Archbishop of Armagh has been titled Primate of All Ireland and the Archbishop of Dublin Primate of Ireland , signifying that they are the senior churchmen in the island of Ireland , the Primate of All Ireland being the more senior . The titles are used by both the Catholic and Church of Ireland bishops . The distinction mirrors that in the Church of England between the Primate of All England , the Archbishop of Canterbury , and the Primate of England , the Archbishop of York .'}]}, {'value': '1635', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Juxon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Juxon', 'summary': 'William Juxon ( 1582 - 4 June 1663 ) was an English churchman , Bishop of London from 1633 to 1649 and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1660 until his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Canterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1663', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilbert Sheldon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon', 'summary': 'Gilbert Sheldon ( 19 June 1598 - 9 November 1677 ) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1663 until his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Canterbury', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clergy', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_members_of_Gray's_Inn_3", 'intro': "The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, commonly known simply as Gray's Inn, is one of the four Inns of Court in London. To be called to the Bar and practise as a barrister in England and Wales, an individual must belong to one of these Inns. Having existed for over 600 years, members of Gray's Inn include many noted lawyers and judges, such as Francis Bacon, Baron Slynn, Lord Bingham of Cornhill, Lord Hoffmann and others. Outside the Bar and judiciary of England and Wales, members have included the clergy (including five Archbishops of Canterbury), industrialists like John Wynne, astronomers such as John Lee, media figures, like Huw Thomas, and members of the Bar and judiciary of other nations, such as Yang Ti-liang (former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong) and Aitzaz Ahsan (former president of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan). As well as full members, the Inn also offers honorary membership to particularly distinguished members of society. During the Second World War, for example, both Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill became honorary Benchers, and therefore members. Other than honorary members, this list only contains those individuals who were called to the Bar, not those who simply joined but left before qualifying."} | null | null | What is the noted for role of the member died on 9 November 1677 ? | Archbishop of Canterbury |
06a106f525e4b607 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_South_Carolina_people', 'title': 'List of University of South Carolina people', 'header': ['Name', 'Years', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Robby Benson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robby_Benson', 'summary': 'Robby Benson ( born Robin David Segal ; January 21 , 1956 ) , is an American actor , voice actor , singer , musician , educator , director , producer , writer and composer . He rose to prominence as a teen idol in the late 1970s , appearing in the sports films One on One ( 1977 ) and Ice Castles ( 1978 ) . He subsequently garnered fame for portraying the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and its numerous sequels and spin-offs . He later forged a career in directing television , including six episodes of the sitcom Friends . In addition to acting and directing , Benson is an activist in the field of heart research , having undergone four open-heart surgeries since age 28 to correct congenital aortic valve defects and related damage . In 2012 , he published a memoir recounting his medical journey and numerous surgeries .'}]}, {'value': '1988-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_(American_politician,_born_1759)', 'summary': 'Thomas Cooper ( October 22 , 1759 - May 11 , 1839 ) was an Anglo-American economist , college president and political philosopher . Cooper was described by Thomas Jefferson as one of the ablest men in America and by John Adams as a learned ingenious scientific and talented madcap . Dumas Malone stated that modern scientific progress would have been impossible without the freedom of the mind which he championed throughout life . His ideas were taken very seriously in his own time : there were substantial reviews of his writings , and some late eighteenth-century critics of materialism directed their arguments against Cooper , rather than against the better-known Joseph Priestley .'}]}, {'value': '1819-1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'educator , philosopher , and political leader', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Dickey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Dickey', 'summary': 'James Lafayette Dickey ( February 2 , 1923 - January 19 , 1997 ) was an American poet and novelist . He was appointed the eighteenth United States Poet Laureate in 1966 . He also received the Order of the South award . Dickey was best known for his novel Deliverance ( 1970 ) which was adapted into an acclaimed film of the same name .'}]}, {'value': '1969-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'poet and novelist ; author of Deliverance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Theodore Greener', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Theodore_Greener', 'summary': 'Richard Theodore Greener ( January 30 , 1844 - May 2 , 1922 ) was the first African American decendant graduate of Harvard College and went on to become the dean of the Howard University School of Law .'}]}, {'value': '1873-1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first Black person to graduate from Harvard University and first to teach at the University of South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Cheves Haskell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Cheves_Haskell', 'summary': 'Alexander Cheves Haskell ( September 22 , 1839 - April 13 , 1910 ) was a Colonel in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War and a Democratic politician in postbellum South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1867-1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'professor of law', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John LeConte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_LeConte', 'summary': 'John LeConte ( December 4 , 1818 - April 29 , 1891 ) was an American scientist and academic . He served as president of the University of California from 1869 to 1870 and again from 1875 to 1881 .'}]}, {'value': '1856-1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'geologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph LeConte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_LeConte', 'summary': 'Joseph Le Conte ( alternative spelling : Joseph LeConte ) ( February 26 , 1823 - July 6 , 1901 ) was a physician , geologist , professor at the University of California , Berkeley and early California conservationist .'}]}, {'value': '1856-1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'geologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Lieber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Lieber', 'summary': 'Francis Lieber ( March 18 , 1798 or 1800 - October 2 , 1872 ) , known as Franz Lieber in Germany , was a German-American jurist , gymnast and political philosopher . He edited an Encyclopaedia Americana . He was the author of the Lieber Code during the American Civil War , also known as Code for the Government of Armies in the Field ( 1863 ) . The Lieber Code is considered the first document to comprehensively outline rules regulating the conduct of war , and laid the foundation for the Geneva Conventions .'}]}, {'value': '1835-1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'jurist and political philosopher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John McLaren McBryde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McLaren_McBryde', 'summary': "John McLaren McBryde ( January 1 , 1841 - March 20 , 1923 ) was the fifth president of Virginia Tech , serving from July 1 , 1891 to September 1 , 1907 . McBryde was born in Abbeville , South Carolina . He entered South Carolina College in 1858 at age 17 before going on to the University of Virginia . In 1861 , he returned to Abbeville where he joined the Confederate Army . McBryde was present at the opening bombardment of Fort Sumter , South Carolina and fought in a Virginia cavalry unit . He later served as division chief of the Confederate War Tax Office in Richmond Virginia . After the war until 1867 , McBryde farmed in Buckingham County , Virginia until he moved to large farm near Charlottesville , Virginia . McBryde then went to teach at South Carolina College where he served as faculty chair and then as president from 1883-1891 . McBryde also served as assistant Secretary of Agriculture under President Grover Cleveland . During McBryde 's 16-year tenure as President of Virginia Agriculture and Mechanical College , the college expanded greatly . McByrde expanded the curriculum to include seven bachelor 's degrees in Agriculture , Horticulture , Applied Chemistry , General Science , Civil Engineering , Mechanical Engineering , and Electrical Engineering and founded a graduate department in 1891 . The new curriculum no longer reflected the name of the college and in 1896 the Virginia General Assembly changed the college 's name to Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute , shortened in popular usage to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and then to VPI ."}]}, {'value': '1882-1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech president', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University', 'summary': "Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , commonly known as Virginia Tech and by the initials VT and VPI , is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Blacksburg , Virginia . It also has educational facilities in six regions statewide and a study-abroad site in Riva San Vitale , Switzerland . Through its Corps of Cadets ROTC program , Virginia Tech is also designated as one of six senior military colleges in the United States . Virginia Tech offers 280 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to some 34,400 students and manages a research portfolio of $ 522 million , placing it 46th among universities in the U.S. for research expenditures and the only Virginia school listed among the top 50 . Virginia Tech is the state 's second-largest public university by enrollment . The deadliest mass shooting on an American college campus occurred on campus in 2007 , during which a student fatally shot 32 other students and faculty members and wounded 23 other people ."}]}, {'value': 'Abioseh Nicol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abioseh_Nicol', 'summary': 'Davidson Sylvester Hector Willoughby Nicol or Abioseh Nicol ( 14 September 1924 - 20 September 1994 ) was a Sierra Leonean academic , diplomat , physician , writer and poet . He has been considered as one of Sierra Leones most educated and greatest citizens of the twentieth century [ citation needed ] , as he was able to secure degrees in the arts , science and commercial disciplines and he contributed to science , history , and literature . [ citation needed ] . Nicol was the first African to graduate with First Class Honours from the University of Cambridge and he was also the first African elected as a Fellow of a college of Cambridge University . Described by one scholar as a polymath , Davidson Nicol significantly contributed to medical science when he was the first to analyse the breakdown of insulin in the human body , a discovery which was a breakthrough for the treatment of diabetes .'}]}, {'value': '1990-1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'author , diplomat from Sierra Leone ; former under-secretary general of the United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Nations', 'summary': "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping ."}]}, {'value': 'Jihan Sadat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jihan_Sadat', 'summary': "Jehan Sadat ( Arabic : جيهان السادات , Jihān as-Sadāt ; born 29 August 1933 ) is an Egyptian politician , researcher and feminist , and was First Lady of Egypt from 1970 until her husband 's assassination in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': '1985-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'widow of Anwar Sadat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anwar_Sadat', 'summary': "Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat ( /səˈdæt/ , also UK : /sæˈdæt/ , US : /səˈdɑːt/ ; Arabic : محمد أنور السادات , romanized : Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt , Egyptian Arabic : [ mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt ] ; 25 December 1918 - 6 October 1981 ) was the third President of Egypt , serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981 . Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser , under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970 . In his eleven years as president , he changed Egypt 's trajectory , departing from many of the political and economic tenets of Nasserism , re-instituting a multi-party system , and launching the Infitah economic policy . As President , he led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula , which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967 , making him a hero in Egypt and , for a time , the wider Arab World . Afterwards , he engaged in negotiations with Israel , culminating in the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty ; this won him and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize , making Sadat the first Muslim Nobel laureate . Although reaction to the treaty - which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt - was generally favorable among Egyptians , it was rejected by the country 's Muslim Brotherhood and the left , which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a Palestinian state . With the exception of Sudan , the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) strongly opposed Sadat 's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states . His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989 . The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination ; on 6 October 1981 , militants led by Khalid Islambouli opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the 6 October parade in Cairo , killing him ."}]}, {'value': 'Emory M. Sneeden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emory_M._Sneeden', 'summary': 'Emory Marlin Sneeden ( May 30 , 1927 - September 24 , 1987 ) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit .'}]}, {'value': '1978-1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Court of Appeals Judge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard L. Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_L._Walker', 'summary': 'Richard Louis Dixie Walker ( April 13 , 1922 - July 22 , 2003 ) was an American scholar , author , and ambassador to South Korea . He was married to Celeno Kenly Walker for 45 years and had three children .'}]}, {'value': '1957-1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former United States ambassador to South Korea', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Faculty and administrators -- Former faculty and administrators', 'section_text': 'Alexander Cheves Haskell', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_South_Carolina_people_17', 'intro': 'This list of University of South Carolina people includes alumni that are graduates or non-matriculating students, and former professors and administrators of the University of South Carolina, with its primary campus located in the American city of Columbia, South Carolina.'} | null | null | What is the name of the novel that the poet is best known for ? | Deliverance |
06a1355dc75644f0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_ships_in_British_Columbia', 'title': 'List of historical ships in British Columbia', 'header': ['Ship', 'Tons', 'Registry ( flag )', 'Owner ( s )', 'Demise'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cadboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cadboro_(1824_schooner)', 'summary': "Cadboro ( or Cadborough ) was a schooner launched at Rye in 1824 . Cadboro first appeared in Lloyd 's Register ( LR ) in 1824 with T.Rubie , master , C.Hicks , owner , and trade Leith coaster . In 1826 the Hudson 's Bay Company purchased her for £800 for the fur trade from the Pacific Northwest Coast . She sailed to the Columbia River , arriving on the coast in May 1807 . From there she sailed north , and then south to Monterrey ."}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'HBC', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hudson's_Bay_Company", 'summary': "The Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ; French : Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson ) is a Canadian retail business group . A fur trading business for much of its existence , HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada and the United States . The company sold most of its European operations by August 2019 and its remaining stores , in the Netherlands , were closed by the end of 2019 . HBC owns the Saks stores in the US ; most other US operations were sold by mid-2019 and the last remaining stores ( Lord & Taylor chain ) were sold prior to the end of 2019 . The company 's namesake business division is Hudson 's Bay , commonly referred to as The Bay ( La Baie in French ) . After incorporation by English royal charter in 1670 , the company functioned as the de facto government in parts of North America for nearly 200 years until the HBC sold the land it owned ( the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin , known as Rupert 's Land ) to Canada in 1869 as part of The Deed of Surrender , authorised by the Rupert 's Land Act 1868 . During its peak , the company controlled the fur trade throughout much of the English- and later British-controlled North America . By the mid-19th century , the company evolved into a mercantile business selling a wide variety of products from furs to fine homeware in a small number of sales shops ( as opposed to trading posts ) across Canada . These shops were the first step towards the department stores the company owns today . In 2008 , HBC was acquired by NRDC Equity Partners , which also owns the upmarket American department store Lord & Taylor . From 2008 to 2012 , the HBC was run through a holding company of NRDC , Hudson 's Bay Trading Company , which was dissolved in early 2012 . HBC 's head office is currently located in Brampton , Ontario ."}]}, {'value': 'Sold ( 1846 ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Cook', 'urls': []}, {'value': '350 tons , crew of 61 , including James Strange ( 1786 voyage )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'James Strange and David Scott ( future chairman of East India Company )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Charles_Stuart_Strange', 'summary': 'James Charles Stuart Strange ( August 8 , 1753 - October 6 , 1840 ) was a British officer of the East India Company , one of the first maritime fur traders , a banker , and a member of parliament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_India_Company', 'summary': "The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) , East India Trading Company ( EITC ) , or the British East India Company , and informally known as John Company , Company Bahadur , or simply The Company , was an English and later British joint-stock company . It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region , initially with Mughal India and the East Indies , and later with Qing China . The company ended up seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent , colonised parts of Southeast Asia , and colonised Hong Kong after a war with Qing China . Originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , spices , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833 , Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning , the East India company had always been involved in both trade and politics , just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 . These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . By contrast , wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Cariboo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archibald Jameison', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk August 2 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caroline', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150 tons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas & James Lamb , Russell Sturgis , and Ebenezer Preble ( 1st voyage ) , J & T Lamb , Sturgis , and James & Thomas H. Perkins ( 2nd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casca', 'urls': []}, {'value': '590', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada # 103919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casca Trading & Transportation Co. ( 1898 to 1899 or 1900 ) ; Otto R. Bremmer ( 1899 or 1900 to 1903 ) ; Ironside , Rennie & Campbell Co. ( 1903-1904 ) ; White Pass & Yukon Route ( 1904-1911 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Pass_and_Yukon_Route', 'summary': 'The White Pass and Yukon Route ( WP & Y , WP & YR ) ( reporting mark WPY ) is a Canadian and U.S. Class II 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge railroad linking the port of Skagway , Alaska , with Whitehorse , the capital of Yukon . An isolated system , it has no direct connection to any other railroad . Equipment , freight and passengers are ferried by ship through the Port of Skagway , and via road through a few of the stops along its route .'}]}, {'value': 'Broken up at Lower Laberge , Yukon in 1911', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ship_breaking', 'summary': "Ship-breaking or ship demolition is a type of ship disposal involving the breaking up of ships for either a source of parts , which can be sold for re-use , or for the extraction of raw materials , chiefly scrap . It may also be known as ship dismantling , ship cracking , or ship recycling . Modern ships have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years before corrosion , metal fatigue and a lack of parts render them uneconomical to operate . Ship-breaking allows the materials from the ship , especially steel , to be recycled and made into new products . This lowers the demand for mined iron ore and reduces energy use in the steelmaking process . Fixtures and other equipment on board the vessels can also be reused . While ship-breaking is sustainable , there are concerns about the use of poorer countries without stringent environmental legislation . It is also labour-intensive , and considered one of the world 's most dangerous industries . In 2012 , roughly 1,250 ocean ships were broken down , and their average age was 26 years . In 2013 , the world total of demolished ships amounted to 29,052,000 tonnes , 92% of which were demolished in Asia . As of January 2020 , India has the largest global share at 30% ; followed by Bangladesh , China and Pakistan . Alang , India currently has the world 's largest ship graveyard , followed by Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard in Bangladesh and Gadani in Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte', 'urls': []}, {'value': '155 tons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Seventeen Boston owners', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MV Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_(sternwheeler)', 'summary': "The Charlotte sternwheeler was built in 1896 by Alexander Watson for the Northern British Columbia Navigation Company . The partners of the NBCNC were Stephen Tingley , Senator James Reid and John Irving . She was launched on August 3 , 1896 and christened by James Reid 's wife after whom she 'd been named ."}]}, {'value': 'Gross 217 Registered 79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'North British Columbia Navigation Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrecked at Fort George Canyon , salvaged and abandoned at Quesnel 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MV Chilco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chilco_(sternwheeler)', 'summary': 'The Nechacco sternwheeler was built for service on the Soda Creek to Fort George route on the upper Fraser River in British Columbia . She was owned by the Fort George Lumber and Navigation Company . The partners in this company were Nick Clark and Russel Peden of South Fort George , who operated a sawmill there . Nick Clark also owned the lots in that townsite and was offering them up for sale . The new steamer was intended to bring prospective property buyers to Fort George and to furnish them with supplies .'}]}, {'value': 'Gross 129 Registered 76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort George Lumber and Navigation Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tore apart in ice jam at Cottonwood Canyon in April 1911 . Nothing recovered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MV Chilcotin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chilcotin_(sternwheeler)', 'summary': "The sternwheeler Chilcotin was built for the Soda Creek to Fort George route of the upper Fraser River . She was built by shipbuilder Donald McPhee for the Fort George Lumber and Navigation Company , which was a partnership held by Nick Clarke and Russell Peden of the South Fort George town-site of Fort George . Chilcotin was the largest of the company 's three sternwheelers and was intended to run as competition against the BC Express Company 's new luxury sternwheeler , BX . Chilcotin had main , promenade and Texas decks , hot and cold running water and stateroom accommodation for fifty . She was built at Soda Creek in late 1909 and early 1910 , downstream from where the BC Express Company were building BX . A friendly rivalry quickly developed between the two construction camps and as soon as Chilcotin 's builders learned that BX was going to be 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) wider than Chilcotin , they teased the workers from the other camp , saying that BX would never fit through the narrow channels of the Cottonwood and Fort George canyons and called her the White Elephant . This rumor spread far past the town of Soda Creek and soon the employees of the BC Express Company found themselves being consoled by their friends and associates for having built a dud . However , BX proved to be a far superior craft and Chilcotin , was never much competition to her ."}]}, {'value': 'Gross 435 Registered 274', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort George Lumber and Navigation Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Retired 1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Ainsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Ainsworth', 'summary': 'City of Ainsworth was a paddle steamer sternwheeler that worked on Kootenay Lake in British Columbia , Canada from 1892 to 1898 . In November 1898 , she sank during a storm in the worst sternwheeler disaster in Kootenay Lake history . She sank to such a great depth that her wreck would go undiscovered for nearly a century .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sank in storm on Kootenay Lake November 29 , 1898 , 9 lives lost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kootenay_Lake', 'summary': 'Kootenay Lake is a lake located in British Columbia , Canada and is part of the Kootenay River . The lake has been raised by the Corra Linn Dam and has a dike system at the southern end , which , along with industry in the 1950s-70s , has changed the ecosystem in and around the water . The Kootenay Lake ferry is a year-round toll-free ferry that crosses between Kootenay Bay and Balfour . The lake is a popular summer tourist destination .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_(barque)', 'summary': "Columbia was a barque in the service of the Columbia District of the Hudson 's Bay Company on the Columbia River and elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest in the 1830s and 1840s . Columbia first appeared in Lloyd 's Register ( LR ) in 1836 with Darbey , master , and Hudson 's Bay Company , owner . On her maiden voyage , in 1835 , she served as escort to the Beaver . Her voyages included the coast of California and the Sandwich Islands . She made six voyages out of London in all , and spent part of 1846-1847 in Fort Victoria , British Columbia . The ship was sold in 1850 . Various letters addressed to sailors serving aboard the barque Columbia survive in the book Undelivered Letters to Hudson 's Bay Company Men on the Northwest Coast of America , 1830-57 ."}]}, {'value': '308 tons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'HBC', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hudson's_Bay_Company", 'summary': "The Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ; French : Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson ) is a Canadian retail business group . A fur trading business for much of its existence , HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada and the United States . The company sold most of its European operations by August 2019 and its remaining stores , in the Netherlands , were closed by the end of 2019 . HBC owns the Saks stores in the US ; most other US operations were sold by mid-2019 and the last remaining stores ( Lord & Taylor chain ) were sold prior to the end of 2019 . The company 's namesake business division is Hudson 's Bay , commonly referred to as The Bay ( La Baie in French ) . After incorporation by English royal charter in 1670 , the company functioned as the de facto government in parts of North America for nearly 200 years until the HBC sold the land it owned ( the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin , known as Rupert 's Land ) to Canada in 1869 as part of The Deed of Surrender , authorised by the Rupert 's Land Act 1868 . During its peak , the company controlled the fur trade throughout much of the English- and later British-controlled North America . By the mid-19th century , the company evolved into a mercantile business selling a wide variety of products from furs to fine homeware in a small number of sales shops ( as opposed to trading posts ) across Canada . These shops were the first step towards the department stores the company owns today . In 2008 , HBC was acquired by NRDC Equity Partners , which also owns the upmarket American department store Lord & Taylor . From 2008 to 2012 , the HBC was run through a holding company of NRDC , Hudson 's Bay Trading Company , which was dissolved in early 2012 . HBC 's head office is currently located in Brampton , Ontario ."}]}, {'value': 'Sold ( 1850 ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia River and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'destroyed by fire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia Rediviva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva', 'summary': 'Columbia Rediviva ( commonly known as Columbia ) was a privately owned ship under the command of John Kendrick , along with Captain Robert Gray , best known for going to the Pacific Northwest for the maritime fur trade . Rediviva ( Latin revived ) was added to her name upon a rebuilding in 1787 . Since Columbia was privately owned , she did not carry the prefix designation USS .'}]}, {'value': 'Burthen : 213 tons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Decommissioned 15 Oct 1806 , salvaged', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'C', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_historical_ships_in_British_Columbia_2', 'intro': 'The following is a list of vessels notable in the history of the Canadian province of British Columbia, including Spanish, Russian, American and other military vessels and all commercial vessels on inland waters as well as on saltwater routes up to the end of World War II (1945). Royal Navy ships are listed separately in List of Royal Navy ships in the Pacific Northwest.'} | null | null | What ship was owned by a Canadian and U.S. Class II 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge railroad linking the port of Skagway , Alaska , with Whitehorse , the capital of Yukon ? | Casca |
06a13bd8ab60bf25 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Films', 'title': 'CNN Films', 'header': ['Title', 'Release date', 'Director ( s )', 'Writer ( s )', 'Producer ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Évocateur : The Morton Downey Jr. Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Évocateur:_The_Morton_Downey_Jr._Movie', 'summary': "Évocateur : The Morton Downey Jr. Movie is a 2012 documentary film that chronicles the history of The Morton Downey Jr. Show and Downey 's influence on trash TV . The film also looks at Downey 's relationship with Al Sharpton and other important 1980s figures , as well as Downey 's role as a predecessor for conservative commentators like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh ."}]}, {'value': 'June 7 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Kramer Daniel A. Miller Jeremy Newberger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel A. Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Kramer Daniel A. Miller Jeremy Newberger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girl Rising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_Rising_(film)', 'summary': "Girl Rising is a 2013 movie produced by Kayce Freed , Tom Yellin and Holly Gordon at The Documentary Group , in partnership with Paul G. Allen and Jody Allen of Vulcan Productions . It was directed by Academy Award nominee Richard E. Robbins and features narration by Anne Hathaway , Cate Blanchett , Selena Gomez , Liam Neeson , Sushmita Sen , Priyanka Chopra , Chloë Grace Moretz , Freida Pinto , Salma Hayek , Meryl Streep , Alicia Keys and Kerry Washington . The movie tells the stories of nine girls from nine countries : ( Sierra Leone , Haiti , Ethiopia , Afghanistan , Peru , Egypt , Nepal , India and Cambodia ) . Each girl had her story written by a writer from her country and voiced by renowned actors . Their stories reflect their struggles to overcome societal or cultural barriers . The writers are Loung Ung ( Cambodia ) , Edwidge Danticat ( Haiti ) , Manjushree Thapa ( Nepal ) , Mona Eltahawy ( Egypt ) , Maaza Mengiste ( Ethiopia ) , Sooni Taraporevala ( India ) , Maria Arana ( Peru ) , Aminatta Forna ( Sierra Leone ) , Zarghuna Kargar ( Afghanistan ) . The girls ' names are Sokha ( Cambodia ) , Wadley ( Haiti ) , Suma ( Nepal ) , Yasmin ( Egypt ) , Azmera ( Ethiopia ) , Ruksana ( India ) , Senna ( Peru ) , Mariama ( Sierra Leone ) and Amina ( Afghanistan ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 16 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard E. Robbins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_E._Robbins', 'summary': "Richard E. Robbins is an American filmmaker and documentary maker , who has produced and directed several documentaries for ABC and PBS . The most notable is Operation Homecoming : Writing the Wartime Experience , which puts forward the perspective of American troops returning home from service in Iraq . In January 2008 , Robbins received an Academy Award nomination for the film as well as two Emmy nominations , and nominations from the International Documentary Association and the Directors Guild of America . He is also a noted producer , having produced several series for Peter Jennings Reporting , including Peter Jennings Reporting : LAPD and Peter Jennings Reporting : Dark Horizon - India , Pakistan , and the Bomb . He was a producer for the ABC special The Century : America 's Time . He graduated from Harvard College ."}]}, {'value': 'Aminatta Forna Edwidge Danticat Maaza Mengiste Zarghuna Kargar Marie Arana Mona Eltahawy Manjushree Thapa Sooni Taraporevala Loung Ung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aminatta_Forna', 'summary': "Aminatta Forna , OBE ( born 1964 ) is a Scottish and Sierra Leonean writer . She is the author of a memoir , The Devil That Danced on the Water , and four novels : Ancestor Stones ( 2006 ) , The Memory of Love ( 2010 ) , The Hired Man ( 2013 ) and Happiness ( 2018 ) . Her novel The Memory of Love was awarded the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best Book in 2011 , and was also shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction . Forna is Professor of Creative Writing at Bath Spa University and was , until recently , Sterling Brown Distinguished Visiting Professor at Williams College in Massachusetts . She is currently Lannan Visiting Chair of Poetics at Georgetown University in Washington , DC . On 7 March 2014 , Forna was announced as the recipient of the 2014 Windham-Campbell Literature Prize ( Fiction ) . In 2015 Forna was part of the judging panel which awarded the Sunday Times EFG Private Bank Short Story Award to Yiyun Li . The finalists for the 2016 Neustadt International Prize for Literature were announced in May 2015 . The list included Forna and writers , poets and playwrights from around the world . The majority of the finalists were women writers . Forna was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to literature . Forna is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature , sits on the advisory committee for the Royal Literary Fund and the Caine Prize for African Writing , has been a judge on several high-profile prize panels , including the 2017 Baileys Women 's Prize for Fiction and continues to champion the work of up-and-coming diverse authors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat', 'summary': 'Edwidge Danticat ( Haitian Creole pronunciation : [ ɛdwidʒ dãtika ] ; born January 19 , 1969 ) is a Haitian-American novelist and short story writer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maaza_Mengiste', 'summary': "Maaza Mengiste ( born 1974 ) is an Ethiopian-American writer and author of the novels Beneath the Lion 's Gaze ( 2010 ) and The Shadow King ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marie_Arana', 'summary': 'Marie Arana ( born Lima , Peru ) is an author , editor , journalist , critic , and Literary Director of the Library of Congress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mona_Eltahawy', 'summary': "Mona Eltahawy ( Arabic : منى الطحاوى , IPA : [ ˈmonæ ( ʔe ) t.tˤɑˈħɑːwi ] ; born August 1 , 1967 ) is a freelance Egyptian-American journalist , and social commentator based in New York City . She has written essays and op-eds for publications worldwide on Egypt and the Islamic world , including women 's issues and Muslim political and social affairs . Her work has appeared in The Washington Post , The New York Times , Christian Science Monitor , and the Miami Herald among others . Headscarves and Hymens , Eltahawy 's first book , was published in May 2015 . Eltahawy has also been a guest analyst on U.S. radio and television news shows . She is also acknowledged as one of the people who spearheaded the Mosque Me Too movement through the usage of the hashtag # MosqueMeToo . Eltahawy has also spoken publicly at universities , panel discussions and interfaith gatherings on human rights and reform in the Islamic world , feminism and Egyptian Muslim-Christian relations in addition to her other concerns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manjushree_Thapa', 'summary': 'Manjushree Thapa ( Nepali : मञ्जुश्री थापा ) , born in Kathmandu , is a Canadian essayist , fiction writer , translator and editor of Nepali descent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sooni_Taraporevala', 'summary': 'Sooni Taraporevala ( born 1957 ) is an Indian screenwriter , photographer and filmmaker who is best known as the screenwriter of Mississippi Masala , The Namesake and Oscar-nominated Salaam Bombay ( 1988 ) , all directed by Mira Nair . She directed her first feature film , based on a screenplay of her own , an ensemble piece set in Bombay , in Spring , 2007 , entitled Little Zizou . This film explores issues facing the Parsi community to which she belongs . She was awarded the Padma Shri by Government of India in 2014 . She is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences . Her photographs are in the permanent collections of the National Gallery of Modern Art , Delhi & the Metropolitan Museum of Art , NY .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Loung_Ung', 'summary': "Loung Ung ( Khmer : អ៊ឹង លឿង Aung Lueng ; born April 17 , 1970 ) is a Cambodian-born American human-rights activist and lecturer . She is the national spokesperson for the Campaign for a Landmine-Free World . Between 1997 and 2003 , she served in the same capacity for the International Campaign to Ban Landmines , which is affiliated with the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation . Ung was born in Phnom Penh , Cambodia , the sixth of seven children and the third of four girls , to Seng Im Ung and Ay Choung Ung . At ten years of age , she escaped from Cambodia as a survivor of what became known as the Killing Fields during the reign of Pol Pot 's Khmer Rouge regime . After emigrating to the United States and adjusting to her new country , she wrote two books which related her life experiences from 1975 through 2003 . Today , Ung is married and lives with her husband in Shaker Heights , a suburb of Cleveland , Ohio , US ."}]}, {'value': 'Martha Adams Richard E. Robbins Tom Yellin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackfish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackfish_(film)', 'summary': 'Blackfish is a 2013 American documentary film directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite . It concerns Tilikum , an orca held by SeaWorld and the controversy over captive killer whales . The film premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2013 , and was picked up by Magnolia Pictures and CNN Films for wider release . It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary .'}]}, {'value': 'January 19 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriela Cowperthwaite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriela_Cowperthwaite', 'summary': 'Gabriela Cowperthwaite ( born 1971 ) is an American filmmaker who also directs , produces , edits , and writes for television and documentary films . She has directed two documentaries and released two feature films . Her films often deal with social , cultural and environmental issues relating to real life events .'}]}, {'value': 'Gabriela Cowperthwaite Eli B. Despres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manny Oteyza Gabriela Cowperthwaite', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escape Fire : The Fight to Rescue American Healthcare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escape_Fire:_The_Fight_to_Rescue_American_Healthcare', 'summary': 'Escape Fire : The Fight to Rescue American Healthcare is a 2012 feature-length documentary directed by Matthew Heineman and Susan Froemke and released by Roadside Attractions . Escape Fire premiered at the Sundance Film Festival , opened in select theaters on October 5 , 2012 , and was simultaneously released on iTunes and Video-on-Demand . The film was released on DVD in February 2013 and premiered on CNN on March 10 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Heineman Susan Froemke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Heineman', 'summary': "Matthew Heineman is an American filmmaker . The Sundance Film Festival called Heineman one of the most talented and exciting documentary filmmakers working today , while Anne Thompson of Indiewire wrote that Heineman is a respected and gifted filmmaker who combines gonzo fearlessness with empathetic sensitivity . He recently received a nomination for Outstanding Directorial Achievement of a First Time Feature Film Director from the Directors Guild of America for his narrative debut A Private War , making Heineman and Martin Scorsese the only filmmakers ever nominated for both narrative and documentary DGA Awards . A Private War stars Jamie Dornan , Tom Hollander , Stanley Tucci , and Oscar-nominee Rosamund Pike as legendary war reporter Marie Colvin . The film premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival before being released nationwide by Aviron Pictures . It was a New York Times Critics ' Pick and Variety hailed the film as Heineman 's astonishing narrative debut , and an incredibly sophisticated , psychologically immersive film . A Private War also earned two Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress and Best Original Song . Heineman directed and executive produced a five-part television docu-series entitled The Trade that premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival and was recently honored by the International Documentary Association as the Best Episodic Series of 2018 . The critically acclaimed Showtime series chronicles the opioid crisis through the eyes of those most affected -- growers , cartel members , users , and law enforcement . It was described by The Hollywood Reporter as a thriller.like Traffic only current and real , while the New York Times said , Heineman has shown an uncanny ability to gain access to hard-to-reach people and places . His last documentary film City of Ghosts , which follows a group of citizen-journalists exposing the horrors of ISIS , premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and was distributed worldwide by Amazon Studios before having its broadcast premiere on A & E . Heineman won his second Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentary Award from the DGA for the film -- one of only three directors to win the prestigious honor twice ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Susan_Froemke', 'summary': "Susan Froemke ( born November 5 , 1947 ) is an American film director and producer . Froemke was the associate producer and one of the editors of the influential 1975 documentary film Grey Gardens , which was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2010 . The 2001 documentary LaLee 's Kin : The Legacy of Cotton , which she co-directed with Deborah Dickson , was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Wagner 's Dream is her most recent film . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Heineman Susan Froemke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Heineman Susan Froemke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Flag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Tucker Petra Epperlein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Nixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Our_Nixon', 'summary': 'Our Nixon is an all-archival documentary providing a view of the Nixon presidency through the use of Super-8 format home movies filmed by top Nixon aides H.R . Haldeman , Dwight Chapin and John Ehrlichman , combined with other historical material such as interviews , oral histories and news clips . It was directed by Penny Lane .'}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penny Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian L. Frye Penny Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pandora 's Promise", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pandora's_Promise", 'summary': "Pandora 's Promise is a 2013 documentary film about the nuclear power debate , directed by Robert Stone . Its central argument is that nuclear power , which still faces historical opposition from environmentalists , is a relatively safe and clean energy source which can help mitigate the serious problem of anthropogenic global warming . The title is derived from the ancient Greek myth of Pandora , who released numerous evils into the world , yet as the movie 's tagline recalls : At the bottom of the box she found hope ."}]}, {'value': 'November 7 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Stone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Stone_(director)', 'summary': "Robert Stone is a British-American documentary filmmaker . His work has been screened at dozens of film festivals and televised around the world , notably seven of his films have appeared on PBS 's American Experience series and four of his films have premiered at the Sundance Film Festival ( including Closing Night Film in 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Swartz Susan Swartz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An Unreal Dream : The Michael Morton Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Reinert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Reinert', 'summary': "Al Reinert ( 1947 - December 31 , 2018 ) was an American journalist , film director , screenwriter and producer . He co-wrote the screenplays for the Ron Howard film Apollo 13 and Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within , but is best known for directing and producing For All Mankind , an award-winning documentary about NASA 's Apollo program . He died of lung cancer at his home in Wimberley , Texas on December 31 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sole Survivor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sole_Survivor_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Sole Survivor is a 2013 CNN Films documentary film by director Ky Dickens .'}]}, {'value': 'January 9 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ky Dickens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ky Dickens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Aurinko Alexis Jaworski Amy McIntyre', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41ON41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 15 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Lax Nancy Stern Winters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Lax Nancy Stern Winters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documented', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 29 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio Vargas Ann Lupo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Antonio_Vargas', 'summary': "Jose Antonio Vargas ( born February 3 , 1981 ) is a journalist , filmmaker , and immigration rights activist . Born in the Philippines and raised in the United States from the age of twelve , he was part of The Washington Post team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting in 2008 for coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting online and in print . Vargas has also worked for the San Francisco Chronicle , the Philadelphia Daily News , and The Huffington Post . He wrote , produced , and directed the autobiographical 2013 film , Documented , which CNN Films broadcast in June 2014 . In a June 2011 essay in The New York Times Magazine , Vargas revealed his status as an undocumented immigrant in an effort to promote dialogue about the immigration system in the U.S. and to advocate for the DREAM Act , which would provide children in similar circumstances with a path to citizenship . A year later , a day after the publication of his Time cover story about his continued uncertainty regarding his immigration status , the Obama administration announced it was halting the deportation of undocumented immigrants age 30 and under , who would be eligible for the DREAM Act . Vargas , who had just turned 31 , did not qualify . Vargas is the founder of Define American , a nonprofit organization intended to open up dialogue about the criteria people use to determine who is an American . He has said : I am an American . I just do n't have the right papers . In September 2018 his memoir , Dear America : Notes of an Undocumented Citizen , was published by Dey Street ."}]}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio Vargas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio Vargas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lady Valor : The Kristin Beck Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Herzog Sandrine Orabona', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Herzog Christopher Cowen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitey : United States of America v. James J. Bulger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitey:_United_States_of_America_v._James_J._Bulger', 'summary': 'Whitey : United States of America v. James J. Bulger is a 2014 American biographical documentary film produced and directed by Joe Berlinger . It is produced by CNN Films and Radical Media . Its world premiere was at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 18 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 18 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Berlinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Berlinger', 'summary': "Joseph Berlinger ( born October 30 , 1961 ) is an American filmmaker and producer . Particularly focused on true crime documentaries , Berlinger 's films and docu-series draw attention to social justice issues in the US and abroad in such films as Paradise Lost : The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills , Crude , Whitey : United States of America v. James J. Bulger and Intent To Destroy : Death , Denial and Depiction . A 2017 HuffPost article said Brother 's Keeper ( 1992 ) and the Paradise Lost trilogy ( 1996-2011 ) helped pioneer the style of documentary filmmaking [ seen ] in Netflix 's recent true crime sensation , Making a Murderer - a combination of artful cinematography , a stirring musical soundtrack , and a dramatic narrative structure as compelling as any scripted film . Berlinger spearheaded and directed two 2019 projects centered on the infamous serial killer Ted Bundy : the Netflix docu-series Conversations with a Killer : The Ted Bundy Tapes , and the drama film Extremely Wicked , Shockingly Evil and Vile , starring Zac Efron ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Berlinger Caroline Suh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'More than a Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/More_than_a_Game', 'summary': "More than a Game is a 2008 American documentary film that follows NBA superstar LeBron James and four of his teammates through the trials and tribulations of high school basketball in Akron , Ohio , and James 's journey to fame . The film trailer was released in April featuring the single Stronger by Mary J. Blige , which she released in support of the film . The soundtrack titled Music Inspired by More Than a Game was released September 28 , 2009 . The film had limited theatrical release on October 2 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 24 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristopher Belman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristopher Belman Brad Hogan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristopher Belman Harvey Mason , Jr. Kevin Mann Matthew Perniciaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Mason,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Harvey Jay Mason Jr. ( born June 3 , 1968 ) is an American record producer , songwriter and movie producer who is currently serving as interim President of The Recording Academy . He has written and produced songs for popular performers in the music industry including Aretha Franklin , Michael Jackson , Justin Timberlake , Britney Spears and Chris Brown . In addition , major motion picture and television studios have called on Harvey to produce music for blockbuster films & television including Beyoncé and Jennifer Hudson in Dreamgirls , Whitney Houston in Sparkle , Hailee Steinfeld and Anna Kendrick in Pitch Perfect , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson and Tori Kelly in Sing , Dr. Dre and Ice Cube in Straight Outta Compton and Mary J. Blige and Neyo in The Wiz Live ! . Harvey was elected to be the chairman of The Recording Academy in June 2019 . On January 16 , 2020 , Mason Jr. took over as interim President and Chief Executive Officer of the Recording Academy .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivory Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Tower_(2014_film)', 'summary': "Ivory Tower is a 2014 American documentary film written , directed and produced by Andrew Rossi . The film premiered in competition category of U.S . Documentary Competition program at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 18 , 2014 . After its premiere at Sundance Film Festival , Participant Media , Paramount Pictures and Samuel Goldwyn Films acquired distribution rights of the film . The film had a theatrical release on 13 June 2014 in United States by Samuel Goldwyn Films . Paramount Pictures will handle the international release of the film , while Participant Media will handle the campaign for film 's theatrical release . The film was first broadcast on CNN on November 20 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Rossi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Rossi', 'summary': 'Andrew Rossi is an American filmmaker , best known for directing documentaries such as Page One : Inside the New York Times ( 2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Rossi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Rossi Kate Novack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinosaur 13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinosaur_13', 'summary': 'Dinosaur 13 is a 2014 American documentary film directed and produced by Todd Douglas Miller . The film premiered in competition category of U.S . Documentary Competition program at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 16 , 2014 . After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , CNN Films and Lionsgate acquired distribution rights of the film , leading to broadcast on CNN , theatrical release , and DVD packaging . In 2015 Dinosaur 13 won the Emmy for Outstanding Science and Technology Programming at the 36th Annual News and Documentary Emmy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Douglas Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Douglas Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life Itself', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_Itself_(2014_documentary_film)', 'summary': "Life Itself is a 2014 American biographical documentary film about Chicago film critic Roger Ebert , directed by Steve James and produced by Zak Piper , James and Garrett Basch . The film is based on Ebert 's 2011 memoir of the same name . It premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was an official selection at the 67th Cannes Film Festival . The 41st Telluride Film Festival hosted a special screening of the film on August 28 , 2014 . Magnolia Pictures released the film theatrically in the United States and simultaneously via video on demand platforms on July 4 , 2014 . On December 2 , 2014 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that the film was 1 of 15 films shortlisted in the Documentary Feature category for the 87th Academy Awards , but it was not nominated . It was also nominated for two News & Documentary Emmy Awards , winning the award for Outstanding Editing : Documentary & Long-Form ."}]}, {'value': 'January 4 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_James_(producer)', 'summary': 'Steve James ( born March 8 , 1954 ) is an Oscar-nominated American film producer and director of several documentaries , including Hoop Dreams ( 1994 ) , Stevie ( 2002 ) , and Abacus : Small Enough to Jail ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garrett Basch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrett_Basch', 'summary': 'Garrett Basch is an American film and television producer . He is best known for his work on the HBO limited series The Night Of .'}]}, {'value': "Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Glen_Campbell:_I'll_Be_Me", 'summary': "Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me is a 2014 American documentary film about country music singer Glen Campbell . Campbell and close friend Julian Raymond ( the film 's executive producer ) won a Grammy Award and were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for writing the film 's theme I 'm Not Gon na Miss You ."}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Keach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Keach', 'summary': 'James Keach ( born December 7 , 1947 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He is the younger brother of actor Stacy Keach Jr. and son of actor Stacy Keach Sr .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Keach Trevor Albert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fresh Dressed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresh_Dressed', 'summary': "Fresh Dressed is a 2015 documentary film directed by Sacha Jenkins which chronicles the history of hip hop fashion . The film is Jenkins ' directorial debut . North American rights to the film were purchased by Samuel Goldwyn Films and StyleHaul following its premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . The film features Kanye West , Pharrell Williams , Swizz Beats , and other prominent hip hop figures as talking heads . CNN plans to air the film later in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 3 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacha Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacha_Jenkins', 'summary': "Sacha Jenkins ( born 1971 ) is an American television producer , filmmaker , writer , musician , artist , curator , and chronicler of hip-hop , graffiti , punk , and metal cultures . While still in his teens , Jenkins published Graphic Scenes & X-Plicit Language , one of the earliest zines solely dedicated to graffiti art . In 1994 , Jenkins co-founded ego trip magazine . In 2007 , he created the competition reality program ego trip 's The ( White ) Rapper Show , which was carried by VH1 . Currently , Jenkins is the creative director of Mass Appeal magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacha Jenkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nasir Jones Marcus A. Clarke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nas', 'summary': "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones ( /nɑːˈsɪər/ ; born September 14 , 1973 ) , known professionally as Nas ( /nɑːz/ ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , entrepreneur , and investor . The son of jazz musician Olu Dara , Nas has released eight consecutive platinum and multi-platinum albums and has sold over 30 million records worldwide . He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label ; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records . His musical career began in 1991 , as a featured artist on Main Source 's Live at the Barbeque . His debut album Illmatic ( 1994 ) received universal acclaim from both critics and the hip hop community and is frequently ranked as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time . Nas 's follow-up It Was Written debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , stayed on top for four consecutive weeks , went Double Platinum in two months , and made Nas internationally known . From 2001 to 2005 , Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z , popularized by the diss track Ether . Nas signed to Def Jam in 2006 . In 2010 , he released Distant Relatives , a collaboration album with Damian Marley , donating all royalties to charities active in Africa . His 11th studio album , Life Is Good ( 2012 ) was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards . In 2006 , MTV ranked Nas at # 5 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time . In 2012 , The Source ranked him # 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'The Hunting Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hunting_Ground', 'summary': "The Hunting Ground is a 2015 documentary film about the incidence of sexual assault on college campuses in the United States and the reported failure of college administrations to deal with it adequately . Written and directed by Kirby Dick and produced by Amy Ziering , it premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . The film was released on February 27 , 2015 , an edited version aired on CNN on November 22 , 2015 , and was released on DVD the week of December 1 , 2015 . It was released on Netflix in March 2016 . Lady Gaga recorded an original song , Til It Happens to You , for the film , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . The documentary focuses on Annie E. Clark and Andrea Pino , two former University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill students who filed a Title IX complaint against UNC in response to their rapes while enrolled . The use of Title IX in campus sexual assault cases became a model for universities across the country . Critics of the film , including writer Emily Yoffe and a number of Harvard Law School professors , have questioned The Hunting Ground 's accuracy and objectivity . ( Harvard was one of the institutions criticized for minimizing the issue of sexual assault and protecting an alleged perpetrator . ) Among the issues raised by critics are the film 's portrayal of one man as a rapist , while not disclosing that the university and the police had found him not responsible for the alleged sexual assault , and for use of controversial statistics . The filmmakers have actively defended their work , responding to most criticisms ."}]}, {'value': 'November 22 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirby Dick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirby_Dick', 'summary': 'Kirby Bryan Dick ( born August 23 , 1952 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter , and editor . He is best known for directing documentary films . He received Academy Award nominations for Best Documentary Feature for directing Twist of Faith ( 2005 ) and The Invisible War ( 2012 ) . He has also received numerous awards from film festivals , including the Sundance Film Festival and Los Angeles Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirby Dick', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amy Ziering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amy_Ziering', 'summary': 'Amy Ziering ( born 1962 ) is an American film producer and director . In 2013 , she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature for producing The Invisible War .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'CNN_Films_0', 'intro': 'CNN Films is a motion picture division of CNN, originally launched in 2012. Its first film, Girl Rising premiered in spring 2013 in the United States.'} | null | null | In what year did the producer of the film Fresh Dressed begin his music career ? | 1991 |
06a35e098139e3fb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada-malja', 'title': 'Kanada-malja', 'header': ['Team', 'No . Wins', 'Last win'], 'data': [{'value': 'TPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HC_TPS', 'summary': 'TPS or Turun Palloseura is an ice hockey team and 10-time champion of SM-liiga and 1-time champion of SM-sarja . They play in Turku , Finland , at the Gatorade Center . In terms of championships , TPS is the all-time most successful team in the 1975-founded SM-liiga along with Tappara which also has 10 titles .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tappara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tappara', 'summary': 'Tappara ( Finnish for Battle axe , Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈtɑpːɑrɑ ] ) is a Finnish ice hockey team playing in the Liiga . They play at Tampereen jäähalli in Tampere , Finland . The team has won 14 Finnish league championships with its current name ( 1959 , 1961 , 1964 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 2003 , 2016 , 2017 ) . The team continued the traditions of TBK , who won three national championships in a row in 1953 , 1954 and 1955 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kärpät', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kärpät', 'summary': 'Oulun Kärpät ( Finnish for Oulu Ermines , sometimes referred to as Kärpät Oulu ) is a Finnish professional ice hockey team based in Oulu and playing in the top-tier Finnish Liiga . Kärpät have won the Finnish championship title eight times , and have been one of the most successful Finnish ice hockey teams in the 2000s and 2010s .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HIFK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HIFK_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "HIFK ( a traditional abbreviation of Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna , Helsingfors , English : Sporting Society Comrades , Helsinki ) is a professional ice hockey team based in Helsinki , Finland that plays in the Liiga , the sport 's top-level league in Finland . The team plays at Helsinki Ice Hall . The club was founded in 1897 and started participating in ice hockey in 1929 . Since then , HIFK has won the Finnish national championship seven times ( 1969 , 1970 , 1974 , 1980 , 1983 , 1998 , and 2011 ) . HIFK has the highest number of audience in the Liiga and is one of the wealthiest sports clubs in Finland . The derbies against local rivals Jokerit were often sold out and were among the fiercest in Nordic ice hockey , but are no longer played following Jokerit 's withdrawal from Liiga after the 2013-14 season to join the Russian-based Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . Following a history of even series of games , HIFK won the game total with 106-105 after a 2-1 victory in a classical outdoor game in March 2014 , claiming the title of Helsinki 's dominion . HIFK 's general manager starting from May 1 , 2008 , is Jukka Valtanen . He is the successor of Pentti Matikainen , who coached Team Finland to its first hockey Olympic medal ( silver ) in Calgary 1988 . HIFK won the Finnish national championship in the 2010-11 season when they defeated Espoo Blues . The championship team from 1998 is widely recognized as one of the best ever to have skated together in the top flight of Finnish ice hockey . [ citation needed ] Players on the 1998 championship team included a number of future ( and former ) NHL players - including Tim Thomas , Jan Čaloun , Johan Davidsson , Bob Halkidis , Olli Jokinen , Jere Karalahti , Jarno Kultanen , Brian Rafalski , Christian Ruuttu , Jarkko Ruutu , Kimmo Timonen and Marko Tuomainen ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jokerit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jokerit', 'summary': 'Helsingin Jokerit ( English : Jokers or Jesters ) is a professional ice hockey team based in Helsinki , Finland . They are members of the Bobrov Division of the Western Conference of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . The team won six league championships as a member of the Finnish SM-liiga ( 1973 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , and 2002 ) . Jokerit plays its home games at the Hartwall Arena . They joined the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) as of the 2014-15 KHL season , making Finland the first Nordic country to have a team in the league .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ässät', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ässät', 'summary': 'Porin Ässät ( Finnish for Pori Aces ) is an ice hockey club based in the town of Pori , Finland . They play in the Finnish elite league , Liiga . They play in at the Porin jäähalli in Isomäki . The full name of the company operating the team is at present HC Ässät Pori Oy . They have won three Finnish Championships in ice hockey ( 1971 , 1978 , and 2013 ) , and several other medals - most recently silver in 2006 . In addition , both Karhut and RU-38 were one-time champions each .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JYP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JYP_Jyväskylä', 'summary': 'JYP is an ice hockey team playing in the Finnish top division Liiga . They play in Jyväskylä , Finland , at the LähiTapiola Areena .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HPK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HPK', 'summary': "Hämeenlinnan Pallokerho ( HPK ) is an ice hockey team in the Liiga , the top men 's ice hockey league in Finland . Their home ice is the Ritari-areena in Hämeenlinna . HPK was established in 1929 . The parent club of the team is HPK Edustusjääkiekko ry and the team is sometimes promoted as the Hockey Playing Knights , with a logo representing a knight 's helmet . HPK won their first SM-liiga championship in 2006 and the second in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilves', 'summary': 'Ilves ( Finnish for Lynx , Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈilʋes ] ) is a Finnish ice hockey team . They play in the Liiga at the Hakametsä . The colors of Ilves , green , yellow , and black , were taken from what was then the coat of arms of the city of Tampere .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams by number of wins', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Kanada-malja_1', 'intro': "The Kanada-malja is an ice hockey club championship trophy, awarded annually to the winner of the Finnish Liiga playoffs. Kanada-malja is Finnish for Canada Bowl; the trophy is so named because it was donated by Canada's Finnish community in 1951. In 1991 a copy of the Kanada-malja was made and the original was given for display at Suomen Jääkiekkomuseo (The Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame). After the final game, the champion team of the playoffs is presented with the original Kanada-malja, but afterward the cup is returned to the museum and replaced with the copy. The original trophy is made of nickel silver and the copy is entirely made of silver. The winner of the regular season title receives the Harry Lindbladin muistopalkinto (Harry Lindblad Memorial Trophy), which is not considered as prestigious as the Kanada-malja."} | null | null | What is the meaning of the name of the team with 10 Kanada-malja wins and the last win in 2017 ? | Battle axe |
06a39576587a66fd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities', 'title': 'Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities', 'header': ['2010', '2009', '2008', '2007', 'Institution', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University', 'summary': "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johns Hopkins University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University', 'summary': "Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore , Maryland . Founded in 1876 , the university was named for its first benefactor , the American entrepreneur , abolitionist , and philanthropist Johns Hopkins . His $ 7 million bequest ( approximately $ 147.5 million in today 's dollars ) - of which half financed the establishment of Johns Hopkins Hospital - was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time . Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as the institution 's first president on February 22 , 1876 , led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research . Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany 's ancient Heidelberg University , Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States . Over the course of several decades , the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures . In fiscal year 2016 , Johns Hopkins spent nearly $ 2.5 billion on research . The university has additional graduate campuses in Italy , China , and Washington , D.C. , in addition to its main campus in Baltimore , Maryland . The university has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top universities in the world . Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington , D.C. , with international centers in Italy and China . The two undergraduate divisions , the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering , are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore 's Charles Village neighborhood . The medical school , the nursing school , and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Institute is a land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant university , with an urban campus that extends more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) alongside the Charles River . The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Bates Center , and the Haystack Observatory , as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science , engineering , mathematics , and technology , and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength , making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 96 Nobel laureates , 26 Turing Award winners , and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni , faculty members , or researchers . In addition , 58 National Medal of Science recipients , 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients , 50 MacArthur Fellows , 73 Marshall Scholars , 48 Rhodes Scholars , 41 astronauts , and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force have been affiliated with MIT . The school also has a strong entrepreneurial culture , and the aggregated annual revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni ( $ 1.9 trillion ) would rank roughly as the tenth-largest economy in the world ( 2014 ) . MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Toronto', 'summary': "The University of Toronto ( U of T or UToronto ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , located on the grounds that surround Queen 's Park . It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King 's College , the first institution of higher learning in the colony of Upper Canada . Originally controlled by the Church of England , the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution . As a collegiate university , it comprises eleven colleges each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history . The university also operates two satellite campuses located in Scarborough and Mississauga . Academically , the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory , known collectively as the Toronto School . The university was the birthplace of insulin and stem cell research , and was the site of the first practical electron microscope , the development of deep learning , multi-touch technology , the identification of the first black hole Cygnus X-1 , and the development of the theory of NP-completeness . It receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university and is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States , the other being McGill University . The Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches , with long and storied ties to gridiron football , rowing and ice hockey . The earliest recorded college football game was played in the University of Toronto 's University College in the early 1860s . The university 's Hart House is an early example of the North American student centre , simultaneously serving cultural , intellectual , and recreational interests within its large Gothic-revival complex . The University of Toronto has educated three Governors General of Canada , four Prime Ministers of Canada , three foreign leaders , and fourteen Justices of the Supreme Court ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oxford', 'summary': "The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford , England . There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's second-oldest university in continuous operation . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two ancient universities are frequently jointly called Oxbridge . The history and influence of the University of Oxford has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The university is made up of 39 constituent colleges , and a range of academic departments , which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . It does not have a main campus , and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures , seminars , and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments ; some postgraduate teaching includes tutorials organised by faculties and departments . It operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system nationwide . In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2018 , the university had a total income of £2.2 billion , of which £579 million was from research grants and contracts ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego', 'summary': "The University of California , San Diego ( UC San Diego or , colloquially , UCSD [ a ] ) is a public research university in San Diego , California . Established in 1960 near the pre-existing Scripps Institution of Oceanography , UC San Diego is the seventh-oldest of the 10 University of California campuses and offers over 200 undergraduate and graduate degree programs , enrolling approximately 30,800 undergraduate and 8,000 graduate students . The university occupies 2,141 acres ( 866 ha ) near the coast of the Pacific Ocean , with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres ( 466 ha ) . UC San Diego is organized into seven undergraduate residential colleges ( Revelle , John Muir , Thurgood Marshall , Earl Warren , Eleanor Roosevelt , Sixth , and Seventh ; Seventh College will enroll its first students in Fall 2020 ) , four academic divisions ( Arts and Humanities , Biological Sciences , Physical Sciences , and Social Sciences ) , and seven graduate and professional schools ( Jacobs School of Engineering , Rady School of Management , Scripps Institution of Oceanography , School of Global Policy and Strategy , School of Medicine , Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , and the newly approved School of Public Health ) . UC San Diego Health , the region 's only academic health system , provides patient care , conducts medical research and educates future health care professionals at the UC San Diego Medical Center , Hillcrest , Jacobs Medical Center , Moores Cancer Center , Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center , Shiley Eye Institute , Koman Family Outpatient Pavilion and various express care and urgent care clinics throughout San Diego . The university operates 19 organized research units ( ORUs ) , including the Center for Energy Research , Qualcomm Institute ( a branch of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology ) , San Diego Supercomputer Center and the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind , as well as eight School of Medicine research units , six research centers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and two multi-campus initiatives , including the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation . UC San Diego is also closely affiliated with several regional research centers , such as the Salk Institute , the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine , and the Scripps Research Institute . According to the National Science Foundation , UC San Diego spent $ 1.133 billion on research and development in fiscal year 2017 , ranking it 7th in the nation . UCSD is considered one of the country 's Public Ivies . As of August 2018 , UC San Diego faculty , researchers and alumni have won 27 Nobel Prizes and three Fields Medals , eight National Medals of Science , eight MacArthur Fellowships , and two Pulitzer Prizes . Additionally , of the current faculty , 29 have been elected to the National Academy of Engineering , 70 to the National Academy of Sciences , 45 to the Institute of Medicine and 110 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_University', 'summary': "Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tokyo', 'summary': "The University of Tokyo ( 東京大学 , Tōkyō daigaku ) , abbreviated as Todai ( 東大 , Tōdai ) or UTokyo , is a public research university located in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan . Established in 1877 as the first imperial university , it is one of Japan 's most prestigious universities . The university has 10 faculties and enrolls about 30,000 students , 2,100 of whom are international students . Its five campuses are in Hongō , Komaba , Kashiwa , Shirokane and Nakano . It is among the top echelon of the select Japanese universities assigned additional funding under the MEXT 's Top Global University Project to enhance Japan 's global educational competitiveness . As of 2018 , University of Tokyo 's alumni , faculty members and researchers include seventeen prime ministers , sixteen Nobel Prize laureates , three Pritzker Prize laureates , three astronauts , and a Fields Medalist ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco', 'summary': 'The University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) is a public research university in San Francisco , California . It is part of the University of California system and it is dedicated entirely to health science . It is a major center of medical and biological research and teaching . UCSF was founded as Toland Medical College in 1864 , and in 1873 it affiliated itself with the University of California , becoming its Medical Department . In the same year , it incorporated the California College of Pharmacy and in 1881 it established a dentistry school . Its facilities were located in both Berkeley and San Francisco . In 1964 , the school gained full administrative independence as a campus of the UC system headed by a chancellor , and in 1970 it gained its current name . Historically based at Parnassus Heights and several other locations throughout the city , in the early 2000s it developed a second major campus in the newly redeveloped Mission Bay . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates have been affiliated with UCSF as faculty members or researchers , and the University has been the site of many scientific breakthroughs . The UCSF School of Medicine is the oldest medical school in the Western United States and is highly ranked by international and national rankings of prestige and funding . The UCSF Graduate Division offers 19 PhD programs , 11 MS programs , two certificates and a physical therapy program . UCSF is ranked 5th among research-oriented medical schools in the United States and ranked 3rd for primary care by U.S. News and World Report and is ranked 1st among medical schools in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( Clinical Medicine , 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cambridge', 'summary': "The University of Cambridge ( legally The Chancellor , Masters , and Scholars of the University of Cambridge ) is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge , United Kingdom . Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by King Henry III in 1231 , Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's fourth-oldest surviving university . The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople . The two 'ancient universities ' share many common features and are often referred to jointly as 'Oxbridge ' . The academic standards , history , influence and wealth of the University of Cambridge has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 semi-autonomous constituent Colleges and over 100 academic departments organised into six schools . Cambridge University Press , a department of the university , is the world 's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world . Cambridge Assessment , also a department of the university , is one of the world 's leading examining bodies and provides assessment to over eight million learners globally every year . The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums , including the Fitzwilliam Museum , as well as a botanic garden . Cambridge 's libraries , of which there are over 100 , hold a total of around 16 million books , around nine million of which are in Cambridge University Library , a legal deposit library . The university is home to , but independent of , the Cambridge Union - the world 's oldest debating society . The university is closely linked to the development of the high-tech business cluster known as 'Silicon Fen ' ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University College London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_College_London', 'summary': 'University College London , which has operated under the official name of UCL since 2005 , is a public research university located in London , United Kingdom . It is a member institution of the federal University of London , and is the third largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment , and the largest by postgraduate enrolment . Established in 1826 as London University by founders inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham , UCL was the first university institution to be established in London , and the first in England to be entirely secular and to admit students regardless of their religion . UCL also makes the contested claims of being the third-oldest university in England [ note 1 ] and the first to admit women . [ note 2 ] In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London , which was granted a royal charter in the same year . It has grown through mergers , including with the Institute of Neurology ( in 1997 ) , the Royal Free Hospital Medical School ( in 1998 ) , the Eastman Dental Institute ( in 1999 ) , the School of Slavonic and East European Studies ( in 1999 ) , the School of Pharmacy ( in 2012 ) and the Institute of Education ( in 2014 ) . UCL has its main campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London , with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and satellite campuses in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford , east London and in Doha , Qatar . UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties , within which there are over 100 departments , institutes and research centres . UCL operates several museums and collections in a wide range of fields , including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy , and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing . In 2017/18 , UCL had around 41,500 students and 15,100 staff ( including around 7,100 academic staff and 840 professors ) and had a total group income of £1.45 billion , of which £476.3 million was from research grants and contracts . In the most recent Research Excellence Framework rankings for research power , UCL was the top-rated university in the UK as calculated by Times Higher Education , and second as calculated by The Guardian/Research Fortnight . UCL had the 9th highest average entry tariff in the UK for students starting in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duke University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_University', 'summary': "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Wisconsin-Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'HEEACT World University Rankings ( Top 50 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities_0', 'intro': 'The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities or NTU Ranking is a ranking system of world universities by scientific paper volume, impact, and performance output. The ranking was originally published from 2007-2011 by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT) and has been published since 2012 by the National Taiwan University. It uses bibliometric methods to analyze and rank the scientific paper performance. In addition to the overall ranking, it includes a list of the top universities in six fields and fourteen subjects. The rankings were introduced in 2007. The original ranking methodology favored toward universities with medical schools. In 2008, HEEACT began publishing a Field Based Ranking including six fields: agriculture and environmental sciences (AGE), clinical medicine (MED), engineering, computing, and technology (ENG), life sciences (LIFE), natural sciences (SCI), and social sciences (SOC). In 2010, HEEACT began publishing subject rankings in fields of various field of science and technology. Science fields are divided into physics, chemistry, mathematics, and geosciences. Technology fields are split up into electrical engineering, computer science, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering (including energy and fuels), materials science, and civil engineering (including environmental engineering). HEEACT ended the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities Project in 2012. Due to disagreement about ranking results, the Taiwanese education authorities announced that the government would no longer support the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan to do this ranking.'} | null | null | How many million square miles is the area of the country where a University was established in 1636 ? | 3.8 |
06a65b46c5817ec6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_United_States_Congress', 'title': '46th United States Congress', 'header': ['District', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Texas 6', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'Texas District 6 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional district that serves Ellis and Navarro counties to the south and southeast of the Dallas/Fort Worth area plus the southeast corner of Tarrant County . As of the 2000 census , District 6 represents 651,620 people . The current Representative from District 6 is Ron Wright , who took office in 2019 . The district was represented by Joe Barton from 1985 until 2019 . In November 2017 , Barton announced that he would retire from Congress and would not seek re-election in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rep. Gustav Schleicher died during previous congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gustav_Schleicher', 'summary': 'Gustav Schleicher ( sometimes spelled Gustave ) ( November 19 , 1823 - January 10 , 1879 ) was a German-born Democratic United States Representative from Texas . He was an engineer who served briefly in the Texas legislature , and was a veteran of the Confederate Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Christopher C. Upson ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_C._Upson', 'summary': 'Christopher Columbus Upson ( October 17 , 1829 - February 8 , 1902 ) was a U.S. Representative from Texas . Born near Syracuse , New York , Upson attended the common schools and Williams College , Williamstown , Massachusetts . He studied law . He was admitted to the bar in 1851 and commenced practice in Syracuse , New York , in 1851 . He moved to San Antonio , Texas , in 1854 and engaged in the practice of law . During the Civil War he served in the Confederate States Army as a volunteer aide , with the rank of colonel , on the staff of Gen. W.H.C . Whiting . He was appointed by the Confederacy associate justice of Arizona in 1862 . Upson was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Gustave Schleicher . He was reelected to the Forty-seventh Congress and served from April 15 , 1879 , to March 3 , 1883 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1882 . He resumed the practice of law in San Antonio , Texas , and died there February 8 , 1902 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 12', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_12th_congressional_district", 'summary': "New York 's 12th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives located in New York City . It is now represented by Democrat Carolyn Maloney . The district includes several neighborhoods in the East Side of Manhattan , the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn , and western Queens , as well as Roosevelt Island , mostly overlapping the pre-redistricting 14th district . The 12th district 's per capita income , in excess of $ 75,000 , is the highest among all congressional districts in the United States . President Donald Trump 's former primary private residence , Trump Tower , is located in the district . From 2003-2013 it included parts of Brooklyn , Queens , and Manhattan . It included the Queens neighborhoods of Maspeth , Ridgewood , and Woodside , the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bushwick , Greenpoint , Red Hook , East New York , Brooklyn Heights , Sunset Park , and Williamsburg and part of Manhattans Lower East Side and East Village ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rep.-elect Alexander Smith died during previous congress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waldo Hutchins ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waldo_Hutchins', 'summary': 'Waldo Hutchins ( September 30 , 1822 - February 8 , 1891 ) was a New York attorney , businessman and politician . He served in the New York State Assembly and as a Member of Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'November 4 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa 5', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Iowa's_5th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Iowa 's 5th congressional district is an obsolete congressional district in the U.S. state of Iowa . It was last represented by Republican Steve King , who after served the state 's 4th congressional district . The district became obsolete for the 113th Congress in 2013 as Iowa lost a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives redistricting based upon results from the 2010 Census . Official redistricting maps divided the territory in this district in half , attaching the northern half to the 4th district and the southern half to the 3rd district ."}]}, {'value': 'Rush Clark ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rush_Clark', 'summary': "Rush Clark ( October 1 , 1834 - April 29 , 1879 ) was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer from Iowa , who died on the floor of Congress in 1879 . Born in Schellsburg , Pennsylvania , Clark attended common schools and a local academy in Ligonier , Pennsylvania as a child . He graduated from Jefferson College in 1853 , studied law and was admitted to the bar the same year , commencing practice in Iowa City , Iowa . He was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1860 to 1864 , serving as Speaker of the House in 1863 and 1864 , served on the staff of Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood in 1861 and 1862 and aided in the organization of volunteer regiments from Iowa during the Civil War . Clark was a trustee of the University of Iowa from 1862 to 1866 , was again a member of the Iowa House of Representatives in 1876 . In 1876 , he was elected as a Republican to represent Iowa 's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives . He was re-elected two years later . However , on April 29 , 1879 , near the beginning of the first session of his second term , he died suddenly on the floor of the House , reportedly suffering an attack of meningitis . He was interred in Oakland Cemetery in Iowa City ."}]}, {'value': 'Died April 29 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William G. Thompson ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_George_Thompson', 'summary': "William George Thompson ( January 17 , 1830 - April 2 , 1911 ) was a Civil War officer , trial-court judge , territorial justice , and Republican Representative in the United States House of Iowa 's 5th congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri 7', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Missouri's_7th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Missouri 's 7th congressional district consists of Southwest Missouri . The district includes Springfield , the home of Missouri State University , and the popular tourist destination city of Branson . Located along the borders of Kansas , Oklahoma , and Northwest Arkansas , the district occupies part of the Bible Belt with a strong socially conservative trend . George W. Bush defeated John Kerry here 67% to 32% in the 2004 election . Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama 63.1% to 35.3% in the 2008 election . Republican and Former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney defeated Barack Obama 67.6% to 30.3% in the 2012 election . In the 2016 election , Republican Donald Trump defeated Democrat Hillary Clinton 70.4% to 24.7% . As of 2017 , this district is the second most strongly Republican district in Missouri and is one of the most strongly Republican Districts in the United States . The district is currently represented by Republican Billy Long of Springfield . He survived primary challenges on August 7 , 2018 . He defeated Democrat Jamie Schoolcraft , physician 's assistant and former mayor of Willard in the final election in November ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfred M. Lay ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Morrison_Lay', 'summary': 'Alfred Morrison Lay ( May 20 , 1836 - December 8 , 1879 ) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri . Born in Lewis County , Missouri , Lay moved with his parents to Benton County in 1842 . He attended private schools and was graduated from Bethany College , Virginia ( now in West Virginia ) , in 1856 . He studied law . He was admitted to the bar in 1857 and commenced practice in Jefferson City , Missouri . He was appointed United States district attorney for the western district of Missouri by President Buchanan and served until his resignation in 1861 . Enlisted as a private in the Missouri State Guard and was subsequently promoted to the rank of major . He returned to Missouri when the command disbanded . He served as captain of ordnance , Confederate States Army . He resumed the practice of law in Jefferson City , Missouri . He served as member of the State constitutional convention in 1875 . Lay was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth Congress and served from March 4 , 1879 , until his death in Washington , D.C. , on December 8 , 1879 .'}]}, {'value': 'Died December 8 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John F. Philips ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Finis_Philips', 'summary': 'John Finis Philips ( December 31 , 1834 - March 13 , 1919 ) was a United States Representative from Missouri and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'January 10 , 1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 32', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_32nd_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The 32nd Congressional District of New York was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York . It was eliminated as a result of the 1990 Census . It was last represented by John J. LaFalce who was redistricted into the 29th District .'}]}, {'value': 'Ray V. Pierce ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_V._Pierce', 'summary': 'Ray Vaughn Pierce ( August 6 , 1840 - February 4 , 1914 ) was a U.S. Representative from New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned September 18 , 1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Scoville ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Scoville', 'summary': 'Jonathan Scoville ( July 14 , 1830 - March 4 , 1891 ) was a U.S. Representative from New York . Born in Salisbury , Connecticut , Scoville attended various educational institutions in Massachusetts , including the scientific department of Harvard University . He engaged in business in Canaan , Connecticut , in 1854 as an iron manufacturer and mine owner . He moved to Buffalo , New York , in 1860 and established a car-wheel foundry , and the next year established another in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Scoville was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ray V. Pierce . He was reelected to the Forty-seventh Congress and served from November 12 , 1880 , to March 3 , 1883 . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1882 . He served as mayor of Buffalo in 1884 and 1885 . He died in New York City , March 4 , 1891 . He was interred in Salisbury Cemetery , Salisbury , Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'November 12 , 1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama 6', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alabama's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Alabama 's 6th congressional district is a United States congressional district in Alabama that elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives . It is composed of the wealthier portions of Birmingham , nearly all of Jefferson County outside Birmingham , and the entirety of Bibb , Blount , Chilton , Coosa , and Shelby counties . It is currently represented by Republican Gary Palmer ."}]}, {'value': 'Burwell B. Lewis ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burwell_Boykin_Lewis', 'summary': "Burwell Boykin Lewis ( July 7 , 1838 - October 11 , 1885 ) represented both Alabama 's 6th congressional district and Alabama 's At-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned October 1 , 1880 , to accept presidency of the University of Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Newton N. Clements ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newton_Nash_Clements', 'summary': 'Newton Nash Clements ( December 23 , 1837 - February 20 , 1900 ) was a Colonel in the Confederate States Army and U.S. Representative from Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio 19', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_19th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 19th congressional district was created following the 1830 census and was eliminated after the 2000 census . From 1992-2002 it included all of Lake County and Ashtabula County together with a collection of eastern suburbs of Cleveland . After 2002 it was replaced by the 14th district . Parts of its old territory were redistricted into the 10th , 11th , and 13th districts ."}]}, {'value': 'James A. Garfield ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Garfield', 'summary': "James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) was the 20th president of the United States , serving from March 4 , 1881 until his death by assassination six and a half months later . He is the only sitting member of the United States House of Representatives to be elected to the presidency . Garfield entered politics as a Republican in 1857 . He served as a member of the Ohio State Senate from 1859 to 1861 . Garfield opposed Confederate secession , served as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and fought in the battles of Middle Creek , Shiloh , and Chickamauga . He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio 's 19th District . Throughout Garfield 's extended congressional service after the Civil War , he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator . Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction , but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen . At the 1880 Republican National Convention , delegates chose Garfield - who had not sought the White House - as a compromise presidential candidate on the 36th ballot . In the 1880 presidential election , Garfield conducted a low-key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock . Garfield 's accomplishments as president included a resurgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments , purging corruption in the Post Office , and appointing a U.S. Supreme Court justice . He enhanced the powers of the presidency when he defied the powerful New York senator Roscoe Conkling by appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York , starting a fracas that ended with Robertson 's confirmation and Conkling 's resignation from the Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November 8 , 1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ezra B. Taylor ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor', 'summary': 'Ezra Booth Taylor ( July 9 , 1823 - January 29 , 1912 ) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'December 13 , 1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Hampshire 3', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_Hampshire's_3rd_congressional_district", 'summary': "New Hampshire 's 3rd congressional district is an obsolete district . It was organized from the State 's At-Large District in 1847 . It was eliminated after the 1880 Census . The last representative serving the district was Ossian Ray ."}]}, {'value': 'Evarts W. Farr ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evarts_Worcester_Farr', 'summary': 'Evarts Worcester Farr ( October 10 , 1840 - November 30 , 1880 ) was a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Died November 30 , 1880 . Successor elected December 28 , 1880', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1880_New_Hampshire's_3rd_congressional_district_special_elections", 'summary': "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1880 for Representatives to the 47th Congress , and coincided with the 1880 presidential election which was won by James A. Garfield , who was a member of the House at the time . Issues such as Civil War loyalties , tariffs , graft and corruption dominated the year 's elections , though none became substantive a national issue . The economy was growing stronger after emerging from a long Depression . It was in this political environment that Garfield 's Republican Party gained 19 seats and regained control of the House from the Democratic Party . The Greenback Party , an emerging party of workers and farmers , also lost seats in these elections , after gaining more than a dozen two years earlier ."}]}, {'value': 'Ossian Ray ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ossian_Ray', 'summary': 'Ossian Ray ( December 13 , 1835 - January 28 , 1892 ) was a United States Representative from New Hampshire .'}]}, {'value': 'January 8 , 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida 2', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Florida's_2nd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Florida 's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida . The district consists of the eastern part of the Florida Panhandle along with much of the Big Bend region along the Emerald Coast . It straddles both the Eastern and Central time zones . It is anchored in Panama City and includes many of the suburbs of Tallahassee , the state capital . With 49% of its residents living in rural areas , it is the least urbanized district in the state , and voters are generally conservative . The district is represented by Republican Neal Dunn ."}]}, {'value': 'Noble A . Hull ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noble_A._Hull', 'summary': 'Noble Andrew Hull ( March 11 , 1827 - January 28 , 1907 ) was a U.S. Representative from Florida and the sixth Lieutenant Governor of Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election January 22 , 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horatio Bisbee , Jr. ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horatio_Bisbee,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Horatio Bisbee Jr. ( May 1 , 1839 - March 27 , 1916 ) was an American attorney and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina 1', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/North_Carolina's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "North Carolina 's 1st congressional district consists of counties that border Virginia , and extending southward into several counties of the Inner Banks and Research Triangle regions . Geographically and demographically diverse , it covers many rural areas of northeastern North Carolina , among the state 's most economically poor , as well as a part of the heavily urbanized Research Triangle . It contains towns and cities such as Durham , Greenville , Elizabeth City , Henderson , Roanoke Rapids , Rocky Mount , Goldsboro , and New Bern . The district is represented by Rep. G. K. Butterfield , a Democrat . He has been the representative since 2005 . In the 2006 election , he won unopposed . In 2010 he defeated Republican Ashley Woolard from Washington , North Carolina in the general election . On February 5 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the 1st district , as well as the 12th , were gerrymandered along racial lines , which was unconstitutional , and must be redrawn by March 15 , 2016 . Besides a brief period from 1895 until 1899 when the district was held by a Populist , the 1st district has been consistently Democratic since 1883 ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph J. Martin ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_John_Martin', 'summary': "Joseph John Martin ( November 21 , 1833 - December 18 , 1900 ) was a Republican U.S . Congressman from North Carolina , United States between 1879 and 1881 . Born in Williamston in Martin County , North Carolina , Martin attended Williamston Academy and then studied law . He was admitted to the bar in 1859 and became the prosecuting attorney of Martin County . He was elected solicitor for North Carolina 's second judicial district in 1868 and was re-elected to that post in 1874 . Martin was a member of the Republican party and a delegate to the 1876 Republican National Convention . In 1878 , Martin was elected to the U.S. House , defeating incumbent Democrat Jesse Johnson Yeates . Although Martin served most of his two-year term , Yeates successfully contested the election and unseated Martin on January 29 , 1881 , two months before the expiration of Martin 's term . After leaving Congress , Martin returned to the practice of law in Tarboro , North Carolina ; he was that town 's postmaster from 1897 until his death in 1900 . Martin is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Williamston , his hometown ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election January 29 , 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesse J. Yeates ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Johnson_Yeates', 'summary': 'Jesse Johnson Yeates ( May 29 , 1829 - September 5 , 1892 ) was a Democratic U.S . Congressman from North Carolina between 1875 and 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 9', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_9th_congressional_district", 'summary': "New York 's 9th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York City , represented by Yvette Clarke . The district is located entirely within Brooklyn . It includes the neighborhoods of Brownsville , Crown Heights , East Flatbush , Flatbush , Kensington , Park Slope , Prospect Heights , Midwood , Sheepshead Bay , Marine Park , Gerritsen Beach and Prospect Lefferts Gardens . Prospect Park , Grand Army Plaza and the Grand Army Plaza Greenmarket , the worldwide headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic community and the Brooklyn Children 's Museum are located within this district , as well as , in the Prospect Heights neighborhood , the Brooklyn Museum of Art , the Brooklyn Botanic Garden , the Central Library , or main branch , of the Brooklyn Public Library , and the Kurdish Library and Museum . Prior to 2013 , the district consisted primarily of middle-class white neighborhoods , including large Jewish , Italian , Irish , and Russian populations , in southern Brooklyn and south central Queens . Before redistricting , the Queens Tribune found that the district increasingly swung Republican following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , when many police and firefighters were lost from the Rockaways . Its rightward shift was also attributed to the increasing tendency of Orthodox Jews to vote for Republicans . Its representation in Congress was reliably Democratic for decades , electing prominent liberals such as Chuck Schumer and Anthony Weiner and , prior to that , Emanuel Celler and Elizabeth Holtzman ( when the district was differently numbered ) . Anthony D. Weiner was Congressman from 1999 until he resigned on June 21 , 2011 . Republican Bob Turner succeeded Weiner after winning the special election on September 13 , 2011 . However , the previous 9th District was eliminated after New York lost two districts in 2010 redistricting , and its territory was divided among several neighboring districts . After redistricting , Yvette Clarke now represents the district ."}]}, {'value': 'Fernando Wood ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Wood', 'summary': "Fernando Wood ( June 14 , 1812 - February 14 , 1881 ) was an American politician of the Democratic Party and the 73rd and 75th mayor of New York City ; he also served as a United States Representative ( 1841-1843 , 1863-1865 , and 1867-1881 ) and as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in both the 45th and 46th Congress ( 1877-1881 ) . A successful shipping merchant who became Grand Sachem of the political machine known as Tammany Hall , Wood first served in Congress in 1841 . In 1854 he was elected Mayor of New York City . Reelected in 1860 after an electoral loss in 1857 by a narrow majority of 3,000 votes , Wood evinced support for the Confederate States during the American Civil War , suggesting to the New York City Council that New York City secede from the U.S. and declare itself a free city in order to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy . Wood 's Democratic machine was concerned with maintaining the revenues ( which depended on Southern cotton ) that fed the system of patronage . Following his service as mayor , Wood returned to the United States Congress . He was one of the main opponents of the Thirteenth Amendment ."}]}, {'value': 'Died February 14 , 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan 7', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_7th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Michigan 's 7th congressional district is a United States congressional district in Southern Michigan . From 2004 to 2013 it consisted of all of Branch , Eaton , Hillsdale , Jackson , and Lenawee counties , and included most of Calhoun and a large portion of western and northern Washtenaw counties . The district shifted east in the 2012 redistricting , and now includes the western suburbs of Ann Arbor and Monroe County . The district is currently represented by Republican Tim Walberg . He was elected in 2010 , defeating incumbent Democrat Mark Schauer . Walberg had previously served as the district 's congressman for one term before losing to Schauer in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Omar D. Conger ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omar_D._Conger', 'summary': "Omar Dwight Conger ( April 1 , 1818 - July 11 , 1898 ) was a U.S. Representative and U.S . Senator from the state of Michigan . Conger was born in Cooperstown , New York and moved with his father , the Rev . E. Conger , to Huron County , Ohio in 1824 . He pursued academic studies at the Huron Institute in Milan , Ohio , and graduated from Western Reserve College ( now Case Western Reserve University ) in Hudson , Ohio in 1841 . He engaged in mineral explorations of the Lake Superior copper and iron regions in connection with the Michigan State Geological Survey 1845-1847 . He engaged in the practice of law in Port Huron , Michigan in 1848 and was elected judge of the St. Clair County Court in 1850 . He was a member of the Michigan State Senate 1855-1859 , and served as President pro tempore in 1859 . He was a member of the State military board during the Civil War , holding the rank of colonel . He was a Presidential Elector for Michigan in 1864 and a member of the State constitutional convention in 1866 . He was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives for the 41st United States Congress and to the five succeeding Congresses , serving from March 4 , 1869 , until March 4 , 1881 . He represented Michigan 's 5th congressional district from 1869 to 1873 and became the first person to represent the 7th district from 1873 to 1881 ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned March 3 , 1881 , after being elected to the US Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- House of Representatives', 'section_text': 'replacements : 8 Democratic : 1 seat net gain Republican : 1 seat net loss deaths : 4 resignations : 3 contested election : 2 Total seats with changes : 11', 'uid': '46th_United_States_Congress_1', 'intro': "The Forty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1879, to March 4, 1881, during the last two years of Rutherford Hayes's presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Ninth Census of the United States in 1870. The Senate had a Democratic majority, while the House of Representatives had a Democratic plurality. The Democrats were still able to control the House, however, with the help of the Independent politicians who caucused with them."} | null | null | Which is the state that borders the counties of the district with the latest date of a successor 's installation ? | Virginia |
06a789e399adcba8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_railways', 'title': 'List of Canadian railways', 'header': ['Name', 'Locale', 'Ownership', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'CTrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CTrain', 'summary': "CTrain is a light rail transit system in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It began operation on May 25 , 1981 and has expanded as the city has increased in population . The system is operated by Calgary Transit , as part of the Calgary municipal government 's transportation department . As of 2017 , it is one of the busiest light rail transit systems in North America , with 306,900 weekday riders , and has been growing steadily in recent years . About 45% of workers in Downtown Calgary take the CTrain to work ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Transit', 'summary': 'Calgary Transit is the public transit service which is owned and operated by the city of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . In 2018 , an estimated 105.3 million passengers boarded approximately 1,155 Calgary Transit vehicles .'}]}, {'value': '2 light rail lines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton LRT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_LRT', 'summary': "Edmonton Light Rail Transit , commonly referred to as the LRT , is a light rail system in Edmonton , Alberta . Part of the Edmonton Transit Service ( ETS ) , the system has 18 stations on two lines and 24.3 km ( 15.1 mi ) of track . As of 2018 , it is one of the busiest light rail transit systems in North America , with over 110,000 daily weekday riders , and has been growing steadily in recent years . ETS started operation of the original LRT line in 1978 , expanded by 2010 into the Capital Line , running between Clareview in Edmonton 's northeast and Century Park in Edmonton 's south end . The first phase of the newer Metro Line started service between the University of Alberta campus and hospital in Edmonton 's southcentral and the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology northwest of downtown Edmonton in 2015 , with further expansion to north Edmonton and neighbouring city of St. Albert planned into the future . Construction of the first phase of the 27 kilometres ,0 1px 5px 0 rgba ( 0,0,0 , .12 ) ,0 3px 1px -2px rgba ( 0,0,0 , .2 ) } ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton Transit Service', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Transit_Service', 'summary': "The Edmonton Transit Service ( previously known as Edmonton Transit System ) , also called ETS , is the public transit service owned and operated by the city of Edmonton , Alberta . It operates Edmonton 's bus and light rail systems ."}]}, {'value': '2 light rail lines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ion_rapid_transit', 'summary': "Ion , stylized as ION , is an integrated public transportation network in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in Ontario , Canada . It is operated by Keolis and is part of the Grand River Transit ( GRT ) system , partially replacing GRT 's Route 200 iXpress bus service . The section of Route 200 serving Cambridge has been renamed Ion Bus . The first phase commenced operations on June 21 , 2019 , between the north end of Waterloo and the south end of Kitchener . A future extension of light rail to the downtown Galt area of Cambridge ( Phase 2 ) is planned but construction may not begin on that line until 2025 . In 2009 , an Environmental Assessment ( EA ) began to create a proposal of electrically-powered light rail transit through Kitchener and Waterloo , and adapted bus rapid transit from Kitchener to Cambridge . On June 24 , 2009 , Regional Council voted to approve the project , subject to funding from higher levels of government , which was in turn approved by council on June 15 , 2011 . This was followed by a community building strategy to guide development , identify key destinations , and strengthen regional connections . The strategy , led by Urban Strategies Inc. of Toronto , consulted hundreds of individuals and stakeholders from Cambridge , Kitchener , and Waterloo . Construction began in August 2014 and service was expected to begin in late 2017 ; however , because of delays in the manufacture and delivery of rolling stock , the introduction of the light rail service was significantly delayed . The total cost of the system was estimated at $ 818 million , but in December 2017 , the overruns were estimated to total approximately $ 50 million . The Province was expected to provide $ 25 million of that amount ."}]}, {'value': 'Waterloo Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand River Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_River_Transit', 'summary': 'Grand River Transit ( GRT ) is the public transport operator for the Region of Waterloo , Ontario , Canada . It operates daily bus services in the region , primarily in the cities of Kitchener , Waterloo , and Cambridge , alongside the Ion rapid transit light rail system which began service on June 21 , 2019 . It was named for the Grand River , which flows through the Region ; the naming also echoes the Grand River Railway , a former electric railway which served the area in the early twentieth century . GRT is a member of the Canadian Urban Transit Association .'}]}, {'value': '1 light rail line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Metro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Metro', 'summary': "The Montreal Metro ( French : Métro de Montréal ) is a rubber-tired , underground rapid transit system serving the city of Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The Metro , operated by the Société de transport de Montréal ( STM ) , was inaugurated on October 14 , 1966 , during the tenure of Mayor Jean Drapeau . It has expanded since the 1960s from 26 stations on three separate lines to 68 stations on four lines totalling 69.2 kilometres ( 43.0 mi ) in length , serving the north , east and centre of the Island of Montreal with connections to Longueuil , via the Yellow Line , and Laval , via the Orange Line . The Montreal Metro is Canada 's second busiest rapid transit system , and North America 's fourth busiest rapid transit system , behind the New York City subway , the Mexico City Metro , and the Toronto subway , delivering an average of 1,367,200 daily unlinked passenger trips per weekday ( in Q4 2018 ) . In 2016 , 354 million trips on the Metro were completed ( transfers counted as separate trips ) . According to the STM , the Metro system had transported over 7 billion passengers as of 2010 . With the Metro , Montreal has built one of North America 's largest urban rapid transit schemes , attracting the second-highest ridership per capita behind New York City . The Montreal Metro was inspired by the Paris Métro , which is clearly seen in the Metro 's station design and rolling stock ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal , Laval , and Longueuil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Societé de Transport de Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Societé_de_Transport_de_Montréal', 'summary': 'The Société de transport de Montréal ( STM ; English : Montreal Transit Corporation ) is a public transport agency that operates transit bus and rapid transit services in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Established in 1861 as the Montreal City Passenger Railway Company , it has grown to comprise four subway lines with a total of 68 stations , as well as over 186 bus routes and 23 night routes . The STM was created in 2002 to replace the Société de transport de la communauté urbaine de Montréal ( STCUM ) . The STM operates the second most heavily used urban mass transit system in Canada after the Toronto Transit Commission , and one of the most heavily used rapid transit systems in North America . As of 2011 , the average daily ridership is 2,524,500 passengers : 1,403,700 by bus , 1,111,700 by rapid transit and 9,200 by paratransit service .'}]}, {'value': '4 heavy rail metro lines ( running on tires )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O-Train', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O-Train', 'summary': 'The O-Train is a light rail transit system in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada operated by OC Transpo . It currently has two lines in operation , the electrically-operated Confederation Line and the diesel-powered Trillium Line with a total of 17 stations .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OC Transpo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OC_Transpo', 'summary': "OC Transpo ( Ottawa-Carleton Transportation Commission ) is the public transit agency of the City of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada that carries approximately 97.1 million annual riders ( 340,000 daily trips ) . It operates an integrated hub-and-spoke system that includes light metro , bus rapid transit , and conventional bus routes . OC Transpo 's O-Train is a light metro system consisting of two lines : the North-South Trillium line with five stations , running diesel powered trains , and the east-west Confederation Line , a 12.5 kilometre metro system operating medium capacity electric trains along a partially underground route which cuts through the downtown . The agency 's bus system has 170 routes and 43 bus rapid transit ( BRT ) stations on Ottawa 's Transitway . These routes also provide service to the downtown core of the neighbouring city of Gatineau , Quebec , especially during rush hour . Rush-hour service is also provided to a park and ride lot in the Township of Russell . OC Transpo also operates Para Transpo , a door-to-door bus service for the disabled ."}]}, {'value': '1 light rail line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Subway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Subway', 'summary': "The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario , Canada , operated by the Toronto Transit Commission ( TTC ) . It is a multimodal rail network consisting of three heavy-capacity rail lines operating predominantly underground , and one elevated medium-capacity rail line . Two light rail lines , which will operate both at-grade and underground , are under construction . In 1954 , the TTC opened Canada 's first underground rail line , then known as the Yonge subway , under Yonge Street between Union Station and Eglinton Avenue with 12 stations . As of 2018 , the network encompasses 75 stations and 76.9 kilometres ( 47.8 mi ) of route . Over 416 million unlinked rides were completed on the system that year , and with 1.58 million riders every weekday , it is the busiest rapid transit system in Canada in terms of ridership ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto and Vaughan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Transit Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission', 'summary': 'The Toronto Transit Commission ( TTC ) is the public transport agency that operates bus , subway , streetcar , and paratransit services in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is the oldest and largest of the urban transit service providers in the Greater Toronto Area , with numerous connections to systems serving its surrounding municipalities . Established as the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921 , the TTC owns and operates four rapid transit lines with 75 stations , over 149 bus routes , and 11 streetcar lines . On an average weekday in 2019 , 1.69 million passengers made 2.76 million unlinked trips on the TTC , with the number of trips about evenly divided between the subways ( 1.34 million ) and buses and streetcars ( 1.34 million ) . The TTC also operates door-to-door paratransit service for the elderly and disabled , known as Wheel-Trans . The TTC is the most heavily used urban mass transit system in Canada and the third largest in North America , after the New York City Transit Authority and Mexico City Metro .'}]}, {'value': '3 heavy rail metro lines and 1 light metro line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Streetcar System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Streetcar_System', 'summary': "The Toronto streetcar system is a network of ten streetcar routes in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , operated by the Toronto Transit Commission ( TTC ) . It is the third busiest light-rail system in North America . The network is concentrated primarily in Downtown Toronto and in proximity to the city 's waterfront . Much of the streetcar route network dates from the 19th century . Most of Toronto 's streetcar routes operate on street trackage shared with vehicular traffic , and streetcars stop on demand at frequent stops like buses . Toronto 's streetcars provide most of the downtown core 's surface transit service . Four of the TTC 's five most heavily used surface routes are streetcar routes . In 2016 , ridership on the streetcar system totalled almost 65 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Transit Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission', 'summary': 'The Toronto Transit Commission ( TTC ) is the public transport agency that operates bus , subway , streetcar , and paratransit services in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is the oldest and largest of the urban transit service providers in the Greater Toronto Area , with numerous connections to systems serving its surrounding municipalities . Established as the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921 , the TTC owns and operates four rapid transit lines with 75 stations , over 149 bus routes , and 11 streetcar lines . On an average weekday in 2019 , 1.69 million passengers made 2.76 million unlinked trips on the TTC , with the number of trips about evenly divided between the subways ( 1.34 million ) and buses and streetcars ( 1.34 million ) . The TTC also operates door-to-door paratransit service for the elderly and disabled , known as Wheel-Trans . The TTC is the most heavily used urban mass transit system in Canada and the third largest in North America , after the New York City Transit Authority and Mexico City Metro .'}]}, {'value': '11 streetcar lines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver SkyTrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)', 'summary': "SkyTrain is a light rapid transit system in the Metro Vancouver Regional District , serving Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , and surrounding municipalities . SkyTrain has 79.6 km ( 49.5 mi ) of track and uses fully automated trains on grade-separated tracks running on underground and elevated guideways , allowing SkyTrain to hold consistently high on-time reliability . The name SkyTrain was coined for the system during Expo 86 because the first line ( Expo ) principally runs on elevated guideway outside of Downtown Vancouver , providing panoramic views of the metropolitan area . SkyTrain uses the world 's second-longest cable-supported transit-only bridge , known as SkyBridge , to cross the Fraser River . With the opening of the Evergreen Extension on December 2 , 2016 , SkyTrain became the longest rapid transit system in Canada and the longest fully automated driverless system in the world . The total lengths of the Singapore MRT 's automated lines have since surpassed those of SkyTrain . SkyTrain currently has 53 stations serving three lines : Expo , Millennium , and Canada Line . The Expo Line and Millennium Line are operated by British Columbia Rapid Transit Company under contract from TransLink ( originally BC Transit ) , a regional government transportation agency . The Canada Line is operated on the same principles by the private concessionaire ProTrans BC under contract to TransLink , and is an integrated part of the regional transport system . SkyTrain uses a fare system shared with other local transit services and is policed by the Metro Vancouver Transit Police . SkyTrain attendants ( STAs ) provide first aid , directions and customer service , inspect fares , monitor train faults , and operate the trains manually if necessary ."}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver , Burnaby , New Westminster , Surrey , Richmond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TransLink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TransLink_(British_Columbia)', 'summary': 'TransLink , formally the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority , is the statutory authority responsible for the regional transportation network of Metro Vancouver in British Columbia , Canada , including public transport , major roads and bridges . Its main operating facilities are located in the city of New Westminster . TransLink was created in 1998 as the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority ( GVTA ) and was fully implemented in April 1999 by the Government of British Columbia to replace BC Transit in the Greater Vancouver Regional District and assume many transportation responsibilities previously held by the provincial government . TransLink is responsible for various modes of transportation in the Metro Vancouver region as well as the West Coast Express , which extends into the Fraser Valley Regional District ( FVRD ) . On November 29 , 2007 , the province of British Columbia approved legislation changing the governance structure and official name of the organization .'}]}, {'value': '3 light metro lines', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Urban rail transit', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Canadian_railways_13', 'intro': 'N/A'} | null | null | Who owns the railway that started being built in August 2014 ? | Grand River Transit |
06a95dd2dbc23175 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_players', 'title': 'List of Washington Redskins players', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'College', 'GP', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Kahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Kahn', 'summary': 'Edwin Bernard Kahn ( November 9 , 1911 - February 17 , 1945 ) was an American football guard in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Boston and Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of North Carolina . Edwin ( Eddie ) Bernard Kahn was born in New York City , November 9 , 1911 . He grew up in Roxbury , Massachusetts , attended Boston English High School , and played on the football team in his sophomore year with limited success . He went to the University of North Carolina to study law , but after he put on enough weight , he tried football again , making the freshman football team as a fullback . He lettered for three years as a guard on the varsity team , and acquired the nickname King Kong . The 1934 Tar Heels , coached by Carl Snavely , went 7-1-1 , with the ladies from hell Kahn and George Barclay as guards , and Jim Tatum ( later the coach of the 1953 University of Maryland national champion team ) at tackle . Kahn was All-Southern Conference in 1933 , and All-Southern Conference , All South Atlantic , Players All-America , and Jewish All America in 1934 . In 1935 , Kahn tried out for the Boston Redskins , making the team as a guard and becoming the third North Carolina player to join the NFL . The owner , George Preston Marshall , gave Eddie permission to sit out the first game in 1935 because it fell on Rosh Hashanah . Kahn played for Boston in the 1935 and 1936 seasons . He won a starting position in the 6th game of the 1936 season against the Eagles , helping the Ray Flaherty-coached Redskins to their first winning season ( 7-5 ) and the Eastern Division title .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC , UNC-Chapel Hill , North Carolina , Chapel Hill , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . The flagship of the University of North Carolina system , it is considered a Public Ivy , or a public institution which offers an academic experience equivalent to an Ivy League university . After being chartered in 1789 , the university first began enrolling students in 1795 , which also allows it to be one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States . Among the claimants , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the only one to have held classes and graduated students as a public university in the eighteenth century . The first public institution of higher education in North Carolina , the school opened its doors to students on February 12 , 1795 . Under the leadership of President Kemp Plummer Battle , in 1877 North Carolina became coeducational and began the process of desegregation in 1951 when African-American graduate students were admitted under Chancellor Robert Burton House . In 1952 , North Carolina opened its own hospital , UNC Health Care , for research and treatment , and has since specialized in cancer care . The school 's students , alumni , and sports teams are known as Tar Heels . The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study and is administratively divided into 13 separate professional schools and a primary unit , the College of Arts & Sciences . Five of the schools have been named : the UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School , the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media , the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health , the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , and the UNC Adams School of Dentistry . All undergraduates receive a liberal arts education and have the option to pursue a major within the professional schools of the university or within the College of Arts and Sciences from the time they obtain junior status . UNC 's faculty and alumni include 9 Nobel Prize laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 49 Rhodes Scholars ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935-37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ndukwe Kalu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N._D._Kalu', 'summary': 'Ndukwe Dike N. D. Kalu ( born August 3 , 1975 ) is a former American football defensive end . He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fifth round of the 1997 NFL Draft . He played college football at Rice .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_University', 'summary': "William Marsh Rice University , commonly known as Rice University , is a private research university in Houston , Texas . The university is situated on a 300-acre ( 121 ha ) campus near the Houston Museum District and is adjacent to the Texas Medical Center . Opened in 1912 after the murder of its namesake William Marsh Rice , Rice is now a research university with an undergraduate focus . Its emphasis on education is demonstrated by a small student body and 6:1 student-faculty ratio , and it has been nationally recognized as a leading university for undergraduate teaching . The university has a very high level of research activity , with $ 140.2 million in sponsored research funding in 2016 . Rice is noted for its applied science programs in the fields of artificial heart research , structural chemical analysis , signal processing , space science , and nanotechnology . It was ranked first in the world in materials science research by the Times Higher Education ( THE ) in 2010 . Rice is a member of the Association of American Universities . The university is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of academic study , including the Wiess School of Natural Sciences , the George R. Brown School of Engineering , the School of Social Sciences , School of Architecture , Shepherd School of Music and the School of Humanities . Rice 's undergraduate program offers more than fifty majors and two dozen minors , and allows a high level of flexibility in pursuing multiple degree programs . Additional graduate programs are offered through the Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business and the Susanne M. Glasscock School of Continuing Studies . Rice students are bound by the strict Honor Code , which is enforced by a student-run Honor Council ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Kammerer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Kammerer', 'summary': "Carlton Cordell Kammerer ( born March 20 , 1937 in Stockton , California ) is a former American football defensive end and linebacker in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers and the Washington Redskins . Kammerer attended Lodi High School in Lodi , California . He played college football for one year at San Joaquin Delta College ( then called Stockton College ) , where he was named to the Junior College All-America Team in 1956 . Kammerer then played for three seasons at College of the Pacific , now University of the Pacific , in 1957 , 1958 and 1960 , sitting out the 1959 season due to a broken hip in a logging accident during the summer of 1959 . Kammerer was drafted in the second round of the 1960 NFL Draft before completing dual degrees in History and Physical Education at College of the Pacific in the spring of 1961 . After playing two years for the San Francisco 49ers and seven seasons for the Washington Redskins , Kammerer was traded to and later released by the Atlanta Falcons , retiring in 1969 . Subsequent to his 9-year NFL career , he served in government positions , including as a senior executive at the Atomic Energy Commission and its successor agency the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission . Kammerer is a retired charter member of the federal government 's Senior Executive Service . He is currently involved in community service projects in the metropolitan Washington DC area . Kammerer completed graduate work at San Francisco State University during the offseason and in night school while playing for the 49ers from 1961-62 . He also took a sabbatical from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1993-94 to attend the University of Maryland for a year to study German , History and Culture , including two months in a German language immersion program . In all , he completed 80 post-graduate credits ."}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University', 'summary': "San Francisco State University ( commonly referred to as San Francisco State , SF State and SFSU ) is a public university in San Francisco . As part of the 23-campus California State University system , the university offers 118 different bachelor 's degrees , 94 master 's degrees , and 5 doctoral degrees along with 26 teaching credentials among six academic colleges . The university was founded in 1899 as a state-run normal school for training school teachers , obtaining state college status in 1921 and state university status in 1972 . The 141 acre campus is located in the southwest part of the city , less than two miles from the Pacific coast . San Francisco State has 12 varsity athletic teams which compete at the NCAA Division II level , most as members of the California Collegiate Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': '95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963-69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Kamp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Kamp', 'summary': 'James Kamp ( December 5 , 1907 - July 4 , 1953 ) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Boston Redskins and Staten Island Stapletons . He played college football at Oklahoma City University .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University', 'summary': "Oklahoma City University ( OCU ) is a private university historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church and located in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The university offers undergraduate bachelor 's degrees , graduate master 's degrees and doctoral degrees , organized into eight colleges and schools and one Methodist seminary . Students can major in more than 70 undergraduate majors , 20 graduate degrees , including a JD , MBA and PhD in Nursing , and an Adult Studies Program for working adults to earn a Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree . The university has approximately 3,000 students , including 1,200 graduate students . The official school and athletic colors are blue and white ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Kane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Kane', 'summary': 'Richard James Kane ( November 12 , 1954 - December 25 , 2009 ) was an American football running back in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions and the Washington Redskins . Kane rushed for 1,486 yards during his NFL career . He played high school football at Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton , California , and college football at the University of Oregon and San Jose State University . Following his football career , he worked in the automotive industry . During 2005 , he was involved in a serious motorcycle accident resulting in the loss of one of his legs . He died of complications from pneumonia on December 25 , 2009 in Reno , NV .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The University of Oregon ( also referred to as UO , U of O or Oregon ) is a public flagship research university in Eugene , Oregon . Founded in 1876 , the institution 's 295-acre campus is along the Willamette River . Since July 2014 , UO has been governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon . The university has a Carnegie Classification of highest research activity and has 19 research centers and institutes . UO was admitted to the Association of American Universities in 1969 . The University of Oregon is organized into five colleges ( Arts and Sciences , Business , Design , Education , and Honors ) and seven professional schools ( Accounting , Architecture and Environment , Art and Design , Journalism and Communication , Law , Music and Dance , and Planning , Public Policy and Management ) and a graduate school . Furthermore , UO offers 316 undergraduate and graduate degree programs . Most academic programs follow the 10 week Quarter System . UO student-athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . With eighteen varsity teams , the Oregon Ducks are best known for their football team and track and field program ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Karamatic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Karamatic', 'summary': 'George Goyoslav Karamatic , Jr. ( February 22 , 1917 - December 5 , 2008 ) was an American football running back in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at Gonzaga University and was drafted in the first round ( eighth overall ) of the 1938 NFL Draft by the New York Giants . Karamatic died in Santa Maria , California , and is survived by his daughters , grandchildren , and great-grandchildren .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gonzaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonzaga_University', 'summary': "Gonzaga University ( also known as Gonzaga or GU ) /ɡɒnˈzæɡə/ is a private , Roman Catholic university in Spokane , Washington . It is accredited , as an institution , by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities . Founded in 1887 by Joseph Cataldo , an Italian-born priest and missionary , with the Society of Jesus . The university is named for the young Jesuit saint Aloysius Gonzaga . The campus houses 105 buildings on 152 acres ( 62 ha ) of grassland alongside the Spokane River , in a residential setting one-half-mile ( 800 m ) from downtown Spokane . The university grants bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its seven colleges - the College of Arts and Sciences , School of Business Administration , School of Education , School of Engineering & Applied Science , School of Law , School of Nursing and Human Physiology , and the School of Professional Studies ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emil Karas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emil_Karas', 'summary': "Emil Karas ( December 13 , 1933 - November 25 , 1974 ) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and in the American Football League ( AFL ) with the Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers . He was on the Chargers ' 1963 AFL Championship team , and an AFL All-Star in 1961 , 1962 , and 1963 . Karas played college football at the University of Dayton and was drafted in the third round of the 1959 NFL Draft . He died of pancreatic cancer on November 25 , 1974 , a month before his 41st birthday ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Dayton', 'summary': "The University of Dayton ( UD ) is a private Roman Catholic research university in Dayton , Ohio . Founded in 1850 by the Society of Mary ( Marianists ) , it is one of three Marianist universities in the nation and the second-largest private university in Ohio . The university 's campus is in the city 's southern portion and spans 388 acres on both sides of the Great Miami River . The campus is noted for the Immaculate Conception Chapel and the University of Dayton Arena . The university has 11,306 students ( 8,681 undergrad and 2,625 graduate ) from a variety of religious , ethnic and geographic backgrounds , drawn from 41 states and 38 countries . It offers more than 80 academic programs in arts and sciences , business administration , education and health sciences , engineering and law . In 2009 , UD offered what it believes to be one of the first undergraduate degree programs in human rights . The university 's notable alumni include : Ohio Lieutenant Governor Jon Husted ; humorist Erma Bombeck ; engineer David Bradley ; architect Bruce Graham ; Super Bowl-winning coaches Jon Gruden and Chuck Noll ; first female Premier of New South Wales Kristina Keneally ; sportscaster Dan Patrick ; and the 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry , Charles J. Pedersen ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Karcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Karcher', 'summary': 'James Norman Karcher ( May 2 , 1914 - August 19 , 1997 ) was an American football offensive lineman for the Boston/Washington Redskins in the National Football League and the Columbus Bullies in the American Football League , making the AFL All-League team for 1940 . He played college football at Ohio State University .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_University', 'summary': 'The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .'}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936-39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Karras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Karras', 'summary': 'Louis George Karras ( September 19 , 1927 - September 20 , 2018 ) was an American football defensive tackle in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins , until an eye injury prematurely ended his career . He played college football at Purdue University . Karras was drafted 32nd in the third round of the 1950 NFL draft . He had two younger brothers , former pro football player Ted Karras and former pro-football player/actor Alex Karras . Karras had a college career at Purdue ; he was a three-year starter ( 1946 , 1948-49 ) , was selected 2nd Team All-Big Ten in 1949 . He was named the MVP for Purdue in 1949 . Following his college career , he was selected for the 1949 East-West Shrine Game , the 1950 Chicago-based College All-Star Game and the 1950 Hula Bowl . After his professional football career ended , he founded a successful tire business . He was also on the city council of Gary , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950-52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Katrishen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Katrishen', 'summary': 'William Michael Katrishen ( May 7 , 1922 - March 1980 ) was an American football guard in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Southern Mississippi and was drafted in the tenth round of the 1948 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948-49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mel Kaufman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mel_Kaufman', 'summary': 'Melvin Kaufman ( February 24 , 1958 - February 7 , 2009 ) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) who played his entire eight-year career with the Washington Redskins . He played college football at California Polytechnic State University .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal . Poly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University', 'summary': "California Polytechnic State University ( California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , Cal Poly San Luis Obispo , or Cal Poly ) is a public university in San Luis Obispo , California . It is one of two polytechnics in the California State University system . The university is organized into six colleges offering 65 bachelor 's and 39 master 's degrees . Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education and as of fall 2018 Cal Poly has 21,037 undergraduate and 775 graduate students . The academic focus is fostering a comprehensive undergraduate education , combining technical and professional curricula with the arts and humanities . The university is located in San Luis Obispo , California , often noted as one of the happiest cities in the United States , with many alumni in Silicon Valley . The university 's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981-88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Kawal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Kawal', 'summary': 'Edward Joseph Kawal ( October 13 , 1909 - September 25 , 1960 ) was an American football player . He played professionally as a Center in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Chicago Bears and the Washington Redskins . He attended the University of Illinois and Pennsylvania Military College .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana–Champaign', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Kearse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Kearse', 'summary': 'Frank Kearse ( born October 28 , 1988 ) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft . He played college football at Alabama A & M . He has also played for the Carolina Panthers , Tennessee Titans , Dallas Cowboys , and Washington Redskins .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University', 'summary': 'Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University ( Alabama A & M ) is a public , historically black , land-grant university in Normal , Alabama . Founded in the 1870s as a normal school , it took its present name in 1969 . AAMU is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and is been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University Historic District , also known as Normal Hill College Historic District , has 28 buildings and four structures listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Keating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Keating_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Christopher Paul Keating ( born October 12 , 1957 in Boston , Massachusetts ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills and the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Maine . Chris has worked in the investment management industry since retiring from football and currently works for Mountain Pacific Group , Bellevue , WA . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maine', 'summary': "The University of Maine ( UMaine or Maine or formerly UMO ) is a public research university in Orono , Maine . The university was established in 1865 as a land grant college and is the flagship university of the University of Maine System . The University of Maine is one of only a few land , sea and space grant institutions in the nation . With an enrollment of approximately 11,500 students , UMaine is the state 's largest college or university . The University of Maine 's athletic teams , nicknamed the Black Bears , are Maine 's only Division I athletics program . Maine 's men 's ice hockey team has won two national championships ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Keenan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Keenan_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Jack Harvey Keenan ( June 8 , 1919 - February 1977 ) was an American football guard in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1944-45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bryan Kehl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Kehl', 'summary': "Bryan Kehl ( born June 16 , 1984 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the New York Giants in the fourth round of the 2008 NFL Draft . He played college football at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) . He has also been a member of the St. Louis Rams , Washington Redskins , and Kansas City Chiefs . Kehl 's biological father , Maurice Turner , played in the NFL for four years . Kehl 's brother , Billy Turner plays Guard for the Green Bay Packers . Kehl 's biological mother , Amy Smith , got pregnant in 1984 in college at Aggie , she loved Turner , but marriage was not in their plans . Smith decided to give up Kehl 's for adoption ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigham Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigham_Young_University', 'summary': "Brigham Young University ( BYU , sometimes referred to colloquially as The Y ) is a private research university located in Provo , Utah and owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The university is run under the auspices of its parent-organization , the Church Educational System ( CES ) , and is classified among Doctoral Universities : High Research Activity with more selective , lower transfer-in admissions . The university 's primary emphasis is on undergraduate education in 179 majors , but it also has 62 master 's and 26 doctoral degree programs . The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City . Students attending BYU agree to follow an honor code that mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings , such as academic honesty , adherence to dress and grooming standards , abstinence from extramarital sex and homosexual behavior , and no consumption of illegal drugs , coffee , tea , alcohol , or tobacco . Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church . The university curriculum includes religious education , with required courses in the Bible ( KJV ) , LDS scripture , doctrine , and history , and the university sponsors weekly devotional assemblies with most speakers addressing religious topics . Sixty-six percent of students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as LDS missionaries . An education at BYU is less expensive than at similar private universities , since a significant portion of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church 's tithing funds . BYU 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Cougars . Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent , while their other sports teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation . BYU 's sports teams have won a total of nine NCAA national championships and were named National Champions in football by multiple publications in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Kehr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Kehr', 'summary': 'Karl Richard Kehr ( born June 18 , 1959 in Phoenixville , Pennsylvania ) is a former American football guard in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at Carthage College .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carthage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carthage_College', 'summary': "Carthage College is a private liberal arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and located in Kenosha , Wisconsin . It enrolls 2,600 full-time and 200 part-time students . Carthage awards bachelor 's degrees with majors in more than 40 subject areas and master 's degrees in two areas . Carthage has 150 faculty . It is the coordinator for the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorden Kelley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorden_Kelley', 'summary': 'Gorden Bond Kelley ( June 11 , 1938 - October 22 , 2015 ) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers and the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Georgia . He was married to Charlotte and had two children , son Gordon Jr. and daughter Mary . The son played college football in Virginia . After retirement , he worked in real estate as well as owning a furniture store in Ocean Ridge , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Georgia', 'summary': "The University of Georgia ( UGA or Georgia ) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens , Georgia . Founded in 1785 , it is one of the oldest public universities in the United States . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity , and as having more selective undergraduate admissions , its most selective admissions category , while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA admissions in the Highly Selective category , the highest classification . In keeping with the teaching portion of its motto , the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 17 students per faculty member , and 46 percent of its classes have fewer than 20 students . In its 2020 rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for 50th among all U.S. public and private national universities and 16th among all public ones . In addition to the main campuses in Athens with their approximately 470 buildings , the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin . The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville . The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state . The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres ( 168.10 km2 ) . The university also owns a residential education and research center in Washington , DC , as well as three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford , England , at Cortona , Italy , and at Monteverde , Costa Rica . Student life includes more than 700 student organizations . The University of Georgia 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962-63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Kelley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kelley_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Robert Kelley ( born October 3 , 1992 ) , nicknamed Fat Rob , is an American football running back who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Tulane , and was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kelly_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John D. Kelly ( born March 31 , 1944 ) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at Florida A & M University and was drafted in the 20th round of the 1966 NFL Draft as the 295th pick by the Washington Redskins .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966-67', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- K', 'section_text': 'Max Krause , seen here at Notre Dame , was a running back for the Redskins from 1937 to 1940 . [ 35 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Washington_Redskins_players_10', 'intro': 'This is a list of American football players who have played for the Washington Redskins, as well as its predecessors the Boston Braves (1932) and Boston Redskins (1933-1936), in the National Football League (NFL). It includes players that have played at least five games in the NFL regular season. [a] The Washington Redskins franchise was founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise. The name was changed the next year to the Redskins. In 1937, the franchise moved to Washington, D.C. The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships. Overall, the Redskins have had a total of 23 players and coaches (17 primary, six minor)[b] inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many Redskins players have also had successful college football careers, including six who were Heisman Trophy winners: Gary Beban, Desmond Howard, Vic Janowicz, George Rogers, Danny Wuerffel, and Robert Griffin III. In addition, the Heisman Trophy sculpture was modeled after Ed Smith in 1934, who became a Redskins player in 1936. Several former players have become head coach of the Redskins, including Turk Edwards, Dick Todd, and Jack Pardee.'} | null | null | When was the player from Carthage born ? | June 18 , 1959 |
06a9682b50c39d77 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_medalists', 'title': 'List of IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship medalists', 'header': ['Year', 'Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze', 'Host city ( cities )', 'Host country'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan ( 1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Australia_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Australia men 's national inline hockey team represents Australia in international inline hockey competitions . They are controlled by Ice Hockey Australia for events organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation and by Skate Australia for events organised by the International Roller Sports Federation . Australia plays in Division I of the IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship and Group C at the FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Nürnberg & Amberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nürnberg', 'summary': "Nuremberg ( /ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NEWR-əm-burg ; German : Nürnberg [ ˈnʏ : n bɛ : k ] ( listen ) ; East Franconian : Närrnberch or Nämberch , locally Närmberch ) is the second-largest city of the German federal state of Bavaria after its capital Munich , and its 511,628 ( 2016 ) inhabitants make it the 14th largest city in Germany . On the Pegnitz River ( from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards : Regnitz , a tributary of the River Main ) and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal , it lies in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia , and is the largest city and the unofficial capital of Franconia . Nuremberg forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth , Erlangen and Schwabach with a total population of 787,976 ( 2016 ) , while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has approximately 3.5 million inhabitants . The city lies about 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) north of Munich . It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area ( colloquially : Franconian ; German : Fränkisch ) , Nurenmberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , including the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ) . With 39,780 students in 2017 , it is Bavaria 's third-largest and Germany 's 11th-largest university , with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen ( Universitätsklinikum Erlangen ) . Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm and Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg are also located within the city . Nuremberg Airport ( Flughafen Nürnberg Albrecht Dürer ) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport , and the tenth-busiest airport in Germany . Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres , [ a ] showing operas , operettas , musicals , and ballets ( main venue : Nuremberg Opera House ) , plays ( main venue : Schauspielhaus Nürnberg ) , as well as concerts ( main venue : Meistersingerhalle ) . Its orchestra , Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg , is Bavaria 's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera 's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich . Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amberg', 'summary': 'Amberg ( German pronunciation : [ ˈambɛrk ] ( listen ) ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany . It is located in the Upper Palatinate , roughly halfway between Regensburg and Bayreuth . In 2013 , over 41,000 people lived in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2004_IIHF_Men's_InLine_Hockey_World_Championship", 'summary': "The 2004 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships was the 9th such event hosted by the International Ice Hockey Federation . It took place between July 10 and July 17 , 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bad Tölz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bad_Tölz', 'summary': 'Bad Tölz ( Central Bavarian : Däiz ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany and the administrative center of the Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen district .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary ( 1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuopio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuopio', 'summary': "Kuopio ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkuo̯pio ] ) is a Finnish city and municipality located in the region of Northern Savonia ( Pohjois-Savo ) . It has a population of 118,667 , which makes it the ninth-most populous city in Finland and the most populous city in Eastern Finland Province . Kuopio has a total area of 4,326.35 square kilometres ( 1,670.41 sq mi ) , of which 719.85 km2 ( 277.94 sq mi ) is water and half is forest . Though the city 's population is a spread-out 74/km2 ( 190/sq mi ) , the city 's urban areas are populated comparably densely ( urban area : 1,618 /km² ) , making Kuopio Finland 's second-most densely populated city . Since 1969 Kuopio has grown extensively through municipality mergers . Kuopio 's population surpassed 100,000 when the town of Nilsiä joined the city at the beginning of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2006_IIHF_Men's_InLine_Hockey_World_Championship", 'summary': "The 2006 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships is the 11th such event hosted by the International Ice Hockey Federation . It took place between July 10 and July 16 , 2006 . The preliminary round will be played in 4 groups ( A-D ) with 4 teams each . The groups A and B form Pool A , the groups C and D form Pool B . The two last-placed teams of the groups A and B and the two first-placed teams of the groups C and D play for 4th place in group A and B to participate in the Play-Offs of Pool A . The losers of the games between 4th A and 1st C , 4th B and 1st D play as first place in group C and D to participate in the Play-Offs of Pool B . The ranking of the groups is based according to the result of the last World Championships performance of the respective countries in the IIHF Inline Hockey Program and the qualification rounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Budapest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budapest', 'summary': "Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/ , Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈbudɒpɛʃt ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary , and the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits . The city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres ( 203 square miles ) . Budapest is both a city and county , and forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area , which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres ( 2,944 square miles ) and a population of 3,303,786 , comprising 33% of the population of Hungary . The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum , the capital of Lower Pannonia . The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century , but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42 . Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century . The Battle of Mohács , in 1526 , was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule . After the reconquest of Buda in 1686 , the region entered a new age of prosperity , with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda , Óbuda , and Pest on 17 November 1873 , with the name 'Budapest ' given to the new capital . Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a great power that dissolved in 1918 , following World War I . The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the Battle of Budapest in 1945 , and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Budapest is an Alpha − global city with strengths in commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment . It is Hungary 's financial centre and was ranked as the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2007_IIHF_Men's_InLine_Hockey_World_Championship", 'summary': "The 2007 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships was the 12th such event hosted by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The tournament was divided into two divisions , the top division , for the teams ranked 1st-8th in the world . Additionally , Division I consisted of the teams ranked 9th-16th in the world . All 16 teams would be eligible to win the top division world championship . At the conclusion of pool play , the last placed teams in pools A & B played in cross-over games against the winners of pool C & D. The winners advanced to the playoff in the top division , while the losers were entered into the Division I playoff round ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil ( 1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landshut & Passau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landshut', 'summary': "Landshut ( Austro-Bavarian : Landshuad ) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany . Situated on the banks of the River Isar , Landshut is the capital of Lower Bavaria , one of the seven administrative regions of the Free State of Bavaria . It is also the seat of the surrounding district , and has a population of more than 70,000 . Landshut is the largest city in Lower Bavaria , followed by Passau and Straubing , and Eastern Bavaria 's second biggest city . Owing to its characteristic coat of arms , the town is also often called City of the three Helmets ( German : Dreihelmenstadt ) . Furthermore , the town is popularly known for the Landshuter Hochzeit ( Landshut Wedding ) , a full-tilt medieval festival . Due to its proximity and easy access to Munich and the Franz Josef Strauss International Airport , Landshut became a powerful and future-oriented investment area . The town is one of the richest industrialized towns in Bavaria and has East Bavaria 's lowest unemployment rate ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Passau', 'summary': "Passau ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpasaʊ ] ' ) is a town in Lower Bavaria , Germany , also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ( City of Three Rivers ) because the Danube is joined there by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north . Passau 's population is 50,000 , of whom about 12,000 are students at the University of Passau , renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics , law , theology , computer science and cultural studies ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2008 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2008 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship and took place between 22 and 28 June 2008 in Bratislava , Slovakia . The tournament was won by Canada who upon winning gained promotion to the 2009 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship . While Bulgaria and New Zealand were relegated to the continental qualifications after losing their relegation round games .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canada_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Canadian men 's national inline hockey team is the national team for Canada , based in Lethbridge , Alberta ( Roller Hockey Canada ) and Richmond Hill , Ontario ( Inline Canada ) . The team is controlled by Roller Hockey Canada ( previous known as : the National Inline Hockey Association - Canada ) for IIHF events and Inline Canada for FIRS events ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bratislava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bratislava', 'summary': "Bratislava ( /ˌbrætɪˈslɑːvə/ , also US : /ˌbrɑːt-/ , Slovak : [ ˈbracislaʋa ] ( listen ) ; German : Preßburg or Pressburg [ ˈprɛsbʊrk ] ( listen ) ; Hungarian : Pozsony ) is the capital of Slovakia . With a population of about 430,000 , it is one of the smaller capitals of Europe but still the country 's largest city . The greater metropolitan area is home to more than 650,000 people . Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia , occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava . Bordering Austria and Hungary , it is the only national capital that borders two sovereign states . The city 's history has been influenced by people of many nations and religions , including Austrians , Bulgarians , Croats , Czechs , Germans , Hungarians , Jews , Serbs and Slovaks . It was the coronation site and legislative center of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1536 to 1783 , and has been home to many Slovak , Hungarian and German historical figures . Bratislava is the political , cultural and economic centre of Slovakia . It is the seat of the Slovak president , the parliament and the Slovak Executive . It has several universities , and many museums , theatres , galleries and other cultural and educational institutions . Many of Slovakia 's large businesses and financial institutions have headquarters there . In 2017 , Bratislava was ranked as the third richest region of the European Union by GDP ( PPP ) per capita ( after Hamburg and Luxembourg City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2009 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2009 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship and took place between 7 and 13 June 2009 in Ingolstadt , Germany at the Saturn Arena and Saturn Rink 2 . The tournament was won by Austria who upon winning gained promotion to the 2010 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship . While South Africa and Chinese Taipei were relegated to the continental qualifications after losing their relegation round games .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( 1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingolstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingolstadt', 'summary': 'Ingolstadt ( US : /ˈɪŋɡəlʃtɑːt , -stɑːt/ ING-gəl-s ( h ) taht , German : [ ˈʔɪŋɡɔlˌʃtat ] ( listen ) , Austro-Bavarian : [ ˈʔɪŋl̩ʃtɔːd ] ) is a city in Bavaria , Germany , on the banks of the Danube , in the centre of Bavaria . In 2016 , it had 133,638 citizens , making it the fifth largest city in Bavaria . It is part of the Munich Metropolitan Region . The Illuminati , an Age of Enlightenment secret society , was founded in Ingolstadt in the late 18th century . Ingolstadt is a setting in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley , where the scientist Victor Frankenstein creates his monster . It is the site of the headquarters of the German automobile manufacturer Audi , defence aircraft manufacturer Airbus ( formerly Cassidian Air Systems ) , and electronic stores Media Markt and Saturn . Ingolstadt Central Station has been connected to Nuremberg by a high-speed rail link since May 2006 . Ingolstadt also has a second passenger station at Ingolstadt Nord .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2010 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship Division I was the 8th IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship Division I , an annual international inline hockey tournament . It took place between 28 June and 4 July in Sweden . The games were played in the Färjestads Ishall in Karlstad , with the medal games played in the Löfbergs Lila Arena in Karlstad . Austria won the final against Croatia .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karlstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karlstad', 'summary': "Karlstad ( US : /ˈkɑːrlstɑːd/ , Swedish : [ ˈkɑ̌ːɭsta ( d ) ] ( listen ) ) is a city , the seat of Karlstad Municipality , the capital of Värmland County , and the largest city in the province Värmland in Sweden . The city had 61,492 inhabitants in 2015 with 90,882 inhabitants in the wider municipality in 2017 , and is the 21st biggest municipality in Sweden . Karlstad has a university and a cathedral . Karlstad is built on the river delta where Sweden 's longest river , Klarälven , runs into Sweden 's largest lake , Vänern . It has the second largest lake port in the country after Västerås . Karlstad is often associated with sunshine and the symbol for Karlstad is a smiling sun . Karlstad is reputed to be one of the sunniest towns in Sweden and a local waitress , known as Sola i Karlstad ( the Sun in Karlstad ) for her sunny disposition , is also commemorated with a statue ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2011 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship Division I was the 16th Division I tournament of the IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship . It took place between 19-25 June in the Czech Republic . The games were played in the ČEZ Aréna in Ostrava .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pardubice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pardubice', 'summary': 'Pardubice ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpardubɪtsɛ ] ( listen ) ; German : Pardubitz ) is a city in the Czech Republic . It is the capital city of the Pardubice Region and lies on the river Elbe , 96 kilometres east of Prague . There is an old tower and a castle . Factories include the Synthesia chemical factory , an oil refinery Paramo , a heavy machinery factory and an electronic equipment plant . The city is well known for its sport events , which include the Great Pardubice Steeplechase in horse racing , the Golden Helmet of Pardubice in motorcycle racing , and the Czech Open in golf and chess .'}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2012 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2012 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship and took place between 1 and 7 June 2012 in Ingolstadt , Germany . The tournament was won by Slovakia who upon winning gained promotion to the 2013 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship . While Bulgaria and New Zealand were relegated after finishing last and second last respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Slovakia_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Slovakia men 's national inline hockey team is the national team for the Slovakia . Most recently , the team won the silver medal at the 2008 Men 's World Inline Hockey Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingolstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingolstadt', 'summary': 'Ingolstadt ( US : /ˈɪŋɡəlʃtɑːt , -stɑːt/ ING-gəl-s ( h ) taht , German : [ ˈʔɪŋɡɔlˌʃtat ] ( listen ) , Austro-Bavarian : [ ˈʔɪŋl̩ʃtɔːd ] ) is a city in Bavaria , Germany , on the banks of the Danube , in the centre of Bavaria . In 2016 , it had 133,638 citizens , making it the fifth largest city in Bavaria . It is part of the Munich Metropolitan Region . The Illuminati , an Age of Enlightenment secret society , was founded in Ingolstadt in the late 18th century . Ingolstadt is a setting in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley , where the scientist Victor Frankenstein creates his monster . It is the site of the headquarters of the German automobile manufacturer Audi , defence aircraft manufacturer Airbus ( formerly Cassidian Air Systems ) , and electronic stores Media Markt and Saturn . Ingolstadt Central Station has been connected to Nuremberg by a high-speed rail link since May 2006 . Ingolstadt also has a second passenger station at Ingolstadt Nord .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2013 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2013 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship and took place between 2 and 8 June 2013 in Dresden , Germany . The tournament was won by Great Britain who upon winning gained promotion to the 2014 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship . While Bulgaria and Argentina were relegated after finishing last and second last respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dresden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dresden', 'summary': "Dresden ( /ˈdrɛzdən/ , German : [ ˈdʁeːsdn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Drježdźany ; Czech : Drážďany ; Polish : Drezno ) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city , following only Leipzig . It is the 12th most populous city of Germany , the third largest by area ( following only Berlin , Hamburg and Cologne ) , and the third most populous city in the area of former East Germany , following only ( East ) Berlin and Leipzig . Dresden is contiguous with Freital , Pirna , Radebeul , Meissen and Coswig , and its urban area has around 780,000 inhabitants , making it the largest in Saxony . Dresden is the largest city on the River Elbe after Hamburg . [ a ] Most of Dresden 's population lives in the Elbe Valley , but a large , albeit very sparsely populated area of the city east of the Elbe lies in the West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands ( the westernmost part of the Sudetes ) and thus in Lusatia , while many boroughs west of the Elbe lie in the foreland of the Ore Mountains as well as in the valleys of the rivers rising there and flowing through Dresden , the longest of which are the Weißeritz and the Lockwitzbach . The name of the city as well as the names of most of its boroughs and rivers are of Slavic origin . Dresden is the second largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area , following only Leipzig . The Sorbian language area begins east of the city , in Lusatia . Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony , who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor , and was once by personal union the family seat of Polish monarchs . The city was known as the Jewel Box , because of its baroque and rococo city centre . The controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25,000 people , many of whom were civilians , and destroyed the entire city centre . After the war restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city , including the Katholische Hofkirche , the Zwinger and the Semper Oper ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2014 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2014 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship and took place between 1 and 7 June 2014 in Pardubice , Germany . The tournament was won by Slovenia who upon winning gained promotion to the 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship . While Brazil and Japan were relegated after finishing last and second last respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovenia ( 1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Australia_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Australia men 's national inline hockey team represents Australia in international inline hockey competitions . They are controlled by Ice Hockey Australia for events organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation and by Skate Australia for events organised by the International Roller Sports Federation . Australia plays in Division I of the IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship and Group C at the FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pardubice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pardubice', 'summary': 'Pardubice ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpardubɪtsɛ ] ( listen ) ; German : Pardubitz ) is a city in the Czech Republic . It is the capital city of the Pardubice Region and lies on the river Elbe , 96 kilometres east of Prague . There is an old tower and a castle . Factories include the Synthesia chemical factory , an oil refinery Paramo , a heavy machinery factory and an electronic equipment plant . The city is well known for its sport events , which include the Great Pardubice Steeplechase in horse racing , the Golden Helmet of Pardubice in motorcycle racing , and the Czech Open in golf and chess .'}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship and took place between 5 and 11 July 2015 in Tampere , Finland . The tournament was won by Croatia who upon winning gained promotion to the 2017 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship . While Austria and Bulgaria were relegated to the European Qualification after losing their placement round games along with Latvia who lost the relegation game against Hungary .'}]}, {'value': 'Croatia ( 1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Australia_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Australia men 's national inline hockey team represents Australia in international inline hockey competitions . They are controlled by Ice Hockey Australia for events organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation and by Skate Australia for events organised by the International Roller Sports Federation . Australia plays in Division I of the IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship and Group C at the FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British men 's national inline hockey team that participates in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships is an independent body established to operate for the sole purpose of operating a team at the World Championships and developing talent for future entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampere', 'summary': "Tampere ( /ˈtæmpəreɪ/ , also US : /ˈtɑːm-/ , Finnish : [ ˈtɑmpere ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Tammerfors [ tɑmːærˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Pirkanmaa , southern Finland . It is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries . Tampere has a population of 235,615 with the urban area holding 334,112 people and the metropolitan area , also known as the Tampere sub-region , holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km2 . Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland , after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area , within which both Helsenki and Espoo are both located . Tampere is the major urban , economic , and cultural hub for central Finland . [ citation needed ] Tampere is wedged between two lakes , Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi . Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres ( 59 ft ) , the rapids linking them , Tammerkoski , have been an important power source throughout history , most recently for generating electricity . Tampere is dubbed the Manchester of Finland for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry , and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname Manse and terms such as Manserock . Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) south of Tampere , and can be reached in 1h 31m by Pendolino high-speed rail service and 2 hours by car . The distance to Turku is roughly the same . Tampere-Pirkkala Airport is Finland 's eighth-busiest airport , with over 230,000 passengers in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2017 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2017 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship tournament and took place between 25 June and 1 July 2017 in Bratislava , Slovakia at the Ondrej Nepela Arena Rink 2 and Ondrej Nepela Arena . The tournament was won by Slovenia who upon winning gained promotion to the 2019 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship . While New Zealand and Brazil were relegated to the Qualifications after losing their placement round games along with Hungary who lost the relegation game against Argentina .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovenia ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latvia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Australia_men's_national_inline_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Australia men 's national inline hockey team represents Australia in international inline hockey competitions . They are controlled by Ice Hockey Australia for events organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation and by Skate Australia for events organised by the International Roller Sports Federation . Australia plays in Division I of the IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship and Group C at the FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Bratislava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bratislava', 'summary': "Bratislava ( /ˌbrætɪˈslɑːvə/ , also US : /ˌbrɑːt-/ , Slovak : [ ˈbracislaʋa ] ( listen ) ; German : Preßburg or Pressburg [ ˈprɛsbʊrk ] ( listen ) ; Hungarian : Pozsony ) is the capital of Slovakia . With a population of about 430,000 , it is one of the smaller capitals of Europe but still the country 's largest city . The greater metropolitan area is home to more than 650,000 people . Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia , occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava . Bordering Austria and Hungary , it is the only national capital that borders two sovereign states . The city 's history has been influenced by people of many nations and religions , including Austrians , Bulgarians , Croats , Czechs , Germans , Hungarians , Jews , Serbs and Slovaks . It was the coronation site and legislative center of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1536 to 1783 , and has been home to many Slovak , Hungarian and German historical figures . Bratislava is the political , cultural and economic centre of Slovakia . It is the seat of the Slovak president , the parliament and the Slovak Executive . It has several universities , and many museums , theatres , galleries and other cultural and educational institutions . Many of Slovakia 's large businesses and financial institutions have headquarters there . In 2017 , Bratislava was ranked as the third richest region of the European Union by GDP ( PPP ) per capita ( after Hamburg and Luxembourg City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Division I -- Champions', 'section_text': 'Key ( # ) Number of tournaments won at the time .', 'uid': 'List_of_IIHF_Inline_Hockey_World_Championship_medalists_2', 'intro': 'The IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship is an annual event held by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The first World Championship tournament was decided at the 1996 World Championship. As of 2017, 20 tournaments have been staged. No championship was held in 1999 or in 2016. Five nations have won a gold medal at the World Championships and a total of eight have won medals. United States has won 15 medals, the most of any nation.'} | null | null | What famous work of fiction was set in the city that was the fourth championship host city from the country that considers Frankfurt its financial hub ? | Frankenstein |
06a9a72c0bbaa92e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tau_Kappa_Epsilon_brothers', 'title': 'List of Tau Kappa Epsilon brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ken Albers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Albers', 'summary': "John Kenneth Albers ( December 10 , 1924 - April 19 , 2007 ) was an American singer who performed with The Four Freshmen from 1956 to 1982 . Albers was born in Woodbury , New Jersey . He served in the U.S. Army during World War II and attended the Philadelphia Conservatory of Music . Albers sang with The Stuarts Quartet prior to joining The Four Freshmen in 1956 . One of Albers ' first appearances as a member of The Four Freshmen was a live telecast of The Ray Anthony Show in 1956 . In addition to being a vocalist , Albers played the trumpet , mellophone , and flugelhorn . Albers died in Simi Valley , California ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha-Mu / Ohio Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Wesleyan University ( OWU ) is a private liberal arts university in Delaware , Ohio . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five - a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . The 200-acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve . In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2018 edition .'}]}, {'value': 'Singer for the Four Freshmen quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Freshmen', 'summary': 'The Four Freshmen is an American male vocal quartet that blends open-harmonic jazz arrangements with the big band vocal group sounds of The Modernaires , The Pied Pipers , and The Mel-Tones , founded in the barbershop tradition . The Four Freshmen is considered a vocal band because the singers accompany themselves on guitar , horns , bass , and drums , among other instrumental configurations . The group was founded in 1948 in Indiana and reached its peak popularity in the mid-1950s . The last original member retired in 1993 , but the group stills tours internationally and has recorded jazz harmonies since its late 1940s founding in the halls of the Jordan School of Music at Butler University in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Ross Barbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Barbour_(singer)', 'summary': "Ross Edwin Barbour ( December 31 , 1928 - August 20 , 2011 ) was an American singer with the vocal quartet The Four Freshmen . The Four Freshmen originated in early 1948 when brothers Ross and Don Barbour , then at Butler University 's Arthur Jordan Conservatory in Indianapolis , Indiana , formed a barbershop quartet called Hal 's Harmonizers . The Harmonizers also included Marvin Pruitt - soon replaced by Ross and Don 's cousin Bob Flanigan - and Hal Kratzsch ( 1925-70 ) , replaced in 1953 by Ken Errair . The quartet soon adopted a more jazz-oriented repertoire and renamed itself the Toppers . At first , they were influenced by Glenn Miller 's The Modernaires and Mel Tormé 's Mel-Tones , but soon developed their own style of improvised vocal harmony . In September 1948 , the quartet went on the road as The Four Freshmen , and soon drew the admiration of jazz legends such as Dizzy Gillespie and Woody Herman . In 1950 , The Four Freshmen got a break when band leader Stan Kenton heard the quartet in Dayton , Ohio , and arranged for an audition with his label , Capitol Records , which signed The Four later that year . In 1952 , they released their first hit single It 's a Blue World . Further hits included Mood Indigo in 1954 , Day by Day in 1955 , and Graduation Day in 1956 . Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , The Four Freshmen released a number of recordings , made film and television appearances , and performed in concert . The group eventually lost their mainstream following with the advent of the British pop bands of the 1960s . After Barbour 's retirement in 1977 , the Freshmen continued under the management of Flanigan , who kept the rights to The Four Freshmen name ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Rho / University of Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Akron', 'summary': "The University of Akron is a public research university in Akron , Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio . As a STEM-focused institution , it focuses on industries such as polymers , advanced materials , and engineering . The University of Akron offers about 200 undergraduate and more than 100 graduate majors and has an enrollment of approximately 20,000 students . The university 's College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering is housed in a 12-story reflective glass building near downtown Akron on the western edge of the main campus . UA 's Archives of the History of American Psychology is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution . The university has three branch campuses : Wayne College in Orrville , Ohio ; the Medina County University Center , in Lafayette Township , Ohio ; and UA Lakewood , in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood , Ohio . In addition , the university hosts nursing programs in affiliation with Lorain County Community College ."}]}, {'value': 'Singer for the Four Freshmen quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Freshmen', 'summary': 'The Four Freshmen is an American male vocal quartet that blends open-harmonic jazz arrangements with the big band vocal group sounds of The Modernaires , The Pied Pipers , and The Mel-Tones , founded in the barbershop tradition . The Four Freshmen is considered a vocal band because the singers accompany themselves on guitar , horns , bass , and drums , among other instrumental configurations . The group was founded in 1948 in Indiana and reached its peak popularity in the mid-1950s . The last original member retired in 1993 , but the group stills tours internationally and has recorded jazz harmonies since its late 1940s founding in the halls of the Jordan School of Music at Butler University in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Tex Beneke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tex_Beneke', 'summary': 'Gordon Lee Tex Beneke ( February 12 , 1914 - May 30 , 2000 ) was an American saxophonist , singer , and bandleader . His career is a history of associations with bandleader Glenn Miller and former musicians and singers who worked with Miller . His band is also associated with the careers of Eydie Gormé , Henry Mancini and Ronnie Deauville . Beneke also solos on the recording the Glenn Miller Orchestra made of their popular song In The Mood and sings on another popular Glenn Miller recording , Chattanooga Choo Choo . Jazz critic Will Friedwald considers Beneke to be one of the major blues singers who sang with the big bands of the early 1940s .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Tau / Florida Southern College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Southern_College', 'summary': "Florida Southern College ( Florida Southern , Southern or FSC ) is a private college in Lakeland , Florida . In 2019 , the student population at FSC consisted of 3,073 students along with 130 full-time faculty members . The college offers 50 undergraduate majors and pre-professional programs , graduate programs in nursing , business , and education as well as post-graduate programs in nursing , education , and physical therapy . Florida Southern is the home of the world 's largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture . For its 2011 and 2012 rankings , The Princeton Review selected Florida Southern 's campus as the most beautiful in the country . Florida Southern has won 30 national titles in NCAA Division II competition in several sports , men 's golf ( 13 titles ) , baseball ( 9 ) , women 's golf ( 4 ) , men 's basketball ( 2 ) , softball ( 1 ) and women 's lacrosse ( 1 ) . The college 's official mascot is Mocsie the water moccasin , but they are also referenced by their nickname , the Mocs . The official colors of the college and its athletic teams are scarlet and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxophonist , singer , and bandleader associated with groups such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Miller_Orchestra', 'summary': "Glenn Miller and His Orchestra was an American swing dance band formed by Glenn Miller in 1938 . Arranged around a clarinet and tenor saxophone playing melody , and three other saxophones playing harmony , the band became the most popular and commercially successful dance orchestra of the Swing era and one of the greatest singles charting acts of the 20th century . Miller began professionally recording in New York City as a sideman in the Hot jazz era of the late 1920s . With the arrival of virtuoso trombonists Jack Teagarden and Tommy Dorsey , Miller focused more on developing his arrangement skills . Writing for contemporaries and future stars such as Artie Shaw , and Benny Goodman , Miller gained prowess as an arranger by working in a variety of settings . Later , Miller largely improved his arranging and writing skills by studying under music theorist Joseph Schillinger . In February 1937 , Miller started an orchestra that briefly made records for Decca . With this group , Miller used an arrangement he wrote for British bandleader Ray Noble 's American band in an attempt to form a clarinet-reed sound . This style developed over time , and eventually became known as the Glenn Miller sound . Frustrated with his agency over playing inconsistent bookings and lacking broad radio exposure , Miller gave the band notice in December 1937 . Less than three months later , he was looking for members and forming a new band . Miller began a partnership with Eli Oberstein , which led directly to a contract with Victor subsidiary Bluebird Records ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Bloom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Bloom', 'summary': 'Eric Jay Bloom ( born December 1 , 1944 ) is an American singer , songwriter and musician . He is best known as the lead vocalist , guitar and keyboard/synthesizer player for the long-running band Blue Öyster Cult , with work on more than 20 albums . Much of his lyrical content relates to his lifelong interest in science fiction .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa-Zeta / Hobart and William Smith Colleges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges', 'summary': 'Hobart and William Smith Colleges are private liberal arts colleges in Geneva , New York . They trace their origins to Geneva Academy established in 1797 . The colleges offer the degrees of bachelor of arts , bachelor of science , and master of arts in teaching . The colleges were originally separate institutions - Hobart College for men and William Smith College for women - that shared close bonds and a contiguous campus . In 1943 , William Smith College was elevated from its original status as a department of Hobart College to an independent college and the two colleges established a joint corporate identity . They are officially chartered as Hobart and William Smith Colleges and informally referred to as HWS or the Colleges . Although united in one corporation with many shared resources and overlapping organization , they have each retained their own traditions .'}]}, {'value': 'Lead singer of Blue Öyster Cult', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Öyster_Cult', 'summary': "Blue Öyster Cult ( often abbreviated BÖC or BOC ) is an American rock band formed in Stony Brook , New York in 1967 , perhaps best known for the singles ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper , Burnin ' for You , Cities on Flame with Rock and Roll , and Godzilla . Blue Öyster Cult has sold more than 24 million records worldwide , including 7 million in the United States alone . The band 's music videos , especially Burnin ' for You , received heavy rotation on MTV when the music television network premiered in 1981 , cementing the band 's contribution to the development and success of the music video in modern popular culture . Blue Öyster Cult 's longest-lasting and most commercially successful lineup included Donald Buck Dharma Roeser ( lead guitar , vocals ) , Eric Bloom ( lead vocals , stun guitar , keyboards , synthesizers ) , Allen Lanier ( keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ) , Joe Bouchard ( bass , vocals ) , Albert Bouchard ( drums , percussion , cowbell , vocals ) . The band 's current lineup includes Roeser and Bloom , as well as Danny Miranda ( bass , backing vocals ) , Jules Radino ( drums , percussion ) and Richie Castellano ( keyboard , rhythm guitar , lead and backing vocals ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Irv Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irv_Brown', 'summary': 'Irv Brown ( March 30 , 1935 - February 3 , 2019 ) was an American sportscaster , and basketball and baseball player , coach , executive , and official .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta-Delta / University of Northern Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado', 'summary': 'The University of Northern Colorado ( UNC ) is a public research university in Greeley , Colorado . The university was founded in 1889 as the State Normal School of Colorado and has a long history in teacher education . Approximately 12,000 students are enrolled in six colleges . Extended campus locations in are in Loveland , Denver , and Colorado Springs . UNCs 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Radio sportscaster for the Denver Nuggets and the Colorado Avalanche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Nuggets', 'summary': "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver . The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , but changed its name to Rockets before the first season . It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974 . After the name change , the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976 , losing to the New York Nets . The team has had some periods of success , qualifying for the ABA Playoffs for all seasons from 1967 to the 1976 ABA playoffs where it lost in the finals . The team joined the NBA in 1976 after the ABA-NBA merger and qualified for the NBA playoffs in nine consecutive seasons in the 1980s and ten consecutive seasons from 2004 to 2013 . However , it has not made an appearance in a championship round since its last year in the ABA ; as such , they are also the only of the four surviving former ABA teams to have never reached the NBA Finals . The Nuggets play their home games at Pepsi Center , which they share with the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Connie Codarini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Lads', 'summary': "The Four Lads is a Canadian male singing quartet . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , the group earned many gold singles and albums . Its million-selling signature tunes include Moments to Remember , Standing on the Corner , No , Not Much , Who Needs You ? and Istanbul . The Four Lads made numerous television appearances including the award-winning PBS special , Moments to Remember . The current incarnation of the group features Don Farrar ( lead tenor ) , Aaron Bruce ( second tenor ) , and Alan Sokoloff ( baritone ) . The original quartet grew up together in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and were members of St. Michael 's Choir School , where they learned to sing . The founding members were Corrado Connie Codarini , bass ( died April 28 , 2010 ) ; John Bernard Bernie Toorish ( born March 2 , 1931 ) , tenor ; James F. Jimmy Arnold ( January 4 , 1932 - June 15 , 2004 ) , lead ; and Frank Busseri , baritone and group manager . Codarini and Toorish had formed a group with two other St. Michael 's students , Rudi Maugeri and John Perkins , who were later to become founding members of another group , The Crew-Cuts ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta / University of Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Bass singer and founding member of the Four Lads quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Lads', 'summary': "The Four Lads is a Canadian male singing quartet . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , the group earned many gold singles and albums . Its million-selling signature tunes include Moments to Remember , Standing on the Corner , No , Not Much , Who Needs You ? and Istanbul . The Four Lads made numerous television appearances including the award-winning PBS special , Moments to Remember . The current incarnation of the group features Don Farrar ( lead tenor ) , Aaron Bruce ( second tenor ) , and Alan Sokoloff ( baritone ) . The original quartet grew up together in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and were members of St. Michael 's Choir School , where they learned to sing . The founding members were Corrado Connie Codarini , bass ( died April 28 , 2010 ) ; John Bernard Bernie Toorish ( born March 2 , 1931 ) , tenor ; James F. Jimmy Arnold ( January 4 , 1932 - June 15 , 2004 ) , lead ; and Frank Busseri , baritone and group manager . Codarini and Toorish had formed a group with two other St. Michael 's students , Rudi Maugeri and John Perkins , who were later to become founding members of another group , The Crew-Cuts ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Comi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Comi', 'summary': 'Paul Domingo Comi ( February 11 , 1932 - August 26 , 2016 ) was an American film and television actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor who starred in films such as Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) , and Howard the Duck ( 1986 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes', 'summary': "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is a 1972 science fiction film directed by J. Lee Thompson and written by Paul Dehn . It is the fourth of five films in the original Planet of the Apes series produced by Arthur P. Jacobs . The film stars Roddy McDowall , Don Murray and Ricardo Montalbán . It explores how the apes rebelled from humanity 's ill treatment following Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) . It was followed by Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) . The first film in the 2010s reboot series , Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , has a similar premise to Conquest , but it is not officially a remake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Towering_Inferno', 'summary': 'The Towering Inferno is a 1974 American disaster film produced by Irwin Allen featuring an ensemble cast led by Paul Newman and Steve McQueen . Directed by John Guillermin , the film is a co-production between 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros. , the first to be a joint venture by two major Hollywood studios . It was adapted by Stirling Silliphant from a pair of novels , The Tower by Richard Martin Stern and The Glass Inferno by Thomas N. Scortia and Frank M. Robinson . The film earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture and was the second highest-grossing film released in 1974 , beaten only by Blazing Saddles by three million dollars . The picture was nominated for eight Oscars in all , winning three . In addition to McQueen and Newman , the cast includes William Holden , Faye Dunaway , Fred Astaire , Susan Blakely , Richard Chamberlain , O. J. Simpson , Robert Vaughn , Robert Wagner , Susan Flannery , Gregory Sierra , Dabney Coleman and , in her final role , Jennifer Jones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)', 'summary': 'Howard the Duck is a 1986 American science fiction comedy film directed by Willard Huyck and starring Lea Thompson , Jeffrey Jones , and Tim Robbins . Based on the Marvel comic book of the same title , the film was produced by Gloria Katz and written by Huyck and Katz , with George Lucas as executive producer . The screenplay was originally intended to be an animated film , but the film adaptation became live-action because of a contractual obligation . Although several TV adaptations of Marvel characters had aired during the preceding 21 years , this was the first theatrically released feature film , coming after the serial Captain America . Lucas proposed adapting the comic book following the production of American Graffiti ( 1973 ) . After multiple production difficulties and mixed response to test screenings , Howard the Duck was released in theaters on August 1 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film was a critical and commercial failure , and in the years since , is considered one of the worst films of all time . It was nominated for seven Razzie Awards ( winning four ) , and made about US $ 15 million domestically compared to its US $ 37 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Cox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Cox_(DJ)', 'summary': "Chris Cox ( born July 15 ) is an American dance music record producer , remixer , and DJ who has worked on over 600 records throughout his career . As one-half of the Grammy nominated production team Thunderpuss and as a solo artist , Cox has earned a total of 52 Billboard dance chart number one records , having masterfully remixed songs performed by such artists as Madonna , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Whitney Houston , Enrique Iglesias , Jennifer Lopez , Mary J. Blige , Céline Dion , Janet Jackson , and the Spice Girls . Thunderpuss was nominated for a Grammy in 2004 for their production work with Cher . Since the dissolution of Thunderpuss , Cox continues to have a successful career , both as a solo artist , and through collaborations with other producers such as Pusaka . Cox has produced original music and dance remixes for artists such as Madonna , Rihanna , Michelle Branch , Hilary Duff , Donna Summer , Kelly Osbourne , and Kelly Clarkson . For four years he was heard weekly on XM 's BPM 81 with his hour-long set , 12 Inches of Cox . In 2008 he produced the album Hannah Montana 2 : Non-Stop Dance Party , which spent several weeks at # 1 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums Chart . Cox continues to travel internationally as a club and festival DJ ."}]}, {'value': 'Pi-Lambda / University of Nevada , Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise , Nevada . The 332-acre ( 134 ha ) campus is about 1.6 mi ( 2.6 km ) east of the Las Vegas Strip . It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969 . The university includes the Shadow Lane Campus , just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , which houses both School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine . UNLV 's law school , the William S. Boyd School of Law , is also the only law school in the state . UNLV is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration is annually ranked among the top hospitality programs in the United States due in part to the university 's proximity to the Las Vegas Strip . Its Thomas & Mack Center hosted the 2007 NBA All-Star Game , concerts and lectures by Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev as part of various UNLV-affiliated lecture series ."}]}, {'value': 'Dance music record producer , remixer , and DJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remix', 'summary': 'A remix is a piece of media which has been altered or contorted from its original state by adding , removing , and changing pieces of the item . A song , piece of artwork , books , video , poem , or photograph can all be remixes . The only characteristic of a remix is that it appropriates and changes other materials to create something new . Most commonly , remixes are a subset of audio mixing in music and song recordings . Songs may be remixed for a variety of reasons :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Disc_jockey', 'summary': 'A disc jockey , more commonly abbreviated as DJ , is a person who hosts recorded music for an audience . Most common types of DJs include radio DJs , club DJs , who perform at a nightclub or music festival and turntablists who use record players , usually turntables , to manipulate sounds on phonograph records . Originally , the disc in disc jockey referred to vinyl records , but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who mix music from other recording media such as cassettes , CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ or a laptop . The title DJ is often used by DJs in front of their real names , adopted pseudonyms , or stage names . DJs use audio equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs . Often , this involves aligning the beats of the music sources so their rhythms and tempos do not clash when played together and to enable a smooth transition from one song to another . DJs often use specialized DJ mixers , small audio mixers with crossfader and cue functions to blend or transition from one song to another . Mixers are also used to pre-listen to sources of recorded music in headphones and adjust upcoming tracks to mix with currently playing music . DJ software can be used with a DJ controller device to mix audio files on a computer instead of a console mixer . DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience ; effects units such as reverb to create sound effects and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Dryer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Dryer', 'summary': 'John Frederick Dryer ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American actor , radio host , screenwriter and former American football defensive end in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played for 13 years in the NFL , in 176 games starting in 1969 , and recorded 104 career sacks with the New York Giants and Los Angeles Rams . He is the only NFL player to score two safeties in one game . Following his retirement from football , Dryer had a successful career as a film and television actor , notably starring in the series Hunter . His height of 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) and physique are useful for his action roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma-Lambda / University of Northern Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado', 'summary': 'The University of Northern Colorado ( UNC ) is a public research university in Greeley , Colorado . The university was founded in 1889 as the State Normal School of Colorado and has a long history in teacher education . Approximately 12,000 students are enrolled in six colleges . Extended campus locations in are in Loveland , Denver , and Colorado Springs . UNCs 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Actor best known for playing Sgt . Rick Hunter in the television series Hunter ( 1984-1991 ) , former NFL defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_(1984_U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Hunter is an American crime drama television series created by Frank Lupo , which ran on NBC from September 18 , 1984 to April 26 , 1991 . It starred Fred Dryer as Sgt . Rick Hunter and Stepfanie Kramer as Sgt . Dee Dee McCall . The title character Sgt . Rick Hunter was a wily , physically imposing , often rule-breaking homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department . The show 's main characters , Hunter and McCall , resolved many of their cases by lethal force , but no more so than many other related television dramas . The show 's executive producer during the first season was Stephen J. Cannell , whose company produced the series . Stepfanie Kramer left after the sixth season ( 1990 ) to pursue other acting and musical opportunities . In the seventh season , Hunter partnered with two different female officers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Duffy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(chef)', 'summary': 'Brian Duffy is a chef known for numerous television appearances on the TV series Bar Rescue .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celebrity chef known for appearances on Bar Rescue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bar_Rescue', 'summary': 'Bar Rescue is an American reality television series that airs on Paramount Network . It stars Jon Taffer , a long-time food and beverage industry consultant specializing in nightclubs , bars , and pubs , who offers his professional expertise plus renovations and equipment to desperately failing bars in order to save them from closing . The show premiered on what was then known as Spike in the United States on July 17 , 2011 . In the UK , the show originally aired on 5* , later moving to Spike ( UK ) . A spin-off series titled Marriage Rescue premiered on June 2 , 2019 . On January 10 , 2020 , it was announced that the seventh season will premiere on March 1 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Duryea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Duryea', 'summary': 'Dan Duryea ( January 23 , 1907 - June 7 , 1968 ) was an American actor in film , stage , and television . Known for portraying a vast range of character roles as a villain , he nonetheless had a long career in a wide variety of leading and secondary roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpion / Cornell University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': "Actor best known for playing villain roles and starred in films such as The Woman in the Window ( 1944 ) , Scarlet Street ( 1945 ) , and Winchester '73 ( 1950 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Woman_in_the_Window', 'summary': "The Woman in the Window is a 1944 American film noir directed by Fritz Lang and starring Edward G. Robinson , Joan Bennett , Raymond Massey , and Dan Duryea . It tells the story of psychology professor Richard Wanley ( Edward G. Robinson ) who meets and becomes enamored with a young femme fatale . Based on J. H. Wallis ' novel Once Off Guard , the story features two surprise twists at the end . Scriptwriter Nunnally Johnson was invited by International Pictures ( an independent production company founded by erstwhile 20th Century-Fox personnel William Goetz and RKO executive Leo Spitz ) to a picture deal after writing successful films such as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) and other John Ford films , and chose The Woman in the Window as its premiere project . Director Fritz Lang substituted the film 's dream ending in place of the originally scripted suicide ending , to conform with the moralistic Production Code of the time . The term film noir originated as a genre description , in part , because of The Woman in the Window ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scarlet_Street', 'summary': 'Scarlet Street is a 1945 noir tragedy film directed by Fritz Lang . The screenplay concerns two criminals who take advantage of a middle-aged painter in order to steal his artwork . The film is based on the French novel La Chienne ( literally The Bitch ) by Georges de La Fouchardière [ fr ] , that previously had been dramatized on stage by André Mouëzy-Éon , and cinematically as La Chienne ( 1931 ) by director Jean Renoir . The principal actors Edward G. Robinson , Joan Bennett and Dan Duryea had earlier appeared together in The Woman in the Window ( 1944 ) , also directed by Fritz Lang . Local authorities in three cities banned Scarlet Street early in 1946 because of its dark plot and themes . The film is in the public domain .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Winchester_'73", 'summary': "Winchester '73 is a 1950 American Western film directed by Anthony Mann and starring James Stewart , Shelley Winters , Dan Duryea and Stephen McNally . Written by Borden Chase and Robert L. Richards , the film is about the journey of a prized rifle from one ill-fated owner to another and a cowboy 's search for a murderous fugitive . Rock Hudson portrays an American Indian and Tony Curtis plays a besieged cavalry trooper , both in extremely small roles at the beginnings of their careers . The film received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination for Best Written American Western . This is the first Western film collaboration between Anthony Mann and James Stewart , and was filmed in black and white . In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Everly and Phil Everly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Everly', 'summary': "The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo , known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing . Consisting of Isaac Donald Don Everly ( born February 1 , 1937 ) and Phillip Phil Jason Everly ( January 19 , 1939 - January 3 , 2014 ) , the duo was raised in a musical family , first appearing on radio singing along with their father Ike Everly and mother Margaret Everly as The Everly Family in the 1940s . When the brothers were still in high school , they gained the attention of prominent Nashville musicians like Chet Atkins , who began to groom them for national attention . They began writing and recording their own music in 1956 , and their first hit song came in 1957 , with Bye Bye Love , written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant . The song hit number 1 in the spring of 1957 , and additional hits would follow through 1958 , many of them written by the Bryants , including Wake Up Little Susie , All I Have to Do Is Dream , and Problems . In 1960 , they signed with the major label Warner Bros. Records and recorded Cathy 's Clown , written by the brothers themselves , which was their biggest selling single . The brothers enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1961 , and their output dropped off , though additional hit singles continued through 1962 , with That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) being their last top-10 hit . Long-simmering disputes with Wesley Rose , the CEO of Acuff-Rose Music , which managed the group , and growing drug usage in the 1960s , as well as changing tastes in popular music , led to the group 's decline in popularity in its native U.S. , though the brothers continued to release hit singles in the U.K. and Canada , and had many highly successful tours throughout the 1960s . In the early 1970s , the brothers began releasing solo recordings , and in 1973 they officially broke up . Starting in 1983 , the brothers got back together , and would continue to perform periodically until Phil 's death in 2014 . The group was highly influential on the music of the generation that followed it . Many of the top acts of the 1960s were heavily influenced by the close-harmony singing and acoustic guitar playing of the Everly Brothers , including the Beatles , the Beach Boys , the Bee Gees , and Simon & Garfunkel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phil_Everly', 'summary': "The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo , known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing . Consisting of Isaac Donald Don Everly ( born February 1 , 1937 ) and Phillip Phil Jason Everly ( January 19 , 1939 - January 3 , 2014 ) , the duo was raised in a musical family , first appearing on radio singing along with their father Ike Everly and mother Margaret Everly as The Everly Family in the 1940s . When the brothers were still in high school , they gained the attention of prominent Nashville musicians like Chet Atkins , who began to groom them for national attention . They began writing and recording their own music in 1956 , and their first hit song came in 1957 , with Bye Bye Love , written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant . The song hit number 1 in the spring of 1957 , and additional hits would follow through 1958 , many of them written by the Bryants , including Wake Up Little Susie , All I Have to Do Is Dream , and Problems . In 1960 , they signed with the major label Warner Bros. Records and recorded Cathy 's Clown , written by the brothers themselves , which was their biggest selling single . The brothers enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1961 , and their output dropped off , though additional hit singles continued through 1962 , with That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) being their last top-10 hit . Long-simmering disputes with Wesley Rose , the CEO of Acuff-Rose Music , which managed the group , and growing drug usage in the 1960s , as well as changing tastes in popular music , led to the group 's decline in popularity in its native U.S. , though the brothers continued to release hit singles in the U.K. and Canada , and had many highly successful tours throughout the 1960s . In the early 1970s , the brothers began releasing solo recordings , and in 1973 they officially broke up . Starting in 1983 , the brothers got back together , and would continue to perform periodically until Phil 's death in 2014 . The group was highly influential on the music of the generation that followed it . Many of the top acts of the 1960s were heavily influenced by the close-harmony singing and acoustic guitar playing of the Everly Brothers , including the Beatles , the Beach Boys , the Bee Gees , and Simon & Garfunkel ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma-Rho / Indiana State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_State_University', 'summary': 'Indiana State University ( ISU ) is a public university in Terre Haute , Indiana . It was founded in 1865 and offers over 100 undergraduate majors and more than 75 graduate and professional programs . Indiana State is classified by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as a Doctoral/Research University .'}]}, {'value': 'The Everly Brothers , among the first ten artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers', 'summary': "The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo , known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing . Consisting of Isaac Donald Don Everly ( born February 1 , 1937 ) and Phillip Phil Jason Everly ( January 19 , 1939 - January 3 , 2014 ) , the duo was raised in a musical family , first appearing on radio singing along with their father Ike Everly and mother Margaret Everly as The Everly Family in the 1940s . When the brothers were still in high school , they gained the attention of prominent Nashville musicians like Chet Atkins , who began to groom them for national attention . They began writing and recording their own music in 1956 , and their first hit song came in 1957 , with Bye Bye Love , written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant . The song hit number 1 in the spring of 1957 , and additional hits would follow through 1958 , many of them written by the Bryants , including Wake Up Little Susie , All I Have to Do Is Dream , and Problems . In 1960 , they signed with the major label Warner Bros. Records and recorded Cathy 's Clown , written by the brothers themselves , which was their biggest selling single . The brothers enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1961 , and their output dropped off , though additional hit singles continued through 1962 , with That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) being their last top-10 hit . Long-simmering disputes with Wesley Rose , the CEO of Acuff-Rose Music , which managed the group , and growing drug usage in the 1960s , as well as changing tastes in popular music , led to the group 's decline in popularity in its native U.S. , though the brothers continued to release hit singles in the U.K. and Canada , and had many highly successful tours throughout the 1960s . In the early 1970s , the brothers began releasing solo recordings , and in 1973 they officially broke up . Starting in 1983 , the brothers got back together , and would continue to perform periodically until Phil 's death in 2014 . The group was highly influential on the music of the generation that followed it . Many of the top acts of the 1960s were heavily influenced by the close-harmony singing and acoustic guitar playing of the Everly Brothers , including the Beatles , the Beach Boys , the Bee Gees , and Simon & Garfunkel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( RRHOF ) is a museum and hall of fame located in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , on the shore of Lake Erie . The museum documents the history of rock music and the artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have influenced its development . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Ahmet Ertegun , founder and chairman of Atlantic Records . After a long search for the right city , Cleveland was chosen in 1986 as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Architect I. M. Pei designed the new museum , and it was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Ferrante and Louis Teicher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferrante_&_Teicher', 'summary': 'Ferrante & Teicher were a duo of American piano players , known for their light arrangements of familiar classical pieces , movie soundtracks , and show tunes , as well as their signature style of florid , intricate and fast-paced piano playing performances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louis_Teicher', 'summary': "Louis Milton Teicher ( pronounce as TIE-cher ; August 24 , 1924 , Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania - August 3 , 2008 , Highlands , North Carolina ) was an American piano player , half of the piano duo Ferrante & Teicher . No one was more blessed than I to have Lou Teicher as my best friend since we met at the Juilliard School of Music at the ages of 9 and 6 . Although we were two individuals , at the twin pianos our brains worked as one . Lou was certainly one of the world 's most gifted pianists . I will miss him dearly and as pianists it 's ironic how we both ended up living on keys , his longtime partner Arthur Ferrante , who lived on Longboat Key , Florida , said in a statement at the time of Teicher 's death . Ferrante subsequently died on September 19 , 2009 . Teicher had been a resident of Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , in the 1970s . Teicher died of heart failure at his summer home . He was 83 . He is survived by his widow , Betty , as well as his former wife , Elaine Sutin , a professional violinist with both the New York Pops and the Sutton Ensemble , and three children , Richard , Susan and David , and four grandchildren ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon-Sigma / University of Central Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Central_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'The University of Central Oklahoma ( UCO or Central ) is a public university in Edmond , Oklahoma . It is the third largest university in Oklahoma , with more than 17,000 students and approximately 434 full-time and 400 adjunct faculty . Founded in 1890 , the University of Central Oklahoma was one of the first institutions of higher learning to be established in what would become the state of Oklahoma , making it one of the oldest universities in the southwest region of the United States . It is home to the American branch of the British Academy of Contemporary Music in downtown Oklahoma City .'}]}, {'value': 'Pianists for the Ferrante & Teicher duo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferrante_&_Teicher', 'summary': 'Ferrante & Teicher were a duo of American piano players , known for their light arrangements of familiar classical pieces , movie soundtracks , and show tunes , as well as their signature style of florid , intricate and fast-paced piano playing performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Flanigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Flanigan_(singer)', 'summary': "Robert Lee Bob Flanigan ( August 22 , 1926 - May 15 , 2011 ) was an American tenor vocalist and founding member of The Four Freshmen , a jazz vocal group . The Four Freshmen originated in early 1948 when brothers Ross and Don Barbour , then at Butler University 's Arthur Jordan Conservatory in Indianapolis , Indiana , formed a barbershop quartet called Hal 's Harmonizers . Flanigan was a cousin of the Barbours and joined The Harmonizers beginning on September 20 , 1948 , becoming their lead vocalist . He also played trombone and double bass . In 1950 , The Four Freshmen got a break when band leader Stan Kenton heard the quartet in Dayton , Ohio , and arranged for an audition with his label , Capitol Records , which signed The Four later that year . In 1952 , they released their first hit single It 's a Blue World . Further hits included Mood Indigo in 1954 , Day by Day in 1955 , and Graduation Day in 1956 . Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , The Four Freshmen released a number of recordings , made film and television appearances , and performed in concert . The group eventually lost their mainstream following with the advent of the British pop bands of the 1960s . The group continued to perform under the management of Flanigan , who maintained rights to The Four Freshmen name and was responsible for the group 's changing cast of performers . Flanigan retired as a performer in 1992 , but continued his involvement with the group for several more years . He died of congestive heart failure at his home in Las Vegas , on May 15 , 2011 , aged 84 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Rho / University of Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Akron', 'summary': "The University of Akron is a public research university in Akron , Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio . As a STEM-focused institution , it focuses on industries such as polymers , advanced materials , and engineering . The University of Akron offers about 200 undergraduate and more than 100 graduate majors and has an enrollment of approximately 20,000 students . The university 's College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering is housed in a 12-story reflective glass building near downtown Akron on the western edge of the main campus . UA 's Archives of the History of American Psychology is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution . The university has three branch campuses : Wayne College in Orrville , Ohio ; the Medina County University Center , in Lafayette Township , Ohio ; and UA Lakewood , in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood , Ohio . In addition , the university hosts nursing programs in affiliation with Lorain County Community College ."}]}, {'value': 'Singer for the Four Freshmen quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Freshmen', 'summary': 'The Four Freshmen is an American male vocal quartet that blends open-harmonic jazz arrangements with the big band vocal group sounds of The Modernaires , The Pied Pipers , and The Mel-Tones , founded in the barbershop tradition . The Four Freshmen is considered a vocal band because the singers accompany themselves on guitar , horns , bass , and drums , among other instrumental configurations . The group was founded in 1948 in Indiana and reached its peak popularity in the mid-1950s . The last original member retired in 1993 , but the group stills tours internationally and has recorded jazz harmonies since its late 1940s founding in the halls of the Jordan School of Music at Butler University in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Myron Floren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myron_Floren', 'summary': "Myron Floren ( November 5 , 1919 - July 23 , 2005 ) was an American musician best known as the accordionist on The Lawrence Welk Show between 1950 and 1980 . Floren came to prominence primarily from his regular appearances on the weekly television series in which Lawrence Welk dubbed him as the happy Norwegian . Floren was highly regarded by Lawrence Welk , who was an accomplished accordion player in his own right . Floren functioned as Welk 's principal assistant and second-in-command . In Floren 's autobiography Accordion Man , written with his daughter Randee Floren , he recalled handling road manager duties when the band traveled , including hotel arrangements and other logistics . Prior to his death , he hosted some of the repeats of The Lawrence Welk Show on PBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Accordionist on The Lawrence Welk Show ( 1950-1980 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lawrence_Welk_Show', 'summary': 'The Lawrence Welk Show was an American televised musical variety show hosted by big band leader Lawrence Welk . The series aired locally in Los Angeles for four years , from 1951 to 1955 , then nationally for another 16 years on ABC from 1955 to 1971 , followed by 11 years in first-run syndication from 1971 to 1982 . Repeat episodes are broadcast in the United States by Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) stations . These airings incorporate an original program - usually , a color broadcast from 1965 to 1982 - in its entirety . In place of the commercials , newer performance and interview clips from the original stars and/or a family member of the performers are included ; these clips are occasionally updated .'}]}, {'value': 'Travon Free', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travon_Free', 'summary': 'Travon Free ( born 1984/1985 ) is an American comedian and actor and writer . As of 2017 , he writes for Full Frontal with Samantha Bee . He formerly wrote for The Daily Show on Comedy Central and Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons on HBO . Free won an Emmy Award for his work on the Daily Show in 2015 . He is a former college basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta-Theta / California State University , Long Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach', 'summary': "California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB , Long Beach State , Cal State Long Beach , LBSU , or The Beach ) is a public university in Long Beach , California . The 322-acre campus is the third largest of the 23-school California State University system ( CSU ) and one of the largest universities in the state of California by enrollment , its student body numbering 37,776 for the Fall 2016 semester . The university continues to receive record numbers of applicants ; for Fall 2018 , it received 102,879 undergraduate applications - the most of any CSU campus . The school has a 28% acceptance rate . In 2017 , 17,650 out of 63,048 applicants were admitted making Cal State Long Beach a highly competitive school to get into . As of Fall 2014 , the school had 2,283 total faculty , with 36.7 percent of those faculty on the tenure track . With 5,286 graduate students , the university enrolls one of the largest graduate student populations across the CSU system and in the state of California . The university is located in the Los Altos neighborhood of Long Beach at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County , less than one mile from the border with Orange County . The university offers 82 different Bachelor 's degrees , 65 types of Master 's degrees , and four Doctoral degrees . Long Beach State is one of the West Coast 's top universities in terms of student body racial diversity , being named the 5th most diverse university in the West by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to one of the largest publicly funded art schools in the United States . The university currently operates with one of the lowest student tuition rate in the country , at $ 6,420 per year for full-time students with California residence ."}]}, {'value': 'Writer for Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( 2017-present ) and The Daily Show ( 2012-2015 ) , 2-time Emmy Award winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_Frontal_with_Samantha_Bee', 'summary': 'Full Frontal with Samantha Bee is an American late-night talk and news satire television program that airs on TBS . The show premiered on February 8 , 2016 , and is hosted by comedian Samantha Bee , a former correspondent on The Daily Show . The show airs on Wednesdays at 10:30 p.m. EST . In January 2018 , TBS renewed the show for a third and fourth season , set to air through 2020 . On November 13 , 2019 , the show was renewed for a fifth season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Daily_Show', 'summary': "The Daily Show is an American late-night talk and news satire television program . It airs each Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central . Describing itself as a fake news program , The Daily Show draws its comedy and satire from recent news stories , political figures , media organizations , and often uses self-referential humor as well . The half-hour-long show premiered on July 21 , 1996 , and was first hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17 , 1998 . Jon Stewart then took over as the host from January 11 , 1999 , until August 6 , 2015 , making the show more strongly focused on political satire and news satire , in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn 's tenure . Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah , whose tenure premiered on September 28 , 2015 . Under different hosts , the show has been formally known as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015 , and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah since 2015 . The Daily Show is the longest-running program on Comedy Central ( counting all three tenures ) , and has won 24 Primetime Emmy Awards . The program is popular among young audiences . The Pew Research Center suggested in 2010 that 74% of regular viewers were between 18 and 49 , and that 10% of the audience watched the show for its news headlines , 2% for in-depth reporting , and 43% for entertainment ; compared with respectively 64% , 10% and 4% who said the same of CNN . Critics chastised Stewart for not conducting sufficiently hard-hitting interviews with his political guests , some of whom he may have lampooned in previous segments . Stewart and other Daily Show writers responded to such criticism by saying that they do not have any journalistic responsibility and that as comedians their only duty is to provide entertainment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emmy_Award', 'summary': 'An Emmy Award , or simply Emmy , is an American award that recognizes excellence in the television industry . It is presented at numerous annual events held throughout the calendar year , each honoring one of the various sectors of the television industry . The two ceremonies that receive the most media coverage are the Primetime Emmy Awards and the Daytime Emmy Awards , which recognize outstanding work in American primetime and daytime entertainment programming , respectively . Other notable Emmy events include those honoring national sports programming , national news and documentary shows , and technological and engineering achievements in television , including the Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards . Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year , recognizing excellence in local and statewide television . In addition , the International Emmy Awards honor excellence in TV programming produced and initially aired outside the United States . The Emmy is named after immy , an informal term for the image orthicon tube that was common in early television cameras . The statuette depicts a winged woman holding an atom . The Emmy is considered one of the four major American entertainment awards , the others being the Grammy ( for music ) , the Oscar ( for film ) , and the Tony ( for theater ) . Three related , but separate , organizations present the Emmy Award : the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) , the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( NATAS ) , and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( IATAS ) . The ATAS first awarded the Emmy in 1949 to honor shows produced in the Los Angeles area before it became a national event in the 1950s to honor programs aired nationwide . Over the next two decades , the ATAS , the NATAS , and the IATAS expanded the award to honor other areas of the TV industry , with each organization responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Grant_(radio_personality)', 'summary': 'Johnny Grant ( May 9 , 1923 - January 9 , 2008 ) was an American radio personality and television producer who also served as the honorary mayor of Hollywood , in which capacity he was often present at Hollywood community functions , including the unveiling of new stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . An intersection just north of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue is designated Johnny Grant Way .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio personality and producer , honorary mayor of Hollywood ( 1980-2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_Hollywood', 'summary': 'The Mayor of Hollywood was an honorary position Hollywood appointed by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . The office primarily served as the emcee of the award ceremonies for new plaques on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , which is administered by the Chamber , along with other community events .'}]}, {'value': 'Glen Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Gray', 'summary': 'Glenn Gray Knoblauch ( June 7 , 1900 - August 23 , 1963 ) , known professionally as Glen Gray , was a jazz saxophonist and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha-Pi / George Washington University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casa_Loma_Orchestra', 'summary': 'The Casa Loma Orchestra was an American dance band active from 1929 to 1963 . Until the rapid multiplication in the number of swing bands from 1935 on , the Casa Loma Orchestra was one of the top North American dance bands . With the decline of the big band business following the end of World War II , it disbanded in 1947 . However , from 1957 to 1963 , it re-emerged as a recording session band in Hollywood , made up of top-flight studio musicians under the direction of its most notable leader of the past , Glen Gray . The reconstituted band made a limited number appearances live and on television and recorded fifteen LP albums for Capitol Records before Gray died in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'Merv Griffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merv_Griffin', 'summary': 'Mervyn Edward Griffin Jr. ( July 6 , 1925 - August 12 , 2007 ) was an American television host and media mogul . He began his career as a radio and big band singer who went on to appear in film and on Broadway . From 1965 to 1986 , Griffin hosted his own talk show , The Merv Griffin Show . He also created the internationally popular game shows Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune through his television production companies , Merv Griffin Enterprises and Merv Griffin Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma-Delta / University of Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Miami', 'summary': "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Host of The Merv Griffin Show and creator of the game shows Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show', 'summary': 'The Merv Griffin Show is an American television talk show starring Merv Griffin . The series ran from October 1 , 1962 to March 29 , 1963 on NBC , May 1965 to August 15 , 1969 in first-run syndication , from August 18 , 1969 to February 11 , 1972 at 11:30 PM ET weeknights on CBS and again in first-run syndication from February 14 , 1972 to September 5 , 1986 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeopardy!', 'summary': 'Jeopardy ! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in the form of questions . The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30 , 1964 , and aired until January 3 , 1975 . A weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975 , and a revival , The All-New Jeopardy ! , ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979 . The current version , a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television , premiered on September 10 , 1984 . Both NBC versions and the weekly syndicated version were hosted by Art Fleming . Don Pardo served as announcer until 1975 , and John Harlan announced for the 1978-1979 season . Since its inception , the daily syndicated version has featured Alex Trebek as host and Johnny Gilbert as announcer . With over 8,000 episodes aired , the daily syndicated version of Jeopardy ! has won a record 33 Daytime Emmy Awards as well as a Peabody Award . In 2013 , the program was ranked No .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)', 'summary': "Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel [ a ] ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and has aired continuously since . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M. G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke ."}]}, {'value': 'Robby Hauldren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_the_Child_(duo)', 'summary': "Louis the Child is a Winnetka-based DJ and production duo consisting of Robby Hauldren and Frederic Kennett . They are best known for their singles Better Not , It 's Strange , Weekend , and Fire ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Musician for the Louis the Child duo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_the_Child_(duo)', 'summary': "Louis the Child is a Winnetka-based DJ and production duo consisting of Robby Hauldren and Frederic Kennett . They are best known for their singles Better Not , It 's Strange , Weekend , and Fire ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Tau_Kappa_Epsilon_brothers_21', 'intro': "Tau Kappa Epsilon brothers (commonly referred to as Tekes) are individuals who have been initiated into Tau Kappa Epsilon (TKE) Fraternity. The fraternity was founded by the five men of Joseph Lorenzo Settles, James Carson McNutt, Clarence Arthur Mayer, Owen Ison Truitt, and Charles Roy Atkinson on January 10, 1899, at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois. Members traditionally initiate into a chapter during their collegiate career, although honorary members may not necessary have attended a university or college. The list of Tau Kappa Epsilon brothers spans over multiple careers including politics, business, athletics, and entertainment. Among the most recognized include U.S. President Ronald Reagan who was the recipient of the Order of the Golden Eagle, the fraternity's highest honor. Other widely recognized political figures include former West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd, who at the time of his death was the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Congress, and former Arkansas Governor and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee, who while running for president launched a TKE-specific website and visited Tekes on the campaign trail. Dozens of top CEOs and university presidents have also made the list such as Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks, and Steve Forbes of Forbes magazine, who was the fraternity's 250,000th initiate. Numerous athletic and music superstars are also Tekes including NFL quarterbacks Terry Bradshaw, Phil Simms, and Aaron Rodgers, Olympians Douglas Blubaugh, Sim Iness, and Johnny Quinn, and singers Elvis Presley, Willie Nelson, and the Everly Brothers."} | null | null | Between Eric Bloom and Irv Brown , which brother 's original chapter college was established first ? | Eric Bloom |
06ab2908fc17a586 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paula Radcliffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Radcliffe', 'summary': "Paula Jane Radcliffe , MBE ( born 17 December 1973 ) is a British long-distance runner . She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) , three-time New York Marathon champion ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 ) , and 2002 Chicago Marathon winner . She was previously the fastest female marathoner of all time , and held the Women 's World Marathon Record with a time of 2:15:25 for 16 years from 2003 to 2019 when it was broken by Brigid Kosgei . Radcliffe is a former world champion in the marathon , half marathon and cross country . She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres and in cross country . On the track , Radcliffe won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth champion at 5000 metres . She represented Great Britain at the Olympics in four consecutive games ( 1996 to 2008 ) , although she never won an Olympic medal . Her running has earned her a number of accolades including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year , Laureus World Comeback of the Year , IAAF World Athlete of the Year , AIMS World Athlete of the Year ( three times ) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . She has also been nominated for World Sportswoman of the year on several occasions . In 2010 , she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame . She ended her competitive running career at the 2015 London Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:06:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Chepkemei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Chepkemei', 'summary': 'Susan Chepkemei ( born 25 June 1975 in Komol , West Pokot District ) is a female Kenyan long-distance runner , who competes in the 10,000 metres and marathon . In 2001 , she won the Rotterdam Marathon and came first in the Great North Run , as well as winning the silver medal in the World Half Marathon Championships . She won also won the silver medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in the 10,000 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:07:36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berhane Adere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berhane_Adere', 'summary': "Berhane Adere Debala ( Ge'ez : ብርሀኔ አደሬ born 21 July 1973 in Shewa ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in the 10,000 metres and the half marathon . She was world champion over 10,000 m in 2003 and world champion in the half marathon in 2002 . Berhane works for UNICEF as a goodwill ambassador for girls ' education . Berhane held the African record for 10,000 metres in a time of 30:04.18 , set at the 2003 World Championships , where she won gold . The African record was broken at the 2008 Olympics by Tirunesh Dibaba , who became the first African to run under 30 minutes . Berhane won the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2002 , and the bronze medal in the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships . She was the gold medallist over 3000 metres at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships She won the 2006 Chicago Marathon with a personal best time of 2:20:42 . She won the Chicago Marathon again in 2007 and the Dubai Marathon on 18 January 2008 . Berhane also won the 2007 Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon . She was the top female finisher in the 2010 Rock n Roll Mardi Gras Marathon , in which she recorded the fastest ever half marathon on American soil with a time of 1:07:52 , breaking her previous best by over 25 seconds . At age 36 , that should also be the Masters world record . She saw off a challenge from Ana Dulce Félix to win at the Great North Run in September , completing the half marathon in 1:08:49 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mizuki Noguchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mizuki_Noguchi', 'summary': "Mizuki Noguchi ( 野口 みずき , Noguchi Mizuki , born July 3 , 1978 ) is a Japanese professional long-distance runner who specialises in the marathon event . She is an Olympic champion over the distance . Initially starting out as a track and cross country athlete , her first major success was becoming the Asian cross country champion at age 21 . She soon switched to road running , however , focusing on the half marathon . She won the individual and team silver medals at the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , and won a second team silver with a fourth-place finish at the same competition in 2000 . A switch to the marathon event demonstrated her talents further : She won the Nagoya and Osaka Women 's Marathons , and took the silver medal in the marathon at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics . Her good form continued and she became the Olympic champion in the marathon at the 2004 Athens Olympics . She won the Berlin Marathon the following year , setting world records at 25 km and 30 km along the way , and finishing with a personal best of 2:19:12 - a course record in Berlin and a new Asian record for the distance . The 25K world record was beaten by Mary Keitany of Kenya in 2010 , who ran the distance in 1:19:53 hours . Before the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Noguchi had set the second fastest time in the world for the previous year . However , she was ruled out of all competitions after tests revealed that she had fatigue and a muscular back problem . She missed the Olympics and the entire 2009 and 2010 seasons as a result ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeļena Prokopčuka /Čelnova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeļena_Prokopčuka', 'summary': 'Jeļena Prokopčuka ( née Čelnova ; born 21 September 1976 in Riga , Latvia ) is a Latvian long-distance runner , best known for winning the New York City Marathon in 2005 and 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Latvia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latvia', 'summary': "Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elana Meyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elana_Meyer', 'summary': 'Elana Meyer , OIS , ( born 10 October 1966 ) is a South African long-distance runner who won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the 10,000 metres event . Meyer set the 15 kilometres road running African record of 46:57 minutes in November 1991 in Cape Town . The record was equalled by Mestawet Tufa in 2008 . The record was beaten by Tirunesh Dibaba in 2009 , who posted a new world record of 46.28 minutes . Meyer also held the half marathon African record ( 1:06:44 hours ) , set in January 1999 in Tokyo . The record was broken by Mary Keitany of Kenya at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships by running the distance in 1:06:36 hours . She was the gold medallist at the 1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and set world records in that event in 1991 , 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . She also had several good placings in top level marathon races .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivera Jevtić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivera_Jevtić', 'summary': 'Olivera Jevtić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Оливера Јевтић , born 24 July 1977 ) is a Serbian long-distance runner . She has represented her country five times at the Olympics in 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'FR Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "Serbia and Montenegro ( Serbian : Србија и Црна Гора , romanized : Srbija i Crna Gora ; abbr . Serbian : СЦГ , romanized : SCG ) , also known from 2003 to 2006 as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( Serbian : Државна Заједница Србија и Црна Гора , romanized : Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora ) , and known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003 , was a country in Southeast Europe , created from the two remaining federal republics of the Socialist Yugoslavia after its breakup in 1992 . The republics of Serbia and Montenegro together established a federation in 1992 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( abbr . FR Yugoslavia or FRY ; Serbian : Савезна Република Југославија , romanized : Savezna Republika Jugoslavija ) [ a ] or Yugoslavia ( Serbian : Југославија , romanized : Jugoslavija ) for short . For the first several years of its existence , the state aspired to be recognized as the sole legal successor to Yugoslavia , but those claims were opposed by other former constituent republics . The United Nations also denied its request to take up Yugoslavia 's membership . Eventually , after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević from power as president of the federation in 2000 , the country rescinded those aspirations and accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession . It re-applied for UN membership on 27 October 2000 and was admitted on 1 November . The FRY was initially dominated by Slobodan Milošević as President of Serbia ( 1989-1997 ) and then President of Yugoslavia ( 1997-2000 ) . Milošević installed and forced the removal of several federal presidents ( such as Dobrica Ćosić ) and prime ministers ( such as Milan Panić ) . However , the Montenegrin government , initially enthusiastic supporters of Milošević , started gradually distancing themselves from his policies . That culminated in regime change in 1996 , when his former ally Milo Đukanović reversed his policies , became leader of Montenegro 's ruling party and subsequently dismissed former Montenegrin leader Momir Bulatović , who remained loyal to the Milošević government ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabella Ochichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabella_Ochichi', 'summary': "Isabella Bosibori Ochichi ( born October 28 , 1979 in Kisii District ) from Kenya was the silver medal winner in the final of the women 's 5,000 meter race at the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens , Greece . She finished in a time of 14:48.19 , about 2.5 seconds behind the winner , Meseret Defar of Ethiopia . In 1997 , aged 17 , she competed in France for her first overseas races . She was selected to represent Kenya at the 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , where she finished eight . She competed at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships between 2002 and 2006 , the best result being short race bronze medals in 2002 and 2005 . In March 2006 she won the same distance at the Commonwealth Games . In April the same year she won the silver medal in the team competition at the World Cross Country Championships , having finished 10th in the short race , a distance in which she won bronze medals in 2002 and 2005 . Although at the peak of her career , Ochichi stopped running professionally in 2006 . She returned to competition seven years later in 2013 . On her comeback race at the Prague Half Marathon she placed third with a time of 1:09:21 hours ( one of her fastest times ) . She remarked , After all these years I am very happy to be here . I expected to run well , but I did not think about achieving a third place ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yasuyo Iwamoto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mihaela Botezan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mihaela_Botezan', 'summary': 'Mihaela Maria Botezan ( born 21 November 1976 in Ocna Mureş ) is a Romanian long-distance runner who specializes mainly in the 10000 metres and the half marathon . She holds the current national record in 10,000 m with 31:11.24 minutes , achieved at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuta Olaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuta_Olaru', 'summary': "Nuța Olaru ( born August 28 , 1970 in Orodel , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner originally from Romania , who became a naturalized United States citizen in November 2012 . She specializes in the marathon race . She set her personal best ( 2:24:33 ) in the women 's marathon in Chicago , IL on October 10 , 2004 . She won the Big Sur Marathon in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 , ran the 2013 Boston Marathon in 2:42:57 and the 2014 Boston Marathon in 2:37:29 . In April 2013 , Olaru teamed up with the product development , ROLL Recovery , in Boulder , Colorado to help develop tools for runners ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caroline Kwambai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caroline_Kwambai', 'summary': 'Caroline Chepkorir Kwambai ( born 9 September 1975 ) is a Kenyan female former long-distance runner who competed in road running competitions . Her greatest international honour was a team gold at the 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , where she finished twelfth . She also won a team gold as a junior athlete at the 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . She holds a marathon personal best of 2:28:47 hours , set during her runner-up finish at the 2003 Amsterdam Marathon . Kwambai was a frequent competitor in European road races and won several high profile half marathons , including : the Paris Half Marathon , Prague Half Marathon , Great Scottish Run and Zwolle Half Marathon . She was also the 2003 winner of the BIG 25 Berlin and Fifth Third River Bank Run races over 25 kilometres . She competed in a dozen marathons in her career . She was in the top three at the Prague International Marathon in 2006 and 2008 . In 2007 , she was runner-up at the Turin Marathon and third at the Singapore Marathon . Her sole marathon win was at the lower level Kassel Marathon in Germany in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyudmila Biktasheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyudmila_Biktasheva', 'summary': 'Lyudmila Marsovna Biktasheva ( Cyrillic : Людмила Марсовна Бикташева ; born 25 July 1974 in Kamensk-Uralsky ) is a Russian athlete competing in the long-distance events . She represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 10,000 metres finishing 13th in the final . She won the bronze medal in the same event at the 2002 European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurica Buia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurica_Buia', 'summary': "Aurica Buia ( born February 16 , 1970 in Bratovoești , Dolj ) is a retired female long-distance runner from Romania , who specialized in the marathon race during her career . She set her personal best ( 2:31:39 ) in the women 's marathon in Vienna , Austria on April 14 , 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Restituta Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Restituta_Joseph', 'summary': 'Restituta Joseph Kemi ( born 30 July 1971 in Singida ) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner . She twice carried the flag for Tanzania at the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics : in 2000 and 2004 . She was the 1997 and 1999 winner of the Corrida de Langueux race .'}]}, {'value': 'Tanzania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanzania', 'summary': "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktoriya Klimina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktoriya_Klimina', 'summary': 'Viktoriya Klimina ( Russian : Виктория Климина ; born 1 March 1976 ) is a Russian long-distance runner . She finished sixteenth at the 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and 22nd in the marathon at the 2003 World Championships . At the 2003 World Cross Country Championships she finished 34th in the short race , while the Russian team of which Klimina was a part won the bronze medal in the team competition . She later improved to seventeenth place in the long course at the 2005 World Cross Country Championships , but that was not enough to win a team medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meseret Kotu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joyce Chepchumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joyce_Chepchumba', 'summary': 'Joyce Chepchumba ( born 6 November 1970 in Kericho ) is a long distance athlete from Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyubov Morgunova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyubov_Morgunova', 'summary': 'Lyubov Vasilyevna Morgunova ( Russian : Любовь Васильевна Моргунова ; born January 14 , 1971 in Respublika Tatarstan ) is a long-distance runner from Russia . She represented her native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , finishing in 23rd place . Morgunova set her personal best in the same year , clocking 2:26:33 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:06', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teyba Erkesso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teyba_Erkesso', 'summary': 'Teyba Erkesso Wako ( born 30 October 1982 in Arsi ) is an Ethiopian runner who specializes in road running ( including the half marathon and marathon ) as well as cross-country running . She began running for Ethiopia internationally at the age of sixteen and won her first gold medal at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , helping the Ethiopian women to a team victory . She formed a key part of Ethiopian team competitions in her early career , helping them reach the podium at international events on numerous occasions . Her first individual medal came at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , where she won the bronze medal in the short race . It was in road running competitions where she made her name . She won the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale at the age of 21 but only switched her focus to road running in 2007 . After a fourth-place finish at the 2009 Chicago Marathon , she set a state record of 2:23:53 at the Houston Marathon ( a personal best ) . She won her first major events in 2010 , placing first in the Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon and then the Boston Marathon . She is perhaps known for pushing the pace during the middle of the race , as she did in Boston and Houston to break away .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race results -- Women 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2001_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_1', 'intro': "The 10th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on 7 October 2001 in the city of Bristol, UK, and was run immediately before that year's Bristol Half Marathon. A total of 200 athletes, 125 men and 75 women, from 52 countries took part. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given. Complete results were published for men, for women, for men's team, and for women's team."} | null | null | What is the rank of the athlete whose nationality ranks 52nd in the Human Development Index ? | 10 |
06ac319326217f9d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team', 'title': 'Ireland cricket team', 'header': ['Player', 'Wickets', 'Average'], 'data': [{'value': 'George Dockrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Dockrell', 'summary': 'George Henry Dockrell ( born 22 July 1992 ) is an Irish cricketer . Dockrell is right-handed batsman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler who plays international cricket for Ireland after learning his cricket at Leinster Cricket Club , Dublin . He was a member of the class of 2010 in Gonzaga College , Dublin . In December 2018 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract by Cricket Ireland for the 2019 season . In January 2020 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract from Cricket Ireland , the first year in which all contracts were awarded on a full-time basis .'}]}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.92', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kevin O'Brien", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kevin_O'Brien_(cricketer)", 'summary': "Kevin Joseph O'Brien ( born 4 March 1984 ) is an Irish cricketer who plays for Ireland , Leinster and Railway Union Cricket Club and has played for several English county cricket clubs . He scored the fastest century ever in 50-over World Cup , coming from 50 balls against England on 2 March 2011 . He was one of the eleven cricketers to play in Ireland 's first ever Test match , against Pakistan , in May 2018 , scoring the first Test century for Ireland men 's cricket and becoming the first sportsperson from Ireland to represent his country 300 times . O'Brien is an aggressive right-handed middle to lower order batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler . He made his One Day International ( ODI ) debut in 2006 in Ireland 's inaugural match . O'Brien played for Nottinghamshire in 2009 , and in 2010 was awarded a contract with Cricket Ireland , making him one of six players with a full-time contract with the board . He was the first player for Ireland to take 100 wickets in ODIs . In December 2018 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract by Cricket Ireland for the 2019 season . In January 2020 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract from Cricket Ireland , the first year in which all contracts were awarded on a full-time basis ."}]}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boyd Rankin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boyd_Rankin', 'summary': "William Boyd Rankin ( born 5 July 1984 ) is an Northern Irish cricketer who plays international cricket for Ireland , and briefly also played for England . He is a right-arm medium-fast bowler . He is the brother of fellow cricketer David Rankin . Born in Derry , Rankin is a tall bowler who stands at 6 ft 8 inches and has a distinctive bouncing action in his bowling . Rankin revealed in an interview that his action is modelled on bowlers like Curtly Ambrose and Glenn McGrath who hit the deck from just back of a length outside off stump . He studied Agriculture at Harper Adams University College in Shropshire , during which time he worked on his batting technique . In August 2012 , Rankin announced that he would cease playing for Ireland , with the hope of one day playing for the English team . He debuted for England against New Zealand in a T20 match on 25 June 2013 , and later played one Test for England during the 2013-14 Ashes series in Australia . With few prospects of a return to the England team , Rankin confirmed in December 2015 that he would commit to playing for Ireland in the upcoming 2016 ICC World Twenty20 . He has subsequently represented Ireland in both 20 and 50-over formats . He was one of the eleven cricketers to play in Ireland 's first ever Test match , against Pakistan , in May 2018 . In December 2018 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract by Cricket Ireland for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Cusack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Cusack', 'summary': "Alex Richard Cusack ( born 29 October 1980 ) is a former Irish cricketer . A club cricketer for Clontarf , Cusack was a carpenter by trade until he was granted a professional contract with the Irish Cricket Union in 2009 . He is a middle-order right-handed batsman and bowls right-arm medium-fast . Cusack made his international debut in 2007 . In 2009 Cusack became one of the first two players to be given contracts with Cricket Ireland . A year later , the number of cricketers with contracts with CI had increased to six , with Cusack still amongst their number . In 2011 Cricket World Cup match against England , Cusack joined with century maker Kevin O'Brien helped for where Irish gained famous win against England . In that World Cup match against England he along with Kevin O'Brien set the highest ever 6th wicket partnership in World Cup history ( 162 ) In August 2015 Cusack announced his retirement from cricket ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trent Johnston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Johnston', 'summary': "David Trent Johnston ( born 29 April 1974 ) , usually known as Trent Johnston , is an Irish former cricketer . Johnston was born in Wollongong , New South Wales , and played his early cricket for New South Wales in Australian domestic competitions . A right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium bowler , he later moved to Ireland , and made his debut for the Ireland cricket team in 2004 . Johnston was subsequently named captain of Ireland , and was a regular fixture in the national team until his retirement in 2013 . In Irish club cricket , he plays for the Railway Union Cricket Club . In October 2007 , he published a book Raiders of the Caribbean ( co-authored with Gerard Siggins ) with The O'Brien Press which tells the story of Ireland 's remarkable performances in the 2007 Cricket World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Adair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Adair', 'summary': 'Mark Richard Adair ( born 27 March 1996 ) is a cricketer from Northern Ireland , who plays international cricket for Ireland . He has also played English county cricket for Warwickshire County Cricket Club . He is a right-arm fast bowler , who also bats right-handed . He made his international debut for the Ireland cricket team in May 2019 . In January 2020 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract from Cricket Ireland , the first year in which all contracts were awarded on a full-time basis .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max Sorensen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Sorensen', 'summary': 'Max Christian Sorensen ( born 18 November 1985 ) is an Irish former international cricketer of South African origin , who played for the Irish national team . Born in Johannesburg , Sorensen is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm fast-medium . He has played for The Hills Cricket Club in Dublin since 2007 . In July 2017 , he announced his retirement from international cricket .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Young_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Craig Alexander Young ( born 4 April 1990 ) is an Irish cricketer . Young is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace . On 26 May 2013 , Young made his first-class debut for Ireland against Scotland . He made his One Day International debut against Scotland in September 2014 , taking 5 wickets for 45 runs . He made his Twenty20 International debut against Scotland on 18 June 2015 . In December 2018 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract by Cricket Ireland for the 2019 season . In January 2020 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract from Cricket Ireland , the first year in which all contracts were awarded on a full-time basis .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26.64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andre Botha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Botha_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Andre Cornelius Botha ( born 12 September 1975 ) is a former Irish cricketer . He played 55 times in all for Ireland , including the 2005 ICC Trophy and the European Championship in 2004 and 2006 . Botha retired in May 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stuart Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Thompson', 'summary': "Stuart Robert Thompson ( born 15 August 1991 ) is an Irish cricketer . Thompson is left-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast . He was one of the eleven cricketers to play in Ireland 's first ever Test match , against Pakistan , in May 2018 . In December 2018 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract by Cricket Ireland for the 2019 season . In January 2020 , he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract from Cricket Ireland , the first year in which all contracts were awarded on a full-time basis ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37.22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Most T20I wickets for Ireland [ 129 ]', 'uid': 'Ireland_cricket_team_5', 'intro': "The Ireland cricket team represents all of Ireland in international cricket. The Irish Cricket Union, operating under the brand Cricket Ireland is the sport's governing body in Ireland, and organises the international team. Ireland participate in all three major forms of the international game; Test, One-Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. They are the 11th Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC), and the second Full Member from Europe, having been awarded Test status, along with Afghanistan, on 22 June 2017. Cricket was introduced to Ireland in the 19th century, and the first match played by an Ireland team was in 1855. Ireland toured Canada and the United States in the late 19th century, and occasionally hosted matches against touring sides. Ireland's most significant international rivalry, with the Scotland national cricket team, was established when the teams first played each other in 1888. Ireland's maiden first-class match was played in 1902. Ireland were elected to Associate membership of the ICC in 1993, but played their first full ODI in 2006 against England in the build-up to the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup, their first successful qualification. At that tournament, a series of eye-catching results against Full Members, including a draw against Zimbabwe, and wins against Pakistan and Bangladesh confirmed Ireland's ODI status after the competition. Since then, they have gone on to play 150 ODIs, resulting in 64 victories, 75 defeats, 8 no results, and 3 ties. Contracts for players were introduced in 2009, marking the transition to becoming a professional team."} | null | null | What is the Average for the Participant born on 22 July 1992 ? | 20.92 |
06ac8e4500e06c7c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1961 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Faul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Faul_(baseball)', 'summary': "William Alvan Faul ( April 21 , 1940 - February 21 , 2002 ) was an American Major League Baseball player , a right-handed pitcher for the Detroit Tigers , Chicago Cubs and San Francisco Giants ( 1962-66 ; 1970 ) . He stood 5 feet 10 inches ( 1.78 m ) tall and weighed 184 pounds ( 83 kg ) . Born in Cincinnati , Faul attended Goshen High School . Playing alongside his brother Jerry , Faul helped Goshen win the 1958 Ohio state baseball championship , then he played baseball at the University of Cincinnati , where he set the school 's strikeout record and once fanned 24 batters in a game . Faul signed with the Tigers in 1962 . Assigned to the Knoxville Smokies of the Sally League , he won six of eight decisions and posted a 2.10 earned run average . After a one-game major-league trial late in 1962 , Faul spent the entire 1963 season with the Tigers . Working as a swing man , he appeared in 28 games pitched , ten as a starter , won five of 11 decisions , had two complete games and one save . But Faul also gained a reputation as one of his buttoned-up era 's more free-spirited players and struggled under old-school manager Chuck Dressen after Dressen took command of the Tigers in mid-season . Faul spent all but one game of the 1964 campaign in Triple-A , where he compiled an outstanding win-loss record ( 11-1 ) but a high earned run average ( 4.05 ) for the Syracuse Chiefs . The Tigers then sold his contract to Cubs during spring training in 1965 . The deal set up Faul 's most successful big-league campaign ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats_baseball', 'summary': 'Cincinnati Bearcats baseball is the varsity intercollegiate team representing the University of Cincinnati in the sport of college baseball at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The team is led by Scott Googins , and plays its home games at Marge Schott Stadium on campus in Cincinnati , Ohio . The Bearcats are members of the American Athletic Conference . Some notable alumni include Hall of Famers Sandy Koufax and Miller Huggins , All-Star and World Series Champion Kevin Youkilis , and All-Star Josh Harrison .'}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Wixson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma State', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Freehan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Freehan', 'summary': 'William Ashley Freehan ( born November 29 , 1941 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played his entire fifteen-year Major League Baseball career as a catcher for the Detroit Tigers . The premier catcher in the American League for several years from the 1960s into the early 1970s , he was named an All-Star in each of the eleven seasons in which he caught at least 75 games , and was the MVP runnerup with the 1968 champions for his handling of a pitching staff that included Mickey Lolich and Denny McLain , who became the first 30-game winner in the majors since 1934 . A five-time Gold Glove Award winner , Freehan held the major league record for highest career fielding percentage ( .9933 ) until 2002 , and also the records for career putouts ( 9,941 ) and total chances ( 10,734 ) from 1975 until the late 1980s ; he ranked ninth in major league history in games caught ( 1,581 ) at the end of his career . His career totals of 200 home runs and 2,502 total bases placed him behind only Yogi Berra and Bill Dickey among AL catchers when he retired .'}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Willie Ryan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Shoemaker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_baseball', 'summary': 'Rutgers Scarlet Knights baseball is the varsity intercollegiate team representing Rutgers University in the sport of college baseball at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The team plays its home games at Bainton Field on campus in Piscataway , New Jersey . The Scarlet Knights are members of the Big Ten Conference , which they joined prior to the 2014 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Quilici', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Quilici', 'summary': 'Francis Ralph Quilici ( May 11 , 1939 - May 14 , 2018 ) was an American professional baseball player , coach and manager who spent his entire Major League Baseball career with the Minnesota Twins . Quilici served the team for all or part of five years as an infielder , 1\u200b1⁄2 years as a coach , and 3\u200b1⁄2 years as manager , then spent six more years as a broadcaster for them . He threw and batted right-handed , stood 6 feet 1 inch ( 1.85 m ) tall and weighed 170 pounds ( 77 kg ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Michigan_Broncos', 'summary': "The Western Michigan Broncos are a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) team representing Western Michigan University ( WMU ) . They compete in the Mid-American Conference in men 's baseball , basketball , football , soccer and tennis ; and women 's basketball , cross-country , golf , gymnastics , soccer , softball , track and field , and volleyball . The men 's ice hockey team competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference . The Broncos also have a flight team , the SkyBroncos , who have won the National Intercollegiate Flying Association ( NIFA ) National Championship award five times . The Broncos have won two NCAA national championships . The men 's cross country team won the NCAA title in 1964 and 1965 . WMU finished as national runners up in 1955 for baseball and 1958 for men 's cross country . The facilities include Waldo Stadium ( football ) , University Arena ( men 's and women 's basketball , volleyball ) , Lawson Arena ( hockey ) , Hyames Field ( baseball ) , Ebert Field ( softball ) , Sorensen Courts/West Hills Athletic Club ( men 's and women 's tennis ) , and Kanley Track ( women 's track and field ) . The soccer teams compete at the WMU Soccer Complex located near the Parkview Campus . The school 's primary rival is Central Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Nossek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Nossek', 'summary': "Joseph Rudolph Nossek ( born November 8 , 1940 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder , coach and scout . He threw and batted right-handed , and stood 6 ' ( 183 cm ) tall and weighed 178 pounds ( 81 kg ) as an active player ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Bobcats', 'summary': "The Ohio Bobcats are the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Ohio University , located in Athens , Ohio , United States . Ohio University is a charter member ( 1946 ) of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , is currently in the East Division of that conference , and sponsors teams in six men 's and ten women 's NCAA sanctioned sports . The football team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest level for college football ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Mooring', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_baseball', 'summary': 'The North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team , commonly referred to as Carolina , represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in NCAA Division I college baseball . They compete in the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Tar Heels play their home games on campus at Boshamer Stadium , and are currently coached by Mike Fox .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Chuck Knutson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns baseball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's baseball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in baseball in 1894 . Texas is the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in terms of win percentage , with an all-time win-loss record of 3585-1354-32 ( .724 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns rank second in all-time wins as of June 11 , 2018 , behind the Fordham Rams . As of the end of the 2018 conference season , Texas has won 78 regular season conference championships and 16 conference tournament championships in baseball . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 ) - tied with LSU and second to Southern California 's total of 12 - and have been the runner-up in the College World Series ( CWS ) Championship Games on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 ) . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 36 ) , most individual CWS games won ( 85 ) , most overall NCAA Tournament games won ( 240 ) , and most NCAA Tournament appearances ( 59 ) ; the second-place programs in these categories have 25 CWS appearances ( Miami ) , wins in 74 CWS games ( Southern California ) , 192 overall NCAA Tournament wins ( Florida State and Miami ) , and 56 NCAA Tournament appearances ( Florida State ) , as of June 11 , 2018 . Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Mark Petkovsek , Greg Swindell , Brandon Belt , and Huston Street . From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , who holds the record for most wins in NCAA baseball history . The team is currently led by third-year head coach David Pierce . Texas plays its home games at UFCU-Disch-Falk Field ."}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1961_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.'} | null | null | What high school did the player who attended the University of Cincinnati attend ? | Goshen High School |
06ac90a92fabf2db | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Black', 'title': 'Claudia Black', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farscape : The Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farscape:_The_Game', 'summary': 'Farscape : The Game is an action-adventure video game , released in 2002 , based on the first season of the science-fiction television show Farscape . It was developed by Red Lemon Studios .'}]}, {'value': 'Aeryn Sun', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lords of EverQuest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lords_of_EverQuest', 'summary': 'Lords of EverQuest is a 3D fantasy real-time strategy game released in December 2003 . It was developed by the short-lived startup company Rapid Eye Entertainment and published by Sony Online Entertainment ( SOE ) . SOE distributes Lords of EverQuest . Unlike the original EverQuest , Lords of EverQuest is fundamentally a single player game , and after the initial payment for the software , does not require a recurring monthly fee in order to play .'}]}, {'value': 'Lady Briana', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'God of War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/God_of_War_(2005_video_game)', 'summary': "God of War is an action-adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCE ) . First released on March 22 , 2005 , for the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) console , it is the first installment in the series of the same name and the third chronologically . Loosely based on Greek mythology , it is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif . The player controls the protagonist Kratos , a Spartan warrior who serves the Olympian Gods . The goddess Athena tasks Kratos with killing Ares , the God of War and Kratos ' former mentor who tricked Kratos into killing his wife and daughter . As Ares besieges Athens out of hatred for Athena , Kratos embarks on a quest to find the one object capable of stopping the god once and for all : Pandora 's Box . The gameplay of God of War focuses on combo-based combat , achieved through the player 's main weapon - the Blades of Chaos - and a secondary weapon acquired later in the game . It features quick time events that require the player to complete various game controller actions in a timed sequence to defeat stronger enemies and bosses . The player can use up to four magical attacks and a power-enhancing ability as alternative combat options . It also features puzzles and platforming elements . God of War sold more than 4.6 million copies worldwide , making it the eleventh best-selling PlayStation 2 game of all time . Regarded as one of the best action-adventure games for the platform , it won several Game of the Year awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Artemis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artemis', 'summary': "Artemis ( /ˈɑːrtɪmɪs/ ; Greek : Ἄρτεμις Artemis , Attic Greek : [ ár.te.mis ] ) , in the ancient Greek religion and myth , is the goddess of the hunt , the wilderness , wild animals , the Moon , and chastity . Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto , and the twin sister of Apollo . She was the patron and protector of young girls , and was believed to bring disease upon women and relieve them of it . Artemis was worshipped as one of the primary goddesses of childbirth and midwifery along with Eileithyia . Much like Athena and Hestia , Artemis preferred to remain a maiden and is sworn never to marry . Artemis was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities and her temple at Ephesus was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Artemis ' symbols included a bow and arrow , a quiver and hunting knives and the deer and the cypress were sacred to her . The goddess Diana is her Roman equivalent worshipped on the Aventine Hill near Lake Nemi and in Campania ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neopets : The Darkest Faerie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neopets:_The_Darkest_Faerie', 'summary': 'Neopets : The Darkest Faerie is an action-adventure game in the Neopets franchise , developed by Idol Minds and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fauna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project Sylpheed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project_Sylpheed', 'summary': "Project Sylpheed ( プロジェクト シルフィード , Purojekuto Shirufido ) , also known as Project Sylpheed : Arc of Deception in North America , is a space simulation game for the Xbox 360 console . It was developed by SETA and published by Square Enix and Microsoft . The game is acknowledged as the spiritual successor to the Silpheed video game series , which comprised 3D rail shooters : players pilot a starfighter , shooting incoming enemies on a vertically scrolling third-person playing field . Project Sylpheed uses full 3D computer graphics and allows the player to instead pilot his or her spacecraft in any direction . Project Sylpheed 's plot is set in a fictional 27th century where an interstellar human empire is about to erupt into a civil war . The game pits the protagonist and his spacecraft , configured with a variety of weapons and augmentations , against masses of small enemy fighters and large capital warships . The game is interjected at various points with cutscenes that reveal the story . Critical opinions on Project Sylpheed were mixed ; reviews varied from considering it an exciting cinematic shooter to calling it a clichéd and complicated simulator . Microsoft considered the game a commercial success , branding it one of Xbox 360 's Platinum Collection ."}]}, {'value': 'Narrator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conan_(2007_video_game)', 'summary': "Conan is a 2007 action-adventure game developed by Nihilistic Software and published by THQ for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Players take control of the titular hero , Conan the Barbarian , from Robert E. Howard 's fantasy literature . Its Nihilistic Software was inspired by the God of War and Ninja Gaiden video games to create an experience featuring gore and nudity . In Conan , the hero is on a quest to recover his lost armor and defeat an evil wizard . Conan can fight with sword and shield , two-handed weapons , or a weapon in each hand . Starting with several basic attacks , the barbarian gains experience points by killing enemies . By exchanging these points for additional attacks , players improve the hero 's fighting abilities . Magic powers complement Conan 's arsenal , including the abilities to turn enemies into stone and conjure firestorms . The game also features context-sensitive action sequences in which players press a sequence of buttons displayed on the screen to complete actions such as killing powerful enemies and interacting with the environment . Critics enjoyed Conan 's combat system and gory kills , but said the game failed to match the experience offered in God of War . Reactions varied on the game 's depiction of the Conan universe ; several critics praised the emulation of Frank Frazetta 's famous artwork , but others found the game 's graphics drab and of low resolution . Regarding the audio , Golden Globe-winning actor Ron Perlman was both praised and criticized for his voice work as Conan ."}]}, {'value': "A'Kanna", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crysis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crysis', 'summary': 'Crysis is a first-person shooter video game series developed by German developer Crytek and published by Electronic Arts . The series revolves around a group of military protagonists with nanosuits , technologically advanced suits of armor that allow them to gain enhanced physical strength , speed , defense , and cloaking abilities . The protagonists face off against hostile North Korean soldiers , heavily armed mercenaries , and a race of technologically advanced aliens known as the Ceph , who arrived on Earth millions of years ago and have recently been awakened . The series consists of three main installments , a standalone spinoff of the first game with a separate multiplayer title , and a compilation .'}]}, {'value': 'Helena', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uncharted_2:_Among_Thieves', 'summary': "Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves is a 2009 action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the second game in the Uncharted series , and was released in October 2009 for PlayStation 3 . Set two years after the events of Drake 's Fortune , the single-player story follows Nathan Drake , who partners with Chloe Frazer and Elena Fisher , as they search for the Cintamani Stone and Shambhala , whilst battling a mercenary group led by Zoran Lazarević and Harry Flynn . Development for Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves began immediately following the critical and commercial success of the first entry . The development team drew inspiration from explorer Marco Polo , and specifically , from his expeditions through archipelagos and eastern Asia . Naughty Dog also aimed to improve the game 's proprietary engine , creating the game to run exclusively on the company 's Naughty Engine 2.0 system . This allowed the developers to record extensive motion capture and more in-game cinematic sequences , as well as include an online multiplayer component ; a first for the series . Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves received universal acclaim from critics for its elaborate set pieces , character design , storytelling , graphics , technical innovation , and gameplay mechanics . It received Game of the Year accolades from numerous publications and award events , and is considered to be one of the greatest video games ever made , and among the most significant titles for the seventh console generation . It also enjoyed great commercial success , with over six million copies sold worldwide . The game was followed by a sequel titled Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception in 2011 , and was re-released on PlayStation 4 as part of Uncharted : The Nathan Drake Collection ."}]}, {'value': 'Chloe Frazer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chloe_Frazer', 'summary': "Chloe Frazer is a fictional character in the Uncharted series , developed by Naughty Dog . Chloe , like series protagonist Nathan Drake , is a treasure hunter who has a romantic history with Drake . Introduced in Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , she later appears in Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , and becomes the main protagonist in Uncharted : The Lost Legacy . Chloe is initially depicted as a strong character who aggressively looks out for her own interests , although over the course of The Lost Legacy she evolves into a more heroic and selfless individual . She is portrayed by Claudia Black through voice and motion capture . Chloe was designed to provide a darker counterpart to Drake , while Black compared her personality to that of Indiana Jones . The character was well-received by gamers and the press , who noted her independence and sensuality while also considering her to be unique and fun ; character designer Justin Richmond stated that she was one of his favorite characters in the series to create ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Age : Origins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Age:_Origins', 'summary': "Dragon Age : Origins is a role-playing game developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts . It is the first game in the Dragon Age franchise , and was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 in November 2009 , and for Mac OS X in December 2009 . Set in the fictional kingdom of Ferelden during a period of civil strife , the game puts the player in the role of a warrior , mage , or rogue coming from an elven , human , or dwarven background . The player character is recruited into the Grey Wardens , an ancient order that stands against demonic forces known as Darkspawn , and is tasked with defeating the Archdemon that commands them and ending their invasion . The game is played from a third-person perspective that can be shifted to a top-down perspective . Throughout the game , players encounter various companions , who play major roles in the game 's plot and gameplay . BioWare described Dragon Age : Origins as a dark heroic fantasy set in a unique world , and a spiritual successor to their previous Baldur 's Gate and Neverwinter Nights franchises . Its setting was inspired by The Lord of the Rings and A Song of Ice & Fire , and was described by BioWare as a mix between high fantasy and low fantasy . Development of the game began in 2002 and BioWare employed more than 144 voice-actors , and hired Inon Zur to compose the game 's music . The development of the game 's console versions was outsourced to Edge of Reality . Origins received critical acclaim upon release , with praise mostly directed at its story , setting , characters , music and combat system . It sold more than 3.2 million copies and 1 million pieces of downloadable content ."}]}, {'value': 'Morrigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Characters_of_Dragon_Age', 'summary': "This list of characters describes notable characters who appear in the games Dragon Age : Origins , Dragon Age : Origins - Awakening , Dragon Age II , and Dragon Age : Inquisition . This list describes only protagonists , antagonists , party members and major supporting characters that appear in the games . Certain characters have names chosen by the player ( such as the protagonist in each game ) . These characters are designated the name they are addressed by in-game . In the case of party members , personal quests are also noted as these explore the characters ' background ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mass Effect 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mass_Effect_2', 'summary': "Mass Effect 2 is an action role-playing video game developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts . It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 in 2010 , and PlayStation 3 in 2011 . Mass Effect 2 is the second installment of the Mass Effect series and a sequel to the original Mass Effect . The game takes place within the Milky Way galaxy during the 22nd century , where humanity is threatened by an insectoid species known as the Collectors . The player assumes the role of Commander Shepard , an elite human soldier who must construct and gain the loyalty of a diverse team and stop the enemy in a suicide mission . With the use of a completed saved game of its predecessor , the player can impact the story of the game in numerous ways . For the game , BioWare changed several gameplay elements and put further emphasis on third-person shooter aspects , including limited ammunition and regenerable health . In contrast to the exclusive focus on the main story of the original Mass Effect , the developers opted to create a plot where optional missions had as much intensity as the main mission . Mass Effect composer Jack Wall returned to compose Mass Effect 2 's music , aiming for a darker and more mature sound to match the mood of the game . Mass Effect 2 also supports a variety of downloadable content packs , ranging from single in-game character outfits to entirely new plot-related missions . Notable packs include Kasumi - Stolen Memory , Overlord , Lair of the Shadow Broker , and Arrival . Mass Effect 2 was a commercial success and received critical acclaim from video game publications , with the Xbox 360 version holding a score of 96 out of 100 at the review aggregate website Metacritic ."}]}, {'value': "Admiral Daro'Xen vas Moreh , Matriarch Aethyta", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Final Fantasy XIV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIV_(2010_video_game)', 'summary': "Final Fantasy XIV [ b ] is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) for Microsoft Windows personal computers , developed and published by Square Enix in 2010 . It is the fourteenth entry in the main Final Fantasy series and the second MMORPG in the series after Final Fantasy XI . Set in the fantasy realm of Eorzea , players take control of a customized avatar as they explore the land and are caught up in both an invasion by the hostile Garlean Empire and the threat of the Primals , the deities of the land 's Beastmen tribes . Eventually , they are embroiled in a plot by a Garlean Legatus to destroy the Primals by bringing one of the planet 's moons down on Eorzea . The game had been in development since 2005 under the codename Rapture , and was announced in 2009 for Windows and the PlayStation 3 video game console . It ran on Square Enix 's Crystal Tools middleware engine , which was adjusted to suit the game 's specifications . During development , the team carried over multiple aesthetic elements from Final Fantasy XI while attempting to create something that stood on its own . Due to several factors , the development was beset by problems that would later have drastic effects on the game . Attempts to bring the game to Xbox 360 consoles fell through due to disagreements with Microsoft about the use of Xbox Live . After its alpha test and a delayed beta test , the game went live on September 30 , 2010 ( September 30 , 2010 ) , remaining active until its servers were closed on November 11 , 2012 ( November 11 , 2012 ) . At launch , the game was met with a negative response : while the graphics and music were praised , other aspects were unanimously panned , including the gameplay , interface , and the general impression of the game being unfinished . Critic and fan backlash caused Square Enix to suspend subscription fees , indefinitely postpone the PlayStation 3 version , and replace the development team leadership , with Naoki Yoshida as producer and director ."}]}, {'value': 'Narrator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TERA : The Exiled Realm of Arborea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TERA_(video_game)', 'summary': "TERA ( short for The Exiled Realm of Arborea ) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) developed by Bluehole Studio . The game was released in South Korea on 25 January 2011 , in North America on 1 May 2012 , and in Europe on 3 May 2012 , with closed and open beta testings taking place before the launch dates . NHN Corporation , NHN Japan Corporation , En Masse Entertainment and Gameforge publishes the game in these regions , respectively . In February 2013 the game was renamed to TERA : Rising concurrently with the game 's launch to the free-to-play model . In September 2014 , the game was renamed to TERA : Fate of Arun in the same patch that added a new level cap and expanded TERA 's horizons with the new continent in Northern Arun : Val Oriyn cut off from the rest of the world for centuries , Northern Arun is a land of savage jungles , colossal ruins , and the undiscovered homeland of the Barakas . The patch became effective on December 2014 in America and Europe . The game has over 26 million players on PC as of May 2017 , and 2 million players on consoles as of May 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Elf Commander Fraya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gears of War 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gears_of_War_3', 'summary': 'Gears of War 3 is a military science fiction third-person shooter video game developed by Epic Games and published by Microsoft Studios for the Xbox 360 . It is the third installment of the Gears of War series . Originally due for release on April 8 , 2011 , the game was delayed and eventually released on September 20 , 2011 . The story was written by science fiction author Karen Traviss . Like its predecessors , the game received widespread critical acclaim from critics . Critics praised its story , voice acting , graphics and visuals , and music , but criticized its lack of innovation . Gears of War 3 sold over 3 million copies and was the second best selling game in the U.S. A sequel , titled Gears of War 4 , was announced in June 2015 and was released on October 11 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Samantha Byrne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rage_(video_game)', 'summary': "Rage ( stylized as RⒶGE ) is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software , released in November 2010 for iOS , in October 2011 for Microsoft Windows , the PlayStation 3 , and the Xbox 360 , and in February 2012 for OS X . It was first shown as a tech demo at the 2007 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference and was announced at the QuakeCon . Rage uses id Software 's id Tech 5 game engine and was the final game released by the company under the supervision of founder John Carmack . Rage is set in a post-apocalyptic near future , following the impact of the asteroid 99942 Apophis on Earth . Players take control of Nicholas Raine , a soldier put into hibernation in an underground shelter who emerges into the wasteland a century later , and finds himself a wanted man by an oppressive organization known as The Authority . The game has been described as similar to the movie Mad Max 2 , and video games such as Fallout and Borderlands . Rage received mainly positive reviews , with reviewers praising the game 's combat mechanics and graphics while criticizing the lack of story , characters , and direction . The iOS version , titled Rage : Mutant Bash TV , was also released in 2010 . A sequel , Rage 2 , was released on May 14 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mel , Sally', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Uncharted_3:_Drake's_Deception", 'summary': "Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception is a 2011 action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the third game in the Uncharted series , and was released in November 2011 for the PlayStation 3 . The single-player story follows Nathan Drake , who partners with his mentor Victor Sullivan as they search for the legendary lost city the Iram of the Pillars , whilst competing with a mercenary group led by Sullivan 's former employer , Katherine Marlowe . Development for Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception began in 2010 . For the first time in the company 's history , Naughty Dog split into two teams ; while one team developed Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , the other half developed The Last of Us . Development was approached with incorporating locations distinct from the series ' previous entries , with the team deciding on a desert and urban areas , while they drew inspiration for the plot from archaeologist T. E. Lawrence . Naughty Dog also aimed to upgrade the game 's openness and realism , which was done through increasing the volume of motion capture and voice acting , as well as conducting field research for better visual environments and sounds . The development team also sought to improve the multiplayer system , which included new competitive and cooperative modes , while the game is also notable for being one of the first to carry the new online PlayStation Network Pass feature . Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception received critical acclaim from critics , with praise for its writing , voice acting , graphics , cinematic quality and story , while criticism was directed at the lack of single-player unlockables and minor technical issues . Nonetheless , the game received Game of the Year accolades from numerous publications and award events , and was a commercial success , selling over six million copies worldwide . The game was followed by a sequel titled Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End in 2016 , and was re-released on PlayStation 4 as part of Uncharted : The Nathan Drake Collection ."}]}, {'value': 'Chloe Frazer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mass Effect 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mass_Effect_3', 'summary': "Mass Effect 3 is an action role-playing video game developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts . The final installment of the Mass Effect trilogy , it was first released in March 2012 for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 . A Wii U version of the game , entitled Mass Effect 3 : Special Edition , was later released in November 2012 . Mass Effect 3 is set within the Milky Way Galaxy in 2186 , where civilization is invaded by a highly advanced machine race of synthetic-organic starships known as Reapers . It concludes the story of Commander Shepard , an elite human soldier who is tasked with forging alliances between species for the war . Similar to Mass Effect 2 , the player can import a completed saved game into Mass Effect 3 that influences the plot by taking previous decisions into account . In general , Mass Effect 3 revolves around increasing military strength by completing missions and gathering resources . As BioWare designed the game to be accessible to both old and new players , many of the series ' traditional gameplay elements remain , such as cover-based third-person shooting , but new aspects are introduced as well , such as a multiplayer component . The game 's score was written by a variety of composers , who aimed for a balance between the orchestral sound of Mass Effect 2 and the synthesizer-driven sound of the original Mass Effect . Mass Effect 3 received critical acclaim for its art direction , characters , emotional story , improved combat , soundtrack , and voice acting . However , its ending was poorly received by fans , who felt that it did not meet expectations . In response to the controversy , BioWare released the Extended Cut downloadable content pack , which expands upon the original ending ."}]}, {'value': "Admiral Daro'Xen vas Moreh , Matriarch Aethyta", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diablo III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diablo_III', 'summary': 'Diablo III is a hack-and-slash action role-playing game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment as the third installment in the Diablo franchise . It was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X in May 2012 , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in September 2013 , the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in August 2014 , and the Nintendo Switch in November 2018 . Players choose to play as one of seven character classes - Barbarian , Crusader , Demon Hunter , Monk , Necromancer , Witch Doctor , or Wizard - and are tasked with defeating the Lord of Terror , Diablo , as in previous games in the series . An expansion pack entitled Reaper of Souls was released for PC in March 2014 . It was released for consoles as part of the Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition version in August 2014 . The Rise of the Necromancer pack was released for the Windows , macOS , and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2017 . Diablo III : Eternal Collection , combining Reaper of Souls and Rise of the Necromancer , was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2017 , and for the Nintendo Switch in November 2018 . The game received critical acclaim , although its always-on DRM feature was criticized . The game set a new record for fastest-selling PC game by selling over 3.5 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release , and became the best-selling PC game of 2012 by selling over 12 million copies . As of August 2015 , the number of sales had grown to over 30 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Cydaea , Mistress of Pain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Amazing Spider-Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_(2012_video_game)', 'summary': "The Amazing Spider-Man is an open world action-adventure video game , based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man , and the 2012 film of the same name . It was developed by Beenox and published by Activision . It was released on June 26 in North America and on June 29 , 2012 in Europe , for Nintendo DS , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Android , iOS , and Microsoft Windows . A version for the Wii U was released March 5 , 2013 in North America and March 8 , 2013 in Europe as The Amazing Spider-Man : Ultimate Edition in both regions . A PlayStation Vita version was also released in November 2013 . It was directed by Gerard Lehiany and written by Seamus Kevin Fahey , Benjamin Schirtz and Gérard Lehiany . The game serves as an alternate epilogue to The Amazing Spider-Man film , which is later seen in the sequel game revealed to be an alternate version of the movie . The Nintendo 3DS and Wii versions feature a different , more linear game with the same script and plot and it does n't feature an open world environment , instead following a style of approach similar to that of Star Wars : The Force Unleashed , where the player selects a level from a hub , in this case , Stan 's apartment , before playing a mostly linear level . It was natively designed for the 3DS and later ported to the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'Whitney Chang', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diablo III : Reaper of Souls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diablo_III:_Reaper_of_Souls', 'summary': 'Diablo III : Reaper of Souls is the first expansion pack for the action role-playing video game Diablo III . It was revealed at Gamescom 2013 . It was released for the PC and Mac versions of Diablo III on March 25 , 2014 . The expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition version for consoles on August 19 for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . That edition expanded the base Diablo III game on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and brought the game for the first time to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . In August 2018 , it was announced it would be coming for Nintendo Switch and it was released in November 2018 that included exclusive content .'}]}, {'value': 'Cydaea , Mistress of Pain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destiny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Destiny_(video_game)', 'summary': "Destiny is an online-only multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and previously published by Activision . Destiny is now self-published by Bungie after separating from Activision in 2019 . It was released worldwide on September 9 , 2014 , for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One consoles . Destiny marked Bungie 's first new console franchise since the Halo series , and it was the first game in a ten-year agreement between Bungie and Activision . Set in a mythic science fiction world , the game features a multiplayer shared-world environment with elements of role-playing games . Activities in Destiny are divided among player versus environment ( PvE ) and player versus player ( PvP ) game types . In addition to normal story missions , PvE features three-player strikes and six-player raids . A free roam patrol mode is also available for each planet and features public events . PvP features objective-based modes , as well as traditional deathmatch game modes . Players take on the role of a Guardian , protectors of Earth 's last safe city as they wield a power called Light to protect the City from different alien races . Guardians are tasked with reviving a celestial being called the Traveler , while journeying to different planets to investigate and destroy the alien threats before humanity is completely wiped out . Bungie released four expansion packs , furthering the story , and adding new content , missions , and new PvP modes ."}]}, {'value': 'Tess Everis', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Video games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Claudia_Black_2', 'intro': "Claudia Lee Black (born 11 October 1972) is an Australian actress and voice actress, best known for her portrayals of Aeryn Sun in Farscape, Vala Mal Doran in Stargate SG-1 and Sharon Shazza Montgomery in the film Pitch Black. She has had prominent roles in video games, such as Chloe Frazer in Uncharted, Morrigan in Dragon Age, Admiral Daro'Xen and Matriarch Aethyta in Mass Effect and Samantha Byrne in Gears of War 3, Gears of War 4 , & Gears of War 5. She also had a recurring role as Dahlia in The Originals and starred as Dr. Sabine Lommers in The CW's Containment."} | null | null | What stone is being searched for in the 2009 game in which Claudi Black had the role of Chloe Frazer ? | Cintamani Stone |
06ae6fdb861eb544 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dickinson_College_alumni', 'title': 'List of Dickinson College alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Spencer Fullerton Baird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird', 'summary': 'Spencer Fullerton Baird ( /ˈbɛərd/ ; February 3 , 1823 - August 19 , 1887 ) was an American naturalist , ornithologist , ichthyologist , herpetologist , and museum curator . Baird was the first curator to be named at the Smithsonian Institution . He would eventually serve as assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian from 1850 to 1878 , and as Secretary from 1878 until 1887 . He was dedicated to expanding the natural history collections of the Smithsonian which he increased from 6,000 specimens in 1850 to over 2 million by the time of his death . He published over 1,000 works during his lifetime .'}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution', 'summary': "The Smithsonian Institution ( /smɪθˈsoʊniən/ smith-SOH-nee-ən ) , also known simply as the Smithsonian , is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States . It was founded on August 10 , 1846 , for the increase and diffusion of knowledge . The institution is named after its founding donor , British scientist James Smithson . It was originally organized as the United States National Museum , but that name ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967 . Termed the nation 's attic for its eclectic holdings of 154 million items , the Institution 's 19 museums , 21 libraries , nine research centers , and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks , mostly located in the District of Columbia . Additional facilities are located in Arizona , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York City , Pittsburgh , Texas , Virginia , and Panama . More than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states , [ note 1 ] Puerto Rico , and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates . The Institution 's 30 million annual visitors are admitted without charge . Its annual budget is around $ 1.2 billion , with two-thirds coming from annual federal appropriations . Other funding comes from the Institution 's endowment , private and corporate contributions , membership dues , and earned retail , concession , and licensing revenue . Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark A. Barnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_A._Barnett', 'summary': 'Mark Allen Barnett ( born 1963 ) is a United States Judge of the United States Court of International Trade .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge of the United States Court of International Trade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade', 'summary': "The United States Court of International Trade ( in case citations , Int ' l Trade or Intl . Trade ) , formerly the United States Customs Court , and before that the Board of General Appraisers , is an Article III court , with full powers in law and equity . The Customs Court Act of 1980 replaced the old United States Customs Court with the United States Court of International Trade . The court has nine sitting judges , as well as senior judges . The court sits in New York City , although it is authorized to sit elsewhere , including in foreign nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard L. T. Beale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_L._T._Beale', 'summary': 'Richard Lee Turberville Beale ( May 22 , 1819 - April 21 , 1893 ) was a lawyer , three-term United States Congressman from the Commonwealth of Virginia , and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'DNG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph M. Belford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_M._Belford', 'summary': 'Joseph McCrum Belford ( August 5 , 1852 - May 3 , 1917 ) was an American politician and a United States Representative from New York .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}, {'value': 'John O. Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_O._Bennett', 'summary': 'John O. Bennett III ( born August 6 , 1948 ) is a former New Jersey Republican politician who served as State Senator and between 2002 and 2004 as President of the State Senate . Bennett served as Acting Governor of New Jersey for four days in January 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'DNG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former State Senator of New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate', 'summary': 'The New Jersey Senate was established as the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature by the Constitution of 1844 , replacing the Legislative Council . There are 40 legislative districts , representing districts with average populations of 210,359 ( 2000 figure ) . Each district has one senator and two members of the New Jersey General Assembly , the lower house of the legislature . Prior to the election in which they are chosen , senators must be a minimum of 30 years old and a resident of the state for four years to be eligible to serve in office . From 1844 until 1965 ( when redistricting could be done following the Reynolds v. Sims decision ) , each county was an electoral district electing one senator . Under the 1844 Constitution the term of office was three years , which was changed to four years with the 1947 Constitution . Since 1968 the Senate has consisted of 40 senators , who are elected in a 2-4-4 cycle . Senators serve a two-year term at the beginning of each decade , with the rest of the decade divided into two four-year terms . The 2-4-4 cycle was put into place so that Senate elections can reflect the changes made to the district boundaries on the basis of the decennial United States Census . If the cycle were not put into place , then the boundaries would sometimes be four years out of date before being used for Senate elections . Rather , with the varied term , the boundaries are only two years out of date . Thus elections for Senate seats take place in years ending with a 1 , 3 or 7 ( i.e .'}]}, {'value': 'James Buchanan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buchanan', 'summary': "James Buchanan Jr. ( /bjuːˈkænən/ ; April 23 , 1791 - June 1 , 1868 ) served as the 15th president of the United States from 1857 to 1861 , serving directly prior to the American Civil War . A member of the Democratic Party for much of his career , Buchanan served as Secretary of State and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress before becoming President . Born in Cove Gap , Pennsylvania , Buchanan became a prominent lawyer and won election to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a Federalist . In 1820 , he won election to the U.S. House of Representatives , aligning with Andrew Jackson 's Democratic Party . He served as Jackson 's Minister to Russia , then won election as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania . In 1845 , he was appointed to serve as President James K. Polk 's Secretary of State . He was a major contender for his party 's presidential nomination throughout the 1840s and 1850s and was finally nominated in 1856 , defeating incumbent President Franklin Pierce and Senator Stephen A. Douglas at the 1856 Democratic National Convention . Buchanan and running mate John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky defeated Republican John C. Frémont and Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore to win the 1856 presidential election . President Buchanan supported the Dred Scott decision and joined with Southern leaders in attempting to admit Kansas to the Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution . In the process , he angered Republicans and alienated many Northern Democrats . Buchanan held to his pledge to serve only one term and supported Breckinridge 's unsuccessful candidacy in the 1860 presidential election . Several Southern states seceded from the U.S. after Republican Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , and the American Civil War began just weeks after Buchanan left office ."}]}, {'value': '1809', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifteenth President of the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}]}, {'value': 'William W. Caldwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_W._Caldwell', 'summary': 'William W. Caldwell II ( November 10 , 1925 - May 19 , 2019 ) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania ( in case citations , M.D . Pa. ) is a district level federal court with jurisdiction over approximately one half of Pennsylvania . The court was created in 1901 by subdividing the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania . The court is under the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . Because Harrisburg , the state capital , is located within the district 's jurisdiction , most suits against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are filed in the Middle District . Similarly , because York County Prison served as the largest Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) facility in the Northeast , the Middle District also adjudicated many immigration cases . The courts of appeal are now responsible for most judicial review of immigration decisions , bypassing the Middle District and other district courts . Judge Christopher C. Conner is the Chief Judge for the Middle District of Pennsylvania ; Martin John Pane is the United States Marshal for the Middle District of Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'William Creighton Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Creighton_Jr.', 'summary': 'William Creighton Jr. ( October 29 , 1778 - October 1 , 1851 ) was the 1st Secretary of State of Ohio , a United States Representative from Ohio and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Ohio .'}]}, {'value': '1795', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Representative from Ohio ; Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Representative', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Ohio', 'summary': 'The following are former United States district courts , which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units . With the exception of California , each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state , and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population . Two of the district courts - those of South Carolina and New Jersey - were subdivided but later recreated . Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress , and for each such action , the statutory reference is identified .'}]}, {'value': 'John Creswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Creswell', 'summary': "John Andrew Jackson Creswell ( November 18 , 1828 - December 23 , 1891 ) was an American politician and abolitionist from Maryland , who served as United States Representative , United States Senator , and as Postmaster General of the United States appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant . Creswell is considered to be one of the ablest , if not the best , Postmaster General in United States history . Creswell modernized the U.S . Postal system to adapt to an expanding demand for increased postal routes throughout the Western states and remain competitive worldwide . Creswell also integrated the U.S . Postal system appointing both male and female African American postmasters throughout the United States , giving them significant positions of federal authority . Sweeping and constructive reforms of the U.S . Postal system took place during Creswell 's tenure , including securing fair competition among Star Route carriages , and the abolishment of the franking system . Creswell developed a codified classification system of offenses against postal laws . Creswell streamlined and reduced postal costs making the United States Postal System run efficiently creating a fair pricing system domestically , and reducing international mailing prices . Creswell developed and implemented the United States first penny postcard . After attending a local academy , Creswell graduated from Dickinson College in 1848 and passed the bar in 1850 ."}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Harmar Denny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmar_Denny', 'summary': 'Harmar Denny ( May 13 , 1794 - January 29 , 1852 ) was an American businessman and Anti-Masonic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': '1813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ninian Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninian_Edwards', 'summary': "Ninian Edwards ( March 17 , 1775 - July 20 , 1833 ) was a founding political figure of the state of Illinois . He served as the only governor of the Illinois Territory from 1809 to 1818 , as one of the first two United States Senators from Illinois from 1818 to 1824 , and as the third Governor of Illinois from 1826 to 1830 . In a time and place where personal coalitions were more influential than parties , Edwards led one of the two main factions in frontier Illinois politics . Born in Maryland , Edwards began his political career in Kentucky , where he served as a legislator and judge . He rose to the position of Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in 1808 , at the time Kentucky 's highest court . In 1809 , U.S. President James Madison appointed him to govern the newly created Illinois Territory . He held that post for three terms , overseeing the territory 's transition first to democratic second grade government , and then to statehood in 1818 . On its second day in session , the Illinois General Assembly elected Edwards to the U.S. Senate , where conflict with rivals damaged him politically . Edwards won an unlikely 1826 election to become Governor of Illinois . Conflict with the legislature over state bank regulations marked Edwards ' administration , as did the pursuit of Indian removal . As governor or territorial governor he twice sent Illinois militia against Native Americans , in the War of 1812 and the Winnebago War , and signed treaties for the cession of Native American land . Edwards returned to private life when his term ended in 1830 and died of cholera two years later ."}]}, {'value': '1792', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third Governor of Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Powhatan Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis', 'summary': 'Powhatan Ellis ( January 17 , 1790 - March 18 , 1863 ) was a United States Senator from Mississippi and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': '1810', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Senator from Mississippi ; Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senator', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Mississippi', 'summary': 'The following are former United States district courts , which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units . With the exception of California , each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state , and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population . Two of the district courts - those of South Carolina and New Jersey - were subdivided but later recreated . Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress , and for each such action , the statutory reference is identified .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard H. Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_H._Ellis', 'summary': 'Richard Hastings Ellis ( July 19 , 1919 - March 28 , 1989 ) was a United States Air Force general who served as the commander in chief of the Strategic Air Command and director of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff with headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska . He was also director of the Joint Strategic Connectivity Staff .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former commander in chief of the Strategic Air Command', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command', 'summary': "Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) was both a United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) Specified Command and a United States Air Force ( USAF ) Major Command ( MAJCOM ) , responsible for Cold War command and control of two of the three components of the U.S. military 's strategic nuclear strike forces , the so-called nuclear triad , with SAC having control of land-based strategic bomber aircraft and intercontinental ballistic missiles or ICBMs ( the third leg of the triad being submarine-launched ballistic missiles ( SLBM ) of the U.S. Navy ) . SAC also operated all strategic reconnaissance aircraft , all strategic airborne command post aircraft , and all USAF aerial refueling aircraft , to include those in the Air Force Reserve ( AFRES ) and Air National Guard ( ANG ) . However , SAC did not operate the KB-50 , WB-50 and WB-47 weather reconnaissance aircraft operated through the mid and late 1960s by the Air Weather Service , nor did SAC operate the HC-130 or MC-130 operations aircraft capable of aerial refueling helicopters that were assigned to Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) , then Military Airlift Command ( MAC ) , and from 1990 onward , those MC-130 aircraft operated by the Air Force Special Operations Command ( AFSOC ) , or any AFRES ( now Air Force Reserve Command ( AFRC ) ) or ANG tactical aerial refueling aircraft ( e.g. , HC-130 , MC-130 ) operationally gained by TAC , MAC or AFSOC . SAC primarily consisted of the Second Air Force ( 2AF ) , Eighth Air Force ( 8AF ) and the Fifteenth Air Force ( 15AF ) , while SAC headquarters ( HQ SAC ) included Directorates for Operations & Plans , Intelligence , Command & Control , Maintenance , Training , Communications , and Personnel . At a lower echelon , SAC headquarters divisions included Aircraft Engineering , Missile Concept , and Strategic Communications . In 1992 , as part of an overall post-Cold War reorganization of the U.S. Air Force , SAC was disestablished as both a Specified Command and as a MAJCOM , and its personnel and equipment redistributed among the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) , Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) , Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ) , United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) , and Air Education and Training Command ( AETC ) , while SAC 's central headquarters complex at Offutt AFB , Nebraska was concurrently transferred to the newly created United States Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) , which was established as a joint Unified Combatant Command to replace SAC 's Specified Command role . In 2009 , SAC 's previous USAF MAJCOM role was reactivated and redesignated as the Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) , with AFGSC eventually acquiring claimancy and control of all USAF bomber aircraft and the USAF strategic ICBM force ."}]}, {'value': 'Clement Finley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clement_Finley', 'summary': 'Clement Alexander Finley ( May 11 , 1797 - September 8 , 1879 ) , was the 10th Surgeon General of the United States Army , May 15 , 1861 - April 14 , 1862 .'}]}, {'value': '1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th Surgeon General of the United States Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': "The Surgeon General of the United States Army is the senior-most officer of the U.S. Army Medical Department ( AMEDD ) . By policy , the Surgeon General ( TSG ) serves as Commanding General , U.S. Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) as well as head of the AMEDD . The surgeon general 's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General ( OTSG ) and are located in Falls Church , Virginia . Since 1959 , TSG has been appointed in the grade of lieutenant general . By law , TSG may be appointed from any of the six officer branches of the AMEDD . However , prior to the 43rd Surgeon General , Lt. Gen. Patricia Horoho - an Army Nurse Corps officer - all appointed and confirmed surgeons general have been Medical Corps officers - military physicians . The incumbent Surgeon General is medical administrator Lieutenant General R. Scott Dingle , a Medical Service Corps officer . The 44th Army Surgeon LTG Nadja West retired on July 19 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'George P. Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_P._Fisher', 'summary': 'George Purnell Fisher ( October 13 , 1817 - February 10 , 1899 ) was Attorney General of Delaware , Secretary of State of Delaware , a United States Representative from Delaware and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia , now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia .'}]}, {'value': '1838', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Representative from Delaware ; Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Representative', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia', 'summary': 'The United States District Court for the District of Columbia ( in case citations , D.D.C . ) is a federal district court . Appeals from the District are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'George Gekas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Gekas', 'summary': "George William Gekas ( born April 14 , 1930 ) is an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania 's 17th congressional district from 1983 to 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Gerlach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Gerlach', 'summary': "James Gerlach ( born February 25 , 1955 ) is the former U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania 's 6th congressional district , serving from 2003 to 2015 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Gerlach retired from Congress after completing his sixth term ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kermit Gosnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kermit_Gosnell', 'summary': "Kermit Barron Gosnell ( born February 9 , 1941 ) is an American physician and former abortion provider who was convicted of murdering three infants who were born alive during attempted abortion procedures ; he was also convicted of involuntary manslaughter of one woman during an abortion procedure . Gosnell owned and operated the Women 's Medical Society clinic in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and was a prolific prescriber of OxyContin . In 2011 , Gosnell and various co-defendant employees were charged with eight counts of murder , 24 felony counts of performing illegal abortions beyond the state of Pennsylvania 's 24-week time limit , and 227 misdemeanor counts of violating the 24-hour informed consent law . The murder charges related to an adult patient , Karnamaya Mongar , who died following an abortion procedure , and seven newborns said to have been killed by having their spinal cords severed with scissors after being born alive during attempted abortions . In May 2013 , Gosnell was convicted of first degree murder in the deaths of three of the infants and involuntary manslaughter in the death of Karnamaya Mongar . Gosnell was also convicted of 21 felony counts of illegal late-term abortion , and 211 counts of violating the 24-hour informed consent law . After his conviction , Gosnell waived his right to appeal in exchange for an agreement by prosecutors not to seek the death penalty . He was sentenced instead to life in prison without the possibility of parole ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former abortion doctor convicted of murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald E. Graves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_E._Graves', 'summary': 'for the Canadian historian see Donald Graves Donald Edward Graves ( Mr. X ) ( April 10 , 1929 - July 2 , 2008 ) was a State Department analyst who specialized in studying the government of the USSR . As a Kremlinologist , Donald Graves tracked the personal history of individual Soviet officials . These files , profiled in the 1982 Washington Post story , The Secret Files of Mr. X consisted of hard-copy database of over 1600 index cards that held all of the information the US Government had on prominent political figures of the Soviet Union . During the 1970s and 1980s , it was a critical source of information for U.S. officials tracking the political situation of their Cold War rivals . Graves died on July 2 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. State Department Kremlinologist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_Department', 'summary': "The United States Department of State ( DOS ) , commonly referred to as the State Department , is a federal executive department responsible for carrying out U.S. foreign policy and international relations . Established in 1789 as the nation 's first executive department , its duties include advising the President of the United States , administering the nation 's diplomatic missions , negotiating treaties and agreements with foreign entities , and representing the U.S. at the United Nations . The department is led by the Secretary of State , a member of the Cabinet who is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . The Secretary of State serves as the nation 's chief diplomat and representative abroad , and is the first Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession . The State Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building , a few blocks away from the White House , in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington , D.C. ; Foggy Bottom is thus sometimes used as a metonym . The current Secretary of State is Mike Pompeo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kremlinologist', 'summary': "Kremlinology is the study and analysis of the politics and policies of Russia while the term Sovietology means the study of politics and policies of the Soviet Union and former communist states more generally . These two terms were synonymous until the dissolution of the Soviet Union . In popular culture , the term is sometimes used to mean any attempt to understand a secretive organization or process , such as plans for upcoming products or events , by interpreting indirect clues . [ citation needed ] The term is named after the Kremlin , the seat of today 's Russian and then-Soviet government . Kremlinologist refers to academic , media , and commentary experts who specialize in the study of Kremlinology . The term is sometimes sweepingly used to describe Western scholars who researched issues of , or specialized in , Russian/Soviet law , although the correct term is simply Russian law scholar . Sovietologists or Kremlinologists should also be distinguished from transitologists , scholars who study legal , economic and social transitions from communism to capitalism ."}]}, {'value': 'James C. Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_C._Greenwood', 'summary': "James Charles Jim Greenwood ( born May 4 , 1951 ) is an American politician in the Republican Party . He represented Pennsylvania 's Eighth Congressional District for six terms in the United States House of Representatives . Greenwood became president and CEO of the Biotechnology Innovation Organization ( BIO ) in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Government and public service', 'section_text': 'Spencer Fullerton Baird James Buchanan Jim Gerlach', 'uid': 'List_of_Dickinson_College_alumni_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of Dickinson College alumni. This list covers alumni from the first graduating class in July 1787 to the present.'} | null | null | What is the middle name of the person who was part of the 1871 class and was notable for being a Representative ? | McCrum |
06aee68e131fd36c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCCAA_institutions', 'title': 'List of NCCAA institutions', 'header': ['School', 'City', 'State', 'Other Affiliations'], 'data': [{'value': 'Central Christian College of Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Christian_College_of_Kansas', 'summary': 'Central Christian College of Kansas is a private evangelical Christian college in McPherson , Kansas . Central Christian is affiliated with the Free Methodist Church .'}]}, {'value': 'McPherson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McPherson,_Kansas', 'summary': 'McPherson ( /məkˈfɜːrsən/ ) is a city in and the county seat of McPherson County , Kansas , United States , in the central part of the state . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 13,155 . The city is named after Union General James Birdseye McPherson , a Civil War general . It is home to McPherson College and Central Christian College .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Sooner Athletic Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sooner_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Sooner Athletic Conference ( SAC ) is a small college athletics conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics . Originally developed as a five-team conference of Oklahoma-based schools , the SAC now boasts 11 schools in a league that spans four states - Arkansas , Kansas , Oklahoma and Texas . As of December 2017 , SAC member institutions have collected 102 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) team championships - the most among NAIA conferences - since the league formed in 1978 . Throughout the league 's 39-year history , the SAC continues to be known as the conference Where Champions Play . Various institutions have competed under the SAC banner over the years . Today only the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma remains from the original group that was formed when Bethany Nazarene ( now Southern Nazarene ) , Oklahoma Baptist , Oklahoma Christian and Phillips University withdrew from the Texoma Conference to form the SAC . Membership has changed over the years with today 's current members being admitted as follows : Oklahoma City ( 1985 ) , Wayland Baptist ( 1994 ) , John Brown ( 1995 ) , Mid-America Christian ( 2007 ) , Southwestern Assemblies of God ( 2013 ) , Texas Wesleyan ( 2013 ) , Southwestern Christian ( 2013 ) , Bacone ( 2014 ) , Central Christian ( 2017 ) and Oklahoma Panhandle State ( 2017 ) . The league also includes associate members on a per-sport basis , with University of Houston-Victoria , University of the Southwest and University of St. Thomas being part of the SAC in women 's golf since 2017 . Indiana Institute of Technology and Lourdes University were added as associate members in men 's wrestling for 2017-18 . In the 2018-19 school year , the SAC will crown league champions in 17 intercollegiate sports - eight for women and nine for men . Women 's sports are basketball , softball , golf , tennis , cross country , soccer , volleyball , indoor track & field , and outdoor track & field . Men compete in football , basketball , baseball , golf , tennis , cross country , indoor track & field , outdoor track & field , soccer , and wrestling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'College of the Ozarks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_the_Ozarks', 'summary': 'College of the Ozarks is a Christian liberal-arts college in Point Lookout , Missouri . The college has an enrollment of 1,426 , a student-to-faculty ratio of approximately 16:1 , over 30 academic majors in Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science programs . It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) . The college charges no tuition for full-time students due to its student work program and donations . The program requires students to work 15 hours a week at an on-campus work station and two 40-hour work weeks during breaks . A summer work program is available to cover room and board costs . The college refers to itself as Hard Work U. and places emphasis on character education .'}]}, {'value': 'Pointlookout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_Lookout,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Point Lookout is an unincorporated community in Taney County , Missouri , United States , near Branson and Hollister . Point Lookout is in U.S. post office ZIP code 65726 . Point Lookout is part of the Branson Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAIA_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NAIA independent schools are 4-year institutional members of the NAIA that do not have formal conference affiliations . NAIA schools that are not members of an athletic conference are members of the Association of Independent Institutions ( AII ) , which provides member services to the institution and allows members to compete in postseason competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Baptist University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Baptist_University', 'summary': 'Dallas Baptist University ( DBU ) , formerly known as Dallas Baptist College , is a Christian liberal arts university in Dallas , Texas . Founded in 1898 as Decatur Baptist College , Dallas Baptist University currently operates campuses in Dallas , Plano , and Hurst .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Heartland Conference ( NCAA Division II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heartland_Conference', 'summary': "The Heartland Conference was a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level , which was founded in 1999 . The majority of members were in Texas , with additional members in Arkansas , Kansas , and Oklahoma . The conference office was located in Waco , Texas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II', 'summary': "NCAA Division II ( D-II ) is an intermediate-level division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . It offers an alternative to both the larger and better-funded Division I and to the scholarship-free environment offered in Division III . Before 1973 , the NCAA 's smaller schools were grouped together in the College Division . In 1973 , the College Division split in two when the NCAA began using numeric designations for its competitions . The College Division members who wanted to offer athletic scholarships or compete against those who did became Division II , while those who chose not to offer athletic scholarships became Division III . Nationally , ESPN televises the championship game in football , CBS televises the men 's basketball championship , and ESPN2 televises the women 's basketball championship . CBS Sports Network broadcasts six football games on Thursdays during the regular season , and one men 's basketball game per week on Saturdays during that sport 's regular season . The official slogan of NCAA Division II , implemented in 2015 , is Make It Yours ."}]}, {'value': 'Ecclesia College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecclesia_College', 'summary': 'Ecclesia College is a four-year Christian work college in Springdale , Arkansas . The college is accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education and the Arkansas Course Transfer System ( ACTS ) . The college was founded in 1975 by Oren Paris II , previous College Chancellor , and the father of noted recording artist , Twila Paris . Ecclesia is a Greek word , meaning called-out ones . It was used in ancient Greece to describe those who had been called out from general society to come aside and discuss the affairs of state ; it is commonly translated as church or assembly . In April 2018 , Oren Paris III resigned as president and pleaded guilty to fraud .'}]}, {'value': 'Springdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springdale,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Springdale is the fourth-largest city in Arkansas , United States . It is located in both Washington and Benton counties in Northwest Arkansas . Located on the Springfield Plateau deep in the Ozark Mountains , Springdale has long been an important industrial city for the region . In addition to several trucking companies , the city is home to the world headquarters of Tyson Foods , the world 's largest meat producing company . Originally named Shiloh , the city changed its name to Springdale when applying for a post office in 1872 . The four-county Northwest Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area is ranked 109th in terms of population in the United States with 463,204 in 2010 according to the United States Census Bureau . The city had a population of 69,797 at the 2010 Census . Springdale has been experiencing a population boom in recent years , as indicated by a 133% growth in population between the 1990 and 2010 censuses . During this period of rapid growth , the city has seen a new Shiloh Museum of Ozark History , the establishment of a Springdale campus of Northwest Arkansas Community College and the Northwest Arkansas Naturals minor league baseball team move into Arvest Ballpark . Tyson remains the city 's top employer , and is visible throughout the city . Many public features bear the Tyson name , including the Randal Tyson Recreational Complex , Don Tyson Parkway , Helen Tyson Middle School , John Tyson Elementary and Don Tyson School of Innovation . Governor Mike Beebe signed an act into law recognizing Springdale as The Poultry Capital Of The World in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas ( /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw ) [ c ] is a state in the south central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018 . Its name is from the Osage language , of Siouan derivation ; it denoted their related kin , the Quapaw people . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S . Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the state 's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state 's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations , and the state landowners largely depended on enslaved African Americans as workers . In 1861 , Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McMurry University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McMurry_University', 'summary': 'McMurry University is a private Methodist liberal arts university in Abilene , Texas . It was founded in 1923 and offers forty-five majors in the fields of fine arts , humanities , social and natural sciences , education , business , and religion , and nine pre-professional programs , including nursing , dentistry , medicine , pharmacy , veterinary , and law . McMurry has 1,145 students . Methodist students constitute 27 percent of the student population . Ninety five percent of students are Texan . Minority groups make up approximately one-fourth of the student body . In the freshman class , 98 percent of students receive some financial aid . Fifty-three percent of students live on campus , and 75 percent of students are involved in at least one extracurricular activity . McMurry boasts a student to faculty ratio of 13:1 . 91 percent of the faculty have earned a doctorate or other terminal degree in their field . McMurry is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , the Texas Education Agency , the University Senate of the United Methodist Church , the National League for Nursing , and the Texas State Board of Nurse Examiners .'}]}, {'value': 'Abilene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abilene,_Texas', 'summary': 'Abilene ( /ˈæbɪliːn/ AB-i-leen ) is a city in Taylor and Jones counties in Texas , United States . The population was 117,063 at the 2010 census , making it the 27th-most populous city in the state of Texas . It is the principal city of the Abilene Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a 2017 estimated population of 170,219 . It is the county seat of Taylor County . Dyess Air Force Base is located on the west side of the city . Abilene is located off Interstate 20 , between exits 279 on its western edge and 292 on the east . Abilene is 150 miles ( 240 km ) west of Fort Worth . The city is looped by I-20 to the north , US 83/84 on the west , and Loop 322 to the east . A railroad divides the city down the center into north and south . The historic downtown area is on the north side of the railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'American Southwest Conference ( NCAA Division III )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The American Southwest Conference ( ASC ) is a college athletic conference , founded in 1996 , whose member schools compete in the NCAA 's Division III . The schools are located in Texas , Louisiana , Arkansas and Mississippi . The conference competes in baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's cross country , football , men 's and women 's golf , men 's and women 's soccer , softball , men 's and women 's tennis , men 's and women 's track and field and women 's volleyball . The American Southwest Conference shares operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the NCAA Division II Lone Star Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_III', 'summary': "NCAA Division III ( D-III ) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . D-III consists of athletic programs at colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletic scholarships to their student-athletes . The NCAA 's first split was into two divisions , the University and College Divisions , in 1956 . The College Division was formed for smaller schools that did not have the resources of the major athletic programs across the country . The College Division split again in 1973 when the NCAA went to its current naming convention : Division I , Division II , and Division III . Division III schools are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships , while D-II schools can . Division III is the NCAA 's largest division with around 450 member institutions , which are 80% private and 20% public . The median undergraduate enrollment of D-III schools is about 2,750 , although the range is from 418 to over 38,000 . Approximately 40% of all NCAA student-athletes compete in D-III ."}]}, {'value': 'Mid-America Christian University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-America_Christian_University', 'summary': 'Mid-America Christian University ( MACU ) is a private liberal arts college in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . MACU is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and the Oklahoma Commission on Teacher Preparation . As the Gulf Coast Bible College it was previously located in the Houston Heights , Houston , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma City ( /oʊkləˌhoʊmə -/ ) , often shortened to OKC , is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The county seat of Oklahoma County , the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population . The population grew following the 2010 Census , with the population estimated to have increased to 649,021 as of July 2018 . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,396,445 , and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,469,124 residents , making it Oklahoma 's largest municipality and metropolitan area by population . Oklahoma City 's city limits extend somewhat into Canadian , Cleveland , and Pottawatomie counties , though much of those areas outside the core Oklahoma County area are suburban tracts or protected rural zones ( watershed ) . The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by total area when including consolidated city-counties ; it is the second largest city in the United States by total area , following Houston , when not including consolidated cities . Lying in the Great Plains region , Oklahoma City has one of the world 's largest livestock markets . Oil , natural gas , petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy . The city is in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds . The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation 's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center ( these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department 's Enterprise Service Center , respectively ) . Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor , which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City . Located in the state 's Frontier Country region , the city 's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Sooner Athletic Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sooner_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Sooner Athletic Conference ( SAC ) is a small college athletics conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics . Originally developed as a five-team conference of Oklahoma-based schools , the SAC now boasts 11 schools in a league that spans four states - Arkansas , Kansas , Oklahoma and Texas . As of December 2017 , SAC member institutions have collected 102 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) team championships - the most among NAIA conferences - since the league formed in 1978 . Throughout the league 's 39-year history , the SAC continues to be known as the conference Where Champions Play . Various institutions have competed under the SAC banner over the years . Today only the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma remains from the original group that was formed when Bethany Nazarene ( now Southern Nazarene ) , Oklahoma Baptist , Oklahoma Christian and Phillips University withdrew from the Texoma Conference to form the SAC . Membership has changed over the years with today 's current members being admitted as follows : Oklahoma City ( 1985 ) , Wayland Baptist ( 1994 ) , John Brown ( 1995 ) , Mid-America Christian ( 2007 ) , Southwestern Assemblies of God ( 2013 ) , Texas Wesleyan ( 2013 ) , Southwestern Christian ( 2013 ) , Bacone ( 2014 ) , Central Christian ( 2017 ) and Oklahoma Panhandle State ( 2017 ) . The league also includes associate members on a per-sport basis , with University of Houston-Victoria , University of the Southwest and University of St. Thomas being part of the SAC in women 's golf since 2017 . Indiana Institute of Technology and Lourdes University were added as associate members in men 's wrestling for 2017-18 . In the 2018-19 school year , the SAC will crown league champions in 17 intercollegiate sports - eight for women and nine for men . Women 's sports are basketball , softball , golf , tennis , cross country , soccer , volleyball , indoor track & field , and outdoor track & field . Men compete in football , basketball , baseball , golf , tennis , cross country , indoor track & field , outdoor track & field , soccer , and wrestling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_Christian_College', 'summary': 'Nebraska Christian College is a Christian baccalaureate college in Papillion , Nebraska . Nebraska Christian College claims to offer a Bible-based education to prepare people for service and ministry .'}]}, {'value': 'Papillion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papillion,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Papillion is a city in Sarpy County in the state of Nebraska . Designated as the county seat , it developed an 1870s railroad town and suburb of Omaha . The city is part of the larger five-county metro area of Omaha . The population of Papillion was 18,894 at the 2010 census . Its growth since the late twentieth century has reflected the growth of Omaha .'}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University ( OKWU ) is a private Wesleyan university in Bartlesville , Oklahoma . In 2018 , the school had 1006 undergraduate students , with approximately 600 of those on its main campus in Bartlesville .'}]}, {'value': 'Bartlesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartlesville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Bartlesville is a city mostly in Washington County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The population was 35,750 at the 2010 census , with a 2018 estimate of 36,423 according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Bartlesville is 47 miles ( 76 km ) north of Tulsa and 18 miles ( 29 km ) south of the Kansas border . It is the county seat of Washington County . The Caney River runs through Bartlesville . Bartlesville is the primary city of the Bartlesville Micropolitan area , which consists of Washington County and had a population of 51,843 in 2018 . A small portion of the city is in Osage County . The city is also part of the Tulsa Combined Statistical Area , with a population of 1,151,172 in 2015 . Bartlesville is notable as the longtime home of Phillips Petroleum Company . Frank Phillips founded Phillips Petroleum in Bartlesville in 1905 when the area was still an Indian Territory . The company merged with Conoco as ConocoPhillips and later split into the two independent companies , Phillips 66 and ConocoPhillips . Both companies have retained some operations in Bartlesville , but they have moved their corporate headquarters to Houston .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference ( KCAC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . The KCAC is the oldest conference in the NAIA and the second oldest in the United States , tracing its history to 1890 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Southwestern Assemblies of God University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Assemblies_of_God_University', 'summary': "Southwestern Assemblies of God University ( SAGU ) is a private Christian university and seminary in Waxahachie , Texas . SAGU is regionally accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and officially endorsed by the Assemblies of God USA . It is the only Assemblies of God university in Texas . The university offers associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctorate degrees in liberal arts , Bible , and Church ministry ."}]}, {'value': 'Waxahachie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas', 'summary': 'Waxahachie ( /ˌwɒksəˈhætʃi/ ) is the county seat of Ellis County , Texas , United States , it is located just beyond the southern suburbs of Dallas and is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . The population was 29,621 at the 2010 census , with an estimated population of 36,807 in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Sooner Athletic Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sooner_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Sooner Athletic Conference ( SAC ) is a small college athletics conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics . Originally developed as a five-team conference of Oklahoma-based schools , the SAC now boasts 11 schools in a league that spans four states - Arkansas , Kansas , Oklahoma and Texas . As of December 2017 , SAC member institutions have collected 102 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) team championships - the most among NAIA conferences - since the league formed in 1978 . Throughout the league 's 39-year history , the SAC continues to be known as the conference Where Champions Play . Various institutions have competed under the SAC banner over the years . Today only the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma remains from the original group that was formed when Bethany Nazarene ( now Southern Nazarene ) , Oklahoma Baptist , Oklahoma Christian and Phillips University withdrew from the Texoma Conference to form the SAC . Membership has changed over the years with today 's current members being admitted as follows : Oklahoma City ( 1985 ) , Wayland Baptist ( 1994 ) , John Brown ( 1995 ) , Mid-America Christian ( 2007 ) , Southwestern Assemblies of God ( 2013 ) , Texas Wesleyan ( 2013 ) , Southwestern Christian ( 2013 ) , Bacone ( 2014 ) , Central Christian ( 2017 ) and Oklahoma Panhandle State ( 2017 ) . The league also includes associate members on a per-sport basis , with University of Houston-Victoria , University of the Southwest and University of St. Thomas being part of the SAC in women 's golf since 2017 . Indiana Institute of Technology and Lourdes University were added as associate members in men 's wrestling for 2017-18 . In the 2018-19 school year , the SAC will crown league champions in 17 intercollegiate sports - eight for women and nine for men . Women 's sports are basketball , softball , golf , tennis , cross country , soccer , volleyball , indoor track & field , and outdoor track & field . Men compete in football , basketball , baseball , golf , tennis , cross country , indoor track & field , outdoor track & field , soccer , and wrestling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Southwestern Christian University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Christian_University', 'summary': 'Southwestern Christian University is a private Pentecostal university in Bethany , Oklahoma . It was founded in 1946 as Southwestern Bible College in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and was the first Pentecostal educational institution in the state . While it was established as a Bible college for the training of Christian church leaders within the International Pentecostal Holiness Church , the denomination planned to quickly expand the school into a junior college .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethany,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Bethany is a city in Oklahoma County , Oklahoma , United States , and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area . The community was founded in 1909 by followers of the Church of the Nazarene from Oklahoma City .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Sooner Athletic Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sooner_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Sooner Athletic Conference ( SAC ) is a small college athletics conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics . Originally developed as a five-team conference of Oklahoma-based schools , the SAC now boasts 11 schools in a league that spans four states - Arkansas , Kansas , Oklahoma and Texas . As of December 2017 , SAC member institutions have collected 102 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) team championships - the most among NAIA conferences - since the league formed in 1978 . Throughout the league 's 39-year history , the SAC continues to be known as the conference Where Champions Play . Various institutions have competed under the SAC banner over the years . Today only the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma remains from the original group that was formed when Bethany Nazarene ( now Southern Nazarene ) , Oklahoma Baptist , Oklahoma Christian and Phillips University withdrew from the Texoma Conference to form the SAC . Membership has changed over the years with today 's current members being admitted as follows : Oklahoma City ( 1985 ) , Wayland Baptist ( 1994 ) , John Brown ( 1995 ) , Mid-America Christian ( 2007 ) , Southwestern Assemblies of God ( 2013 ) , Texas Wesleyan ( 2013 ) , Southwestern Christian ( 2013 ) , Bacone ( 2014 ) , Central Christian ( 2017 ) and Oklahoma Panhandle State ( 2017 ) . The league also includes associate members on a per-sport basis , with University of Houston-Victoria , University of the Southwest and University of St. Thomas being part of the SAC in women 's golf since 2017 . Indiana Institute of Technology and Lourdes University were added as associate members in men 's wrestling for 2017-18 . In the 2018-19 school year , the SAC will crown league champions in 17 intercollegiate sports - eight for women and nine for men . Women 's sports are basketball , softball , golf , tennis , cross country , soccer , volleyball , indoor track & field , and outdoor track & field . Men compete in football , basketball , baseball , golf , tennis , cross country , indoor track & field , outdoor track & field , soccer , and wrestling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'York College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York_College_(Nebraska)', 'summary': 'York College is a private four-year college affiliated with the Churches of Christ located in York , Nebraska , United States ( 50 miles west of Lincoln ) . The college was founded in 1890 .'}]}, {'value': 'York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'York is a city in , and the county seat of , York County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,766 . It is the home of York College and the Nebraska Correctional Center for Women .'}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference ( KCAC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . The KCAC is the oldest conference in the NAIA and the second oldest in the United States , tracing its history to 1890 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Central Region -- Division I', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NCCAA_institutions_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of institutions that compete in the National Christian College Athletic Association. There are currently 89 programs in the organization as of 2019.'} | null | null | How much is tuition at the school in Missouri ? | $ 0 . There is no tuiton payment |
06b10ce99fa97064 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Italy at the 1994 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deborah Compagnoni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deborah_Compagnoni', 'summary': 'Deborah Compagnoni ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdɛːbora kompaɲˈɲoːni ] ; born 4 June 1970 ) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won three gold medals at the 1992 , 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's giant slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maurilio De Zolt Marco Albarello Giorgio Vanzetta Silvio Fauner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurilio_De_Zolt', 'summary': 'Maurilio De Zolt ( born 29 September 1950 in San Pietro di Cadore , Province of Belluno ) is an Italian cross-country skier who competed internationally from 1977 to 1997 . His best known victory was part of the 4 × 10 km relay team that upset Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , when he was 43 years old . He also won two silver medals in the Winter Olympics at 50 km ( 1988 , 1992 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marco_Albarello', 'summary': 'Marco Albarello ( born 31 May 1960 ) is an Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1982 to 2002 . He was born in Aosta . His best known victory was part of the 4 × 10 km relay team that upset Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He also won four other medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 10 km : 1992 ; 4 × 10 km relay : 1992 , 1998 ) and one bronze ( 10 km : 1994 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giorgio_Vanzetta', 'summary': 'Giorgio Vanzetta ( born 9 October 1959 in Cavalese ) is an Italian former cross-country skier who competed from 1982 to 2002 . His best known victory was part of the 4 x 10 km relay team that upset Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He also won three medals at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville with a silver in the 4 x 10 km relay and bronzes in the 10 km + 15 km combined pursuit and 50 km . Vanzetta also won two silver medals in the 4 x 10 km relay ( 1985 , 1993 ) at the Nordic skiing World Championships . His sister , Bice , also competed in cross-country skiing from 1986 to 1994 . At the Opening Ceremony for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin on 10 February , he and his 4 x 10 km relay teammates ( Maurilio De Zolt , Marco Albarello , and Silvio Fauner ) who won the gold at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , were among the last carriers of the Olympic torch before it was lit by fellow Italian cross-country skier Stefania Belmondo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Silvio_Fauner', 'summary': 'Silvio Fauner ( born 1 November 1968 in San Pietro di Cadore , Province of Belluno ) is an Italian former cross-country skier who competed from 1988 to 2006 . His best known victory was part of the 4 × 10 km relay team that upset Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He also won four other medals at the Winter Olympics with silvers in the 4 × 10 km relay ( 1992 , 1998 ) and bronzes in the 15 km ( 1994 ) and 30 km ( 1998 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 10 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuela Di Centa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuela_Di_Centa', 'summary': 'Manuela Di Centa OLY ( born January 31 , 1963 ) is a former Italian cross-country skier and Olympic athlete . She is the sister of former cross-country skier Giorgio Di Centa and cousin of former track and field athlete Venanzio Ortis .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 15 km ( freestyle )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuela Di Centa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuela_Di_Centa', 'summary': 'Manuela Di Centa OLY ( born January 31 , 1963 ) is a former Italian cross-country skier and Olympic athlete . She is the sister of former cross-country skier Giorgio Di Centa and cousin of former track and field athlete Venanzio Ortis .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 30 km ( classical )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurt Brugger Wilfried Huber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Brugger', 'summary': "Kurt Brugger ( born 17 March 1969 in Bruneck , South Tyrol ) is an Italian luger and coach who competed from 1987 to 2003 . Together with Wilfried Huber , he won the men 's doubles event at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He competed in four Winter Olympics : 1988 , 1992 , 1994 and 1998 . Brugger originally competed in both singles and doubles , making his debut in both in the Luge World Cup in 1986-87 season , but soon focused on doubles , in which he took his first podium with a second place in Olang in 1987 , and his first win in Sarajevo in 1988 . He also took two medals at the World Junior Championships in Olang in 1988 , a gold in the singles and a bronze in the doubles . Brugger also won three medals in the men 's doubles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with one silver ( 1990 ) and two bronzes ( 1993 , 1995 ) as well as a silver medal in the mixed team event ( 1995 ) . At the FIL European Luge Championships , he won four medals with one gold ( Mixed team : 1994 ) and three silvers ( Men 's doubles : 1992 , 1994 ; Mixed team : 1998 ) . Brugger 's best overall finish in the Luge World Cup men 's doubles was second four times ( 1989-90 , 1992-3 , 1994-5 , 1997-8 ) . He retired from competition after the 2002-03 season . He subsequently engaged in mountaineering , with his most significant achievement being scaling the Himalayan peak of Nanga Parbat . He has also served on the staff of the Italian luge team , and was appointed head coach in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilfried_Huber', 'summary': "Wilfried Huber ( born 15 November 1970 , Bruneck , South Tyrol ) is an Italian luger and coach who competed from 1985 to 2010 . Together with Kurt Brugger , he won the men 's doubles event at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He competed in both doubles and singles , but enjoyed his greatest success in doubles in partnership with Brugger . He made his debut in the Luge World Cup in 1986-87 season . He also took two medals at the World Junior Championships in Olang in 1988 , a silver and a bronze . He competed in six Winter Olympics , in 1988 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 : he was aiming to compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics , however he was not selected by the Italian team 's head coach Walter Plaikner , and retired at the end of the season . Huber also won seven medals at the FIL World Luge Championships , including two silvers ( Men 's doubles : 1990 , Mixed team : 1995 ) and five bronzes ( Men 's singles : 1993 , Men 's doubles : 1993 , 1995 ; Mixed team : 1996 , 1997 ) . At the European Luge Championships , he won five medals with one gold ( Mixed team : 1994 ) , three silvers ( Men 's doubles : 1992 , 1994 ; Mixed team : 1998 ) and one bronze ( Mixed team : 1996 ) . In the Luge World Cup , Huber 's finished second overall four times in the men 's doubles championship ( 1989-90 , 1992-3 , 1994-5 , 1997-8 ) and third overall once in the men 's singles championship ( 1996-7 ) . After retiring from competition , he joined the coaching staff of the Italian national luge team . He also had siblings who were involved in bobsleigh and luge . Günther won gold in the two-man bobsleigh event ( shared with Canada ) at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track . The competition took place between February 13 and February 16 , 1994 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerda Weissensteiner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerda_Weissensteiner', 'summary': "Gerda Weissensteiner OMRI ( born 3 January 1969 ) is an Italian luger and bobsleigh pilot who competed from the late 1980s to 2006 . Competing in six Winter Olympics , she won the gold medal in the women 's singles luge event at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , and together with Jennifer Isacco she won the bronze in Turin in the two-woman bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics . She was the first Italian sportsperson to win Olympic medals in two disciplines ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track . The competition took place between February 13 and February 16 , 1994 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's individual", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maurizio Carnino Orazio Fagone Hugo Herrnhof Mirko Vuillermin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurizio_Carnino', 'summary': 'Maurizio Carnino ( born 7 March 1975 in Turin ) is an Italian short track speed skater and long track speed skater . He is a four-time Olympian , competing in the 1994 Lillehammer , 1998 Nagano , 2002 Salt Lake City , and 2006 Turin Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orazio_Fagone', 'summary': 'Orazio Fagone ( born November 13 , 1968 in Catania ) is an Italian sledge hockey player and former short track speed skater who competed in the 1988 Winter Olympics , 1992 Winter Olympics and 1994 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hugo_Herrnhof', 'summary': 'Hugo Herrnhof ( born September 21 , 1964 in Bormio ) is a retired Italian short track speed skater who competed in the 1988 Winter Olympics , 1992 Winter Olympics and 1994 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Vuillermin', 'summary': 'Mirko Vuillermin ( born August 2 , 1973 in Aosta ) is a retired Italian short track speed skater who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics was held from 22 to 26 February . Six events were contested at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre . In short track speed skating 's second Olympic appearance , two events were added , the 500 metres for the men and the 1000 metres for the women ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 m relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Tomba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Tomba', 'summary': 'Alberto Tomba ( born 19 December 1966 in San Lazzaro di Savena ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Italy . He was the dominant technical skier ( slalom and giant slalom ) in the late 1980s and 1990s . At 6 ft tall and 90 kg , his powerful build was a contrast to the lighter , more traditional technical skiers who prioritised agility over muscle . Tomba was able to take advantage of the introduction of spring-loaded ski gates which replaced the older , solid gates in the early 1980s by using his power to maintain a faster , more direct line through courses . Tomba won three Olympic gold medals , two World Championships , and nine World Cup season titles : four in slalom , four in giant slalom , and one overall title . He was popularly called Tomba la Bomba ( Tomba the Bomb ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuela Di Centa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuela_Di_Centa', 'summary': 'Manuela Di Centa OLY ( born January 31 , 1963 ) is a former Italian cross-country skier and Olympic athlete . She is the sister of former cross-country skier Giorgio Di Centa and cousin of former track and field athlete Venanzio Ortis .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 5 km ( classical )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuela Di Centa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuela_Di_Centa', 'summary': 'Manuela Di Centa OLY ( born January 31 , 1963 ) is a former Italian cross-country skier and Olympic athlete . She is the sister of former cross-country skier Giorgio Di Centa and cousin of former track and field athlete Venanzio Ortis .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km pursuit ( freestyle )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hansjörg Raffl Norbert Huber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hansjörg_Raffl', 'summary': "Hansjörg Raffl ( born 29 January 1958 in Olang ) is an Italian luger who competed from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s . Competing in five Winter Olympics , he won two medals in the men 's doubles event with a silver in 1994 and a bronze in 1992 . Raffl also won nine medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with two gold ( Men 's doubles : 1990 , Mixed team : 1989 ) , four silvers ( 1983 , 1989 , 1993 ; Mixed team : 1990 ) , and three bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 1991 , Mixed team : 1991 , 1993 ) . He also won nine medals in the FIL European Luge Championships with two gold ( Men 's doubles : 1992 , 1994 ) , two silvers ( Men 's doubles : 1988 , 1990 ) , and five bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 1984 , 1986 ; Mixed team : 1988 , 1990 , 1992 ) . Raffll also won 26 World Cup races and eight World Cup overall men 's doubles titles ( 1982-3 , 1984-5 , 1985-6 , 1988-9 , 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1992-3 ) . His best World Cup overall finish in the men 's singles was second in 1978-9 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norbert_Huber', 'summary': "Norbert Huber ( born 3 September 1964 ) is an Italian luger who competed from the early 1980s to the late 1990s . Huber was born in Bruneck , South Tyrol . Competing in four Winter Olympics , he won two medals in the men 's doubles event with a silver in 1994 and a bronze in 1992 . Huber also won ten medals at the FIL World Luge Championships in with two gold ( Mixed team : 1989 , Men 's doubles : 1990 ) , four silvers ( Men 's doubles : 1983 , 1989 , 1993 ; Mixed team : 1990 ) , and four bronzes ( Men 's singles : 1999 , Men 's doubles : 1991 , Mixed team : 1991 , 1993 ) . He also won fourteen medals in the FIL European Luge Championships with three gold ( Men 's doubles : 1992 , 1994 ; Mixed team : 1994 ) , five silvers ( Men 's singles : 1984 , 1992 ; Men 's doubles : 1988 , 1990 ; Mixed team : 1998 ) , and six bronzes ( Men 's singles : 1998 , Men 's doubles : 1984 , 1986 ; Mixed team : 1988 , 1990 , 1992 ) . Huber also won 26 World Cup races and ten overall Luge World Cup titles ( men 's singles : 1984-5 , 1985-6 , 1986-7 ; men 's doubles : 1984-5 , 1985-6 , 1988-9 , 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1992-3 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track . The competition took place between February 13 and February 16 , 1994 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirko Vuillermin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Vuillermin', 'summary': 'Mirko Vuillermin ( born August 2 , 1973 in Aosta ) is a retired Italian short track speed skater who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics was held from 22 to 26 February . Six events were contested at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre . In short track speed skating 's second Olympic appearance , two events were added , the 500 metres for the men and the 1000 metres for the women ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 500 m", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isolde Kostner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isolde_Kostner', 'summary': 'Isolde Kostner ( born 20 March 1975 ) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won two bronze medals at the 1994 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . She was the Italian flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isolde Kostner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isolde_Kostner', 'summary': 'Isolde Kostner ( born 20 March 1975 ) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won two bronze medals at the 1994 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . She was the Italian flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's super-G", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Günther Huber Stefano Ticci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günther_Huber', 'summary': "Günther Huber ( born 28 October 1965 ) is an Italian bobsledder who competed in the 1990s . Before taking up bobsledding , he had originally started his sporting career in luge , with his most notable result being a third place in doubles in the 1982 World Junior Luge Championships : he switched to bobsleigh in 1988 . Huber was a member of Centro Sportivo Carabinieri . He competed in four Winter Olympics and won two medals in the two-man event with one gold ( with Antonio Tartaglia in 1998 , shared with Canada 's Pierre Lueders and David MacEachern ) and one bronze ( with Stefano Ticci in 1994 ) . Huber also won two medals in the two-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1999 and a silver in 1997 . His World Championship title came at the end of a troubled four-month period during which his bobsleigh was stolen , and then first Tartaglia and his replacements Massimiliano Rota and Enrico Costa were injured , with the later finally being replaced by Ubaldo Ranzi . Huber took his first World Cup podium during the 1991-92 season with a third in the two-man event at St. Moritz , and scored his first World Cup race win in another two-man race at Lillehammer the following season . He won the Bobsleigh World Cup championship three times ( Two-man : 1991-2 , 1992-3 ; Combined men 's : 1996-7 ) . He also took six medals at the European Championships , including two golds , one each in two-man and four-man competition . In addition he won eight Italian national titles , seven in two-man and one in four-man . Huber is a bobsleigh coach for the Italian national team as of 2008 . He is the brother of lugers Arnold Huber , Norbert Huber and Wilfried Huber ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefano_Ticci', 'summary': 'Stefano Ticci ( born 13 May 1962 ) is an Italian bobsledder who competed in the early 1990s . Competing in four Winter Olympics , he won a bronze medal in the two-man event at Lillehammer in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competitions of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics were held at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track between 19 and 27 February 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Two-man', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Albarello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Albarello', 'summary': 'Marco Albarello ( born 31 May 1960 ) is an Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1982 to 2002 . He was born in Aosta . His best known victory was part of the 4 × 10 km relay team that upset Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He also won four other medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 10 km : 1992 ; 4 × 10 km relay : 1992 , 1998 ) and one bronze ( 10 km : 1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 km ( classical )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silvio Fauner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silvio_Fauner', 'summary': 'Silvio Fauner ( born 1 November 1968 in San Pietro di Cadore , Province of Belluno ) is an Italian former cross-country skier who competed from 1988 to 2006 . His best known victory was part of the 4 × 10 km relay team that upset Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He also won four other medals at the Winter Olympics with silvers in the 4 × 10 km relay ( 1992 , 1998 ) and bronzes in the 15 km ( 1994 ) and 30 km ( 1998 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 15 km pursuit ( freestyle )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefania Belmondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefania_Belmondo', 'summary': 'Stefania Belmondo ( born 13 January 1969 ) is an Italian former cross-country skier , two time olympic champion and four time world champion in her career .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km pursuit ( freestyle )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bice Vanzetta Manuela Di Centa Gabriella Paruzzi Stefania Belmondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bice_Vanzetta', 'summary': 'Bice Vanzetta ( born 7 March 1961 ) is an Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1986 to 1994 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manuela_Di_Centa', 'summary': 'Manuela Di Centa OLY ( born January 31 , 1963 ) is a former Italian cross-country skier and Olympic athlete . She is the sister of former cross-country skier Giorgio Di Centa and cousin of former track and field athlete Venanzio Ortis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabriella_Paruzzi', 'summary': "Gabriella Paruzzi ( born 21 June 1969 in Udine ) is a retired Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1991 to 2006 and formerly skied with the G.S . Forestale . She skied in World Cup events , and won the Women 's Overall World Cup in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefania_Belmondo', 'summary': 'Stefania Belmondo ( born 13 January 1969 ) is an Italian former cross-country skier , two time olympic champion and four time world champion in her career .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 4 × 5 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armin Zöggeler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armin_Zöggeler', 'summary': "Armin Zöggeler OMRI ( born 4 January 1974 ) is a retired Italian luger and double Olympic champion . He is one of the most successful men in the sport , nicknamed Il Cannibale ( The Cannibal ) , for his notable series of victories , or The Iceblood Champion , for his always cold , rational approach to the races . Fellow luger Tucker West described Zöggeler as the sport 's equivalent of Michael Jordan . At the Winter Olympic Games , Zöggeler has won six medals in six consecutive Olympics - and this is a record in sport . He also has sixteen medals at the FIL World Luge Championships . At the FIL European Luge Championships , Zöggeler has earned eighteen medals . In June 2019 he was inducted in the FIL Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track . The competition took place between February 13 and February 16 , 1994 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Italy_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Italy competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway.'} | null | null | Which bobsleigh athlete is younger ? | Günther Huber |
06b235f48652966e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia', 'title': 'List of mosques in Indonesia', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Year', 'Architectural style', 'Remarks'], 'data': [{'value': 'Al-Anshor Mosque Masjid Al-Anshor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Anshor_Mosque', 'summary': 'Masjid Al-Anshor is arguably the oldest mosque in Jakarta , Indonesia . It is located at Pekojan , Tambora , Jakarta and was built in 1648 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Jakarta , Jakarta 6°08′20″S 106°48′25″E / 6.1390°S 106.8069°E / -6.1390 ; 106.8069', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Jakarta', 'summary': 'West Jakarta ( Indonesian : Jakarta Barat ) is one of the five administrative cities ( kota administrasi ) which form Special Capital Region of Jakarta , Indonesia . West Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city council , hence it is not classified as a proper municipality . It had a population of 2,278,825 at the 2010 Census ; the administrative center at Puri Kembangan . West Jakarta is bounded by North Jakarta to the north , Central Jakarta to the east , South Jakarta to the south , and Tangerang to the west .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '1648', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'It was constructed by Muslim traders from Bengal and Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muslim', 'summary': 'Muslims or Islamic people are people who follow or practice Islam , a monotheistic Abrahamic religion . Muslims consider the Quran , their holy book , to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad . The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad ( sunnah ) as recorded in traditional accounts ( hadith ) . Muslim is an Arabic word meaning submitter ( to God ) . The beliefs of Muslims include : that God ( Arabic : الله Allāh ) is eternal , transcendent and absolutely one ( tawhid ) ; that God is incomparable , self-sustaining and neither begets nor was begotten ; that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that has been revealed before through many prophets including Abraham , Ishmael , Isaac , Moses , and Jesus ; that these previous messages and revelations have been partially changed or corrupted over time ( tahrif ) and that the Quran is the final unaltered revelation from God ( Final Testament ) . ( Rao Muhammad Yousaf ) As of 2019 , 1.9 billion or about 24.4% of the world population are Muslims . By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim , 91% in the Middle East-North Africa ( MENA ) , 81% in Central Asia , 65% in the Caucasus , 40% in Southeast Asia , 31% in South Asia , 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa , 25% in Asia-Oceania , around 6% in Europe , and 1% in the Americas . Most Muslims are of one of two denominations ; Sunni ( 1.6 billion/75-90% ) and Shia ( 170 million/10-20% ) . About 229 million or 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim-majority country ; 380 million or 20% in the Middle East-North Africa region , where it is the dominant religion ; 600 million or 31% of Muslims live in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world ; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa . Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia , the majority in the Caucasus and widespread in Southeast Asia . India is the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries with 200 million Muslims . Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , China , Europe , and Russia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bengal', 'summary': "Bengal ( /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : বাংলা/বঙ্গ , romanized : Bānglā/Bôngô Bengali pronunciation : [ bɔŋgo ] ) is a geopolitical , cultural and historical region in South Asia , specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal . Geographically , it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system , the largest such formation in the world ; along with mountains in its north bordering the Himalayan states of Nepal and Bhutan and east bordering Burma . Politically , Bengal is currently divided between Bangladesh ( which covers two-thirds of the region ) and the Indian territories of West Bengal , Tripura and Assam 's Barak Valley ( altogether cover the remaining one-third ) . In 2011 , the population of Bengal was estimated to be 250 million , making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world . Among them , an estimated 160 million people live in Bangladesh and 91.3 million people live in West Bengal . The predominant ethnolinguistic group is the Bengali people , who speak the Indo-Aryan Bengali language . Bengali Muslims are the majority in Bangladesh and Bengali Hindus are the majority in West Bengal and Tripura , while Barak Valley contains almost equal proportions of Bengali Hindus and Bengali Muslims . Outside Bengal proper , the Indian territories of Jharkhand , Bihar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are also home to significant communities of Bengalis . Dense woodlands , including hilly rainforests , cover Bengal 's northern and eastern areas ; while an elevated forested plateau covers its central area . In the littoral southwest are the Sundarbans , the world 's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger . In the coastal southeast lies Cox 's Bazar , the longest beach in the world at 125 km ( 78 mi ) . The region has a monsoon climate , which the Bengali calendar divides into six seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Kali Pasir Mosque Masjid Kali Pasir ᮙᮞ᮪ᮏᮤᮓ᮪ ᮊᮜᮤ ᮕᮞᮤᮁ 坤甸雅米清真寺', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kali_Pasir_Mosque', 'summary': 'Kali Pasir Mosque is the oldest mosque in Tangerang city , a relic of Pajajaran Kingdom . It is located in Cisadane riverbank , in the middle of Chinese residential and is characterized by it Chinese pattern .'}]}, {'value': 'Tangerang , Banten 6°11′S 106°38′E / 6.18°S 106.63°E / -6.18 ; 106.63', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tangerang', 'summary': "Tangerang ( Sundanese : ᮒᮍᮨᮛᮀ ) is a city in the province of Banten , Indonesia . Located on the western border of Jakarta , it is the third largest urban centre in the Greater Jakarta metropolitan area after Jakarta and Bekasi ; the sixth largest city proper in the nation ; and the largest city in Banten province . It has an area of 164.54 square kilometres ( 63.53 square miles ) and an official 2010 Census population of 1,798,601 , which had risen to 2,043,213 at the 2015 Intermediate Census . The latest official estimate as at mid 2019 is 2,237,006 - making it the eighth most populated suburb in the world at the latter date . Tangerang , along with South Tangerang , is where many giant developers created built-up areas such as BSD City , Gading Serpong , Alam Sutera , and Lippo Village . Tangerang is home for Soekarno-Hatta International Airport which serves Jakarta metropolitan area and as the Indonesia 's main gateway . Indonesia Convention Exhibition is the biggest convention and exhibition centre in Indonesia opened in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Banten', 'summary': 'Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java , in Indonesia . Its provincial capital city is Serang . The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta to the east , the Java Sea to the north , the Indian Ocean to the south , and the Sunda Strait to the west , which separates Java from the neighbouring island of Sumatra . The population of Banten was officially estimated at 12,959,169 in the middle of 2019 , up from over 10.6 million during the 2010 census . Formerly part of the province of West Java , Banten became a separate province in 2000 . The province is a transit corridor to the neighbouring Indonesian island of Sumatra . Historically , it has had a culture distinct from the rest of Java and that of the broader Indonesian archipelago . In recent years , the northern half , particularly those areas near Jakarta and the Java Sea coast , have experienced rapid rises in population and urbanization , while the southern half , particularly that facing the Indian Ocean , maintains more of its traditional character . Centuries ago , the area in what-is-now Banten is ruled by the Sundanese Tarumanagara kingdom . After the fall of the Tarumanegara , Banten was controlled by many Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms , such as the Srivijaya Empire and the Sunda Kingdom . The spread of Islam in the region begins in the 15th century . By the late 16th century , Islam has replaced Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in the province , with the establishment of the Banten Sultanate .'}]}, {'value': '1700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_architecture', 'summary': 'Chinese architecture demonstrates an architectural style that developed over millennia in China , before spreading out to influence architecture all throughout East Asia . Since the solidification of the style in the early imperial period , the structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged , the main changes being only the decorative details . Starting with the Tang dynasty , Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Japan , Korea , Mongolia , and Vietnam , and a varying amount of influence on the architectural styles of Southeast and South Asia including Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia and The Philippines . Chinese architecture is typified by various features ; such as , bilateral symmetry , use of enclosed open spaces , the incorporation of ideas related to feng shui such as directional hierarchies , a horizontal emphasis , and the allusion to various cosmological , mythological , or other symbolism . Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type , ranging from pagodas to palaces . In part because of an emphasis on the use of wood , a relatively perishable material , and due to a de-emphasis on major monumental structures built of less-organic but more durable materials , much of the historical knowledge of Chinese architecture derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published planning diagrams and specifications . Some of the architecture of China shows the influence of other types or styles from outside of China , such as the influences on mosque structures originating in the Middle East . Although displaying certain unifying aspects , rather than being completely homogeneous , Chinese architecture has many types of variation based on status or affiliation , such as dependence on whether the structures were constructed for emperors , commoners , or used for religious purposes . Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in the varying styles associated with different geographic regions and in ethnic architectural design .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldest Mosque in Tangerang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luar Batang Mosque Masjid Luar Batang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luar_Batang_Mosque', 'summary': 'Luar Batang Mosque ( or Masjid Luar Batang ) is one of the oldest mosques in Jakarta , Indonesia , located in the area of Pasar Ikan ( Fish Market ) in North Jakarta on the west side of the Sunda Kelapa Harbor . The Mosque was built in the 18th-century and named after Luar Batang , in accordance with the nickname of a sacred guardian of Islam , Habib Luar Batang , where his shrine is also located .'}]}, {'value': 'Jakarta 6°07′26″S 106°48′23″E / 6.1239°S 106.8065°E / -6.1239 ; 106.8065', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '1736', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neoclassical , Javanese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Javanese_people', 'summary': 'The Javanese people ( Javanese : Ngoko : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ ( Wong Jawa ) , Krama : ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ ( Tiyang Jawi ) ; ( Indonesian : Suku Jawa or Orang Jawa ) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java . With approximately 100 million people , they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia . They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island . There are also significant numbers of people of Javanese descent in most provinces of Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Suriname , Saudi Arabia and the Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups , such as the Mataram , Cirebonese , Osing , Tenggerese , Samin , Naganese , Banyumasan , etc . A majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Muslims , with a minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . However , Javanese civilization has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and the Indian Hindu - Buddhist culture , and this influence is still visible in Javanese history , culture , traditions , and art forms . With a sizeable global population , the Javanese are considered significant as they are the fourth largest ethnic group among Muslims , in the world , after the Arabs , Bengalis and Punjabis .'}]}, {'value': 'Heavily altered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An-Nawier Mosque Masjid An-Nawier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masjid_An-Nawier', 'summary': 'This mosque was formerly built by Sayid Abdullah bin Huseim Alaydrius who also came from Hadramaut ( Yemen ) in 1760 . It is alleged that the builder of the mosque was the descendant of the prophet Muhammad . mosque has undergone several renovations and maintenance . Of the several times , the renovation in 1800s was the most physically changing mosque . Repairs that have lasted more than two centuries ago made An Nawier Mosque , which was previously walled wood into a brick wall . Expansion of the mosque in 1850 conducted by Commander Dahlan from Banten . Syarifah Kecil or Syarifah Fatimah bint Husein Al Idrus then donated a plot of his property for the expansion of the mosque in 1897 . Prayer building of the mosque resembles pattern of the letter L.The mosque has a land area of about 2,000 square meters and a building area of 1,500 square meters . The mosque is able to accommodate up to 1,000 pilgrims . The mosque has three entrances in north , south and eastern side . There are 33 poles in the mosque . The mosque has a pulpit , which was gifted in 1871 by the Sultan of Pontianak .'}]}, {'value': 'West Jakarta , Jakarta 6°08′29″S 106°48′16″E / 6.1413°S 106.8045°E / -6.1413 ; 106.8045', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Jakarta', 'summary': 'West Jakarta ( Indonesian : Jakarta Barat ) is one of the five administrative cities ( kota administrasi ) which form Special Capital Region of Jakarta , Indonesia . West Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city council , hence it is not classified as a proper municipality . It had a population of 2,278,825 at the 2010 Census ; the administrative center at Puri Kembangan . West Jakarta is bounded by North Jakarta to the north , Central Jakarta to the east , South Jakarta to the south , and Tangerang to the west .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '1760', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neoclassical , Javanese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Javanese_people', 'summary': 'The Javanese people ( Javanese : Ngoko : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ ( Wong Jawa ) , Krama : ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ ( Tiyang Jawi ) ; ( Indonesian : Suku Jawa or Orang Jawa ) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java . With approximately 100 million people , they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia . They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island . There are also significant numbers of people of Javanese descent in most provinces of Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Suriname , Saudi Arabia and the Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups , such as the Mataram , Cirebonese , Osing , Tenggerese , Samin , Naganese , Banyumasan , etc . A majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Muslims , with a minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . However , Javanese civilization has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and the Indian Hindu - Buddhist culture , and this influence is still visible in Javanese history , culture , traditions , and art forms . With a sizeable global population , the Javanese are considered significant as they are the fourth largest ethnic group among Muslims , in the world , after the Arabs , Bengalis and Punjabis .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Mosque of Sumenep Masjid Agung Sumenep أݢوڠ سَوڠٚنٚبْ مسجد', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sumenep', 'summary': 'The Great Mosque of Sumenep ( Indonesian Masjid Agung Sumenep ) is an 18th-century mosque in Sumenep , Madura . Standing on the alun-alun of Sumenep , it is the largest mosque in Madura Island and a noted landmark of Madura .'}]}, {'value': 'Sumenep Regency , East Java 7°59′S 112°38′E / 7.98°S 112.63°E / -7.98 ; 112.63', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumenep_Regency', 'summary': 'Sumenep Regency ( Madurese : Songènèb ) is a regency of the East Java province , Indonesia . It has an area of 1,998.5 km² and a population of 1,042,312 inhabitants according to the 2010 Census ( an increase from 985,981 from the previous census in 2000 ) ; the latest official estimate ( as of January 2014 ) is 1,071,591 . The regency occupies the eastern end of Madura island and also includes numerous islands to the east ( primarily Talango , the Sapudi Islands , and the Kangean Islands ) , the north ( the Masalembu Islands ) , and the south ( the Giligenteng Islands ) of Madura . It is bordered by the Pamekasan Regency to the west , Madura Strait to the south , and the Java Sea to the north and east . Its administrative capital is Sumenep . The airport nearby is Trunojoyo Airport with flights to Surabaya .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Java', 'summary': "East Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Timur ) is a province of Indonesia . It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west ; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts , respectively , while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali . Located in eastern Java , it also includes the island of Madura , which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia , the Suramadu Bridge , as well as the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos located further east and north , respectively . Its capital is Surabaya , the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center . Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java . The province covers an area of 47,800 km2 , According to the 2010 Census , there were 37,476,757 people residing in the East Java , making it Indonesia 's second-most-populous province ; the latest official estimate ( for mid 2019 ) is 39,744,800 . East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups , such as the Javanese , Madurese and Chinese . Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam , forming around 96% of the total population . Other religions are also worshipped , such as Christianity , which are mostly worshipped by Chinese Indonesians and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra , and also Hinduism which are mostly worshipped by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali . The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation , but Javanese and Madurese are the most frequently used language . Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes . East Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia that offers different types of tourist attractions ."}]}, {'value': '1787', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese , Neoclassical , Javanese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_architecture', 'summary': 'Chinese architecture demonstrates an architectural style that developed over millennia in China , before spreading out to influence architecture all throughout East Asia . Since the solidification of the style in the early imperial period , the structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged , the main changes being only the decorative details . Starting with the Tang dynasty , Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Japan , Korea , Mongolia , and Vietnam , and a varying amount of influence on the architectural styles of Southeast and South Asia including Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia and The Philippines . Chinese architecture is typified by various features ; such as , bilateral symmetry , use of enclosed open spaces , the incorporation of ideas related to feng shui such as directional hierarchies , a horizontal emphasis , and the allusion to various cosmological , mythological , or other symbolism . Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type , ranging from pagodas to palaces . In part because of an emphasis on the use of wood , a relatively perishable material , and due to a de-emphasis on major monumental structures built of less-organic but more durable materials , much of the historical knowledge of Chinese architecture derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published planning diagrams and specifications . Some of the architecture of China shows the influence of other types or styles from outside of China , such as the influences on mosque structures originating in the Middle East . Although displaying certain unifying aspects , rather than being completely homogeneous , Chinese architecture has many types of variation based on status or affiliation , such as dependence on whether the structures were constructed for emperors , commoners , or used for religious purposes . Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in the varying styles associated with different geographic regions and in ethnic architectural design .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Javanese_people', 'summary': 'The Javanese people ( Javanese : Ngoko : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ ( Wong Jawa ) , Krama : ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ ( Tiyang Jawi ) ; ( Indonesian : Suku Jawa or Orang Jawa ) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java . With approximately 100 million people , they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia . They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island . There are also significant numbers of people of Javanese descent in most provinces of Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Suriname , Saudi Arabia and the Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups , such as the Mataram , Cirebonese , Osing , Tenggerese , Samin , Naganese , Banyumasan , etc . A majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Muslims , with a minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . However , Javanese civilization has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and the Indian Hindu - Buddhist culture , and this influence is still visible in Javanese history , culture , traditions , and art forms . With a sizeable global population , the Javanese are considered significant as they are the fourth largest ethnic group among Muslims , in the world , after the Arabs , Bengalis and Punjabis .'}]}, {'value': 'A mosque that exemplify Portuguese characteristics , not different with mosques in Sri Lanka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manonjaya Grand Mosque Masjid Agung Manonjaya ᮙᮞ᮪ᮏᮤᮓ᮪ ᮃᮌᮩᮀ ᮙᮔᮧᮔ᮪ᮏᮚ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manonjaya_Grand_Mosque', 'summary': "Manonjaya Great Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Tasikmalaya Regency , Indonesia . It was completed in 1837 , and has an area of 1250 square meters . Together with the Great Mosque of Sumedang , the government established the mosque a paramount cultural heritage of Islam in 1975 . The government 's decree was issued by the Archaeology Board of Indonesia which referred to the Antiquities Law on September 1 , 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tasikmalaya , West Java 7°21′05″S 108°18′26″E / 7.3513°S 108.3071°E / -7.3513 ; 108.3071', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasikmalaya', 'summary': 'Tasikmalaya is a city in West Java , Indonesia . The city is sometimes dubbed the City of a Thousand Pesantrens for its abundance of Islamic boarding schools . Located around 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) southeast from the provincial capital of Bandung , Tasikmalaya is passed by Indonesian National Route 3 . The city is located in the mountainous Preanger region of Java at an elevation of 351 metres ( 1,151 feet ) . The population of the city ( excluding the Tasikmalaya Regency , which surrounds the city to the west , south and east ) was 635,464 according to the 2010 Census , the latest official ( as at 2015 ) is 808,506 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area made of Tasikmalaya City and 14 districts spread on Tasikmalaya and Ciamis regencies was home to 1,339,891 inhabitants as of 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Java', 'summary': "West Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Barat ) is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java , with its provincial capital in Bandung . West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country 's capital region of Jakarta to the west , the Java Sea to the north , the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south . The province is the homeland of the Sundanese people , the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia after the Javanese . West Java was one of the early eight provinces of Indonesia formed following the country 's independence proclamation and was later legally reestablished on 4 July 1950 . In 1966 , the city of Jakarta was split off from West Java as a 'special capital region ' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ) , with a status equivalent to that of a province , while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separate Banten province . Even following these split-offs , West Java is the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 49,316,712 as of mid 2019 . The province 's largest cities , Bekasi and Bandung , are the third and fourth most populous cities proper in Indonesia , respectively . As a satellite city within the Jakarta metropolitan area , Bekasi experiences a highly rapid population growth , having surpassed the West Java capital of Bandung in 2012 . Nonetheless , Bandung remains one of the most densely populated city proper in the world , while Bekasi and Depok , both satellites of Jakarta , are respectively the seventh and tenth most populous suburbs in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1834-1837', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neoclassical , Javanese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Javanese_people', 'summary': 'The Javanese people ( Javanese : Ngoko : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ ( Wong Jawa ) , Krama : ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ ( Tiyang Jawi ) ; ( Indonesian : Suku Jawa or Orang Jawa ) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java . With approximately 100 million people , they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia . They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island . There are also significant numbers of people of Javanese descent in most provinces of Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Suriname , Saudi Arabia and the Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups , such as the Mataram , Cirebonese , Osing , Tenggerese , Samin , Naganese , Banyumasan , etc . A majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Muslims , with a minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . However , Javanese civilization has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and the Indian Hindu - Buddhist culture , and this influence is still visible in Javanese history , culture , traditions , and art forms . With a sizeable global population , the Javanese are considered significant as they are the fourth largest ethnic group among Muslims , in the world , after the Arabs , Bengalis and Punjabis .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masjid Muhammadan Masjid Muhammadan محمدان موساجيك முகமதுவின் மசூதி મુહમ્મદની મસ્જિદ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masjid_Muhammadan', 'summary': 'The Mohammed Mosque ( Indonesian : Masjid Muhammadan ; Tamil : முகமதுவின் மசூதி ) is a historic mosque in Padang , West Sumatra , Indonesia . It was constructed in 1843 and is associated with trade and traders from Gujarat , India . It is located on Batipuh Pasa street in the South Padang District .'}]}, {'value': 'Padang , West Sumatra 0°57′41″S 100°21′51″E / 0.9615°S 100.3642°E / -0.9615 ; 100.3642', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Padang', 'summary': 'Padang ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ ˈpadaŋ ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of West Sumatra . With an estimated population of 939,112 as of 2018 , it is the 16th most populous city in Indonesia and the most populous city on the west coast of Sumatra . The Padang metropolitan area is the third most populous metropolitan area in Sumatra with a population of over 1.4 million . Padang is widely known for its Minangkabau culture , cuisine , and sunset beaches . The city had historically been a trading center since the pre-colonial era , trading in pepper and gold . The Dutch made contact with the city in the mid 17th century , eventually constructing a fortress and taking over control of the city from the Pagaruyung Kingdom . Save several interruptions of British rule , Padang remained part of the Dutch East Indies as one of its major cities until Indonesian independence . In 1906 , Padang along with Palembang became the first populated places in Sumatra to achieve city status ( gemeente ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sumatra', 'summary': "West Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . Located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra , the province had a 2019 estimated population of 5,479,491 across an area of 42,012.89 km2 . The province includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast and borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north , Riau and Jambi to the east , and Bengkulu to the southeast . West Sumatra is sub-divided into twelve regencies and seven cities . It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java . Padang is the province 's capital and largest city . West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province 's boundaries , covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra , the western region of Riau , the western region of Jambi , the northern region of Bengkulu , and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name . Islam is a predominant religion in the province with about 97.4% of the total population . West Sumatra was the centre of Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347 . The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523 . The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra 's WestKust ( Sumatra 's West Coast ) , whose administrative area included the present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi ."}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indo-Islamic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture', 'summary': 'Indo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for Islamic patrons and purposes . Despite an initial Arab presence in Sindh , the development of Indo-Islamic architecture began in earnest with the establishment of Delhi as the capital of the Ghurid dynasty in 1193 . Succeeding the Ghurids was the Delhi Sultanate , a series of Central Asian dynasties that consolidated much of North India , and later the Mughal Empire by the 15th century . Both of these dynasties introduced Persianate , Turkic and Islamicate architecture and art styles from Western Eurasia into the Indian subcontinent . The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites , with mosques and tombs much the most common , were very different from those previously built in India . The exteriors of both were very often topped by large domes , and made extensive use of arches . Both of these features were hardly used in Hindu temple architecture and other indigenous Indian styles . Both types of building essentially consist of a single large space under a high dome , and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temple architecture . Islamic buildings initially adapted the skills of a workforce trained in earlier Indian traditions to their own designs . Unlike most of the Islamic world , where brick tended to predominate , India had highly skilled builders well used to producing stone masonry of extremely high quality . Alongside the architecture developed in Delhi and prominent centres of Mughal culture such as Agra , Lahore and Allahabad , a variety of regional styles developed in regional kingdoms like the Bengal , Gujarat , Deccan , Jaunpur and Kashmir Sultanates . By the Mughal period , generally agreed to represent the peak of the style , aspects of Islamic style began to influence architecture made for Hindus , with even temples using scalloped arches , and later domes .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Mosque of the Sultan of Riau Masjid Raya Sultan Riau مسجد رايو سلطان رياو 廖内苏丹的大清真寺', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Riau_Sultan', 'summary': "Masjid Raya Mosque on Penyengat Island is located outside Tanjung Pinang on Bintan island , Indonesia . The mosque was built in 1844 and is today one of Tanjung Pinang 's most popular attractions for visitors ."}]}, {'value': 'Tanjung Pinang , Riau Islands 0°55′46″S 104°25′14″E / 0.9294°S 104.4205°E / -0.9294 ; 104.4205', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanjung_Pinang', 'summary': 'Tanjung Pinang is the capital city of the Indonesian province of the Riau Islands . It covers a land area of 144.56 km2 , mainly on the southern Bintan Island , as well as other smaller islands such as Dompak Island and Penyengat Island . With an estimated population of 209,280 as of 2018 , it is the second largest city of the province , after Batam . Tanjung Pinang is a historic city of the Malay culture , serving as the capital of Johor Sultanate and Riau-Lingga Sultanate . Tanjung Pinang - whose name is taken from the position of a beech tree that juts into the sea - occupies a strategic location on the south of Bintan Island , guarding the mouth of the Bintan River . Tanjung Pinang has ferry and speedboat connections to Batam , Singapore ( 40 km away ) , and Johor Bahru . Over the centuries , Tanjung Pinang came under the control of Sumatra , China , Malacca , the Netherlands , Britain , and Japan . These contacts each influenced its culture , also being a centre of Malay culture and trade traffic . In the 18th century , it was a capital of the Johor-Riau-Lingga Empire .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Riau_Islands', 'summary': "The Riau Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Riau ) is a province of Indonesia . It comprises a total of 1,796 islands scattered between the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , and Borneo . Situated on one of the world 's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea , the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore , Malaysia , and Vietnam . The Riau Islands also has a relatively large potential of mineral resources , energy , as well as marine resources . The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang and the largest city is Batam . The Riau archipelago was once part of the Johor Sultanate , which was later partitioned between the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 , in which the archipelago fell under Dutch influence . A Dutch protectorate , the Riau-Lingga Sultanate , was established in the region between 1824 and 1911 before being directly ruled by the Dutch East Indies . The archipelago became a part of Indonesia following the occupation of the Japanese Empire ( 1942-1945 ) and the Indonesian National Revolution ( 1945-1949 ) . The Riau Islands separated from the province of Riau in September 2002 , becoming Indonesia 's third-youngest province . A free trade zone of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle , the Riau Islands has experienced rapid industrialisation since the 1970s . The Riau Islands is one of the country 's most prosperous provinces , having a GDP per capita of Rp72.571,75 ( USD 8.300,82 ) as of 2011 , the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after East Kalimantan , Jakarta and Riau . In addition , as of 2018 , the Riau Islands has a Human Development Index of 0.748 , also the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after Jakarta , Special Region of Yogyakarta and East Kalimantan ."}]}, {'value': '1844 ( first built in the 18th century , major alternation started in 1831 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malay , Indo-Islamic , Turkish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malay_Architecture', 'summary': 'Malays ( Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Malay Peninsula , eastern Sumatra of Indonesia and coastal Borneo , as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations - areas that are collectively known as the Malay world . These locations are today part of the nations of Malaysia ( Malay nation state ) , Brunei , Singapore , Indonesia and Southern Thailand . There is considerable genetic , linguistic , cultural , artistic , and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups , mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically , the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms , notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history , the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy . Common definitive markers of a Malayness - the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era , resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region . In literature , architecture , culinary traditions , traditional dress , performing arts , martial arts , and royal court traditions , Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated . The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants , particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and the Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . Today , some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , termed as anak dagang ( traders ) and who predominantly consist of Banjar , Bugis , Minangkabau people and Acehnese peoples , while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries . Throughout their history , the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics . They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups , such as those of Minang , Acehnese , and to some degree Javanese culture ; however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture . Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi , Banjar , Cape Malay , Cocos Malays and Sri Lankan Malay cultures , as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay , Baba Malay , the Betawi language and Manado Malay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture', 'summary': 'Indo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for Islamic patrons and purposes . Despite an initial Arab presence in Sindh , the development of Indo-Islamic architecture began in earnest with the establishment of Delhi as the capital of the Ghurid dynasty in 1193 . Succeeding the Ghurids was the Delhi Sultanate , a series of Central Asian dynasties that consolidated much of North India , and later the Mughal Empire by the 15th century . Both of these dynasties introduced Persianate , Turkic and Islamicate architecture and art styles from Western Eurasia into the Indian subcontinent . The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites , with mosques and tombs much the most common , were very different from those previously built in India . The exteriors of both were very often topped by large domes , and made extensive use of arches . Both of these features were hardly used in Hindu temple architecture and other indigenous Indian styles . Both types of building essentially consist of a single large space under a high dome , and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temple architecture . Islamic buildings initially adapted the skills of a workforce trained in earlier Indian traditions to their own designs . Unlike most of the Islamic world , where brick tended to predominate , India had highly skilled builders well used to producing stone masonry of extremely high quality . Alongside the architecture developed in Delhi and prominent centres of Mughal culture such as Agra , Lahore and Allahabad , a variety of regional styles developed in regional kingdoms like the Bengal , Gujarat , Deccan , Jaunpur and Kashmir Sultanates . By the Mughal period , generally agreed to represent the peak of the style , aspects of Islamic style began to influence architecture made for Hindus , with even temples using scalloped arches , and later domes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey', 'summary': 'Architecture of Turkey or Turkish Architecture in the Republican Period refers to the architecture practised in the territory of present-day Turkey since the foundation of the republic in 1923 . In the first years of the republic , Turkish architecture was influenced by Seljuk and Ottoman architecture , in particular during the First National Architectural Movement ( also called the Turkish Neoclassical architecture movement . ) However , starting from the 1930s , architectural styles began to differ from traditional architecture , also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country , mostly from Germany and Austria . The Second World War was a period of isolation , during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged . Similar to Fascist architecture , the movement aimed to create a modern but nationalistic architecture . Starting from the 1950s , isolation from the rest of the world began to diminish , which enabled the Turkish architects to experiment with new styles and become increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world . However , they were largely constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources until the 1980s . Thereafter , the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture in Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Reputedly the first mosque in Indonesia which employs a dome', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Osmani Mosque Masjid Al-Osmani مسجد العثماني', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Osmani_Mosque', 'summary': 'Al-Osmani Mosque is a mosque in Medan , North Sumatra , Indonesia . The mosque is also known as Labuhan mosque because of its location in the district of Medan Labuhan . The mosque is located on the K.L . Yos Sudarso road , subdistrict of Pekan Labuhan , about 20 kilometers north of the city of Medan . In front of this mosque there are a school , named YASPI School ( Islamic Education Foundation ) and not far from the mosque there are a Chinese temple named Pekong Lima and in front of the temple there is a path that leads to Labuhan market . The mosque is the oldest in the city of Medan . Masjid Al-Osmani was built in 1854 by the 7th of Deli sultan , Sultan Osman Perkasa Alam by using wood material . Then in 1870 to 1872 the mosque which was made of wood was built to be permanent building by child of Sultan Osman , Sultan Mahmud Perkasa Alam who also became the 8th Sultan of Deli .'}]}, {'value': 'Medan , North Sumatra 3°43′56″N 98°40′34″E / 3.7322°N 98.6761°E / 3.7322 ; 98.6761', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medan', 'summary': "Medan ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ meˈdan ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra . A regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra , it is regarded as one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Surabaya , and Makassar . Medan has a population of over 2.2 million within its city limits , and over 3.4 million in its built-up urban area , making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia . The Medan metropolitan area - which includes neighbouring Binjai , Deli Serdang Regency , and a part of Karo Regency - is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java , with 4.6 million residents . Medan is a multicultural metropolis and a busy trading city bordered by the Strait of Malacca . A gateway to the western part of Indonesia , Medan is supported by the Port of Belawan and Kualanamu International Airport , both of which are connected to the city centre via toll road and railway . The city was founded by Guru Patimpus , a Karonese man who named a swampy land in confluence of Deli River and Babura river as Kampung Medan Putri . It later became a part of the Deli Sultanate which was established by Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan in 1632 . In the 18th century , its eighth king , Sultan Mahmud Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , worked with Jacob Nienhuys , a Dutch tobacco merchant , who pioneered the opening of tobacco plantations in Medan . With the help from the 9th Sultanate Sultan Ma'mun Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , and also the well-known Chinese businessmen Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie , the rapid development of the economy transformed Medan into a big trading center with the nickname het land dollar , aka the land of the money . The Deli Railway was established for shipping rubber , tea , timber , palm oil , and sugar industries from the city to the Port of Belawan . Medan was briefly the capital of the State of East Sumatra in 1947 , before it became the provincial capital of North Sumatra in mid-1950 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Sumatra', 'summary': 'North Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatra Utara ) is a province of Indonesia . It consists of a large northwestern belt of the island of Sumatra and its capital is Medan . North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java , East Java and Central Java - it covers an area of 72,981 sq.km , and at the Census of 2015 it had a population of 13,923,262 ; the latest official estimate as at mid 2019 is 14,639,400 .'}]}, {'value': '1872 ( first wooden construction in 1854 , alteration began in 1870 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moorish , Mughal , Spanish , Malay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moorish_architecture', 'summary': 'Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal ( Al Andalus ) , where the Moors were dominant between 711 and 1492 . The best surviving examples in Iberia are La Mezquita in Córdoba and the Alhambra palace in Granada ( mainly 1338-1390 ) , as well as the Giralda in Seville ( 1184 ) . Other notable examples in Iberia include the ruined palace city of Medina Azahara ( 936-1010 ) , the church ( former mosque ) San Cristo de la Luz in Toledo , the Aljafería in Saragossa and baths at for example Ronda and Alhama de Granada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mughal_architecture', 'summary': "Mughal Architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent . It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic , Persian , Turkish and Indian architecture . Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character , including large bulbous domes , slender minarets at the corners , massive halls , large vaulted gateways , and delicate ornamentation ; grandiose architecture was the most visible of the ways that the Mughals used to assert their sense of superiority and their supremacy over what in many ways remained to them an alien land . Examples of the style can be found in modern-day India , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , and Pakistan . The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526 . During his five-year reign , Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings , though few have survived . His grandson Akbar built widely , and the style developed vigorously during his reign . Among his accomplishments were Agra Fort , the fort-city of Fatehpur Sikri , and the Buland Darwaza . Akbar 's son Jahangir commissioned the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir . Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan , who constructed Taj Mahal , the Jama Masjid , the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore , the Wazir Khan Mosque , and who renovated the Lahore Fort . The last of the great Mughal architects was Aurangzeb , who built the Badshahi Mosque ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_architecture', 'summary': 'Spanish architecture refers to architecture in any area of what is now Spain , and by Spanish architects worldwide . The term includes buildings which were constructed within the current borders of Spain prior to its existence as a nation , when the land was called Iberia , Hispania , Al-Andalus or was divided between several Christian kingdoms . Drawing from many different sources , Spanish architecture demonstrates great historical and geographical diversity . Spanish architecture tended to develop along similar lines as other architectural styles around the Mediterranean and from Northern Europe . A real development came with the arrival of the Romans , who left behind some of their most outstanding monuments in Hispania . The arrival of the Visigoths brought about a profound decline in building techniques which was paralleled in the rest of the former Empire . The Moorish conquest in 711 CE led to a radical change and for the following eight centuries there were great advances in culture , including architecture . For example , Córdoba was established as the cultural capital of its time under the Muslim Umayyad dynasty . Simultaneously , the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and developed their own styles , at first mostly isolated from European architectural influences , and later integrated into Romanesque and Gothic streams , they reached an extraordinary peak with numerous samples along the whole territory . The Mudéjar style , from the 12th to 17th centuries , was characterised by the blending of cultural European and Islamic influences . Towards the end of the 15th century , and before influencing Latin America with its Colonial architecture , Spain itself experimented with Renaissance architecture , developed mostly by local architects . Spanish Baroque was distinguished by its exuberant Churrigueresque decoration and the most sober Herrerian style , both developing separately from later international influences .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malay_Architecture', 'summary': 'Malays ( Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Malay Peninsula , eastern Sumatra of Indonesia and coastal Borneo , as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations - areas that are collectively known as the Malay world . These locations are today part of the nations of Malaysia ( Malay nation state ) , Brunei , Singapore , Indonesia and Southern Thailand . There is considerable genetic , linguistic , cultural , artistic , and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups , mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically , the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms , notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history , the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy . Common definitive markers of a Malayness - the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era , resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region . In literature , architecture , culinary traditions , traditional dress , performing arts , martial arts , and royal court traditions , Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated . The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants , particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and the Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . Today , some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , termed as anak dagang ( traders ) and who predominantly consist of Banjar , Bugis , Minangkabau people and Acehnese peoples , while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries . Throughout their history , the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics . They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups , such as those of Minang , Acehnese , and to some degree Javanese culture ; however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture . Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi , Banjar , Cape Malay , Cocos Malays and Sri Lankan Malay cultures , as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay , Baba Malay , the Betawi language and Manado Malay .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Masjid Raya Baiturrahman مسجد رايا بيت الرحمن', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque', 'summary': 'Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is a Mosque located in the center of Banda Aceh city , Aceh Province , Indonesia . The Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is a symbol of religion , culture , spirit , strength , struggle and nationalism of the Acehnese people . The mosque is a landmark of Banda Aceh and has survived the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami .'}]}, {'value': 'Banda Aceh , Aceh 5°32′45″N 95°19′05″E / 5.5458°N 95.3181°E / 5.5458 ; 95.3181', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banda_Aceh', 'summary': "Banda Aceh is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh , Indonesia . It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters . The city covers an area of 61.4 square kilometres and had a population of 223,446 people at the 2010 Census , rising to 250,227 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) is 268,148 . Banda Aceh is located on the northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the Aceh River . The city was originally established as Bandar Aceh Darussalam Kandang and served as a capital and hub for the Sultanate of Aceh upon its foundation in the late 15th century . Later its name was changed to Bandar Aceh Darussalam , and then became popularly known as Banda Aceh . The first part of the name comes from the Persian bandar ( بندر ) meaning port or haven . The city is also dubbed the port to Mecca , or the porch of Mecca ( Indonesian : Serambi Mekkah ) in reference to the days when hajj pilgrims travelled by sea from Indonesia and would make a stop over in the city before continuing their journey to Mecca . Banda Aceh had long been at the centre of protracted conflicts between the Acehnese and foreign domination , including war with Portuguese , wars with the Dutch , the Japanese and the Indonesian government . The city rose to international prominence in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 , which struck off the western coast of Sumatra . Banda Aceh was the closest major city to the earthquake 's epicentre , which lay 249 km off the coast . It suffered great damage in the earthquake and further damage when a tsunami struck shortly afterwards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aceh', 'summary': "Aceh ( /ˈɑːtʃeɪ/ ) is the westernmost province of Indonesia . It is located on the northern end of Sumatra , with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city . Granted a special autonomous status , Aceh is a religiously conservative territory and the only Indonesian province practicing Sharia law officially . There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region , the largest being the Acehnese people , accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region 's population . Aceh is the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began , and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia . Islam reached Aceh ( Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri ) around 1250 AD . In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy , powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region . Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders , including the former Dutch colonists and later the Indonesian government . Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas . Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , which devastated much of the western coast of the province . Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster . The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) ."}]}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indo-Saracenic Revival , Moorish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Indo-Saracenic , also known as Indo-Gothic , Mughal-Gothic , and , formerly , Hindoo Style , was a revival architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century , especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj , and the palaces of rulers of the princely states . It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native Indo-Islamic architecture , especially Mughal architecture , which the British regarded as the classic Indian style , and less often , Hindu temple architecture . The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other styles , such as Gothic revival and Neo-Classical , with specific Indian features and decoration added . Saracen is a term used in Europe until the 19th century referring to Muslim and/or Arabic-speaking people and regions of the Middle East and North Africa . The style drew from western depictions of Indian buildings from about 1795 , such as those by William Hodges and the Daniell duo ( William Daniell and his uncle Thomas Daniell ) . The first Indo-Saracenic building is said to be the Chepauk Palace , completed in 1768 , in present-day Chennai ( Madras ) . Bombay and Calcutta ( as they then were ) , as the main centres of the Raj administration , saw many buildings constructed in the style , although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-classical architecture . Most major buildings are now classified under the Heritage buildings category as laid down by the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) , and protected . [ citation needed ] The style enjoyed a degree of popularity outside British India , where architects often mixed Islamic and European elements from various areas and periods with boldness , in the prevailing climate of eclecticism in architecture . Through architects and engineers transferred from India , the style was adopted in British Ceylon ( present-day Sri Lanka ) and the Federated Malay States ( present-day Malaysia ) . The British were also keen to transfer the style outside the Indian Empire and the British Far East to the United Kingdom itself , with several examples of Indo-Saracenic architecture going up in the country , for example at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton , and the eccentric Sezincote House in Gloucestershire . The wider European version , also popular in the Americas , is Moorish Revival architecture , which tends to use specific South Asian features less , and instead those characteristic of the Arabic-speaking countries ; Neo-Mudéjar is the equivalent style in Spain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moorish_architecture', 'summary': 'Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal ( Al Andalus ) , where the Moors were dominant between 711 and 1492 . The best surviving examples in Iberia are La Mezquita in Córdoba and the Alhambra palace in Granada ( mainly 1338-1390 ) , as well as the Giralda in Seville ( 1184 ) . Other notable examples in Iberia include the ruined palace city of Medina Azahara ( 936-1010 ) , the church ( former mosque ) San Cristo de la Luz in Toledo , the Aljafería in Saragossa and baths at for example Ronda and Alhama de Granada .'}]}, {'value': 'One of the oldest mosque in Aceh , the building survived the 2004 Tsunami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Tsunami', 'summary': 'The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami ( also known as the Boxing Day Tsunami ) occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December , with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra , Indonesia . It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a magnitude of 9.1-9.3 Mw , reaching a Mercalli intensity up to IX in certain areas . The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate . A series of massive tsunami waves grew up to 30 metres ( 100 ft ) high once heading inland , after being created by the underwater seismic activity offshore . Communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean were severely affected , and the tsunamis killed an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries . The Indonesian city of Banda Aceh reported the largest number of victims . The earthquake was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history . The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce , particularly in Indonesia , Sri Lanka , India , and Thailand . The earthquake was the third-largest ever recorded and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed ; between eight and ten minutes . It caused the planet to vibrate as much as 10 millimetres ( 0.4 inches ) , and it remotely triggered earthquakes as far away as Alaska . Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Sumatra . The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response , with donations totalling more than US $ 14 billion .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Mosque of Palembang Masjid Agung Palembang أݢوڠ ڤلامبڠ مسجد', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Palembang', 'summary': 'The Great Mosque of Palembang ( Indonesian Masjid Agung Palembang ) , also known as Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I Great Mosque after the former Sultan of Palembang , is the main mosque of Palembang , the capital of South Sumatra . The mosque is the largest in South Sumatra , and the third largest mosque in Sumatra after the Grand Mosque of West Sumatra and Great Mosque of Pekanbaru .'}]}, {'value': 'Palembang , South Sumatra 2°59′16″S 104°45′35″E / 2.987833°S 104.759796°E / -2.987833 ; 104.759796', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palembang', 'summary': "Palembang ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ palɛmˈbaŋ ] ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra . The city proper covers 369.22 square kilometres ( 142.56 square miles ) of land on both banks of Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra , with an estimated population of 1,708,413 in 2014 . Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra , after Medan , the ninth most populous city in Indonesia , and the nineteenth most populous city in Southeast Asia . The Palembang metropolitan area comprises part of regencies surrounding the city such as Banyuasin , Ogan Ilir , and Ogan Komering Ilir , with a total estimated population of more than 3.5 million in 2015 . Palembang is the one of the oldest cities in Southeast Asia . It was once the capital city of Srivijaya , a powerful Buddhist kingdom that ruled many parts of the western Indonesian Archipelago and controlled many maritime trade routes , especially in the Strait of Malacca . The earliest evidence of the city 's existence dates from the 7th century ; a Chinese monk , Yijing , wrote that he visited Srivijaya in the year 671 for 6 months . The first inscription in which Srivijaya was mentioned , Kedukan Bukit Inscription which was found in the city also dates from the 7th century . Palembang was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1825 after the abolishment of the Palembang Sultanate . It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906 . Palembang is mostly known by many Indonesians for Ampera Bridge , the city main landmark and pempek , one of Indonesian famous snack hailed from the city . Palembang is the host city of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Sumatra', 'summary': 'South Sumatra ( Jawi : سومترا سلتن , Indonesian : Sumatera Selatan , abbreviated as Sumsel ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra , The province spans 91,592.43 km2 ( 35,364 sq mi ) and had a population of 7,450,394 at the 2010 Census and 8,043,042 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate is 8,497,200 ( as at mid 2019 ) . The capital of the province is Palembang . The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north , Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south . The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka , which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province . This province is rich in natural resources , such as petroleum , natural gas and coal . The province is very diverse , as it is inhabited by many different ethnic groups . The Malays is the dominant ethnic group in the province . Most of them spoke the Palembang Malay , which is mutually unintelligible to both Indonesian and Standard Malay . Other ethnic groups also inhabits the province , such as the Javanese , Sundanese , Minangkabau and Chinese . Most of them are concentrated around urban areas , as they are mostly immigrants from other parts of Indonesia . The province was once the seat of many great kingdoms and empires .'}]}, {'value': '1893 ( established in 1748 ; major renovations in 1893 , 1916 , 1950s , and the 1970s ; major expansion in the 1990s )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palladian , Malay , Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palladian_architecture', 'summary': "Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508-1580 ) . What is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of his original concepts . Palladio 's work was strongly based on the symmetry , perspective , and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans . From the 17th century Palladio 's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism . It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century . In Britain , Palladianism was briefly in vogue during the 17th century , but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the English Civil War and the imposition of austerity which followed . In the early 18th century it returned to fashion , not only in England but also , directly influenced from Britain , in Prussia . Count Francesco Algarotti may have written to Lord Burlington from Berlin that he was recommending to Frederick the Great the adoption in Prussia of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in England , but Knobelsdorff 's opera house on the Unter den Linden boulevard , based on Campbell 's Wanstead House , had been constructed from 1741 . Later in the century , when the style was falling from favour in Europe , it had a surge in popularity throughout the British colonies in North America , highlighted by examples such as Drayton Hall in South Carolina , the Redwood Library in Newport , Rhode Island , the Morris-Jumel Mansion in New York City , the Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis , Maryland and Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello and Poplar Forest in Virginia . The style continued to be utilized in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings . From the latter half of the 19th century it was rivalled by the Gothic revival in the English-speaking world , whose champions such as Augustus Pugin , remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples , deemed it too pagan for Anglican and Anglo-Catholic worship . However , as an architectural style it has continued to be popular and to evolve ; its pediments , symmetry and proportions are clearly evident in the design of many modern buildings today ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malay_Architecture', 'summary': 'Malays ( Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Malay Peninsula , eastern Sumatra of Indonesia and coastal Borneo , as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations - areas that are collectively known as the Malay world . These locations are today part of the nations of Malaysia ( Malay nation state ) , Brunei , Singapore , Indonesia and Southern Thailand . There is considerable genetic , linguistic , cultural , artistic , and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups , mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically , the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms , notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history , the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy . Common definitive markers of a Malayness - the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era , resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region . In literature , architecture , culinary traditions , traditional dress , performing arts , martial arts , and royal court traditions , Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated . The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants , particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and the Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . Today , some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , termed as anak dagang ( traders ) and who predominantly consist of Banjar , Bugis , Minangkabau people and Acehnese peoples , while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries . Throughout their history , the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics . They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups , such as those of Minang , Acehnese , and to some degree Javanese culture ; however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture . Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi , Banjar , Cape Malay , Cocos Malays and Sri Lankan Malay cultures , as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay , Baba Malay , the Betawi language and Manado Malay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_architecture', 'summary': 'Chinese architecture demonstrates an architectural style that developed over millennia in China , before spreading out to influence architecture all throughout East Asia . Since the solidification of the style in the early imperial period , the structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged , the main changes being only the decorative details . Starting with the Tang dynasty , Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Japan , Korea , Mongolia , and Vietnam , and a varying amount of influence on the architectural styles of Southeast and South Asia including Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia and The Philippines . Chinese architecture is typified by various features ; such as , bilateral symmetry , use of enclosed open spaces , the incorporation of ideas related to feng shui such as directional hierarchies , a horizontal emphasis , and the allusion to various cosmological , mythological , or other symbolism . Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type , ranging from pagodas to palaces . In part because of an emphasis on the use of wood , a relatively perishable material , and due to a de-emphasis on major monumental structures built of less-organic but more durable materials , much of the historical knowledge of Chinese architecture derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published planning diagrams and specifications . Some of the architecture of China shows the influence of other types or styles from outside of China , such as the influences on mosque structures originating in the Middle East . Although displaying certain unifying aspects , rather than being completely homogeneous , Chinese architecture has many types of variation based on status or affiliation , such as dependence on whether the structures were constructed for emperors , commoners , or used for religious purposes . Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in the varying styles associated with different geographic regions and in ethnic architectural design .'}]}, {'value': 'The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palembang', 'summary': "Palembang ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ palɛmˈbaŋ ] ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra . The city proper covers 369.22 square kilometres ( 142.56 square miles ) of land on both banks of Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra , with an estimated population of 1,708,413 in 2014 . Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra , after Medan , the ninth most populous city in Indonesia , and the nineteenth most populous city in Southeast Asia . The Palembang metropolitan area comprises part of regencies surrounding the city such as Banyuasin , Ogan Ilir , and Ogan Komering Ilir , with a total estimated population of more than 3.5 million in 2015 . Palembang is the one of the oldest cities in Southeast Asia . It was once the capital city of Srivijaya , a powerful Buddhist kingdom that ruled many parts of the western Indonesian Archipelago and controlled many maritime trade routes , especially in the Strait of Malacca . The earliest evidence of the city 's existence dates from the 7th century ; a Chinese monk , Yijing , wrote that he visited Srivijaya in the year 671 for 6 months . The first inscription in which Srivijaya was mentioned , Kedukan Bukit Inscription which was found in the city also dates from the 7th century . Palembang was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1825 after the abolishment of the Palembang Sultanate . It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906 . Palembang is mostly known by many Indonesians for Ampera Bridge , the city main landmark and pempek , one of Indonesian famous snack hailed from the city . Palembang is the host city of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta ."}]}, {'value': 'Nurul Islam Great Mosque Masjid Agung Nurul Islam موساجيك أݢوڠ نور الإسلام', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurul_Islam_Great_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Nurul Islam Great Mosque or also known as Sawahlunto Great Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia located in Kubang Subdistrict of North Sirakuak , District of Lembah Segar , Sawahlunto town , West Sumatra . The location is about 150 meters from the Sawahlunto Railway Museum . The mosque was built during the Dutch colonial period and it was originally a steam power plant . The building was built in 1894 and changed its function to a mosque since 1952 , while its chimney was later used as a minaret and 10 meters dome was additionally built . The main building of the mosque measures 60 × 60 meters and has one large dome in the center surrounded by four smaller domes . Underneath the main building was a foxhole that had been used for assembling weapons such as hand grenades and mortars . Currently in addition to its function as a place of worship for Muslims , this two-story mosque is also used as a place of religious education for the surrounding community .'}]}, {'value': 'Sawahlunto , West Sumatra 0°41′10″S 100°46′40″E / 0.6860°S 100.7777°E / -0.6860 ; 100.7777', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sawahlunto', 'summary': 'Sawahlunto is a city in West Sumatra province , Indonesia , and lies 90 kilometres ( a 2-hour drive ) from Padang , the provincial capital . Sawahlunto is known as the site for the oldest coal mining site in Southeast Asia . Sawahlunto is geographically located in a narrow valley along the Bukit Barisan mountains , and surrounded by several hills , namely Bukit Polan , Bukit Pari , and Bukit Mato . The town has a land area of 273.45 sq . km , and had a population of 56,866 at the 2010 Census and 60,136 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) is 62,779 . Sawahlunto is one of the mining towns in West Sumatra . It was first established as a town in 1882 by the Dutch along with coal mining operations . Coal was discovered in the mid-19th century by Ir . de Greve . It was then suggested to the Dutch that coal should be mined in the area because coal was needed for industry and transportation . After the discovery of coal the area was frequently visited by geologists . Coal mining was pioneered in the area after the eventual surrender of the area to the Dutch in 1876 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sumatra', 'summary': "West Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . Located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra , the province had a 2019 estimated population of 5,479,491 across an area of 42,012.89 km2 . The province includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast and borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north , Riau and Jambi to the east , and Bengkulu to the southeast . West Sumatra is sub-divided into twelve regencies and seven cities . It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java . Padang is the province 's capital and largest city . West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province 's boundaries , covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra , the western region of Riau , the western region of Jambi , the northern region of Bengkulu , and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name . Islam is a predominant religion in the province with about 97.4% of the total population . West Sumatra was the centre of Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347 . The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523 . The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra 's WestKust ( Sumatra 's West Coast ) , whose administrative area included the present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Originally a steam powered power station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Power_station', 'summary': 'A power station , also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant , is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power . Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid . Many power stations contain one or more generators , a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into three-phase electric power . The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electric current . The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely . Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas to generate electricity . Cleaner energy sources include nuclear power , and an increasing use of renewables such as solar , wind , wave and hydroelectric .'}]}, {'value': 'Azizi Mosque Masjid Azizi مسجد عزيز', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azizi_Mosque', 'summary': 'Azizi Mosque is a mosque located in Tanjung Pura , North Sumatra , Indonesia . It was the royal mosque of the Sultanate of Langkat .'}]}, {'value': 'Langkat Regency , North Sumatra 3°53′29″N 98°25′26″E / 3.8915°N 98.4240°E / 3.8915 ; 98.4240', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langkat_Regency', 'summary': 'Langkat Regency ( Indonesian : Kabupaten Langkat ) is the northernmost regency of North Sumatra . Its seat is Stabat . Its area is 6,263.29 km² and its population was 967,535 at the 2010 national Census ; at the 2015 Census this had risen to 1,012,739 . Immediately to the south is Karo Regency , to the east is Deli Serdang Regency ( which surrounds the city of Medan ) and the city of Binjai ( formerly part of Langkat Regency ) , to the north lies the Strait of Malacca and to the west lies Aceh Province .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Sumatra', 'summary': 'North Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatra Utara ) is a province of Indonesia . It consists of a large northwestern belt of the island of Sumatra and its capital is Medan . North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java , East Java and Central Java - it covers an area of 72,981 sq.km , and at the Census of 2015 it had a population of 13,923,262 ; the latest official estimate as at mid 2019 is 14,639,400 .'}]}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mughal , Malay , Iranian , Islamic , Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mughal_architecture', 'summary': "Mughal Architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent . It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic , Persian , Turkish and Indian architecture . Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character , including large bulbous domes , slender minarets at the corners , massive halls , large vaulted gateways , and delicate ornamentation ; grandiose architecture was the most visible of the ways that the Mughals used to assert their sense of superiority and their supremacy over what in many ways remained to them an alien land . Examples of the style can be found in modern-day India , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , and Pakistan . The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526 . During his five-year reign , Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings , though few have survived . His grandson Akbar built widely , and the style developed vigorously during his reign . Among his accomplishments were Agra Fort , the fort-city of Fatehpur Sikri , and the Buland Darwaza . Akbar 's son Jahangir commissioned the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir . Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan , who constructed Taj Mahal , the Jama Masjid , the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore , the Wazir Khan Mosque , and who renovated the Lahore Fort . The last of the great Mughal architects was Aurangzeb , who built the Badshahi Mosque ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malay_Architecture', 'summary': 'Malays ( Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Malay Peninsula , eastern Sumatra of Indonesia and coastal Borneo , as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations - areas that are collectively known as the Malay world . These locations are today part of the nations of Malaysia ( Malay nation state ) , Brunei , Singapore , Indonesia and Southern Thailand . There is considerable genetic , linguistic , cultural , artistic , and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups , mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically , the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms , notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history , the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy . Common definitive markers of a Malayness - the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era , resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region . In literature , architecture , culinary traditions , traditional dress , performing arts , martial arts , and royal court traditions , Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated . The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants , particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and the Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . Today , some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , termed as anak dagang ( traders ) and who predominantly consist of Banjar , Bugis , Minangkabau people and Acehnese peoples , while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries . Throughout their history , the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics . They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups , such as those of Minang , Acehnese , and to some degree Javanese culture ; however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture . Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi , Banjar , Cape Malay , Cocos Malays and Sri Lankan Malay cultures , as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay , Baba Malay , the Betawi language and Manado Malay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iranian_architecture', 'summary': 'Iranian architecture or Persian architecture ( Persian : معمارى ایرانی , Memāri e Irāni ) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia , the Caucasus and Central Asia . Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BC with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan , and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar . Persian buildings vary from peasant huts to tea houses , and garden pavilions to some of the most majestic structures the world has ever seen . In addition to historic gates , palaces , and mosques , the rapid growth of cities such as the capital Tehran has brought about a wave of demolition and new construction . Iranian architecture displays great variety , both structural and aesthetic , from a variety of traditions and experience . Without sudden innovations , and despite the repeated trauma of invasions and cultural shocks , it has achieved an individuality distinct from that of other Muslim countries . Its paramount virtues are : a marked feeling for form and scale ; structural inventiveness , especially in vault and dome construction ; a genius for decoration with a freedom and success not rivaled in any other architecture . Traditionally , the guiding formative motif of Iranian architecture has been its cosmic symbolism by which man is brought into communication and participation with the powers of heaven . This theme has not only given unity and continuity to the architecture of Persia , but has been a primary source of its emotional character as well . According to American historian and archaeologist Arthur Pope , the supreme Iranian art , in the proper meaning of the word , has always been its architecture . The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre- and post-Islamic periods .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Islamic_architecture', 'summary': 'Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam . It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day . Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman , Byzantine , Persian , Mesopotamian and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries . Further east , it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to Southeast Asia . Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings , and the decoration of surfaces with Islamic calligraphy and geometric and interlace patterned ornament . New architectural elements like cylindrical minarets , pointed arch , muqarnas , arabesque , multifoil were invented . The principal Islamic architectural types for large or public buildings are : the mosque , the tomb , the palace , and the fort . From these four types , the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as public baths , fountains and domestic architecture . Many of the buildings which are mentioned in this article are listed as World Heritage Sites . Some of them , like the Citadel of Aleppo , have suffered significant damage in the ongoing Syrian Civil War and other wars in the Middle East .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_architecture', 'summary': 'Chinese architecture demonstrates an architectural style that developed over millennia in China , before spreading out to influence architecture all throughout East Asia . Since the solidification of the style in the early imperial period , the structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged , the main changes being only the decorative details . Starting with the Tang dynasty , Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Japan , Korea , Mongolia , and Vietnam , and a varying amount of influence on the architectural styles of Southeast and South Asia including Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia and The Philippines . Chinese architecture is typified by various features ; such as , bilateral symmetry , use of enclosed open spaces , the incorporation of ideas related to feng shui such as directional hierarchies , a horizontal emphasis , and the allusion to various cosmological , mythological , or other symbolism . Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type , ranging from pagodas to palaces . In part because of an emphasis on the use of wood , a relatively perishable material , and due to a de-emphasis on major monumental structures built of less-organic but more durable materials , much of the historical knowledge of Chinese architecture derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published planning diagrams and specifications . Some of the architecture of China shows the influence of other types or styles from outside of China , such as the influences on mosque structures originating in the Middle East . Although displaying certain unifying aspects , rather than being completely homogeneous , Chinese architecture has many types of variation based on status or affiliation , such as dependence on whether the structures were constructed for emperors , commoners , or used for religious purposes . Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in the varying styles associated with different geographic regions and in ethnic architectural design .'}]}, {'value': 'The royal mosque of the Langkat Sultanate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat', 'summary': 'The Sultanate of Langkat was a malay Muslim state located in modern Langkat Regency , North Sumatra . It predates Islam in the region , but no historical records before the 17th century survive . It prospered with the opening of rubber plantations and the discovery of oil in Pangkalan Brandan .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Mosque of Medan Masjid Raya Medan مسجد رايا ميدان', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Medan', 'summary': 'Great Mosque of Medan or Masjid Raya Al Mashun is a mosque located in Medan , Indonesia . The mosque was built in the year 1906 and completed in 1909 . In beginning of its establishment , the mosque was a part of the Maimun palace complex . Its architectural style combines Middle Eastern , Indian and Spanish elements . The mosque has an octagonal shape and has wings to the south , east , north and west .'}]}, {'value': 'Medan , North Sumatra 3°34′30″N 98°41′14″E / 3.5751°N 98.6873°E / 3.5751 ; 98.6873', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medan', 'summary': "Medan ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ meˈdan ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra . A regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra , it is regarded as one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Surabaya , and Makassar . Medan has a population of over 2.2 million within its city limits , and over 3.4 million in its built-up urban area , making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia . The Medan metropolitan area - which includes neighbouring Binjai , Deli Serdang Regency , and a part of Karo Regency - is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java , with 4.6 million residents . Medan is a multicultural metropolis and a busy trading city bordered by the Strait of Malacca . A gateway to the western part of Indonesia , Medan is supported by the Port of Belawan and Kualanamu International Airport , both of which are connected to the city centre via toll road and railway . The city was founded by Guru Patimpus , a Karonese man who named a swampy land in confluence of Deli River and Babura river as Kampung Medan Putri . It later became a part of the Deli Sultanate which was established by Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan in 1632 . In the 18th century , its eighth king , Sultan Mahmud Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , worked with Jacob Nienhuys , a Dutch tobacco merchant , who pioneered the opening of tobacco plantations in Medan . With the help from the 9th Sultanate Sultan Ma'mun Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , and also the well-known Chinese businessmen Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie , the rapid development of the economy transformed Medan into a big trading center with the nickname het land dollar , aka the land of the money . The Deli Railway was established for shipping rubber , tea , timber , palm oil , and sugar industries from the city to the Port of Belawan . Medan was briefly the capital of the State of East Sumatra in 1947 , before it became the provincial capital of North Sumatra in mid-1950 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Sumatra', 'summary': 'North Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatra Utara ) is a province of Indonesia . It consists of a large northwestern belt of the island of Sumatra and its capital is Medan . North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java , East Java and Central Java - it covers an area of 72,981 sq.km , and at the Census of 2015 it had a population of 13,923,262 ; the latest official estimate as at mid 2019 is 14,639,400 .'}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moorish , Mughal , Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moorish_architecture', 'summary': 'Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal ( Al Andalus ) , where the Moors were dominant between 711 and 1492 . The best surviving examples in Iberia are La Mezquita in Córdoba and the Alhambra palace in Granada ( mainly 1338-1390 ) , as well as the Giralda in Seville ( 1184 ) . Other notable examples in Iberia include the ruined palace city of Medina Azahara ( 936-1010 ) , the church ( former mosque ) San Cristo de la Luz in Toledo , the Aljafería in Saragossa and baths at for example Ronda and Alhama de Granada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mughal_architecture', 'summary': "Mughal Architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent . It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic , Persian , Turkish and Indian architecture . Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character , including large bulbous domes , slender minarets at the corners , massive halls , large vaulted gateways , and delicate ornamentation ; grandiose architecture was the most visible of the ways that the Mughals used to assert their sense of superiority and their supremacy over what in many ways remained to them an alien land . Examples of the style can be found in modern-day India , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , and Pakistan . The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526 . During his five-year reign , Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings , though few have survived . His grandson Akbar built widely , and the style developed vigorously during his reign . Among his accomplishments were Agra Fort , the fort-city of Fatehpur Sikri , and the Buland Darwaza . Akbar 's son Jahangir commissioned the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir . Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan , who constructed Taj Mahal , the Jama Masjid , the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore , the Wazir Khan Mosque , and who renovated the Lahore Fort . The last of the great Mughal architects was Aurangzeb , who built the Badshahi Mosque ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_architecture', 'summary': 'Spanish architecture refers to architecture in any area of what is now Spain , and by Spanish architects worldwide . The term includes buildings which were constructed within the current borders of Spain prior to its existence as a nation , when the land was called Iberia , Hispania , Al-Andalus or was divided between several Christian kingdoms . Drawing from many different sources , Spanish architecture demonstrates great historical and geographical diversity . Spanish architecture tended to develop along similar lines as other architectural styles around the Mediterranean and from Northern Europe . A real development came with the arrival of the Romans , who left behind some of their most outstanding monuments in Hispania . The arrival of the Visigoths brought about a profound decline in building techniques which was paralleled in the rest of the former Empire . The Moorish conquest in 711 CE led to a radical change and for the following eight centuries there were great advances in culture , including architecture . For example , Córdoba was established as the cultural capital of its time under the Muslim Umayyad dynasty . Simultaneously , the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and developed their own styles , at first mostly isolated from European architectural influences , and later integrated into Romanesque and Gothic streams , they reached an extraordinary peak with numerous samples along the whole territory . The Mudéjar style , from the 12th to 17th centuries , was characterised by the blending of cultural European and Islamic influences . Towards the end of the 15th century , and before influencing Latin America with its Colonial architecture , Spain itself experimented with Renaissance architecture , developed mostly by local architects . Spanish Baroque was distinguished by its exuberant Churrigueresque decoration and the most sober Herrerian style , both developing separately from later international influences .'}]}, {'value': 'The royal mosque of Deli Sultanate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deli_Sultanate', 'summary': "Sultanate of Deli was a 1,820 km² Malay state in east Sumatra founded in 1630 . A tributary kingdom from 1630 it was controlled by various Sultanates until 1814 , when it became an independent sultanate and broke away from the Sultanate of Siak . The ruler of Aceh converted to Islam in the mid-15th century . The Sultanate of Aceh was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah , who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra in 1520 . The sultan Iskandar Muda expanded Aceh by conquest . In 1612 Deli was militarily defeated and annexed . Dutch intervention in 1861 , which resulted in a contract with the Netherlands East Indies the following year , helped to recognise Deli 's independence from Aceh and Siak . Now part of North Sumatera , Indonesia , the sultanate remains as a symbol of the history of Medan ."}]}, {'value': 'Nurul Huda Mosque Masjid Nurul Huda موساجيك نور الهدى', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurul_Huda_Mosque', 'summary': 'Nurul Huda Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia , located in Baringin District , Sawahlunto , West Sumatra . The mosque , built during the Dutch occupation , has a rectangular building with a tower blending into the main building . Currently , in addition to a function as a place of worship for Muslims , this two-story mosque is also used as a means of religious education for the surrounding community .'}]}, {'value': 'Sawahlunto , West Sumatra 1°10′06″S 101°39′18″E / 1.1684°S 101.6550°E / -1.1684 ; 101.6550', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sawahlunto', 'summary': 'Sawahlunto is a city in West Sumatra province , Indonesia , and lies 90 kilometres ( a 2-hour drive ) from Padang , the provincial capital . Sawahlunto is known as the site for the oldest coal mining site in Southeast Asia . Sawahlunto is geographically located in a narrow valley along the Bukit Barisan mountains , and surrounded by several hills , namely Bukit Polan , Bukit Pari , and Bukit Mato . The town has a land area of 273.45 sq . km , and had a population of 56,866 at the 2010 Census and 60,136 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) is 62,779 . Sawahlunto is one of the mining towns in West Sumatra . It was first established as a town in 1882 by the Dutch along with coal mining operations . Coal was discovered in the mid-19th century by Ir . de Greve . It was then suggested to the Dutch that coal should be mined in the area because coal was needed for industry and transportation . After the discovery of coal the area was frequently visited by geologists . Coal mining was pioneered in the area after the eventual surrender of the area to the Dutch in 1876 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sumatra', 'summary': "West Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . Located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra , the province had a 2019 estimated population of 5,479,491 across an area of 42,012.89 km2 . The province includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast and borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north , Riau and Jambi to the east , and Bengkulu to the southeast . West Sumatra is sub-divided into twelve regencies and seven cities . It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java . Padang is the province 's capital and largest city . West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province 's boundaries , covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra , the western region of Riau , the western region of Jambi , the northern region of Bengkulu , and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name . Islam is a predominant religion in the province with about 97.4% of the total population . West Sumatra was the centre of Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347 . The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523 . The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra 's WestKust ( Sumatra 's West Coast ) , whose administrative area included the present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minangkabau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rumah_Gadang', 'summary': 'Rumah gadang ( Minangkabau : big house ) or rumah bagonjong house for the Minangkabau people ( Minangkabau : spired roof house ) are the traditional homes ( Indonesian : rumah adat ) of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra , Indonesia . The architecture , construction , internal and external decoration , and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau . A rumah gadang serves as a residence , a hall for family meetings , and for ceremonial activities . In the matrilineal Minangkabau society , the rumah gadang is owned by the women of the family who live there ; ownership is passed from mother to daughter . The houses have dramatic curved roof structure with multi-tiered , upswept gables . Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profuse painted floral carvings . The term rumah gadang usually refers to the larger communal homes , however , smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements . In West Sumatra , traditional rumah gadang reflect the provinces Minangkabau people , and has become the symbol of West Sumatra and Minangkabau culture . Throughout the region , numerous buildings demonstrate the design elements of rumah gadang , including genuine vernacular timber masonry structures built for customary ceremonies , to the more mundane modern structure like those of government offices and public facilities . Today , rumah gadang architectural elements , especially its gonjong horn-like curved roof can be found in modern structures , such as governor and regencies office buildings , marketplaces , hotels , facade of Padang restaurants and Minangkabau International Airport . An istano basa , however , is the largest and most magnificent example of this traditional style .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koto Baru Grand Mosque Masjid Raya Koto Baru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koto_Baru_Grand_Mosque', 'summary': 'Koto Baru Grand Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia located in Koto Baru Nagari , Sungai Pagu District , South Solok Regency , West Sumatra . Construction of the mosque begun in 1922 with an architectural design resembling Rao Rao Mosque located in Tanah Datar Regency , which is a blend of Minangkabau with Persian style . The mosque suffered considerable damage due to the earthquake occurred in Sumatra in 1926 , at which time the mosque was still under construction thus it delayed the construction until 1933 . The mosque is located not far from the area known as Seribu Rumah Gadang Nagari or about 37 km from Padang Aro , the capital of South Solok Regency . Nowadays , apart from being used for Islamic worshiping activities , this one-floor mosque is also used as a place for religious education for the surrounding community , and it has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in South Solok Regency .'}]}, {'value': 'South Solok Regency , West Sumatra 1°28′54″S 101°03′33″E / 1.481637°S 101.059198°E / -1.481637 ; 101.059198', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Solok_Regency', 'summary': 'South Solok Regency ( Indonesian : Kabupaten Solok Selatan ) is a regency ( kabupaten ) of West Sumatra province , Indonesia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sumatra', 'summary': "West Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . Located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra , the province had a 2019 estimated population of 5,479,491 across an area of 42,012.89 km2 . The province includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast and borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north , Riau and Jambi to the east , and Bengkulu to the southeast . West Sumatra is sub-divided into twelve regencies and seven cities . It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java . Padang is the province 's capital and largest city . West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province 's boundaries , covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra , the western region of Riau , the western region of Jambi , the northern region of Bengkulu , and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name . Islam is a predominant religion in the province with about 97.4% of the total population . West Sumatra was the centre of Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347 . The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523 . The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra 's WestKust ( Sumatra 's West Coast ) , whose administrative area included the present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minangkabau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesian_architecture', 'summary': 'The architecture of Indonesia reflects the diversity of cultural , historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole . Invaders , colonizers , missionaries , merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques . Numbers of Indonesian vernacular houses have been developed throughout the archipelago . The traditional houses and settlements of the several hundreds ethnic groups of Indonesia are extremely varied and all have their own specific history . The houses hold social significance in society and demonstrate local ingenuity in their relations to environment and spatial organisation . :5 Traditionally , the most significant foreign influence has been Indian . However , Chinese , Arab , and European influences have also played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture . Religious architecture varies from indigenous forms to mosques , temples , and churches . The sultans and other rulers built palaces . There is a substantial legacy of colonial architecture in Indonesian cities . Independent Indonesia has seen the development of new paradigms for postmodern and contemporary architecture .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cut Mutiah Mosque Masjid Cut Meutia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cut_Mutiah_Mosque', 'summary': 'Cut Mutiah Mosque ( Indonesian Masjid Cut Mutiah also Masjid Cut Meutia ) is a mosque in Jakarta , Indonesia . The mosque is named after an Indonesian national heroine Cut Nyak Meutia who took part in the struggle against Dutch colonialism in Aceh . The mosque was originally a Dutch property before it was finally transformed into a mosque .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Jakarta , Jakarta 6°11′14″S 106°50′00″E / 6.1873°S 106.8333°E / -6.1873 ; 106.8333', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Jakarta', 'summary': 'Central Jakarta ( Indonesian : Jakarta Pusat ) is one of the five administrative cities ( kota administrasi ) which form the Special Capital Region of Jakarta . It had 898,883 inhabitants according to the 2010 Census . Central Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city council , hence it is not classified as a proper municipality . Central Jakarta is the smallest in area and population of the five cities of Jakarta . It is both the administrative and political center of Jakarta and Indonesia . Central Jakarta contains a number of large international hotels and major landmarks such as Hotel Indonesia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch Rationalism , New Indies Style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)', 'summary': 'In architecture , rationalism is an architectural current which mostly developed from Italy in the 1920s and 1930s . Vitruvius had claimed in his work De architectura that architecture is a science that can be comprehended rationally . This formulation was taken up and further developed in the architectural treatises of the Renaissance . Progressive art theory of the 18th-century opposed the Baroque use of illusionism with the classic beauty of truth and reason . Twentieth-century rationalism derived less from a special , unified theoretical work than from a common belief that the most varied problems posed by the real world could be resolved by reason . In that respect it represented a reaction to historicism and a contrast to Art Nouveau and Expressionism . The term rationalist architecture is commonly used to refer to the wider International Style .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Indies_Style', 'summary': 'New Indies Style ( from Dutch Nieuwe Indische Bouwstijl ) is a modern architectural style used in the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) between the late 19th-century through pre-World War II 20th-century . New Indies Style is basically early modern ( western ) architecture ( e.g . Rationalism and Art Deco ) which applies local architectural elements - such as wide eaves or prominent roof - as an attempt to conform with the tropical climate of Indonesia . Even though New Indies Style refers specifically to the Dutch Rationalism movement that appeared in 1910s Indonesia , for the purpose of covering the many architectural styles that appeared during the brief early modern period , the term is used as a general term for all the architectural styles that appear between the late 19th-century to pre-World War II 20th-century .'}]}, {'value': 'Originally an architecture office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baiturrahim Mosque Masjid Baiturrahim مسجد بيت الرحيم', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baiturrahim_Mosque', 'summary': 'Baiturrahim Mosque is a mosque located in Ulee Lheue , Meuraksa sub-district , Aceh Province , Indonesia . As a legacy of the Sultan of Aceh in the 17th Century , it is one of the historical mosques in Indonesia . Back then the mosque was named Jami Ulee Lheu Mosque . In 1873 , when the Baiturrahman Grand Mosque was burned by the Dutch , all the worshipers held a Friday prayer at Ulee Lheue . Since then the name of the mosque became Baiturrahim Mosque . Since its establishment , the mosque has been restored several times . Initially the building was completely made out of wood , with a simple shape and was located next to the location of the present mosque . Because it was made out of wood , building did not last long as weathering had torn the building down . In 1922 the mosque was re-built with long-lasting material by the Government of Dutch East Indies with European architectural style . But this construction did not use iron or bone braces , and built with bricks and cement only . In 1983 , Banda Aceh was rocked by a devastating earthquake and it undermined the dome of the mosque . After that people rebuilt the mosque but they no longer installed the dome , thus replacing it with an ordinary roof .'}]}, {'value': 'Banda Aceh , Aceh 5°33′21″N 95°17′03″E / 5.5558°N 95.2841°E / 5.5558 ; 95.2841', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banda_Aceh', 'summary': "Banda Aceh is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh , Indonesia . It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters . The city covers an area of 61.4 square kilometres and had a population of 223,446 people at the 2010 Census , rising to 250,227 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) is 268,148 . Banda Aceh is located on the northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the Aceh River . The city was originally established as Bandar Aceh Darussalam Kandang and served as a capital and hub for the Sultanate of Aceh upon its foundation in the late 15th century . Later its name was changed to Bandar Aceh Darussalam , and then became popularly known as Banda Aceh . The first part of the name comes from the Persian bandar ( بندر ) meaning port or haven . The city is also dubbed the port to Mecca , or the porch of Mecca ( Indonesian : Serambi Mekkah ) in reference to the days when hajj pilgrims travelled by sea from Indonesia and would make a stop over in the city before continuing their journey to Mecca . Banda Aceh had long been at the centre of protracted conflicts between the Acehnese and foreign domination , including war with Portuguese , wars with the Dutch , the Japanese and the Indonesian government . The city rose to international prominence in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 , which struck off the western coast of Sumatra . Banda Aceh was the closest major city to the earthquake 's epicentre , which lay 249 km off the coast . It suffered great damage in the earthquake and further damage when a tsunami struck shortly afterwards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aceh', 'summary': "Aceh ( /ˈɑːtʃeɪ/ ) is the westernmost province of Indonesia . It is located on the northern end of Sumatra , with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city . Granted a special autonomous status , Aceh is a religiously conservative territory and the only Indonesian province practicing Sharia law officially . There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region , the largest being the Acehnese people , accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region 's population . Aceh is the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began , and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia . Islam reached Aceh ( Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri ) around 1250 AD . In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy , powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region . Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders , including the former Dutch colonists and later the Indonesian government . Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas . Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , which devastated much of the western coast of the province . Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster . The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) ."}]}, {'value': '1922 , 1993 ( expanded )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moorish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moorish_architecture', 'summary': 'Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal ( Al Andalus ) , where the Moors were dominant between 711 and 1492 . The best surviving examples in Iberia are La Mezquita in Córdoba and the Alhambra palace in Granada ( mainly 1338-1390 ) , as well as the Giralda in Seville ( 1184 ) . Other notable examples in Iberia include the ruined palace city of Medina Azahara ( 936-1010 ) , the church ( former mosque ) San Cristo de la Luz in Toledo , the Aljafería in Saragossa and baths at for example Ronda and Alhama de Granada .'}]}, {'value': 'The building has been fully restored after it was seriously damaged by the 2004 Tsunami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Tsunami', 'summary': 'The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami ( also known as the Boxing Day Tsunami ) occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December , with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra , Indonesia . It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a magnitude of 9.1-9.3 Mw , reaching a Mercalli intensity up to IX in certain areas . The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate . A series of massive tsunami waves grew up to 30 metres ( 100 ft ) high once heading inland , after being created by the underwater seismic activity offshore . Communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean were severely affected , and the tsunamis killed an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries . The Indonesian city of Banda Aceh reported the largest number of victims . The earthquake was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history . The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce , particularly in Indonesia , Sri Lanka , India , and Thailand . The earthquake was the third-largest ever recorded and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed ; between eight and ten minutes . It caused the planet to vibrate as much as 10 millimetres ( 0.4 inches ) , and it remotely triggered earthquakes as far away as Alaska . Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Sumatra . The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response , with donations totalling more than US $ 14 billion .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Oldest mosques in Indonesia -- Eclectic mosques', 'section_text': 'To be listed in this category , the building has to be completed before the independence of Indonesia ( pre-1950s ) . Architecture of the mosque has to show prominent foreign features such as pointed arches and domes during the time of its completion . Ancient Javanese mosque which in later years modified to include eclectic element should be placed on the Traditional mosques list instead . Civic buildings that are converted into a mosque can also be listed in the category . The year should be then the year of the completion of the building , and not the year of the establishment of the building as a mosque .', 'uid': 'List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia_1', 'intro': 'These are lists of mosques in Indonesia, based on'} | null | null | What was the population of the city where the Nurul Huda Mosque is located at the 2010 Census ? | 56,866 |
06b2a9c80bdbeb77 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_AFL_draft', 'title': '2009 AFL draft', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Recruited from', 'League', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Harris_(footballer)', 'summary': "Daniel Harris ( born 10 May 1982 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club and Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He played as a midfielder and has been noted as one of the best centre clearance players in the league . He was also one of the league 's best tacklers , making the top ten for most tackles in each season between 2006 and 2008 . After being delisted by North Melbourne he was drafted with the first selection in the 2010 Rookie Draft as a mature age rookie to join the new Gold Coast Football Club in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 2010 . He was drafted with the 14th selection in the 2000 AFL Draft from the Bendigo Pioneers and has played 149 matches for the Kangaroos in his eight seasons at the club . Harris started strongly , winning an AFL Rising Star award nomination in only his second match . However , he only played the next four games before being dropped back to play for the Murray Kangaroos in the VFL . He played only a further two senior games in 2001 and only four games in 2002 . The 2004 AFL season would see Harris cement his spot in the side and he only missed two games in the Kangaroo 's next five seasons . At the conclusion of the 2008 season , Harris requested to leave North Melbourne over an apparent feud with coach Dean Laidley . But a trade was not forthcoming and Harris spent the start of the 2009 playing in the VFL , but returned to play ten games during the season . He was delisted at the end of the season , but joined the Gold Coast Football Club ."}]}, {'value': 'North Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'AFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Coad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Coad', 'summary': "Michael Coad is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played with Australian Football League ( AFL ) club Gold Coast . Originally from South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club Sturt , Coad was drafted by Gold Coast as a mature age rookie with pick number two of the 2010 AFL Rookie Draft and was elevated to Gold Coast 's senior list for their first season . He made his senior AFL debut against Western Bulldogs in round 3 of the 2011 AFL season . Coad suffered a serious hamstring injury in his 2nd game for the Gold Coast , ruling him out for the remainder of the 2011 season . Coad was delisted by Gold Coast on 3 September 2011 but redrafted by them in the 2012 Rookie Draft . Coad has since played one further AFL match for Gold Coast . Coad then moved back to Sturt of the South Australian Football League in 2013 , soon being selelcted as Captain for the Sturt Football Club . In 2015 Coad called quits on his senior football career ."}]}, {'value': 'Sturt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturt_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Sturt Football Club , nicknamed The Double Blues , is a semi-professional Australian rules football club based in the suburb of Unley , South Australia , which plays in the South Australian National Football League . Founded in 1901 by the Sturt Cricket Club , the club initially struggled to make the finals , however , in 1915 they won their first Premiership . After several decades of substantial finals appearances and a few premiership wins , Sturt entered a period of success , winning seven premierships from 1966 to 1976 under coach Jack Oatey . Sturt has a total of 15 premierships , eleven Magarey Medallists and two Night Premierships . Sturt wear Oxford and Cambridge Blue reflecting the street names on which their home ground is based . Sturt play their home games at the 15,000 capacity Unley Oval and their club song is named It 's a grand old flag ."}]}, {'value': 'SANFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League', 'summary': "The South Australian National Football League , or SANFL ( /ˈsænfəl/ or S-A-N-F-L ) , is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia . It is also the governing body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia . Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877 , the SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia and one of the oldest football competitions in the world , forming just a few years after the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , the oldest rugby football competition , and over a decade before The Football League , although later than the FA Cup ( soccer ) . Consisting of a single division competition , since 2014 the season has been an 18-round home-and-away ( regular ) season from April to September . The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the grand final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy . The grand final had traditionally been held at Football Park in October , generally the week after the AFL Grand Final , though this was altered ahead of the 2014 season resulting in Adelaide Oval hosting the grand final in the penultimate weekend of September . The league owned the sub-licences for South Australia 's two AFL clubs - Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club until March 2014 , when South Australian Football Commission reached an agreement with the Adelaide and Port Adelaide football clubs - endorsed by the AFL - which will see the two AFL licences transferred to the clubs in return for payments totalling more than $ 18 million . The league is also responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state . This includes junior football , country football , amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools , indigenous communities ( including the APY Lands in the state 's north ) and newly arrived migrant communities . The SANFL owns Football Park , formerly the largest stadium in South Australia . The stadium , which opened in 1974 , was primarily used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013 and had a capacity of over 51,000 prior to being demolished . The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974-2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Iles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Iles', 'summary': 'Sam Iles ( born 19 June 1987 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood and Gold Coast in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Box Hill Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Box_Hill_Hawks', 'summary': 'Box Hill Hawks Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the Victorian Football League . It has an alliance with the Hawthorn Football Club , which plays in the Australian Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'TAC Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAC_Cup', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roland Ah Chee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Norwood Football Club , nicknamed the Redlegs , is an Australian rules football club competing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) in the state of South Australia . Its home ground is Coopers Stadium ( Norwood Oval ) , which often referred to as The Parade . It is one of the two traditional powerhouse clubs of the SANFL , the other being Port Adelaide , who together have won half of all SANFL premierships ( see Port Adelaide-Norwood SANFL rivalry ) . The club has won 30 SANFL premierships and 1 SANFLW premiership .'}]}, {'value': 'SANFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League', 'summary': "The South Australian National Football League , or SANFL ( /ˈsænfəl/ or S-A-N-F-L ) , is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia . It is also the governing body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia . Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877 , the SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia and one of the oldest football competitions in the world , forming just a few years after the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , the oldest rugby football competition , and over a decade before The Football League , although later than the FA Cup ( soccer ) . Consisting of a single division competition , since 2014 the season has been an 18-round home-and-away ( regular ) season from April to September . The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the grand final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy . The grand final had traditionally been held at Football Park in October , generally the week after the AFL Grand Final , though this was altered ahead of the 2014 season resulting in Adelaide Oval hosting the grand final in the penultimate weekend of September . The league owned the sub-licences for South Australia 's two AFL clubs - Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club until March 2014 , when South Australian Football Commission reached an agreement with the Adelaide and Port Adelaide football clubs - endorsed by the AFL - which will see the two AFL licences transferred to the clubs in return for payments totalling more than $ 18 million . The league is also responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state . This includes junior football , country football , amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools , indigenous communities ( including the APY Lands in the state 's north ) and newly arrived migrant communities . The SANFL owns Football Park , formerly the largest stadium in South Australia . The stadium , which opened in 1974 , was primarily used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013 and had a capacity of over 51,000 prior to being demolished . The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974-2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Stanley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Stanley', 'summary': 'Daniel Danny Stanley ( born 18 February 1988 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Stanley played his junior football with the Ocean Grove Football Club in the Bellarine Football League ( BFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'AFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Newton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Newton_(Australian_rules_footballer)', 'summary': 'Michael Newton ( born 27 April 1987 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) and the Norwood Football Club in the SANFL .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'AFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Hicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hicks_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': 'Robert Hicks ( born 9 October 1991 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Hicks was drafted to Richmond from the Calder Cannons in the TAC Cup with the 7th selection in the 2010 Rookie Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Calder Cannons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calder_Cannons', 'summary': 'The Calder Cannons is an Australian rules football club from Melbourne , Australia . The club competes in the NAB League , the Victorian Statewide Under-18s competition , and fields squads in the Under-15s , Under-16s and Under-18s . The club was formed in 1995 after the need for two more metropolitan clubs . The geographic catchment area for the club is the north western suburbs of Melbourne extending to cover the Macedon Ranges area .'}]}, {'value': 'TAC Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAC_Cup', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Barlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Barlow', 'summary': 'Michael Barlow ( born 18 December 1987 ) is a former professional Australian rules football who played for the Fremantle and Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Werribee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werribee_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Werribee Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is an Australian rules football club , based in Werribee . The club was formed in 1964 and currently plays in the Victorian Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'VFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria . The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , and has been known by its current name since 1996 . For historical purposes , the present VFL is sometimes referred to as the VFA/VFL , to distinguish it from the present day Australian Football League , which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League and is sometimes referred to as the VFL/AFL . The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league , replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of the game . Initially serving a primarily administrative function , the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896 . The VFA became the secondary level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL . From 1897 until 1995 , the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victoria 's secondary senior club competition . Although always much less popular than the VFL/AFL , the VFA enjoyed peaks of popularity in the 1940s with a faster-paced rival code of rules , and in the 1970s bolstered by playing on Sundays at a time when the VFL was played solely on Saturdays . Since 1995 , the league has been administered by AFL Victoria ( and its predecessors ) , and serves as one of the second-tier regional Australian semi-professional competitions which sits underneath the fully professional Australian Football League . From the 2018 season it will comprise 15 teams from throughout Victoria , nine of which have a continuous VFA heritage . Since 2000 , the VFL has served partially as a reserves competition for the AFL , with some Victorian-based clubs fielding their reserves teams in the VFL and others affiliated such that their reserves player can play in VFL teams . AFL Victoria also operates a women 's football competition under the Victorian Football League brand , known as the VFL Women 's , which was established in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majak Daw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majak_Daw', 'summary': "Majak Daw ( born 11 March 1991 ) is a professional footballer playing for the North Melbourne Kangaroos in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Daw and his family in Australia are refugees from the civil wars in Sudan . Daw became the first Sudanese Australian to be drafted to an AFL club when he was contracted to North Melbourne in the 2009 AFL Draft . Daw 's drafting gained international attention ; it was reported by the BBC and the Voice of America . Majak Daw made his first appearance for North Melbourne in a NAB Cup match on 20 February 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Jets', 'summary': "The Western Jets is an Australian rules football club which plays in the Victorian premier U18 competition , the NAB League , since its inception in 1992 . The club have developmental squads in the U15 and 16 age groups , however much of the attention is towards its U18 team . The club is geographically set in Melbourne 's West as part of a decision by AFL Victoria ( formerly Football Victoria ) to have clubs in all regions of the state . The club trains in Melbourne 's inner west at Crofts Reserve in Altona North and plays NAB League matches at Burbank Oval in Williamstown . Their current coach is Ryan OKeefe , who replaced Torin Baker at the end of the 2018 season ."}]}, {'value': 'TAC Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAC_Cup', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'North Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Playfair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Playfair', 'summary': 'Henry Playfair ( born 22 January 1983 ) is currently the Head of Coaching Performance at the Carlton Football Club having previously been an assistant coach at the St Kilda Football Club and an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League . Playfair grew up around the town of Holbrook in the Riverina region of New South Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Swans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'AFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Swans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis Broome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_Broome', 'summary': 'As of the end of the 2015 season , a total of 224 players have played at least one senior game for the West Coast Eagles , an Australian rules football team in the Australian Football League . A number of other players were listed ( or are listed ) with the club for periods of time without making their debut , some of whom played at senior level for other AFL teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Claremont Football Club , nicknamed Tigers , is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont , Western Australia , that currently plays in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . Its official colours are navy blue and gold . Formed as the Cottesloe Beach Football Club in 1906 , the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club ' , changing its name to the present in 1935 . Claremont have won 12 senior men 's premierships since entering the competition , including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships ."}]}, {'value': 'WAFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League', 'summary': 'The West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) is an Australian rules football league based in Perth , Western Australia . The WAFL is the third-most popular league in the nation , behind the nationwide Australian Football League ( AFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The league currently consists of ten teams , which play each other in a 20-round season usually lasting from March to September , with the top five teams playing off in a finals series , culminating in a Grand Final . The league also runs reserves , colts ( under-19 ) and womens competitions . The WAFL was founded in 1885 as the West Australian Football Association ( WAFA ) , and has undergone a variety of name changes since then , re-adopting its current name in 2001 . For most of its existence , the league was considered one of the traditional big three Australian rules football leagues , along with the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . However , since the introduction of two Western Australia-based clubs into the VFL ( later renamed the Australian Football League ) - the West Coast Eagles in 1987 and the Fremantle Football Club in 1995 - the popularity and standard of the league has decreased to the point where it is considered a feeder competition to the AFL . Although payments are made to players , it is generally considered to be a semi-professional competition . A salary cap of A $ 200,000 per club is in place . The league is currently affiliated with the two Western Australia-based AFL clubs . Players who are not selected to play with their respective AFL clubs instead play for allocated clubs in the WAFL . The competition is governed by the West Australian Football Commission , and based at Subiaco Oval .'}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameron Hitchcock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameron_Hitchcock', 'summary': "Cameron Hitchcock ( born 3 July 1990 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Cameron was born on the Eyre Peninsula in the little country town of Elliston , South Australia , and lived there before moving to Adelaide with his family and attended Sacred Heart College , Adelaide . He made his debut for Port in the opening round of the 2010 NAB Cup , impressing with his pace and goal sense . In his first season , Hitchcock was elevated onto the senior list and played in 17 games , kicking 20 goals . He won Port Adelaide 's best first year player award . He was upgraded to the main list for the 2011 season . Hitchcock was delisted at the end of the 2014 season , after a string of shoulder , hamstring and foot injuries derailed his career . In 2016 , Hitchcock played for the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club South Adelaide , and was selected in the 2016 West End SANFL State Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenelg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenelg_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Glenelg Football Club is an Australian rules football team , which plays in the South Australian National Football League . The club is known as the Tigers ( or the Bays ) , and their home ground is ACH Group Stadium ( formerly Glenelg Oval ) , located in the southern coastal suburb of Glenelg East , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'SANFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League', 'summary': "The South Australian National Football League , or SANFL ( /ˈsænfəl/ or S-A-N-F-L ) , is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia . It is also the governing body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia . Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877 , the SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia and one of the oldest football competitions in the world , forming just a few years after the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , the oldest rugby football competition , and over a decade before The Football League , although later than the FA Cup ( soccer ) . Consisting of a single division competition , since 2014 the season has been an 18-round home-and-away ( regular ) season from April to September . The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the grand final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy . The grand final had traditionally been held at Football Park in October , generally the week after the AFL Grand Final , though this was altered ahead of the 2014 season resulting in Adelaide Oval hosting the grand final in the penultimate weekend of September . The league owned the sub-licences for South Australia 's two AFL clubs - Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club until March 2014 , when South Australian Football Commission reached an agreement with the Adelaide and Port Adelaide football clubs - endorsed by the AFL - which will see the two AFL licences transferred to the clubs in return for payments totalling more than $ 18 million . The league is also responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state . This includes junior football , country football , amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools , indigenous communities ( including the APY Lands in the state 's north ) and newly arrived migrant communities . The SANFL owns Football Park , formerly the largest stadium in South Australia . The stadium , which opened in 1974 , was primarily used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013 and had a capacity of over 51,000 prior to being demolished . The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974-2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayde Skipper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayde_Skipper', 'summary': "Wayde Skipper ( born 1 March 1983 ) is an Australian rules footballer who has played for the Hawthorn Football Club and the Western Bulldogs . Standing at 193 cm , Skipper won the 2003 best first year player for his original club the Western Bulldogs . Skipper was drafted to the Western Bulldogs through the 2000 AFL Draft as a 5th round selection , number 70 overall . Not noted for kicking goals , Skipper kicked 5 goals in Round 17 of 2005 against Geelong at the Telstra Dome , with his first being a contender for Goal of the Year , with a left foot banana from the boundary line . The Dogs won the game . In 2007 , Skipper took a big pack mark in the goalsquare against St Kilda in Round 18 . The goal he kicked put the Dogs in front with a minute remaining . The Saints however , after a 75m pass from Jason Gram from defence to Nick Riewoldt 50 meters out on the boundary line , kicked a point through Riewoldt on the siren to level the scores for the 4th draw of the season . Skipper played one game in 2008 and did not play an AFL game in 2009 . At the end of the 2009 season , Skipper was delisted from the Western Bulldogs , and picked up by Hawthorn with selection 13 in the Rookie Draft on 15 December 2009 . On the eve of the 2010 season , with the Hawks ' ruck stocks thin , Skipper suffered another setback with a hamstring injury keeping him out of the team . He made his debut for the Hawks in round eight against Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'AFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taite Silverlock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "West Adelaide Football Club is an Australian rules football club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Commonly known as The Bloods and Westies , the club 's home base is Richmond Oval ( currently known as Hisense Stadium under a sponsorship agreement ) . The Oval is located in Richmond , an inner-western suburb of Adelaide . The club has won nine SANFL premierships , the most recent coming in 2015 - breaking a thirty-two-year premiership drought dating back to 1983 ; the second longest in the SANFL ."}]}, {'value': 'SANFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League', 'summary': "The South Australian National Football League , or SANFL ( /ˈsænfəl/ or S-A-N-F-L ) , is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia . It is also the governing body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia . Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877 , the SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia and one of the oldest football competitions in the world , forming just a few years after the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , the oldest rugby football competition , and over a decade before The Football League , although later than the FA Cup ( soccer ) . Consisting of a single division competition , since 2014 the season has been an 18-round home-and-away ( regular ) season from April to September . The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the grand final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy . The grand final had traditionally been held at Football Park in October , generally the week after the AFL Grand Final , though this was altered ahead of the 2014 season resulting in Adelaide Oval hosting the grand final in the penultimate weekend of September . The league owned the sub-licences for South Australia 's two AFL clubs - Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club until March 2014 , when South Australian Football Commission reached an agreement with the Adelaide and Port Adelaide football clubs - endorsed by the AFL - which will see the two AFL licences transferred to the clubs in return for payments totalling more than $ 18 million . The league is also responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state . This includes junior football , country football , amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools , indigenous communities ( including the APY Lands in the state 's north ) and newly arrived migrant communities . The SANFL owns Football Park , formerly the largest stadium in South Australia . The stadium , which opened in 1974 , was primarily used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013 and had a capacity of over 51,000 prior to being demolished . The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974-2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Essendon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaryd Cachia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaryd_Cachia', 'summary': "Jaryd Cachia ( born 8 May 1991 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The grandson of Terry Benton , Cachia played school football for St Kevin 's College before joining the Northern Knights . He co-captained the Victorian Metropolitan Under 16s team with Tom Scully in the national competition . He played his first TAC Cup game for the Knights at the age of 16 in 2007 , eventually playing 21 games for the Knights over three years . Cachia was drafted by the Carlton Football Club with its first round selection in the 2010 AFL rookie draft ( No . 15 overall ) . He spent two seasons playing in the senior team of Carlton 's VFL-affiliate , the Northern Bullants , but did not play an AFL game for Carlton during this time . At the conclusion of the 2011 Australian Football League season , Cachia was delisted by the Carlton Football Club . After being delisted , Cachia played for Norwood in the South Australian National Football League in 2012 ; Cachia finished in the top five for the Magarey Medal and was part of Norwood 's premiership team . After the season , Carlton re-drafted Cachia to the AFL with its first round selection in the 2013 AFL Rookie Draft ( No . 9 overall ) . Cachia made his senior AFL debut for Carlton in Round 6 , 2013 , and played regularly for most of the rest of the season , managing a total of fourteen games ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Knights', 'summary': 'The Northern Knights is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based in Preston , representing the northern suburban area of Melbourne . The Knights are one of the six original clubs set up as part of a plan by the Victorian State Football League to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft , which allows U18 players the opportunity to be selected by AFL clubs . Northern Knights have had many of their players drafted into the AFL , including the first two selections in the 2007 AFL Draft , Matthew Kreuzer and Trent Cotchin , and the fifth selection in the 2008 AFL Draft , Michael Hurley . Previously drafted players include Anthony Rocca , Brent Harvey , Jack Grimes , Lance Whitnall , Brent Stanton , Heath Shaw , Marcus Bontempelli and David Zaharakis .'}]}, {'value': 'TAC Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAC_Cup', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitchell Golby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitchell_Golby', 'summary': 'Mitchell Mitch Golby is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was drafted by the Brisbane Lions with their first selection and sixteenth overall in the 2010 rookie draft , after having played for Gippsland Power in the TAC Cup . He looked almost certain to represent Victoria Country in the 2009 AFL Under 18 Championships but tore his ACL in a trial match . Golby made his debut in the sixty-one point loss against Carlton at Etihad Stadium in round 12 , 2011 . In his sixteenth match , he recorded twenty-four disposals , eight marks and four tackles in the ninety-two point win against Greater Western Sydney at the Gabba in round 8 , 2012 , and he was rewarded with the round nomination for the Rising Star . He played a total of 56 games between 2011 and 2015 . In his final season in 2015 , he managed only five matches , and was subsequently delisted .'}]}, {'value': 'Gippsland Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gippsland_Power', 'summary': 'The Gippsland Power is an Australian rules football team in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'TAC Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAC_Cup', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Lions', 'summary': "The Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club who play in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . The club was formed in late 1996 from the merger of the Fitzroy Lions and the Brisbane Bears . The Lions are one of the most successful AFL clubs of the 21st century , having appeared in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals from 2001 to 2004 and winning three premierships ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) . The club plays home matches in the AFL at the Gabba and is captained by Dayne Zorko and coached by Chris Fagan . The Lions were a foundation team in the AFL Women 's competition in 2017 and have featured in two grand finals in that time , finishing runners-up on both occasions . The Brisbane Bears were the first south-east Queensland based team formed in the region . They played at their home ground at Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast from 1987 to 1992 before relocating to the Gabba in 1993 . The club continues to play its home games at the Gabba ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Thompson_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': 'Luke Thompson ( born 8 February 1991 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League . He was drafted in 2010 by the Adelaide Crows as their 1st pick in the rookie draft . He played as a defender but could also play up forward if needed . He had worn three guernsey numbers 1 , 28 and 6 . He was delisted at the conclusion of the 2014 AFL season .'}]}, {'value': 'Geelong Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Falcons', 'summary': "The Geelong Falcons is a youth Australian rules football representative club in the NAB League , the Victorian statewide under-18s competition , Victoria , Australia . The club takes in talented junior players from the Geelong , Colac and Warrnambool regions in order to prepare them for AFL selection . There is an under-15 vline cup side and an under-16 side , but the club 's main focus is its under-18 side , who play a longer season . In 2007 , Jimmy Bartel became the first ex-Falcon to win the AFL Brownlow Medal , for the league 's best and fairest player , while Jonathan Brown became the first ex-Falcon to win the Coleman Medal for the most goals in the season . Gary Ablett Jnr also became the first ex-Falcon to win the Leigh Matthews Trophy , for being voted the Most Valuable Player by the AFL Players Association . Hawthorn half-back Luke Hodge became the first Falcon to win the Norm Smith Medal for his best on ground performance in the 2008 Grand Final against the Geelong Cats . Nick Maxwell became the first Geelong Falcons player to captain a premiership team when he led Collingwood to the 2010 AFL Premiership ."}]}, {'value': 'TAC Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAC_Cup', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Hunter_(coach)', 'summary': "Thomas Hunter ( born 3 February 1991 ) is an Australian rules football coach who currently coaches the Richmond Football Club in the AFL Women 's competition ( AFLW ) . He is the club 's inaugural coach , having led the side in their debut season in the competition in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Calder Cannons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calder_Cannons', 'summary': 'The Calder Cannons is an Australian rules football club from Melbourne , Australia . The club competes in the NAB League , the Victorian Statewide Under-18s competition , and fields squads in the Under-15s , Under-16s and Under-18s . The club was formed in 1995 after the need for two more metropolitan clubs . The geographic catchment area for the club is the north western suburbs of Melbourne extending to cover the Macedon Ranges area .'}]}, {'value': 'TAC Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAC_Cup', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brodie Moles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brodie_Moles', 'summary': 'Brodie Moles ( born 7 November 1985 ) is an Australian rules football player in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . After being recruited at pick 16 in the 2008 AFL Rookie Draft by the Geelong Football Club . he was delisted at the end of the 2009 season without making his AFL debut . The Western Bulldogs then selected him with pick 19 in the 2010 AFL Rookie Draft under the new mature-age rookie rules . He made his AFL debut for the Bulldogs in round two of the 2010 AFL season . Moles spent the majority of his junior career in Tasmania , and originally played mainly as a quick forward with good goal sense , but has developed into a skilful midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'AFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Hutchings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Hutchings', 'summary': "Mark Raymond Hutchings ( born 25 May 1991 ) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . From Perth , Western Australia , Hutchings captained his state at the 2009 National Under-18 Championships , and , having also played for East Perth in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) , was selected by St Kilda in the 2010 Rookie Draft . A midfielder , he was delisted after a season at the club without having made his senior debut , and transferred to West Perth upon his return to Western Australia . Establishing himself as a regular player for the team , Hutchings was one of the competition 's best players during the 2012 season , playing state football , finishing second in the Sandover Medal , and winning West Perth 's best and fairest award . He was drafted by West Coast at the 2012 National Draft , and made his senior AFL debut during the 2013 season , playing nine matches during his debut season , as well as playing in a premiership for West Perth ."}]}, {'value': 'East Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Perth_Football_Club', 'summary': "The East Perth Football Club , nicknamed the Royals , is an Australian rules football club based in Leederville , Western Australia , current playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) . Formed in 1902 as the Union Football Club , the club entered the WAFL in 1906 , changing its name to East Perth . It won its first premiership in 1919 , part of a streak of five consecutive premierships . Overall , the club has won 17 premierships , most recently in 2002 . The club is currently based at Leederville Oval , which it shares with the Subiaco Football Club , having previously played home games at Wellington Square ( from 1901 to 1909 ) and Perth Oval ( formerly known as Loton Park ) from 1910 to 1999 . The current coach of East Perth is Jeremy Barnard and the current captains are Kyle Anderson and Patrick McGinnity . From 2014 until 2018 , East Perth served as the host club for the West Coast Eagles of the Australian Football League , the arrangement saw West Coast 's reserves players playing in the WAFL for East Perth ."}]}, {'value': 'WAFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League', 'summary': 'The West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) is an Australian rules football league based in Perth , Western Australia . The WAFL is the third-most popular league in the nation , behind the nationwide Australian Football League ( AFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The league currently consists of ten teams , which play each other in a 20-round season usually lasting from March to September , with the top five teams playing off in a finals series , culminating in a Grand Final . The league also runs reserves , colts ( under-19 ) and womens competitions . The WAFL was founded in 1885 as the West Australian Football Association ( WAFA ) , and has undergone a variety of name changes since then , re-adopting its current name in 2001 . For most of its existence , the league was considered one of the traditional big three Australian rules football leagues , along with the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) and South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . However , since the introduction of two Western Australia-based clubs into the VFL ( later renamed the Australian Football League ) - the West Coast Eagles in 1987 and the Fremantle Football Club in 1995 - the popularity and standard of the league has decreased to the point where it is considered a feeder competition to the AFL . Although payments are made to players , it is generally considered to be a semi-professional competition . A salary cap of A $ 200,000 per club is in place . The league is currently affiliated with the two Western Australia-based AFL clubs . Players who are not selected to play with their respective AFL clubs instead play for allocated clubs in the WAFL . The competition is governed by the West Australian Football Commission , and based at Subiaco Oval .'}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}], 'section_title': '2010 rookie draft', 'section_text': 'The 2010 rookie draft was held on Tuesday 15 December , immediately after the pre-season draft . Unlike the national draft , it is an online meeting using Microsoft Office Live Meeting software . [ 1 ] The rookie draft rules allow each club to have up to eight rookies , and for the first time allowed clubs to retain rookies for a third year [ 60 ] and be able to draft two mature age rookies , without the restriction that they must not have been previously listed by an AFL club . The Gold Coast Football Club was allocated the first five selections , despite the new club only competing in the Victorian Football League for the 2010 season , before entering the AFL for the 2011 season . [ 61 ]', 'uid': '2009_AFL_Draft_4', 'intro': 'The 2009 AFL draft consisted of four opportunities for player acquisitions during the 2009/10 Australian Football League off-season. These were the trade week (held between 5 October and 9 October), the national draft (held on 26 November), the pre-season draft (15 December) and the rookie draft (15 December).'} | null | null | What was gravely injured in 2011 on the person chosen second in the AFL draft which occurred in 2009 ? | hamstring |
06b457d889ec7741 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Military Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Eben Swift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eben_Swift', 'summary': 'Eben Swift ( May 11 , 1854 - April 25 , 1938 ) was a major general in the United States Army .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; Spanish-American War , World War I ; Director of the United States Army War College ; commander of Camp Gordon ; commander of the 82nd Division ; commander of U.S . Forces in Italy ; father of Major General Innis P. Swift ; father-in-law of Brigadier General Evan Harris Humphrey ; son-in-law of Brigadier General Innis N. Palmer ; Camp Swift , Texas is named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish–American_War', 'summary': "The Spanish-American War ( Spanish : Guerra Hispano-Americana ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano ) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The war led to emergence of U.S. predominance in the Caribbean region , and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions . That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine-American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish-American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , American public opinion was agitated by reports of gruesome Spanish atrocities . The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated yellow press and sought a peaceful settlement . The United States Navy armored cruiser USS Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College', 'summary': "The United States Army War College ( USAWC ) is a U.S. Army educational institution in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , on the 500-acre ( 2 km² ) campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks . It provides graduate-level instruction to senior military officers and civilians to prepare them for senior leadership assignments and responsibilities . Each year , a number of Army colonels and lieutenant colonels are considered by a board for admission . Approximately 800 students attend at any one time , half in a two-year-long distance learning program , and the other half in an on-campus , full-time resident program lasting ten months . Upon completion , the college grants its graduates a master 's degree in Strategic Studies . Army applicants must have already completed the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College , the required Professional Military Education for officers in the rank of major . While the Army handpicks most of the students who participate in the residential program , the student body always includes officers from the other military branches , civilians from agencies such as the Department of Defense , State Department , and National Security Agency , and officers from foreign countries who attend the program as International Fellows . For example , the residential Class of 2017 had 381 students : 218 active component officers and 61 reserve component officers from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces , 28 senior federal government civilians , and 74 International Fellows . Majors with the specialty of Function Area 59 , Strategist , formerly Strategic Plans and Policy , also attend their qualification course , the Basic Strategic Arts Program ( BSAP ) , at the college . The Army War College is a split-functional institution . While a great deal of emphasis is placed on research , students are also instructed in leadership , strategy , and joint-service/international operations . It is one of the senior service colleges including the Naval War College and the Air War College ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Camp_Gordon', 'summary': "Fort Gordon , formerly known as Camp Gordon , is a United States Army installation established in October 1941 . It is the current home of the United States Army Signal Corps , United States Army Cyber Corps , and Cyber Center of Excellence . It was once the home of The Provost Marshal General School and Civil Affairs School . The fort is located slightly southeast of Grovetown , Georgia and southwest of the city Augusta , Georgia . The main component of the post is the Advanced Individual Training for Signal Corps military occupational specialties . In 1966-68 the Army 's Signal Officer Candidate School ( located at Fort Monmouth during World War II and the Korean War ) graduated over 2,200 Signal officers . Signals Intelligence has become more visible and comprises more and more of the fort 's duties ."}, {'url': '/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division', 'summary': "The 82nd Airborne Division is an airborne infantry division of the United States Army , specializing in parachute assault operations into denied areas with a U.S. Department of Defense requirement to respond to crisis contingencies anywhere in the world within 18 hours . Based at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , the 82nd Airborne Division is part of the XVIII Airborne Corps . The 82nd Airborne Division is the U.S. Army 's most strategically mobile division . More recently , the 82nd Airborne has been conducting operations in Iraq , advising and assisting Iraqi Security Forces . The division was constituted , originally as the 82nd Division , in the National Army on 5 August 1917 , shortly after the American entry into World War I . It was organized on 25 August 1917 , at Camp Gordon , Georgia and later served with distinction on the Western Front in the final months of World War I . Since its initial members came from all 48 states , the division acquired the nickname All-American , which is the basis for its famed AA on the shoulder patch . The division later served in World War II where , in August 1942 , it was reconstituted as the first airborne division of the U.S. Army and fought in numerous campaigns during the war ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Innis_P._Swift', 'summary': 'Innis Palmer Swift ( February 7 , 1882 - November 3 , 1953 ) was a Major General in the United States Army . He was the grandson and namesake of Civil War Major General Innis Newton Palmer , as well as the grandson of Brigadier General Ebenezer Swift . His four decades of military service culminated in his commanding a unit during the liberation of the Philippines in World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Evan_Harris_Humphrey', 'summary': 'Evan Harris Humphrey ( 1875 - 1963 ) was a Brigadier General in the United States Army .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Innis_N._Palmer', 'summary': 'Innis Newton Palmer ( March 30 , 1824 - September 10 , 1900 ) was a career officer in the United States Army , serving in the Mexican-American War , the Civil War , and on the Western frontier . Palmer was born in Buffalo , New York . Innis participated as a choir boy at his local church until he joined the army . He entered the United States Military Academy in 1842 . He graduated in the class of 1846 and was appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S . Mounted Rifles . He entered the Mexican-American War as a first lieutenant and was cited for bravery and noteworthy service at the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco . His valor displayed at the Battle of Chapultepec earned for him a brevet promotion to the rank of captain . In March 1855 Palmer was promoted to the full rank of captain in the 2nd U.S. Cavalry . In April 1861 with the outbreak of the Civil War , Palmer advanced in rank again , becoming a major of a cavalry battalion , April 25 , 1861 . At the First Battle of Bull Run , he led this battalion of seven companies of horsemen , and was again recognized for his gallantry . Afterwards , Palmer found out that he commanded the only Union cavalry present at the battle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Camp_Swift,_Texas', 'summary': 'Camp Swift is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Bastrop County , Texas , United States . The population was 6,383 at the 2010 census . Camp Swift began as a United States Army training base built in 1942 . It is named after Major General Eben Swift .'}]}, {'value': 'John J. Pershing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Pershing', 'summary': "General of the Armies John Joseph Black Jack Pershing ( September 13 , 1860 - July 15 , 1948 ) GCB was a senior United States Army officer . His most famous post was when he served as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) on the Western Front in World War I , 1917-18 . Pershing rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies , and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command , although some American divisions fought under British command , and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army . Pershing 's soldiers first saw serious battle at Cantigny , Chateau-Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Soissons . To speed up the arrival of American troops , they embarked for France leaving heavy equipment behind , and used British and French tanks , artillery , airplanes and other munitions . In September 1918 at St. Mihiel , the First Army was directly under Pershing 's command ; it overwhelmed the salient - the encroachment into Allied territory - that the German Army had held for three years . For the Meuse-Argonne Offensive , Pershing shifted roughly 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne , keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days , alongside the French . The Allied Hundred Days Offensive , which the Argonne fighting was part of , contributed to Germany calling for an armistice . Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism . Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies rank , the highest possible rank in the United States Army . [ Notes 1 ] Allowed to select his own insignia , Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General , which was signified with four silver stars . After the creation of the five-star General of the Army rank during World War II , his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a six-star general , but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted on by Congress ."}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General of the Armies ; Spanish-American War ; Philippine-American War ; Moro Rebellion ; commander of 8th Regiment in the Pancho Villa Expedition ; led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_of_the_Armies', 'summary': 'The General of the Armies of the United States , or more commonly referred to as General of the Armies ( abbreviated as GAS ) , is the highest possible rank in the United States Army . The rank is equated to that of a six-star general and is one of the two highest possible military ranks in the United States Armed Forces . The rank has only been awarded on two occasions : in 1919 , to general John J. Pershing in recognition of his service in the First World War , and in 1976 , to George Washington , who was posthumously promoted during the United States Bicentennial celebrations . General Pershing , who was promoted by President Woodrow Wilson with the authorization of Congress , remains the only at-the-time active duty officer or living American to have held the rank . The rank of General of the Armies is equivalent to the Admiral of the Navy and is senior to General of the Army , General of the Air Force , and Fleet Admiral .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish–American_War', 'summary': "The Spanish-American War ( Spanish : Guerra Hispano-Americana ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano ) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The war led to emergence of U.S. predominance in the Caribbean region , and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions . That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine-American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish-American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , American public opinion was agitated by reports of gruesome Spanish atrocities . The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated yellow press and sought a peaceful settlement . The United States Navy armored cruiser USS Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine–American_War', 'summary': 'The Philippine-American War , also referred to as the Filipino-American War , the Philippine War , the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency ( Filipino : Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano ; Spanish : Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense ) , was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4 , 1899 , to July 2 , 1902 . While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution , the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection . The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain , ending the Spanish-American War . Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4 , 1899 , in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila . On June 2 , 1899 , the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States . The war officially ended on July 2 , 1902 , with a victory for the United States . However , some Philippine groups - led by veterans of the Katipunan , a Philippine revolutionary society - continued to battle the American forces for several more years . Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic , formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo . Other groups , including the Moro , Bicol , and Pulahan peoples , continued hostilities in remote areas and islands , until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15 , 1913 . The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians , mostly due to famine and disease . Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million . The war , and especially the following occupation by the U.S. , changed the culture of the islands , leading to the disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion , and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government , education , business , industry , and , in future decades , among upper-class families and educated individuals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moro_Rebellion', 'summary': 'The Moro Rebellion ( 1899-1913 ) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine-American War . The word Moro is a term for Muslim people who lived in the Southern Philippines , an area that includes Mindanao , Jolo and the neighboring Sulu Archipelago .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force', 'summary': 'The American Expeditionary Forces ( A. E. F. , A.E.F . or AEF ) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I . The AEF was established on July 5 , 1917 , in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing . It fought alongside French Army , British Army , Canadian Army , and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army . A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro-Hungarian Army . The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive ( at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood ) in the summer of 1918 , and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'John L. Hines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_L._Hines', 'summary': 'John Leonard Hines ( May 21 , 1868 - October 13 , 1968 ) was an American general who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1924 to 1926 .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; Spanish-American War ; Philippine-American War ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; brigade and division commander in World War I ; Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( 1924-1926 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish–American_War', 'summary': "The Spanish-American War ( Spanish : Guerra Hispano-Americana ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano ) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The war led to emergence of U.S. predominance in the Caribbean region , and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions . That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine-American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish-American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , American public opinion was agitated by reports of gruesome Spanish atrocities . The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated yellow press and sought a peaceful settlement . The United States Navy armored cruiser USS Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine–American_War', 'summary': 'The Philippine-American War , also referred to as the Filipino-American War , the Philippine War , the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency ( Filipino : Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano ; Spanish : Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense ) , was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4 , 1899 , to July 2 , 1902 . While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution , the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection . The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain , ending the Spanish-American War . Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4 , 1899 , in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila . On June 2 , 1899 , the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States . The war officially ended on July 2 , 1902 , with a victory for the United States . However , some Philippine groups - led by veterans of the Katipunan , a Philippine revolutionary society - continued to battle the American forces for several more years . Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic , formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo . Other groups , including the Moro , Bicol , and Pulahan peoples , continued hostilities in remote areas and islands , until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15 , 1913 . The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians , mostly due to famine and disease . Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million . The war , and especially the following occupation by the U.S. , changed the culture of the islands , leading to the disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion , and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government , education , business , industry , and , in future decades , among upper-class families and educated individuals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 3033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Army . As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army , the CSA is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the Secretary of the Army . In a separate capacity , the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C . § 151 ) and , thereby , a military advisor to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President of the United States . The CSA is typically the highest-ranking officer on active-duty in the U.S. Army unless the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers . The Chief of Staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon . While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper ( which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army . The 40th and current Chief of Staff of the Army is General James C. McConville .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh S. Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson', 'summary': 'Hugh Samuel Johnson ( August 5 , 1882 - April 15 , 1942 ) was a U.S. Army officer , businessman , speech writer , government official and newspaper columnist . He is best known as a member of the Brain Trust of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932-34 . He wrote numerous speeches for FDR and helped plan the New Deal . Appointed head of the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) in 1933 , he was highly energetic in his blue eagle campaign to reorganize American business to reduce competition and raise wages and prices . Schlesinger ( 1958 ) and Ohl ( 1985 ) conclude that he was an excellent organizer , but that he was also domineering , abusive , outspoken , and unable to work harmoniously with his peers . The NRA was terminated by a 1935 ruling of the Supreme Court , and Johnson left the administration after a little more than a year .'}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brigadier General ; lawyer in Judge Advocate General 's Corps ; instrumental in implementing the Selective Service Act of 1917 ; Deputy Provost Marshal General ( 1971-1918 ) ; Director of the Purchase and Supply Branch of the General Staff ( 1918 ) ; commander of 15th Infantry Brigade ; Director of the National Recovery Administration ; named Time Person of the Year in 1933", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JAG Corps ) is the branch or specialty of a military concerned with military justice and military law . Officers serving in a JAG Corps are typically called judge advocates . Only the chief attorney within each branch is referred to as the Judge Advocate General ; however , individual JAG Corps officers are colloquially known as JAGs . Judge Advocates serve primarily as legal advisors to the command to which they are assigned . In this function , they can also serve as the personal legal advisor to their commander . Their advice may cover a wide range of issues dealing with administrative law , government contracting , civilian and military personnel law , law of war and international relations , environmental law , etc . They also serve as prosecutors for the military when conducting courts-martial . In the United States military , they are charged with both the defense and prosecution of military law as provided in the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Highly experienced officers of the JAG Corps often serve as military judges in courts-martial and courts of inquiry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917', 'summary': "The Selective Service Act of 1917 or Selective Draft Act ( Pub.L . 65-12 , 40 Stat . 76 , enacted May 18 , 1917 ) authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription . It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson 's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917 . The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain ( later Brigadier General ) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany . The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November 11 , 1918 . The Act was upheld as constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1918 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Provost_Marshal_General', 'summary': 'The provost marshal general ( pronounced provo ) is a United States Army staff position that handles investigations and incarcerations of U.S. Army personnel . It is the highest-ranking provost marshal position in the U.S. Army , reporting to the Chief of Staff of the United States Army . The position brings all aspects of law enforcement in the U.S. Army in a single office . The role has been off and on since 1776 ( usually in periods of war time ) . After shutting down in 1974 at the end of the Vietnam War , it was resurrected on January 30 , 2003 following the September 11 attacks . It is responsible for :'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration', 'summary': 'The National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt ( FDR ) in 1933 . The goal of the administration was to eliminate cut throat competition by bringing industry , labor , and government together to create codes of fair practices and set prices . The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) and allowed industries to get together and write codes of fair competition . The codes intended both to reduce destructive competition and help workers to set minimum wages and maximum weekly hours , as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold . The NRA also had a two-year renewal charter and was set to expire in June 1935 if not renewed . The NRA , symbolized by the Blue Eagle , was popular with workers . Businesses that supported the NRA put the symbol in their shop windows and on their packages , though they did not always go along with the regulations entailed . Though membership to the NRA was voluntary , businesses that did not display the eagle were very often boycotted , making it seem mandatory for survival to many . In 1935 , the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declared that the NRA law was unconstitutional , ruling that it infringed the separation of powers under the United States Constitution . The NRA quickly stopped operations , but many of its labor provisions reappeared in the National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) , passed later the same year . The long-term result was a surge in the growth and power of unions , which became a core of the New Deal Coalition that dominated national politics for the next three decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year', 'summary': 'Person of the Year ( called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999 ) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time that features and profiles a person , a group , an idea , or an object that for better or for worse . has done the most to influence the events of the year .'}]}, {'value': 'George S. Patton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_S._Patton', 'summary': "George Smith Patton Jr. ( November 11 , 1885 - December 21 , 1945 ) was a general of the United States Army who commanded the U.S . Seventh Army in the Mediterranean theater of World War II , and the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944 . Born in 1885 to a family whose members had served in the United States and Confederate States armies , Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point . He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber , more commonly known as the Patton Saber , and competed in modern pentathlon in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . Patton first saw combat during 1916 's Pancho Villa Expedition , America 's first military action using motor vehicles . He saw action in World War I as part of the new United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces : he commanded the U.S. tank school in France , then led tanks into combat and was wounded near the end of the war . In the interwar period , Patton became a central figure in the development of the Army 's armored warfare doctrine , serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country . At the American entry into World War II , he commanded the 2nd Armored Division . Patton led U.S. troops into the Mediterranean theater with an invasion of Casablanca during Operation Torch in 1942 , and soon established himself as an effective commander by rapidly rehabilitating the demoralized U.S. II Corps . He commanded the U.S . Seventh Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily , where he was the first Allied commander to reach Messina . There he was embroiled in controversy after he slapped two shell-shocked soldiers , and was temporarily removed from battlefield command ."}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General ; 1912 Summer Olympics , modern pentathlon , 5th place ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; World War II ; Battle of Saint-Mihiel , Meuse-Argonne Offensive ; commander of the 1st Tank Brigade/304th Tank Brigade ; commander of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment ; commander of the 2nd Armored Division ; commander of the II Corps ; commander of the Seventh United States Army , Third United States Army , and Fifteenth United States Army during World War II ; descendant of Brigadier General Hugh Mercer ; father of Major General George Patton IV ; Patton series of tanks were named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1912 Summer Olympics ( Swedish : Olympiska sommarspelen 1912 ) , officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event held in Stockholm , Sweden , between 5 May and 22 July 1912 . Twenty-eight nations and 2,408 competitors , including 48 women , competed in 102 events in 14 sports . With the exception of tennis ( starting on 5 May ) and football and shooting ( both starting on 29 June ) , the games were held within a month with an official opening on 6 July . It was the last Olympics to issue solid gold medals and , with Japan 's debut , the first time an Asian nation participated . Stockholm was the only bid for the games , and was selected in 1909 . The games were the first to have art competitions , women 's diving , women 's swimming , and the first to feature both the decathlon and the new pentathlon , both won by Jim Thorpe . Electric timing was introduced in athletics , while the host country disallowed boxing . Figure skating was rejected by the organizers because they wanted to promote the Nordic Games . United States won the most gold medals ( 25 ) , while Sweden won the most medals overall ( 65 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Modern_pentathlon', 'summary': 'The modern pentathlon is an Olympic sport that comprises five different events ; fencing ( one-touch épée ) , freestyle swimming ( 200 m ) , equestrian show jumping ( 15 jumps ) , and a final combined event of pistol shooting and cross country running ( 3200 m ) . This last event is now referred to as the laser-run , since it alternates four legs of laser pistol shooting followed by an 800 m run ( for 3200 m in total ) . The event is inspired by the traditional pentathlon held during the ancient Olympics ; as the original events were patterned on the skills needed by an ideal Greek soldier of the era , the modern pentathlon is similarly patterned on events representing the skills needed by cavalry behind enemy lines . The sport has been a core sport of the Olympic Games since 1912 despite attempts to remove it . A world championships for modern pentathlon has been held annually since 1949 . Originally the competition took place over four or five days ; in 1996 a one-day format was adopted in an effort to be more audience-friendly . Modern pentathlon , despite its long Olympic history , has had to justify its inclusion in the modern Olympic Games several times . On February 11 , 2013 in Lausanne , the IOC confirmed modern pentathlon once again as one of the 25 core sports of the Olympic program through to 2020 . The governing body , Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne ( UIPM ) , administers the international sport in more than 90 countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel', 'summary': 'The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12-15 September 1918 , involving the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against German positions . The U.S. Army Air Service played a significant role in this action . This battle marked the first use of the terms D-Day and H-Hour by the Americans . The attack at the Saint-Mihiel salient was part of a plan by Pershing in which he hoped that the Americans would break through the German lines and capture the fortified city of Metz . It was the first and only offensive launched mainly by the United States Army in World War I , and the attack caught the Germans in the process of retreating . This meant that their artillery was out of place and the American attack , coming up against disorganized German forces , proved more successful than expected . The Saint-Mihiel attack established the stature of the U.S. Army in the eyes of the French and British forces , and again demonstrated the critical role of artillery during World War I and the difficulty of supplying such massive armies while they were on the move . The U.S. attack faltered as artillery and food supplies were left behind on the muddy roads . The attack on Metz was not realized , as the Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch ordered the American troops to march towards Sedan and Mézières , which would lead to the Meuse-Argonne Offensive .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive', 'summary': 'The Meuse-Argonne offensive ( also known as the Meuse River-Argonne Forest offensive , the Battles of the Meuse-Argonne , and the Meuse-Argonne campaign ) was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front . It was fought from September 26 , 1918 , until the Armistice of November 11 , 1918 , a total of 47 days . The Meuse-Argonne offensive was the largest in United States military history , involving 1.2 million American soldiers . It is the second deadliest battle in American history , resulting in over 350,000 casualties including 28,000 German lives , 26,277 American lives and an unknown number of French lives . U.S. losses were worsened by the inexperience of many of the troops , the tactics used during the early phases of the operation and the widespread onset of the global influenza outbreak called the Spanish Flu . Meuse-Argonne was the principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) during World War I . It was one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive , which brought the war to an end . It was the largest and bloodiest operation of World War I for the AEF even if , given the scale of other battles on the Western Front , its size was limited and the operation itself secondary as it was far from the main offensive axis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/66th_Armor_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 66th Armor Regiment is the oldest armored unit in the United States Army ( see Iron Knights : the United States 66th Armored Regiment , by Maj. Gordon A. Blaker ) , tracing its lineage to the 301st Tank Battalion which served with distinction soon after it was formed in the First World War ; the 301st trained at Camp Meade , MD , where then Cpt . Dwight D. Eisenhower was an instructor . It has often been rumored that the 301st , the parent unit of the 66th , was first commanded by Col. George S. Patton , but this appears not to have been the case ; while Patton was the first officer assigned to the Tank Corps , and while the 301st Tank Battalion was the first unit formed , Patton went nearly immediately to France to train Americans attached to Allied commands . The 301st was the only American heavy tank battalion to have seen action in the war . After the war , the 301st transitioned in the Regular Army to become the 66th Infantry Regiment ( Light Tanks ) by way of the 16th Tank Battalion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/3rd_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': "The 3rd Cavalry Regiment , formerly 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment ( Brave Rifles ) is a regiment of the United States Army currently stationed at Fort Hood , Texas . The regiment has a history in the United States Army that dates back to 19 May 1846 , when it was constituted in the Regular Army as the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen at Jefferson Barracks , Missouri . This unit was reorganized at the start of the American Civil War as the 3rd U.S. Cavalry Regiment on 3 August 1861 . In January 1943 , the regiment was re-designated as the 3rd Cavalry Group ( Mechanized ) . Today they are equipped with Stryker vehicles . The 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment was the last heavy armored cavalry regiment in the U.S. Army until it officially became a Stryker regiment on 16 November 2011 . It will retain its lineage as the 3rd Cavalry Regiment . Under various names it has seen action during eleven major conflicts : the Indian Wars , the Mexican-American War , the American Civil War , the Spanish-American War , the Philippine-American War , World War I , World War II , the Persian Gulf War , SFOR in Bosnia , Operation Iraqi Freedom , Operation New Dawn , Operation Enduring Freedom and most recently Operation Inherent Resolve . Twenty-three of the regiment 's troopers received the Medal of Honor , all awarded for gallantry in action between 1871 and 1898 . The list includes William Buffalo Bill Cody , whose award was rescinded in 1916 for not being a member of the military . Cody 's medal was reinstated in 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 2nd Armored Division ( Hell on Wheels ) was an armored division of the United States Army . The division played an important role during World War II in the invasions of North Africa and Sicily and the liberation of France , Belgium , and the Netherlands and the invasion of Germany . During the Cold War , the division was primarily based at Fort Hood , Texas , and had a reinforced brigade forward stationed in Garlsedt , West Germany . After participation in the Persian Gulf War , the division was inactivated in 1995 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The II Corps was a corps-sized formation of the United States Army that was active in both World War I and World War II . It was originally formed and fought on the Western Front during World War I and was also the first American formation of any size to see combat in North Africa or Europe during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe', 'summary': "United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , formally United States Army Europe and Seventh Army , is an Army Service Component Command of the United States Army . It is responsible for directing US Army operations throughout the United States European Command Area of Responsibility . During the Cold War , HQ USAREUR supervised ground formations primarily focused upon the Warsaw Pact militaries to the east as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 's ( NATO ) Central Army Group . Since the Revolutions of 1989 , USAREUR has greatly reduced its size , dispatched US forces to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm , and increased security cooperation with other NATO land forces ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Central', 'summary': 'The United States Army Central , formerly the Third United States Army , commonly referred to as the Third Army and as ARCENT is a military formation of the United States Army , which saw service in World War I and World War II , in the 1991 Gulf War , and in the coalition occupation of Iraq . It is best known for its campaigns in World War II under the command of General George S. Patton . Third Army is headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina with a forward element at Camp Arifjan , Kuwait . It serves as the echelon above corps for the Army component of CENTCOM , US Central Command , whose area of responsibility ( AOR ) includes Southwest Asia , some 20 countries of the world , in Africa , Asia , and the Persian Gulf .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fifteenth_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Fifteenth United States Army was the last field army to see service in northwest Europe during World War II and was the final command of General George S. Patton . The Fifteenth Army served two separate missions while assigned to the area . During the later stages of World War II its mission was training and rehabilitating units and acting as a defensive line against counterattacks . After the war its mission was to carry out occupation duties and to gather historical information related to the European Theater of Operations , or ETO . The Fifteenth Army was inactivated in 1946 and has not been activated since .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Mercer', 'summary': "Hugh Mercer ( 16 January 1726 - 12 January 1777 ) was a Scottish soldier and physician . He initially served with the Jacobite forces of Bonnie Prince Charlie , and with the British forces during the Seven Years ' War , but later became a brigadier general in the Continental Army and a close friend to George Washington . Mercer died as a result of his wounds received at the Battle of Princeton and became a fallen hero as well as a rallying symbol of the American Revolution ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Patton_IV', 'summary': 'George Smith Patton IV ( December 24 , 1923 - June 27 , 2004 ) was a major general in the United States Army and the son of World War II General George S. Patton Jr . He served in the Korean War and the Vietnam War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patton_tank', 'summary': 'Patton tank may refer to any of a series of tanks used by the United States military from the 1950s to the 1990s , named for General George S. Patton . Tanks in the series include :'}]}, {'value': 'Carl Andrew Spaatz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Andrew_Spaatz', 'summary': "Carl Andrew Spaatz ( born Spatz ; June 28 , 1891 - July 14 , 1974 ) , nicknamed Tooey , was an American World War II general . As commander of Strategic Air Forces in Europe in 1944 , he successfully pressed for the bombing of the enemy 's oil production facilities as a priority over other targets . He became Chief of Staff of the newly formed United States Air Force in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; flight instructor and fighter pilot in World War I ; Eighth Air Force commander in World War II ; first Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force ( 1947-1948 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Eighth Air Force ( Air Forces Strategic ) ( 8 AF ) is a numbered air force ( NAF ) of the United States Air Force 's Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) . It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana . The command serves as Air Forces Strategic - Global Strike , one of the air components of United States Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) . The Eighth Air Force includes the heart of America 's heavy bomber force : the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber , the B-1 Lancer supersonic bomber , and the B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber aircraft . Established on 22 February 1944 by the redesignation of VIII Bomber Command at RAF Daws Hill in High Wycombe , England , the Eighth Army Air Force ( 8 AAF ) was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force in the European Theater of World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , engaging in operations primarily in the Northern Europe area of responsibility ; carrying out strategic bombing of enemy targets in France , the Low Countries , and Germany ; and engaging in air-to-air fighter combat against enemy aircraft until the German capitulation in May 1945 . It was the largest of the deployed combat Army Air Forces in numbers of personnel , aircraft , and equipment . During the Cold War ( 1945-1991 ) , 8 AF was one of three Numbered Air Forces of the United States Air Force 's Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) , with a three-star general headquartered at Westover AFB , Massachusetts commanding USAF strategic bombers and missiles on a global scale . Elements of 8 AF engaged in combat operations during the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) ; Vietnam War ( 1961-1975 ) , as well as Operation Desert Storm ( 1990-1991 ) over Iraq and occupied Kuwait in the First Persian Gulf War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Air Force ( acronym : CSAF , or AF/CC ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 9033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Air Force , and as such is the principal military advisor to the Secretary of the Air Force for Air Force activities ; and is in a separate capacity a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and thereby a military adviser to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President . The Chief of Staff is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Air Force unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Air Force officers . The Chief of Staff of the Air Force is an administrative position based in the Pentagon , and while the Chief of Staff does not have operational command authority over Air Force forces ( that is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the Chief of Staff does exercise supervision of Air Force units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Air Force . The current Chief of Staff of the Air Force is General David L. Goldfein .'}]}, {'value': 'Luis R. Esteves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_R._Esteves', 'summary': 'Major General Luis Raul Esteves ( April 30 , 1893 - March 12 , 1958 ) was the first Puerto Rican and the first American citizen of Hispanic heritage to graduate from the United States Military Academy ( West Point ) , and the founder of the Puerto Rico National Guard . Of his West Point class , that included Dwight Eisenhower , Omar Bradley , Joseph McNarney , James Van Fleet and George E. Stratemeyer , Esteves was the first to achieve the rank of General .'}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; second Hispanic graduate of the Academy ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; mayor and judge of Polvo , Mexico ; commander of the 23rd Battalion , which was composed of Puerto Ricans and stationed in Panama during World War I ; commander of 92nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team during World War II ; founder of the Puerto Rico National Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/92nd_Maneuver_Enhancement_Brigade_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 92nd Military Police Brigade ( 92nd MP ) is a military police brigade of the Puerto Rico Army National Guard . The brigade was formerly an infantry brigade combat team known as the 92nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team and then a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade . Actually is a MP Brigade comprising two MP battalions , one infantry battalion and some support units .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Guard', 'summary': 'The Puerto Rico National Guard ( PRNG ) - Spanish : Guardia Nacional de Puerto Rico - is the national guard of Puerto Rico . Its mission is to provide soldiers and airmen to the United States Army and U.S. Air Force in national emergencies or when requested by the president of the United States , and to perform military operations at the state level or any other lawful service as requested by the governor of Puerto Rico . The PRNG responds to the governor of Puerto Rico , who serves as its commander in chief and imparts orders with the Puerto Rico adjutant general acting as conduit , and its local mission is to respond as requested in military or civilian tasks . Abroad , its main function is to train a reserve capable of providing additional personnel in a war scenario .'}]}, {'value': 'Dwight Johns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwight_Johns', 'summary': 'Brigadier General Dwight Frederick Johns ( 16 May 1894 - 8 November 1977 ) was an American soldier and general in the first half of the 20th century . He is best known for his service in the South West Pacific Area during World War II , where he headed the Advance Base and the Combined Operations Service Command during the Kokoda Track campaign and the Battle of Buna-Gona . He later commanded the Advance Base at Lae and Finschhafen , and the Engineer School at Fort Belvoir . After the war he headed the Pacific Engineer Division , where he was responsible for a number of important flood control and irrigation projects .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; World War I , Pancho Villa Expedition , World War II ; recipients of the Army Distinguished Service Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'The Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) is a military award of the United States Army that is presented to any person who , while serving in any capacity with the United States military , has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility . The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional . Exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration . Separate Distinguished Service Medals exist for the different branches of the military as well as a fifth version of the medal which is a senior award of the United States Department of Defense . The army version of the Distinguished Service Medal is typically referred to simply as the Distinguished Service Medal , while the other branches of service use the service name as a prefix . For service not related to actual war , the term duty of a great responsibility applies to a narrower range of positions than in time of war , and requires evidence of conspicuously significant achievement . However , justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of high positions of great importance . Awards may be made to persons other than members of the United States Armed Forces for wartime services only , and then only under exceptional circumstances , with the express approval of the president in each case .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni_26', 'intro': "The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Army. The Academy was founded in 1802 and is the oldest of the United States' five service academies. It is also referred to as West Point (the name of the military base that the Academy is a part of.) The Academy graduated its first cadet, Joseph Gardner Swift, in October 1802. Sports media refer to the Academy as Army and the students as Cadets; this usage is officially endorsed. The football team is also known as The Black Knights of the Hudson and The Black Knights. A small number of graduates each year choose the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Air Force, United States Navy, or the United States Marine Corps. Before the founding of the United States Air Force Academy in 1955, the Academy was a major source of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors. Most cadets are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes the sciences and engineering fields. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Military Academy. Notable graduates include 2 American Presidents, 4 additional heads of state, 20 astronauts, 74 Medal of Honor recipients, 70 Rhodes Scholars, and 3 Heisman Trophy winners."} | null | null | From which event did this general , who participated in the Games of the V Olympiad , have combat experience in 1916 ? | Pancho Villa Expedition |
06b6af51ae2f408a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow', 'title': 'Gwyneth Paltrow', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shout_(film)', 'summary': 'Shout is a 1991 American musical romance film directed by Jeffrey Hornaday and starring John Travolta as a music teacher who introduces rock and roll to a west Texas home for boys in 1955 . The film also features James Walters , Heather Graham , Richard Jordan , Linda Fiorentino , Scott Coffey , Charles Taylor , and Glenn Quinn as well as an early role for Gwyneth Paltrow .'}]}, {'value': 'Rebecca', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hook_(film)', 'summary': "Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo . It stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan , Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook , Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell , Bob Hoskins as Mr. Smee and Maggie Smith as Granny Wendy . It acts as a sequel to J. M. Barrie 's 1911 novel Peter and Wendy focusing on an adult Peter Pan who has forgotten all about his childhood . In his new life , he is known as Peter Banning , a successful but unimaginative and workaholic corporate lawyer with a wife ( Wendy 's granddaughter ) and two children . However , when Captain Hook , the enemy of his past , kidnaps his children , he returns to Neverland in order to save them . Along the journey , he reclaims the memories of his past and becomes a better person . Spielberg began developing the film in the early 1980s with Walt Disney Productions and Paramount Pictures , which would have followed the storyline seen in the 1924 silent film and 1953 animated Disney film . It entered pre-production in 1985 , but Spielberg abandoned the project . James V. Hart developed the script with director Nick Castle and TriStar Pictures before Spielberg decided to direct in 1989 . It was shot almost entirely on sound stages at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California . Released on December 11 , 1991 , Hook received mixed reviews from critics , and while it was a commercial success , its box office take was lower than expected . Spielberg himself later admitted that he was disappointed with the final film ."}]}, {'value': 'Young Wendy Darling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wendy_Darling', 'summary': "Wendy Moira Angela Darling is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists of Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie , as well as in most adaptations in other media . Her exact age is not specified in the original play or novel by Barrie , though it is implied that she is about 12 years old or possibly younger , as she is just Peter 's size . As a girl on the verge of adulthood , she stands in contrast to Peter Pan , a boy who refuses to grow up , the major theme of the Peter Pan stories . Wendy hesitates at first to fly off to Neverland , but she comes to enjoy her adventures . Ultimately , she chooses to go back to her parents and accepts that she has to grow up ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruel Doubt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruel_Doubt', 'summary': "Cruel Doubt is a 1992 miniseries starring Blythe Danner and Matt McGrath , as well as Danner 's daughter , Gwyneth Paltrow . The film was broadcast in two parts on NBC in the United States and on CTV in Canada on May 17 and May 19 , 1992 . Ed Asner , Adam Baldwin and Dennis Farina also star . The miniseries is based on the 1991 true crime book Cruel Doubt by Joe McGinniss , which documents the 1988 murder of Lieth Von Stein by his stepson , Chris Pritchard , and two friends , James Upchurch and Gerald Neal Henderson ."}]}, {'value': 'Angela Pritchard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deadly Relations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deadly_Relations', 'summary': 'Deadly Relations is a 1993 American television film directed by Bill Condon . It stars Robert Urich , Shelley Fabares and Gwyneth Paltrow . The film originally aired on ABC on May 22 , 1993 . Deadly Relations is based on the true crime book Deadly Relations : A True Story of Murder in a Suburban Family by Carol Donahue and Shirley Hall . Donahue and Hall are the daughters of Leonard Fagot , a New Orleans attorney whose obsession with controlling his daughters led to him murdering their husbands for hefty insurance pay outs .'}]}, {'value': 'Carol Ann Fagot Applegarth Holland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malice_(1993_film)', 'summary': "Malice is a 1993 neo-noir film directed by Harold Becker , written by Aaron Sorkin and Scott Frank , and starring Alec Baldwin , Nicole Kidman , Bill Pullman , Anne Bancroft and George C. Scott . Adapted from a story by Jonas McCord , the plot follows Andy and Tracy Safian , a newlywed couple whose lives are upturned after they rent part of their Victorian home to Jed , a cavalier surgeon ; things are further complicated when he removes Tracy 's ovaries during an emergency surgery to save her life . The film features supporting performances from Bebe Neuwirth , Peter Gallagher , and Tobin Bell , with minor appearances from Gwyneth Paltrow and Brenda Strong . Released in the fall of 1993 , Malice grossed a total of $ 46 million in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Paula Bell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flesh and Bone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flesh_and_Bone_(film)', 'summary': 'Flesh and Bone is a 1993 neo noir film drama written and directed by Steve Kloves that stars Meg Ryan , Dennis Quaid and James Caan . Gwyneth Paltrow is featured in an early role , for which she received some praise .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginnie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mrs._Parker_and_the_Vicious_Circle', 'summary': "Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle is a 1994 American biographical and drama film written by screenwriter/director Alan Rudolph and former Washington Star reporter Randy Sue Coburn . Directed by Rudolph , it starred Jennifer Jason Leigh as the writer Dorothy Parker and depicted the members of the Algonquin Round Table , a group of writers , actors and critics who met almost every weekday from 1919 to 1929 at Manhattan 's Algonquin Hotel . The film was an Official Selection at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Palme d'Or . The film was a critical but not a commercial success . Leigh won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress . Peter Benchley , who played editor Frank Crowninshield , was the grandson of Robert Benchley , the humorist who once worked underneath Crowninshield . Actor Wallace Shawn is the son of William Shawn , the longtime editor of The New Yorker ."}]}, {'value': 'Paula Hunt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higher Learning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higher_Learning', 'summary': "Higher Learning is a 1995 American satire film written and directed by John Singleton and starring an ensemble cast . The film follows the changing lives of three incoming freshmen at the fictional Columbus University : Malik Williams ( Omar Epps ) , a black track star who struggles with academics ; Kristen Connor ( Kristy Swanson ) , a shy and naive girl ; and Remy ( Michael Rapaport ) , a lonely and confused man seemingly out of place in his new environment . The film also featured Tyra Banks ' first performance in a theatrical film . Laurence Fishburne won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture ; Ice Cube was also nominated for the award . This was the last film appearance of Dedrick D. Gobert , who was shot dead in 1994 prior to the film 's release . The exterior shots and outdoor scenes were shot on the campus of University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) while the interiors were shot at Sony Pictures Studios ."}]}, {'value': 'Student', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jefferson in Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris', 'summary': "Jefferson in Paris is a 1995 Franco-American historical drama film , directed by James Ivory , and previously entitled Head and Heart . The screenplay , by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala , is a semi-fictional account of Thomas Jefferson 's tenure as the Ambassador of the United States to France before his presidency and of his alleged relationships with British artist Maria Cosway and his slave , Sally Hemings . The film was critically and commercially unsuccessful , grossing $ 4.4 million on a $ 14 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Patsy Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph', 'summary': 'Martha Patsy Randolph ( née Jefferson ; September 27 , 1772 - October 10 , 1836 ) was the eldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States , and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson . She was born at Monticello , near Charlottesville , Virginia . Her mother died when she was 10 years old . By that time , only two out of her five siblings were alive . By 1804 , she was the lone surviving sibling . Martha was very close to her father in his old age . She was the only one of his children with his wife Martha to survive past age 25 . Patsy had a close relationship with her father , who saw that she had a good education . She spoke four languages and was greatly influenced by the education she received in as Paris convent school with daughters of the French elite . She married Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. , who served as a politician at the federal and state levels and was elected a governor of Virginia ( 1819-1822 ) , making her the First Lady of Virginia . They had twelve children together . When her widowed father was President , she sometimes lived with him at the White House , serving as his hostess and informal First Lady .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)', 'summary': "Seven ( stylized as SE7EN ) is a 1995 American crime thriller film directed by David Fincher and written by Andrew Kevin Walker . It stars Brad Pitt , Morgan Freeman , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kevin Spacey and John C. McGinley . The film tells the story of David Mills , a detective who partners with the retiring William Somerset to track down a serial killer who uses the seven deadly sins as a motif in his murders . The screenplay was influenced by the time Walker spent in New York City trying to make it as a writer . Principal photography took place in Los Angeles , with the last scene filmed near Lancaster , California . The film 's budget was $ 33 million . Released on September 22 , 1995 by New Line Cinema , Seven was the seventh-highest-grossing film of the year , grossing over $ 327 million worldwide . It was well received by critics , who praised the film 's dark style , brutality and themes . The film was nominated for Best Film Editing at the 68th Academy Awards , losing to Apollo 13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tracy Mills', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moonlight and Valentino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moonlight_and_Valentino', 'summary': 'Moonlight and Valentino is a 1995 comedy-drama film directed by David Anspaugh starring Elizabeth Perkins , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kathleen Turner , Whoopi Goldberg and Jon Bon Jovi . The screenplay by Ellen Simon is based on her semi-autobiographical play of the same title .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Trager', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hard Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hard_Eight_(film)', 'summary': 'Hard Eight is a 1996 American crime film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson in his feature directorial debut . It stars Philip Baker Hall , John C. Reilly , Gwyneth Paltrow and Samuel L. Jackson , with brief appearances by Robert Ridgely , Philip Seymour Hoffman and Melora Walters .'}]}, {'value': 'Clementine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Pallbearer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Pallbearer', 'summary': 'The Pallbearer is a 1996 American romantic comedy film co-written and directed by Matt Reeves and starring David Schwimmer , Gwyneth Paltrow , Toni Collette , Michael Vartan , Michael Rapaport , and Barbara Hershey . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Julie DeMarco', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_(1996_theatrical_film)', 'summary': 'Emma is a 1996 period comedy film based on the 1815 novel of the same name by Jane Austen . Written and directed by Douglas McGrath , the film stars Gwyneth Paltrow , Alan Cumming , Toni Collette , Ewan McGregor , and Jeremy Northam .'}]}, {'value': 'Emma Woodhouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sliding Doors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sliding_Doors', 'summary': "Sliding Doors is a 1998 romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Peter Howitt and starring Gwyneth Paltrow and John Hannah , while also featuring John Lynch , Jeanne Tripplehorn , and Virginia McKenna . The film alternates between two storylines , showing two paths the central character 's life could take depending on whether or not she catches a train ."}]}, {'value': 'Helen Quilley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Expectations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Expectations_(1998_film)', 'summary': "Great Expectations is an American 1998 romantic drama film . A contemporary film adaptation of Charles Dickenss 1861 novel of the same name , co-written and directed by Alfonso Cuarón and starring Ethan Hawke , Gwyneth Paltrow , Hank Azaria , Robert De Niro , Anne Bancroft and Chris Cooper . It is known for having moved the setting of the original novel from 1812-1827 London to 1990s New York . The film is an abridged modernization of Dickens 's 1861 novel , with the hero 's name having been changed from Pip to Finn , and the character Miss Havisham having been renamed Nora Dinsmoor . The film received mixed reviews ."}]}, {'value': 'Estella Havisham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estella_(Great_Expectations)', 'summary': 'Estella Havisham ( best known in literature simply as Estella ) is a significant character in the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations . Like the protagonist , Pip , Estella is introduced as an orphan , but where Pip was raised by his sister and her husband to become a blacksmith , Estella was adopted and raised by the wealthy and eccentric Miss Havisham to become a lady .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hush_(1998_film)', 'summary': 'Hush is a 1998 American thriller film starring Gwyneth Paltrow , Johnathon Schaech , and Jessica Lange .'}]}, {'value': 'Helen Baring', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Perfect Murder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Perfect_Murder', 'summary': "A Perfect Murder is a 1998 American crime thriller film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Michael Douglas , Gwyneth Paltrow , and Viggo Mortensen . It is a modern remake of Alfred Hitchcock 's 1954 film Dial M for Murder , though the characters ' names are all changed , and over half the plot is completely rewritten and altered . Loosely based on the play by Frederick Knott , the screenplay was written by Patrick Smith Kelly ."}]}, {'value': 'Emily Bradford Taylor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakespeare in Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love', 'summary': "Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 American romantic period comedy-drama film directed by John Madden , written by Marc Norman and playwright Tom Stoppard . It stars Gwyneth Paltrow , Joseph Fiennes , Geoffrey Rush , Colin Firth , Ben Affleck and Judi Dench . The film depicts an imaginary love affair involving playwright William Shakespeare ( Joseph Fiennes ) and Viola de Lesseps ( Gwyneth Paltrow ) while Shakespeare was writing Romeo and Juliet . Several characters are based on historical figures , and many of the characters , lines , and plot devices allude to Shakespeare 's plays . Shakespeare in Love received positive reviews from critics and was a box office success , grossing $ 289.3 million worldwide and was the ninth highest-grossing film of 1998 . The film received numerous accolades , including seven Oscars at the 71st Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actress ( Gwyneth Paltrow ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Judi Dench ) , and Best Original Screenplay ."}]}, {'value': 'Viola de Lesseps', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Talented Mr. Ripley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Talented_Mr._Ripley_(film)', 'summary': "The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Anthony Minghella . An adaptation of Patricia Highsmith 's 1955 novel of the same name , the film stars Matt Damon as Tom Ripley , Jude Law as Dickie Greenleaf , Gwyneth Paltrow as Marge Sherwood , Cate Blanchett as Meredith Logue , and Philip Seymour Hoffman as Freddie Miles . The novel was previously filmed twice . In 1957 , a one-hour version was produced for the TV anthology series Studio One , directed by Franklin J. Schaffner , though no recording survives . In 1960 , a full-length film version was released , entitled Purple Noon and directed by René Clément , starring Alain Delon in his first major role . Claude Chabrol 's 1968 film Les biches uses many elements of Highsmith 's novel but switches the gender of the main characters . The Talented Mr. Ripley was a critical and commercial success . It received five Academy Award nominations , including Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor for Law ."}]}, {'value': 'Marge Sherwood', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Gwyneth_Paltrow_0', 'intro': "Gwyneth Paltrow Martin (born Gwyneth Kate Paltrow; /ˈpæltroʊ/; born September 27, 1972) is an American actress, singer, author, and businesswoman. She has received numerous accolades for her work, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award. Her films have grossed $3.3 billion at the U.S. box office and $8.8 billion worldwide. Paltrow gained very early notice for her work in films such as Seven (1995), Emma (1996), Sliding Doors (1998), and A Perfect Murder (1998). She garnered wider critical acclaim for her performance as Viola de Lesseps in the historical romance film Shakespeare in Love (1998) which won her several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Actress. This was followed by roles in The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Shallow Hal (2001), and Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004). After becoming a mother, Paltrow significantly reduced her film workload, making occasional appearances in films, such as Proof (2005), for which she earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama. In 2009, Paltrow received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for the children's audiobook Brown Bear and Friends and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her guest role as Holly Holliday on the Fox musical comedy-drama television series Glee in 2011. From 2008 to 2019, Paltrow portrayed Pepper Potts in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Since 2005, Paltrow has been the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume. She is also the face of American fashion brand Coach, owner of a lifestyle company, Goop, and author of several cookbooks. Paltrow has received severe criticism from the scientific community and medical professionals for promoting harmful treatments based on pseudoscience through her company Goop."} | null | null | Who was the director of the 1991 film in which Gwyneth Paltrow played Rebecca ? | Jeffrey Hornaday |
06b7759d72ef7831 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan', 'title': 'List of World Heritage Sites in Japan', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'UNESCO data', 'Area :', 'Monuments'], 'data': [{'value': 'Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Hōryū-ji_Area', 'summary': 'The UNESCO World Heritage Site Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area includes a variety of buildings found in Hōryū-ji and Hokki-ji in Ikaruga , Nara Prefecture , Japan . These buildings were designated in 1993 along with the surrounding landscape , under several criteria . The structures inscribed are some of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world , dating from the 7th to 8th centuries . Many of the monuments are also National Treasures of Japan , and reflect an important age of Buddhist influence in Japan . The structures include 21 buildings in the Hōryū-ji East Temple , 9 in the West Temple , 17 monasteries and other buildings , and the pagoda in Hokki-ji .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '660 ( 1993 ) i , ii , iv , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '586 ha ; ( 570.7 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hōryū-ji , Hokki-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hōryū-ji', 'summary': "Hōryū-ji ( 法隆寺 , lit . Temple of the Flourishing Law ) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , in Ikaruga , Nara Prefecture , Japan . Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji ( 法隆学問寺 ) , or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law , the complex serving as both a seminary and monastery . The temple was founded by Prince Shōtoku in 607 , but according to the Nihon Shoki , in 670 all buildings were burned down by lightning . However , reconstructed at least 1,300 years ago , the Kondō ( main holl ) is widely recognized as the world 's oldest wooden building . A fire that broke out during the dismantling and repair of Kondo in January 26 , 1949 destroyed a mural of the Asuka period , a national treasure , and shocked the Japanese . Based on this accident , the day when the fire broke out is now fire prevention day for cultural properties . In 1993 , Horyu-ji Temple , along with Hokki-ji , was registered as Japan 's first UNESCO World Heritage site under the name of Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area . A tree ring survey conducted in 2001 revealed that the shinbashira of the five-story Pagoda were cut down in 594 , before burned down in 670 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hokki-ji', 'summary': "Hokki-ji or Hōki-ji ( 法起寺 , the temple of the Arising Dharma ) - formerly known as Okamoto-dera ( 岡本寺 ) and Ikejiri-dera ( 池後寺 ) - is a Buddhist temple in Okamoto , Ikaruga , Nara Prefecture , Japan . The temple 's honorary sangō prefix is Kōhonzan ( 岡本山 ) , although it is rarely used . The temple was constructed to honor Avalokitesvara , and an 11-faced statue of the goddess is the primary object of worship in the temple . Hokki-ji is often considered to be one of the seven great temples founded by Prince Shōtoku , however , the temple was not completed until some decades after his death . In 1993 , it was registered together with Hōryū-ji as an UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Himeji-jō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himeji_Castle', 'summary': "Himeji Castle ( 姫路城 , Himeji-jō ) is a hilltop Japanese castle complex situated in the city of Himeji which is located in the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan . The castle is regarded as the finest surviving example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture , comprising a network of 83 rooms with advanced defensive systems from the feudal period . The castle is frequently known as Hakuro-jō or Shirasagi-jō ( White Egret Castle or White Heron Castle ) because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight . Himeji Castle dates to 1333 , when Akamatsu Norimura built a fort on top of Himeyama hill . The fort was dismantled and rebuilt as Himeyama Castle in 1346 , and then remodeled into Himeji Castle two centuries later . Himeji Castle was then significantly remodeled in 1581 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi , who added a three-story castle keep . In 1600 , Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded the castle to Ikeda Terumasa for his help in the Battle of Sekigahara , and Ikeda completely rebuilt the castle from 1601 to 1609 , expanding it into a large castle complex . Several buildings were later added to the castle complex by Honda Tadamasa from 1617 to 1618 . For over 400 years , Himeji Castle has remained intact , even throughout the extensive bombing of Himeji in World War II , and natural disasters such as the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake . Himeji Castle is the largest and most visited castle in Japan , and it was registered in 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country . The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site and five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures . Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle , Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan 's three premier castles ."}]}, {'value': 'Hyōgo Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyōgo_Prefecture', 'summary': "Hyōgo Prefecture ( 兵庫県 , Hyōgo-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Hyōgo Prefecture has a population of 5,469,762 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 8,400 km² ( 3,243 sq mi ) . Hyōgo Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the east , Osaka Prefecture to the southeast , and Okayama Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture to the west . Kōbe is the capital and largest city of Hyōgo Prefecture , and the sixth-largest city in Japan , with other major cities including Himeji , Nishinomiya , and Amagasaki . Hyōgo Prefecture 's mainland stretches from the Sea of Japan to the Seto Inland Sea , where Awaji Island and a small archipelago of islands belonging to the prefecture are located . Hyōgo Prefecture is a major economic center , transportation hub , and tourist destination in western Japan , with 20% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Hyōgo Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '661 ( 1993 ) i , iv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '107 ha ; ( 143 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himeji Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himeji_Castle', 'summary': "Himeji Castle ( 姫路城 , Himeji-jō ) is a hilltop Japanese castle complex situated in the city of Himeji which is located in the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan . The castle is regarded as the finest surviving example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture , comprising a network of 83 rooms with advanced defensive systems from the feudal period . The castle is frequently known as Hakuro-jō or Shirasagi-jō ( White Egret Castle or White Heron Castle ) because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight . Himeji Castle dates to 1333 , when Akamatsu Norimura built a fort on top of Himeyama hill . The fort was dismantled and rebuilt as Himeyama Castle in 1346 , and then remodeled into Himeji Castle two centuries later . Himeji Castle was then significantly remodeled in 1581 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi , who added a three-story castle keep . In 1600 , Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded the castle to Ikeda Terumasa for his help in the Battle of Sekigahara , and Ikeda completely rebuilt the castle from 1601 to 1609 , expanding it into a large castle complex . Several buildings were later added to the castle complex by Honda Tadamasa from 1617 to 1618 . For over 400 years , Himeji Castle has remained intact , even throughout the extensive bombing of Himeji in World War II , and natural disasters such as the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake . Himeji Castle is the largest and most visited castle in Japan , and it was registered in 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country . The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site and five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures . Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle , Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan 's three premier castles ."}]}, {'value': 'Yakushima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakushima', 'summary': "Yakushima ( 屋久島 ) is one of the Ōsumi Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . The island , 504.88 km2 ( 194.94 sq mi ) in area , has a population of 13,178 . Access to the island is by hydrofoil ferry ( 7 or 8 times a day from Kagoshima , depending on the season ) , slow car ferry ( once or twice a day from Kagoshima ) , or by air to Yakushima Airport ( 3 to 5 times daily from Kagoshima , once daily from Fukuoka and once daily from Osaka ) . Administratively , the whole island is the town of Yakushima . The town also serves neighbouring Kuchinoerabujima . The majority of the island is within the borders of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park . Yakushima 's electricity is more than 50% hydroelectric , and surplus power has been used to produce hydrogen gas in an experiment by Kagoshima University . The island has been a test site for Honda 's hydrogen fuel cell vehicle research . ( There are no hydrogen cars stationed on the island but electric cars are run by the municipality . )"}]}, {'value': 'Kagoshima Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kagoshima Prefecture ( 鹿児島県 , Kagoshima-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands . The capital is the city of Kagoshima .'}]}, {'value': '662 ( 1993 ) vii , ix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '10,747 ha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Site : warm temperate ancient forest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shirakami-Sanchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirakami-Sanchi', 'summary': "Shirakami-Sanchi ( 白神山地 ) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Tōhoku region of northern Honshū , Japan . This mountainous area includes the last virgin forest of Siebold 's beech which once covered most of northern Japan . The area straddles both Akita and Aomori Prefectures . Of the entire 1,300 square kilometres ( 500 sq mi ) , a tract covering 169.7169.7 square kilometres ( 65.5 sq mi ) was included in the list of World Heritage Sites in 1993 . Fauna found in the area includes Japanese black bear , the Japanese serow , Japanese macaque and 87 species of birds . The Shirakami-Sanchi was one of the first sites entered on the World Heritage List in Japan , along with Yakushima , Himeji Castle , and Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area in 1993 . Permission is needed from Forest Management to enter the heart of the Shirakami-Sanchi ."}]}, {'value': 'Aomori / Akita Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Aomori Prefecture ( 青森県 , Aomori-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region . The capital is the city of Aomori .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Akita_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Akita Prefecture ( 秋田県 , Akita-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The capital is the city of Akita .'}]}, {'value': '663 ( 1993 ) ix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '16,939 ha', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Natural Site : Siebold 's beech forest , mountains", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Siebold's_beech", 'summary': "Fagus crenata , known as the Siebold 's beech , Japanese beech , or buna , is a deciduous tree of the beech genus , Fagus , of the family Fagaceae . It is native to Japan , where it is widespread and often one of the dominant trees of Japan 's deciduous forests . It is found from the Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaidō south to the Ōsumi Peninsula in Kyūshū . In north-east Honshū it grows in large stands from sea level up to 1,400 metres ( 4,600 ft ) but in the south-west of its range it is restricted to mountainous areas and occurs in small , isolated populations . It grows in well-drained , loamy or sandy soils . It reaches 35 metres ( 115 ft ) in height . The crown is rounded and the bark is smooth and grey . The simple leaves are arranged alternately along the branch . They are broadest towards the base and have 7 to 11 pairs of veins . The nut has a short thick stalk , 15 millimetres ( 0.6 in ) long . There are flattened green whiskers at the base of the husk of the nut . The flowers are wind-pollinated ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Ancient_Kyoto_(Kyoto,_Uji_and_Otsu_Cities)', 'summary': 'The UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ( Kyoto , Uji and Otsu Cities ) encompasses 17 locations in Japan within the city of Kyoto and its immediate vicinity . The locations are in three cities : Kyoto and Uji in Kyoto Prefecture ; and Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture ; Uji and Ōtsu border Kyoto to the south and north , respectively . Of the monuments , 13 are Buddhist temples , three are Shinto shrines , and one is a castle . The properties include 38 buildings designated by the Japanese government as National Treasures , 160 properties designated as Important Cultural Properties , eight gardens designated as Special Places of Scenic Beauty , and four designated as Places of Scenic Beauty . UNESCO listed the site as World Heritage in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto / Shiga Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shiga Prefecture ( 滋賀県 , Shiga-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,017 km² ( 1,551 sq mi ) . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north , Gifu Prefecture to the northeast , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , and Kyoto Prefecture to the west . Ōtsu is the capital and largest city of Shiga Prefecture , with other major cities including Kusatsu , Nagahama , and Higashiōmi . Shiga Prefecture encircles Lake Biwa , the largest freshwater lake in Japan , and 37% of the total land area is designated as Natural Parks , the highest of any prefecture . Shiga Prefecture 's southern half is located adjacent to the former capital city of Kyoto and forms part of Greater Kyoto , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Japan . Shiga Prefecture is home to Ōmi beef , the Eight Views of Ōmi , and Hikone Castle , one of four national treasure castles in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '688 ( 1994 ) ii , iv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '1056 ha ; ( 3,579 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamigamo Jinja , Shimogamo Jinja , Tō-ji , Kiyomizu-dera , Enryaku-ji , Daigo-ji , Ninna-ji , Byōdō-in , Ujigami Jinja , Kōzan-ji , Saihō-ji , Tenryū-ji , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji , Ryōan-ji , Nishi Hongan-ji , Nijō-jō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamigamo_Jinja', 'summary': "Kamigamo Shrine ( 上賀茂神社 , Kamigamo Jinja ) is an important Shinto sanctuary on the banks of the Kamo River in north Kyoto , first founded in 678 . Its formal name is the Kamo-wakeikazuchi Shrine ( 賀茂別雷神社 , Kamo-wakeikazuchi jinja ) . It is one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan and is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . The term Kamo-jinja in Japanese is a general reference to Shimogamo Shrine and Kamigamo Shrine , the traditionally linked Kamo shrines of Kyoto . The Kamo-jinja serve the function of protecting Kyoto from malign influences . The jinja name identifies the Kamo family of kami or deities who are venerated . The name also refers to the ambit of shrine 's nearby woods , which are vestiges of the primeval forest of Tadasu no Mori . In addition , the shrine name references the area 's early inhabitants , the Kamo clan , many of whom continue to live near the shrine their ancestors traditionally served . Kamogamo Shrine is dedicated to the veneration of Kamo Wake-ikazuchi , the kami of thunder ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shimogamo_Jinja', 'summary': "Shimogamo Shrine ( 下鴨神社 , Shimogamo-jinja ) in Japanese , is the common name of an important Shinto sanctuary in the Shimogamo district of Kyoto city 's Sakyō ward . Its formal name is Kamo-mioya-jinja ( 賀茂御祖神社 ) . It is one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan and is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . The term Kamo-jinja in Japanese is a general reference to Shimogamo Shrine and Kamigamo Shrine , the traditionally linked Kamo shrines of Kyoto ; Shimogamo is the older of the pair , being believed to be 100 years older than Kamigamo , and dating to the 6th century , centuries before Kyoto became the capital of Japan ( 794 , see Heian-kyō ) . The Kamo-jinja serve the function of protecting Kyoto from malign influences . The jinja name identifies the Kamo family of kami or deities who are venerated . The name also refers to the ambit of shrine 's nearby woods , which are vestiges of the primeval forest of Tadasu no Mori . In addition , the shrine name references the area 's early inhabitants , the Kamo clan , many of whom continue to live near the shrine their ancestors traditionally served . Shimogamo Shrine is dedicated to the veneration of Tamayori-hime ( 玉依姫 ; lit. , the spirit-inviting maiden ) and her father , Kamo Taketsunomi ( 賀茂建角身 ) . Tamayori-hime is the mother of Kamo Wakeikazuchi ( 賀茂別雷 ; the thunder-divider of Kamo ) , who was sired by Honoikazuchi-no-mikoto ( 火雷神 ; the God of Fire and Thunder ) . Kamigamo Shrine , the other of the two Kamo shrines of Kyoto , is dedicated to Kamo Wakeikazuchi . These kami are variously associated with thunder ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tō-ji', 'summary': 'Tō-ji ( 東寺 , Tō-ji ) is a Shingon Buddhist temple in the Minami-ku ward of Kyoto , Japan . Founded in 796 , it was one of the only three Buddhist temples allowed in the city at the time it became the capital of Japan . As such it has a long history , housing treasures and documents from the early Heian period and the Tang dynasty , and with buildings in its complex covering the Kamakura , Muromachi , Momoyama , and Edo periods . Five of these buildings have been designated National Treasures in two different categories : the Lotus Flower Gate ( rengemon ) , the Miei Hall ( mieidō ) , the Golden Hall ( kondō ) and the five-storied Pagoda ( gojūnotō ) ( temple buildings ) and the Kanchiin Guest Hall ( kanchiin kyakuden ) ( residences ) . Tō-ji was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kiyomizu-dera', 'summary': 'Kiyomizu-dera ( 清水寺 ) , formally Otowa-san Kiyomizu-dera ( 音羽山清水寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple in eastern Kyoto . The temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ( Kyoto , Uji and Otsu Cities ) UNESCO World Heritage site . The place is not to be confused with Kiyomizu-dera in Yasugi , Shimane , which is part of the 33-temple route of the Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage through western Japan , or the Kiyomizu-dera temple associated with the Buddhist priest Nichiren . The temple is currently covered entirely by semi-transparent scaffolding while it is undergoing restoration works in preparation for the 2020 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enryaku-ji', 'summary': 'Enryaku-ji ( 延暦寺 , Enryaku-ji ) is a Tendai monastery located on Mount Hiei in Ōtsu , overlooking Kyoto . It was founded in 788 during the early Heian period ( 794-1185 ) . The temple complex was established by Saichō ( 767-822 ) , also known as Dengyō Daishi , who introduced the Tendai sect of Mahayana Buddhism to Japan from China . Enryaku-ji is the headquarters of the Tendai sect and one of the most significant monasteries in Japanese history . As such , it is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ( Kyoto , Uji and Otsu Cities ) . The founders of Jōdo-shū , Sōtō Zen , and Nichiren Buddhism all spent time at the monastery . Enryaku-ji is also the center for the practice of kaihōgyō ( aka the marathon monks ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daigo-ji', 'summary': 'Daigo-ji ( 醍醐寺 , Daigo-ji ) is a Shingon Buddhist temple in Fushimi-ku , Kyoto , Japan . Its main devotion ( honzon ) is Yakushi . Daigo , literally ghee , is used figuratively to mean crème de la crème and is a metaphor of the most profound part of Buddhist thoughts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ninna-ji', 'summary': 'Ninna-ji ( 仁和寺 , Ninna-ji ) is the head temple of the Omuro school of the Shingon Sect of Buddhism . Located in western Kyoto , Japan , it was founded in AD 888 by the retired Emperor Uda . It is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto , a UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byōdō-in', 'summary': 'Byōdō-in ( 平等院 ) is a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan , built in late Heian period . It is jointly a temple of the Jōdo-shū ( Pure Land ) and Tendai-shū sects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ujigami_Shrine', 'summary': 'The Ujigami Shrine ( 宇治上神社 , Ujigami-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Uji , Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . The shrine was built as a guardian shrine for the nearby Byōdō-in , and is adjacent to the Uji Shrine . In 1994 , it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto . The honden and haiden have been designated by the Agency for Cultural Affairs as National Treasures in the category shrines . The Ujigami Shrine is dedicated to the Emperor Ōjin and his sons , the imperial princes Uji no Wakiiratsuko and Emperor Nintoku . Uji no Wakiiratsuko committed suicide to solve a dispute over the imperial succession , and the shrine was built in his honor . The honden of the Ujigami Shrine is known as the oldest example of nagare-zukuri style of shrine architecture in Japan . In this style of architecture the three inner shrine structures are built side-by-side , with the structure in the middle being larger than those to the left and right . The honden dates to the late Heian period ( 794 - 1185 ) . The haiden is built in the shinden-zukuri style , and its roof in the sugaruhafu style . The haiden dates to the Kamakura period ( 1185 - 1333 ) . The Kasuga Shrine , also within the shrine precinct , dates to the same period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kōzan-ji', 'summary': "Kōzan-ji ( 高山寺 ) , officially Toganōsan Kōsan-ji ( 栂尾山高山寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple of the Omuro sect of Shingon Buddhism in Umegahata Toganōchō , Ukyō Ward , Kyoto , Japan . Kōzan-ji is also known as Kōsan-ji and Toganō-dera . The temple was founded by the Shingon scholar and monk Myōe ( 1173 - 1232 ) and is renowned for its numerous national treasures and important cultural properties . The Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga , a group of ink paintings from the 12th and 13th centuries , are among the most important treasures of Kōzan-ji . The temple celebrates Biyakkōshin , Zenmyōshin and Kasuga Myōjin , as well as the temple 's tutelary Shintō deity . In 1994 , it was registered as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saihō-ji', 'summary': 'Saihō-ji ( 西芳寺 ) is a Rinzai Zen Buddhist temple located in Matsuo , Nishikyō Ward , Kyoto , Japan . The temple , which is famed for its moss garden , is commonly referred to as Koke-dera ( 苔寺 ) , meaning moss temple , while the formal name is Kōinzan Saihō-ji ( 洪隠山西芳寺 ) . The temple , primarily constructed to honor Amitābha , was first founded by Gyōki and was later restored by Musō Soseki . In 1994 , Saihō-ji was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto . Over 120 types of moss are present in the two-tiered garden , resembling a beautiful green carpet with many subtle shades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tenryū-ji', 'summary': "Tenryū-ji ( 天龍寺 ) , formally known as Tenryū Shiseizen-ji ( 天龍資聖禅寺 ) , is the head temple of the Tenryū-ji branch of the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism , located in Susukinobaba-chō , Ukyō Ward , Kyoto , Japan . The temple was founded by Ashikaga Takauji in 1339 , primarily to venerate Gautama Buddha , and its first chief priest was Musō Soseki . Construction was completed in 1345 . As a temple related to both the Ashikaga family and Emperor Go-Daigo , the temple is held in high esteem , and is ranked number one among Kyoto 's so-called Five Mountains . In 1994 , it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kinkaku-ji', 'summary': 'Kinkaku-ji ( 金閣寺 , literally Temple of the Golden Pavilion ) , officially named Rokuon-ji ( 鹿苑寺 , literally Deer Garden Temple ) , is a Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto , Japan . It is one of the most popular buildings in Japan , attracting many visitors annually . It is designated as a National Special Historic Site , a National Special Landscape and is one of 17 locations making up the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which are World Heritage Sites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ginkaku-ji', 'summary': 'Ginkaku-ji ( 銀閣寺 , lit . Temple of the Silver Pavilion ) , officially named Jishō-ji ( 慈照寺 , lit . Temple of Shining Mercy ) , is a Zen temple in the Sakyo ward of Kyoto , Japan . It is one of the constructions that represents the Higashiyama Culture of the Muromachi period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ryōan-ji', 'summary': 'Ryōan-ji ( Shinjitai : 竜安寺 , Kyūjitai : 龍安寺 , The Temple of the Dragon at Peace ) is a Zen temple located in northwest Kyoto , Japan . It belongs to the Myōshin-ji school of the Rinzai branch of Zen Buddhism . The Ryōan-ji garden is considered one of the finest surviving examples of kare-sansui ( dry landscape ) , a refined type of Japanese Zen temple garden design generally featuring distinctive larger rock formations arranged amidst a sweep of smooth pebbles ( small , carefully selected polished river rocks ) raked into linear patterns that facilitate meditation . The temple and its gardens are listed as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto , and as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishi_Hongan-ji', 'summary': 'Nishi Hongan-ji ( 西本願寺 ) is a Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist temple in the Shimogyō ward of Kyoto , Japan . It is one of two Jōdo Shinshū temple complexes in Kyoto , the other being Higashi Hongan-ji . Jōdo Shinshū is a school of Pure Land Buddhism , and today Nishi Hongan-ji serves as the head temple of the organization . Established in its current location in 1591 , the origin of the temple goes back to the 14th century . Many of its building have survived from the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo period , making it a great example of the Japanese architecture from the 17th and 18th centuries . A total of seven Nishi Hongan-ji structures have been designated National Treasures in three different categories : the karamon , Goei-dō and Amida hall ( temple buildings ) , the Flying Cloud Pavilion , shoin and the Black study hall , including the Denrō gallery ( residences ) and the north Noh stage ( miscellaneous structure ) . Nishi Hongan-ji was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nijō-jō', 'summary': 'Nijō Castle ( 二条城 , Nijō-jō ) is a flatland castle in Kyoto , Japan . The castle consists of two concentric rings ( Kuruwa ) of fortifications , the Ninomaru Palace , the ruins of the Honmaru Palace , various support buildings and several gardens . The surface area of the castle is 275,000 square metres ( 27.5 ha ; 68 acres ) , of which 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) is occupied by buildings . It is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Historic_Villages_of_Shirakawa-gō_and_Gokayama', 'summary': "The Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama are one of Japan 's UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The cultural property consists of three historic mountain villages over an area of 68 hectares ( 170 acres ) in the remote Shogawa river valley , stretching across the border of Gifu and Toyama Prefectures in central Japan . Shirakawa-gō ( 白川郷 , White River Old-District ) is located in the village of Shirakawa in Gifu Prefecture . The Gokayama ( 五箇山 , Five Mountains ) area is divided between the former villages of Kamitaira and Taira in Nanto , Toyama Prefecture . The valley is in a mountain region with considerable snowfall , and these villages are well known for their clusters of farmhouses , constructed in the architectural style known as gasshō-zukuri ( 合掌造り ) , which are designed to easily shed snow from their roofs ."}]}, {'value': 'Gifu / Toyama Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture', 'summary': "Gifu Prefecture ( 岐阜県 , Gifu-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Gifu Prefecture has a population of 1,991,390 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 10,621 km² ( 4,100 sq mi ) . Gifu Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the north ; Ishikawa Prefecture to the northwest ; Fukui Prefecture to the west ; Shiga Prefecture to the southwest ; Mie Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture to the south ; and Nagano Prefecture to the east . Gifu is the capital and largest city of Gifu Prefecture , with other major cities including Ōgaki , Kakamigahara , and Tajimi . Gifu Prefecture is located in the center of Japan , one of only eight landlocked prefectures , and features the country 's center of population . Gifu Prefecture has served as the historic crossroads of Japan with routes connecting the east to the west , including the Nakasendō , one of the Five Routes of the Edo Period . Gifu Prefecture was a long-term residence of Oda Nobunaga and Saitō Dōsan , two influential figures of Japanese history in the Sengoku period , spawning the popular phrase of control Gifu and you control Japan in the late Medieval era . Gifu Prefecture is known for its traditional Washi paper industry , including Gifu Lanterns and Gifu Umbrellas , and as a center for the Japanese swordsmithing and cutlery industries . Gifu Prefecture is home to Gifu Castle , the 1,300-year-old tradition of Cormorant fishing on the Nagara River , and the site of the Battle of Sekigahara ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture', 'summary': "Toyama Prefecture ( 富山県 , Toyama-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Toyama Prefecture has a population of 1,044,588 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 4,247.61 km² ( 1,640.01 sq mi ) . Toyama Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the west , Gifu Prefecture to the south , Nagano Prefecture to the east , and Niigata Prefecture to the northeast . Toyama is the capital and largest city of Toyama Prefecture , with other major cities including Takaoka , Imizu , and Nanto . Toyama Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region , and the majority of prefecture 's population lives on Toyama Bay , one of the largest bays in Japan . Toyama Prefecture is the leading industrial prefecture on the Japan Sea coast and has the advantage of cheap electricity from abundant hydroelectric resources . Toyama Prefecture contains the only known glaciers in East Asia outside of Russia , first recognized in 2012 , and 30% of the prefecture 's area is designated as national parks ."}]}, {'value': '734 ( 1995 ) iv , v', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '68 ha ; ( 58,873 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shirakawa-go , Gokayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirakawa,_Gifu_(village)', 'summary': "Shirakawa ( 白川村 , Shirakawa-mura ) is a village located in Ōno District , Gifu Prefecture , Japan . It is best known for being the site of Shirakawa-gō , a small , traditional village showcasing a building style known as gasshō-zukuri . Together with Gokayama in Nanto , Toyama , it is one of UNESCO 's World Heritage Sites . As of 1 January 2019 [ update ] , the village had an estimated population of 1,630 in 588 households and a population density of 4.6 persons per km2 . The total area of the village was 356.55 km2 ( 137.66 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gokayama', 'summary': "Gokayama ( Japanese : 五箇山 ) is an area within the city of Nanto in Toyama Prefecture , Japan . It has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its traditional gasshō-zukuri houses , alongside nearby Shirakawa-gō in Gifu Prefecture . The survival of this traditional architectural style is attributed to the region 's secluded location in the upper reaches of the Shōgawa river . This is also the reason that Gokayama 's lifestyle and culture remained very traditional for many years after the majority of the country had modernized . Many of the houses surpass 300 years in age . The Gokayama region includes the former villages of Taira , Kamitaira , and Toga . The gasshō hamlet of Ainokura is located in Taira , while that of Suganuma is in Kamitaira ; both are nationally designated Historic Sites ."}]}, {'value': 'Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial', 'summary': 'The Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( 広島平和記念碑 , Hiroshima Heiwa Kinenhi ) , originally the Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , and now commonly called the Genbaku Dome , Atomic Bomb Dome or A-Bomb Dome ( 原爆ドーム , Genbaku Dōmu ) , is part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima , Japan and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 . The ruin of the hall serves as a memorial to the people who were killed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 . Over 70,000 people were killed instantly , and another 70,000 suffered fatal injuries from the radiation .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiroshima Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Hiroshima Prefecture ( 広島県 , Hiroshima-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region on Honshu island . The capital is the city of Hiroshima . It has a population of around 2.8 million .'}]}, {'value': '775 ( 1996 ) vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '0.4 ha ; ( 43 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atomic bomb Dome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki', 'summary': "The United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively , with the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people , most of whom were civilians , and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict . In the final year of World War II , the Allies prepared for a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign which devastated 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 , and the Allies turned their full attention to the Pacific theater . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 , the alternative being prompt and utter destruction . Japan ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . The Allies issued orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities on July 25 . On August 6 , one of the modified B-29s dropped a uranium gun-type bomb ( Little Boy ) on Hiroshima . Another B-29 dropped a plutonium implosion bomb ( Fat Man ) on Nagasaki three days later . The bombs immediately devastated their targets ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial', 'summary': 'The Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( 広島平和記念碑 , Hiroshima Heiwa Kinenhi ) , originally the Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , and now commonly called the Genbaku Dome , Atomic Bomb Dome or A-Bomb Dome ( 原爆ドーム , Genbaku Dōmu ) , is part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima , Japan and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 . The ruin of the hall serves as a memorial to the people who were killed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 . Over 70,000 people were killed instantly , and another 70,000 suffered fatal injuries from the radiation .'}]}, {'value': 'Itsukushima Shrine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itsukushima_Shrine', 'summary': "Itsukushima Shrine ( 厳島神社 , Itsukushima-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine on the island of Itsukushima ( popularly known as Miyajima ) , best known for its floating torii gate . It is in the city of Hatsukaichi in Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan . The shrine complex is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and the Japanese government has designated several buildings and possessions as National Treasures . The Itsukushima shrine is one of Japan 's most popular tourist attractions . It is most famous for its dramatic gate , or torii on the outskirts of the shrine , the sacred peaks of Mount Misen , extensive forests , and its aesthetic ocean view . The shrine complex itself consists of two main buildings : the Honsha shrine and the Sessha Marodo-jinja , as well as 17 other different buildings and structures that help to distinguish it . The complex is also listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and six of its buildings and possessions have been designated by the Japanese government as National Treasures . The tori gate is currently covered entirely by semi-transparent scaffolding while it is undergoing restoration works in preparation for the 2020 Olympics"}]}, {'value': 'Hiroshima Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Hiroshima Prefecture ( 広島県 , Hiroshima-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region on Honshu island . The capital is the city of Hiroshima . It has a population of around 2.8 million .'}]}, {'value': '776 ( 1996 ) i , ii , iv , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '431 ha ; ( 2,634 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Itsukushima Jinja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itsukushima_Jinja', 'summary': "Itsukushima Shrine ( 厳島神社 , Itsukushima-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine on the island of Itsukushima ( popularly known as Miyajima ) , best known for its floating torii gate . It is in the city of Hatsukaichi in Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan . The shrine complex is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and the Japanese government has designated several buildings and possessions as National Treasures . The Itsukushima shrine is one of Japan 's most popular tourist attractions . It is most famous for its dramatic gate , or torii on the outskirts of the shrine , the sacred peaks of Mount Misen , extensive forests , and its aesthetic ocean view . The shrine complex itself consists of two main buildings : the Honsha shrine and the Sessha Marodo-jinja , as well as 17 other different buildings and structures that help to distinguish it . The complex is also listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and six of its buildings and possessions have been designated by the Japanese government as National Treasures . The tori gate is currently covered entirely by semi-transparent scaffolding while it is undergoing restoration works in preparation for the 2020 Olympics"}]}, {'value': 'Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Ancient_Nara', 'summary': 'The UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara encompasses eight places in the old capital Nara in Nara Prefecture , Japan . Five are Buddhist temples , one is a Shinto shrine , one is a Palace and one a primeval forest . The properties include 26 buildings designated by the Japanese Government as National Treasures as well as 53 designated as Important Cultural Properties . All compounds have been recognized as Historic Sites . The Nara Palace Site was designated as Special Historic Site and the Kasugayama Primeval Forest as Special Natural Monument . Tōdai-ji , Kōfuku-ji and the Kasugayama Primeval Forest overlap with Nara Park , a park designated as one of the Places of Scenic Beauty by the Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) . UNESCO listed the site as World Heritage in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '870 ( 1998 ) ii , iii , iv , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '617 ha ; ( 2,502 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tōdai-ji , Kōfuku-ji , Kasuga Taisha , Gangō-ji , Yakushi-ji , Tōshōdai-ji , Heijō Palace , Kasugayama Primeval Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tōdai-ji', 'summary': "Tōdai-ji ( 東大寺 , Eastern Great Temple ) is a Buddhist temple complex that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , located in the city of Nara , Japan . Though it was originally founded in the year 738 CE , Todai-ji was not opened until the year 752 CE . Its Great Buddha Hall ( 大仏殿 Daibutsuden ) houses the world 's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana , known in Japanese as Daibutsu ( 大仏 ) . The temple also serves as the Japanese headquarters of the Kegon school of Buddhism . The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , together with seven other sites including temples , shrines and places in the city of Nara ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kōfuku-ji', 'summary': 'Kōfuku-ji ( 興福寺 , Kōfuku-ji ) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples in the city of Nara , Japan . The temple is the national headquarters of the Hossō school .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kasuga_Taisha', 'summary': "Kasuga Grand Shrine ( 春日大社 , Kasuga-taisha ) is a Shinto shrine in Nara , Nara Prefecture , Japan . Established in 768 CE and rebuilt several times over the centuries , it is the shrine of the Fujiwara family . The interior is famous for its many bronze lanterns , as well as the many stone lanterns that lead up the shrine . The architectural style Kasuga-zukuri takes its name from Kasuga Shrine 's honden ( sanctuary ) . Kasuga Shrine , and the Kasugayama Primeval Forest near it , are registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara . The path to Kasuga Shrine passes through a deer park . In the deer park , deer are able to roam freely and are believed to be sacred messengers of the Shinto gods that inhabit the shrine and surrounding mountainous terrain . Kasuga Shrine and the deer have been featured in several paintings and works of art of the Nambokucho Period . Over three thousand stone lanterns line the way . The Man'yo Botanical Garden is adjacent to the shrine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gangō-ji', 'summary': 'Gangō-ji ( 元興寺 ) is an ancient Buddhist temple , that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , in Nara , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yakushi-ji', 'summary': 'Yakushi-ji ( 薬師寺 ) is one of the most famous imperial and ancient Buddhist temples in Japan , that was once one of the Seven Great Temples of Nanto , located in Nara . The temple is the headquarters of the Hossō school of Japanese Buddhism . Yakushi-ji is one of the sites that are collectively inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under the name of Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara . The main object of veneration , Yakushi Nyorai , also named The Medicine Buddha , was one of the first Buddhist Deities to arrive in Japan from China in 680 , and gives the temple its name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tōshōdai-ji', 'summary': "Tōshōdai-ji ( 唐招提寺 ) is a Buddhist temple of the Risshū sect in the city of Nara , in Nara Prefecture , Japan . The Classic Golden Hall , also known as the kondō , has a single story , hipped tiled roof with a seven bay wide facade . It is considered the archetype of classical style . It was founded in 759 by the Tang dynasty Chinese monk Jianzhen during the Nara period . Jianzhen was hired by the newly empowered clans to travel in search of funding from private aristocrats as well . Tōshōdai-ji is one of the places in Nara that UNESCO has designated as World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara . A reflection written by Yan Wenjing on the hope for friendly Sino-Japanese relations describing the author 's discovery of Lotus flowers imported from China which had been planted around the portrait of Jianzhen in the Tōshōdai-ji is included as one of the oral assessment passages on the Putonghua Proficiency Test ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heijō_Palace', 'summary': "Heijō Palace ( 平城宮 , Heijō-kyū ) was the imperial residence in the Japanese capital city Heijō-kyō ( today 's Nara ) , during most of the Nara period . The palace , which served as the imperial residence and the administrative centre of for most of the Nara period from 710 to 794 AD , was located at the north-central location of the city in accordance with the Chinese models used for the design of the capital . The palace consisted of a large rectangular walled enclosure ( the daidairi ) , which contained several ceremonial and administrative buildings including the government ministries . Inside this enclosure was the separately walled residential compound of the emperor or the Inner Palace . In addition to the emperor 's living quarters , the Inner Palace contained the residences of the imperial consorts , as well as certain official and ceremonial buildings more closely linked to the person of the emperor . The original role of the palace was to manifest the centralised government model adopted by Japan from China in the 7th century - the Daijō-kan and its subsidiary Eight Ministries . The palace was designed to provide an appropriate setting for the emperor 's residence , the conduct of great affairs of state , and the accompanying ceremonies . After the capital was moved to Heian , the palace structures were either moved there or suffered several fires and other disasters and disappeared . The site was built over for agriculture that almost no trace of it remained , however the location was still known . Excavations started in the 1970s and large-scale reconstruction based on contemporary literary sources and excavations starting in the 2000s . The excavated remains of the palace , and the surrounding area , was established as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998 along with a number of other buildings and area , as the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kasugayama_Primeval_Forest', 'summary': "Kasuga Grand Shrine ( 春日大社 , Kasuga-taisha ) is a Shinto shrine in Nara , Nara Prefecture , Japan . Established in 768 CE and rebuilt several times over the centuries , it is the shrine of the Fujiwara family . The interior is famous for its many bronze lanterns , as well as the many stone lanterns that lead up the shrine . The architectural style Kasuga-zukuri takes its name from Kasuga Shrine 's honden ( sanctuary ) . Kasuga Shrine , and the Kasugayama Primeval Forest near it , are registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara . The path to Kasuga Shrine passes through a deer park . In the deer park , deer are able to roam freely and are believed to be sacred messengers of the Shinto gods that inhabit the shrine and surrounding mountainous terrain . Kasuga Shrine and the deer have been featured in several paintings and works of art of the Nambokucho Period . Over three thousand stone lanterns line the way . The Man'yo Botanical Garden is adjacent to the shrine ."}]}, {'value': 'Shrines and Temples of Nikkō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shrines_and_Temples_of_Nikkō', 'summary': 'The UNESCO World Heritage Site Shrines and Temples of Nikkō encompasses 103 buildings or structures and the natural setting around them . It is located in Nikkō , Tochigi Prefecture , Japan . The buildings belong to two Shinto shrines ( Futarasan Shrine and Tōshō-gū ) and one Buddhist temple ( Rinnō-ji ) . Nine of the structures are designated National Treasures of Japan while the remaining 94 are Important Cultural Properties . UNESCO listed the site as World Heritage in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tochigi Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Tochigi Prefecture ( 栃木県 , Tochigi-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Kantō region of Japan . The capital is the city of Utsunomiya . Nikkō , with its ancient Shintō shrines and Buddhist temples , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other famous parts of Tochigi include a region called Nasu known for onsen and local sake and ski resorts . The Imperial Family has a villa in Nasu . Nasu-Shiobara is a major Shinkansen station .'}]}, {'value': '913 ( 1999 ) i , iv , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '51 ha ; ( 373 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Futarasan Jinja , Rinnō-ji , Nikkō Tōshō-gū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Futarasan_Shrine', 'summary': 'Futarasan jinja ( 二荒山神社 ) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nikkō , Tochigi Prefecture , Japan . It is also known as Nikkō Futarasan Shrine , to distinguish it from the shrine in nearby Utsunomiya . Futarasan enshrines three deities : Ōkuninushi , Tagorihime , and Ajisukitakahikone . It is located between Nikkō Tōshō-gū and the Taiyū-in Mausoleum . Many visitors go to all three , as well as to Rinnō-ji . Together with Nikkō Tōshō-gū and Rinnō-ji , it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site . The shrine possesses two swords that are National treasures of Japan . Additionally , dozens of buildings and cultural artifacts are listed as Important Cultural Assets . The Sacred Bridge ( 神橋 , shinkyō ) crossing the Daiya River belongs to the Futarasan Shrine . This beautiful vermilion lacquered structure is known as one of the three most beautiful bridges in Japan and is a perfect gateway for Nikko . The bridge was registered as a World Heritage in December 1999 . Shinkyo measures 28 meters long , 7.4 meters wide , and stands 10.6 meters above the Daiya River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rinnō-ji', 'summary': 'Rinnō-ji ( 輪王寺 ) is a Tendai Buddhist temple buildings in the city of Nikkō , Tochigi Prefecture , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nikkō_Tōshō-gū', 'summary': 'Nikkō Tōshō-gū ( 日光東照宮 ) is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō , Tochigi Prefecture , Japan . Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji , it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site , with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination . Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan , and three more as Important Cultural Properties .'}]}, {'value': 'Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gusuku_Sites_and_Related_Properties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Ryukyu', 'summary': "The Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu ( 琉球王国のグスク及び関連遺産群 , Ryūkyū ōkoku no gusuku oyobi kanren'isangun ) is an UNESCO World Heritage Site which consists of nine sites all located in the Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The heritage sites include two utaki ( or sacred sites , one a gate and the other a grove ) , the Tamaudun mausoleum , one garden , and five gusuku castles sites , four of which are ruins and one of which is a reconstruction . The sites were inscribed based on the criteria that they were a fine representation of the Ryūkyū Kingdom 's culture , whose unique blend of Japanese and Chinese influence made it a crucial economic and cultural junction between several neighboring states ."}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture', 'summary': "Okinawa Prefecture ( Japanese : 沖縄県 , Hepburn : Okinawa-ken , Okinawan : ウチナー Uchinaa , Kunigami : フチナー Fuchinaa ) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan . It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) long . The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu ( the southwesternmost of Japan 's four main islands ) to Taiwan . Naha , Okinawa 's capital , is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island ."}]}, {'value': '972 ( 2000 ) ii , iii , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '55 ha ; ( 560 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamaudun , Sonohyan-utaki Ishimon , Nakijin Castle , Zakimi Castle , Katsuren Castle , Nakagusuku Castle , Shuri Castle , Shikinaen , Seifa-utaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamaudun', 'summary': 'Tamaudun ( 玉陵 ) is one of the three royal mausoleums of the Ryukyu Kingdom , along with Urasoe yōdore at Urasoe Castle and Izena Tamaudun near Izena Castle in Izena , Okinawa . The mausoleum is located in Shuri , Okinawa , and was built for Ryūkyūan royalty in 1501 by King Shō Shin , the third king of the Second Shō Dynasty a short distance from Shuri Castle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonohyan-utaki', 'summary': 'Sonohyan-utaki ( 園比屋武御嶽 , Okinawan : スヌファンウタキ Sunufan-utaki ) is a sacred grove of trees and plants ( utaki ) of the traditional indigenous Ryukyuan religion . It is located on the grounds of Shuri Castle in Naha , Okinawa , a few paces away from the Shureimon castle gate . The utaki , or more specifically its stone gate ( 石門 , ishimon ) , is one of a number of sites which together comprise the UNESCO World Heritage Site officially described as Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu , and has been designated an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese national government . While the gates were once opened only for the king , today they are always closed , and so the gates have in a way become a sacred space themselves , representative of the actual sacred space behind them . Many travellers and locals come to pray at the gates . The stone gate was first built in 1519 , during the reign of Ryukyuan king Shō Shin , though the space had been recognized as a sacred utaki prior to that . Whenever the king left the castle on a journey , he would first stop at Sonohyan-utaki to pray for safe travels . The site also played an important role in the initiation of the High Priestess ( 聞得大君 , kikoe-ōgimi ) of the native religion . The gate is said to be a prime example of traditional Okinawan architecture , and shows many signs of Chinese influence , along with a Japanese-influenced gable in the karahafu style . It was severely damaged in the 1945 battle of Okinawa , but was restored in 1957 , and officially designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 , along with a number of other sites across Okinawa Island . The utaki , i.e . the sacred grove itself , was once much larger than it is today , an elementary school and other buildings having encroached upon the space .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nakijin_Castle', 'summary': "Nakijin Castle ( 今帰仁城 , Nakijin Gusuku , Kunigami : Nachijin Gushiiku , Okinawan : Nachijin Gushiku ) is a Ryukyuan gusuku located in Nakijin , Okinawa . It is currently in ruins . In the late 14th century , the island of Okinawa consisted of three principalities : Nanzan to the south , Chūzan in the central area , and Hokuzan in the north . Nakijin was the capital of Hokuzan . The fortress includes several sacred Utaki groves , reflecting the castle 's role as a center of religious activity . It is today known for the Hikan cherries which bloom in northern Okinawa between mid-January and early February , providing the first cherry blossoms each year in Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zakimi_Castle', 'summary': 'Zakimi Castle ( 座喜味城 , Zakimi jō , Okinawan : Zachimi Gushiku ) is a Ryukyuan gusuku in Yomitan , Okinawa . It is in ruins , but the walls and foundations have been restored .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katsuren_Castle', 'summary': 'Katsuren Castle ( 勝連城 , Katsuren jō , Okinawan : Kacchin Gushiku ) is a Ryukyuan gusuku in Uruma , Okinawa . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nakagusuku_Castle', 'summary': 'Nakagusuku Castle ( 中城城 , Nakagusuku jō , Okinawan : Nakagushiku ) is a gusuku in the village of Kitanakagusuku , Okinawa , Japan . It is one of a number of castles built on the island of Okinawa by the Ryukyu Kingdom now in ruins . The legendary Ryukyuan commander , Gosamaru , built the fortress in the early 15th century to defend against attacks from the east by Lord Amawari of Katsuren Castle . Amawari attacked the castle in 1458 and defeated Gosamaru shortly before his own castle was attacked by Uni-Ufugusuku . The castle was visited by Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853 , who noted that the walls seemed to be designed to absorb cannon fire . The six courtyards of this fortress with stacked stone walls make it a prime example of a gusuku . It was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2000 . It is regarded as one of the 100 most famous castles in Japan . Less than 50 metres ( 55 yards ) away from the castle is the Nakagusuku Hotel ruins .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shuri_Castle', 'summary': 'Shuri Castle ( 首里城 , Shuri-jō , Okinawan : Sui Gushiku ) is a Ryukyuan gusuku castle in Shuri , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . Between 1429 and 1879 , it was the palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom , before becoming largely neglected . In 1945 , during the Battle of Okinawa , it was almost completely destroyed . After the war , the castle was re-purposed as a university campus . Beginning in 1992 , the central citadel and walls were largely reconstructed on the original site based on historical records , photographs , and memory . On the morning of 31 October 2019 , the main courtyard structures of the castle were again destroyed in a fire .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shikinaen', 'summary': 'The gardens of Shikina-en ( 識名園 ) are located on a small hill to the south of Shuri Castle in Naha , Okinawa . The residence and its gardens are also known as Shichina-nu-Udun ( シチナヌウドゥン ) or Southern Gardens ( 南苑 ) , as opposed to the Eastern Gardens ( 東苑 ) or Uchayaudun ( 御茶屋御殿 ) , laid out on a small hill east of Shuri Castle in 1677 . In 1992 Hiroshi Shō , the great-grandson of Shō Tai , the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom , donated the royal mausoleum of Tamaudun and Shikina-en to the City of Naha .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seifa-utaki', 'summary': 'Sefa-utaki ( 斎場御嶽 , Okinawan : シェーファウタキ Seefa-utaki ) , meaning purified place of Utaki , is a historical sacred space , overlooking Kudaka Island , that served as one of the key locations of worship in the native religion of the Ryukyuan people for millennia . Later as a part of assimilation of Okinawa by Japan , it was shifted to serve as a Shinto Shrine . It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Nanjō , Okinawa . Sefa Utaki is on the Chinen Peninsula , and has been recognized as a sacred place since the earliest period of Ryukyuan history . According to Chūzan Seikan , this was the spot where Amamikyu , goddess of creation , made landfall on Okinawa . The shrine area itself comprises a number of caves and overhanging ledges opening to the east and south among towering rock formations of a high promontory over the sea . All buildings have been destroyed , but the outer and inner precincts can still be traced .'}]}, {'value': 'Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Sites_and_Pilgrimage_Routes_in_the_Kii_Mountain_Range', 'summary': 'Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located on the Kii Peninsula in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakayama / Nara / Mie Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Wakayama Prefecture ( 和歌山県 , Wakayama-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan on the Kii Peninsula in the Kansai region , located on the southernmost point of Honshū island . The capital is the city of Wakayama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mie_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Mie Prefecture ( 三重県 , Mie-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Mie Prefecture has a population of 1,781,948 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 5,774 km² ( 2,229 sq mi ) . Mie Prefecture borders Gifu Prefecture to the north , Shiga Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture to the northwest , Nara Prefecture to the west , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Aichi Prefecture to the east . Tsu is the capital and Yokkaichi is the largest city of Mie Prefecture , with other major cities including Suzuka , Matsusaka , and Kuwana . Mie Prefecture is located on the eastern coast of the Kii Peninsula , forming the western side of Ise Bay which features the mouths of the Kiso Three Rivers . Mie Prefecture is a popular tourism destination home to Nagashima Spa Land , Suzuka International Racing Course , and some of the oldest and holiest sites in Shinto , the traditional religion of Japan , including the Ise Grand Shrine and the Tsubaki Grand Shrine .'}]}, {'value': '1142 ( 2004 ) ii , iii , iv , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '495 ha ; ( 1,137 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seiganto-ji , Kumano Hayatama Taisha , Kongōbu-ji , Niukanshōfu Jinja , Kumano Hongū Taisha , Niutsuhime Jinja , Mount Yoshino , Ōminesan-ji , Kōyasan chōishi-michi , Jison-in , Yoshino Mikumari Jinja , Kinbu Jinja , Kimpusen-ji , Yoshimizu Jinja , Kumano Nachi Taisha , Nachi Falls , Nachi primaeval forest , Fudarakusan-ji , Kumano Kodō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seiganto-ji', 'summary': "Seiganto-ji ( 青岸渡寺 ) , Temple of Crossing the Blue Shore , is a Tendai Buddhist temple in Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . In 2004 , it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with other locations , under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range . According to a legend , it was founded by the priest Ragyō Shōnin , a monk from India . The temple was purposely built near Nachi Falls , where it may have previously been a site of nature worship . Seiganto-ji is part of the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex , and as such can be considered one of the few jingū-ji ( shrine temples , see article Shinbutsu shūgō ) still in existence after the forcible separation of Shinto and Buddhism operated by the Japanese government during the Meiji restoration . It is Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage 's No.1 ( first stop ) and an Important Cultural Properties of Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kumano_Hayatama_Taisha', 'summary': 'Kumano Hayatama Taisha ( 熊野速玉大社 ) is a Shinto shrine located in Shingu , Wakayama Prefecture , on the shores of the Kumanogawa in the Kii Peninsula of Japan . It is included as part of the Kumano Sanzan in the UNESCO World Heritage site Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range . The three Kumano Sanzan shrines are the Sōhonsha ( head shrines ) of all Kumano shrines , lie at between 20 and 40 km of distance one from the other and are connected by the pilgrimage route known as Kumano Sankeimichi ( 熊野参詣道 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kongōbu-ji', 'summary': "Kongōbu-ji ( 金剛峯寺 ) is the ecclesiastic head temple of Koyasan Shingon Buddhism , located on Mount Kōya ( 高野山 , Kōya-san ) , Wakayama prefecture , Japan . Its name means Temple of the Diamond Mountain Peak . It is part of the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range UNESCO World Heritage Site . The temple was first constructed as Seigan-ji Temple in 1593 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi on the death of his mother , rebuilt in 1861 , and given its present name in 1869 . It contains many sliding screen doors painted by Kanō Tanyū ( 1602-1674 ) and members of the Kyoto Kanō school . The temples modern Banryūtei ( 蟠龍庭 rock garden ) is Japan 's largest ( 2340 square meters ) , with 140 granite stones arranged to suggest a pair of dragons emerging from clouds to protect the temple . The 413th abbot of Kongobuji is Reverend Keiho Nakanishi , who also acts as the archbishop of the Koyasan Shingon school . At the temple , visitors can listen to the sermons of the monks and participate in ajikan meditation sessions . The term ajikan refers to a fundamental breathing and meditation method of Shingon Buddhism : meditating on the letter A written using the Siddhaṃ alphabet ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Niukanshōfu_Jinja', 'summary': 'Niukanshōfu Shrine or Niukanshōbu Shrine ( 丹生官省符神社 , Niukanshōfu-jinja , Niukanshōbu-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine in Ito district , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . In 2004 , it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kumano_Hongū_Taisha', 'summary': 'Kumano Hongū Taisha ( 熊野本宮大社 ) is a Shinto shrine located in Tanabe , Wakayama , deep in the rugged mountains of the Kii Peninsula of Japan . It is included as part of the Kumano Sanzan in the World Heritage site Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range . The main deity enshrined is Kumano Gongen ( 熊野権現 ) . All of the ancient Kumano Kodō routes lead to the Grand Shrine . It was originally located at present Ōyunohara ( 大斎原 ) , on a sandbank at the confluence of the Kumano River and Otonashi River . In 1889 , it was partially destroyed in a flood and the remaining shrine buildings were relocated at its present site in 1891 . Of the original five main pavilions only three were rebuilt . Four deities were moved there and the other eight are still enshrined there in two stone monuments .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Niutsuhime_Jinja', 'summary': 'Niutsuhime Shrine or Nibutsuhime Shrine ( 丹生都比売神社 , Niutsuhime-jinja , Nibutsuhime-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine in Ito district , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . The main hall is partially built in the kasuga-zukuri style . In 2004 , it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Yoshino', 'summary': 'Yoshino Mountain ( 吉野山 , Yoshino-yama ) is a mountain located in the town of Yoshino in Yoshino District , Nara Prefecture , Japan . In 2004 it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range . Yoshino Mountain was the subject of a waka poem in the 10th century poetry compilation Kokin Wakashū . It is also the subject of several poems in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu . Several important religious and pilgrimage destinations are located around Mount Yoshino , including Yoshino Mikumari Shrine , Kimpu Shrine and Kimpusen-ji . It is well known for its cherry blossoms and attracts many visitors every spring . Yoshino Mountain is famous for its many thousands of sakura trees , and is heavily referenced in both traditional waka poetry and folk song for its abundance of flowers in the spring , with famous poets such as Chiyo offering prose on the peak and its many flowers . These flowering specimen trees were planted in four groves at different altitudes , in part so that the famed trees would come into bloom at different times of the spring . A 1714 account explained that , on their climb to the top , travelers would be able to enjoy the lower 1,000 cherry trees at the base , the middle 1,000 on the way , the upper 1,000 toward the top , and the 1,000 in the precincts of the inner shrine at the top . Famous products that can be found in shops in the area of Mount Yoshino include edible goods made from kudzu root and persimmon leaf-wrapped sushi ( kakinoha-zushi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ōminesan-ji', 'summary': "Ōminesan-ji ( 大峯山寺 , Ōminesan-ji ) is an important temple of the Shugendō religion in Yoshino district , Nara prefecture , Japan . It is located at the peak of Mount Ōmine , or Sanjōgatake . According to tradition , it was founded by En no Ozunu , the founder of Shugendō , a form of mountain asceticism drawing from Buddhist and Shinto beliefs . The sanctuary around the Sanjōgatake peak ( 山上ヶ岳 ) has long been considered sacred in Shugendō , and women are not allowed in the area beyond four gates on the route to the peak . On the neighboring Inamuragatake peak ( 稲村ヶ岳 ) , altitude 1,726 m , it has been opened as a place of training for female believers since 1959 , thus called Women 's Ōmine ( 女人大峯 , Nyonin Ōmine ) . In 2004 , Ōminesan-ji was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kōyasan_chōishi-michi', 'summary': 'Kōyasan chōishi-michi ( 高野山町石道 ) is a twenty-four kilometre path with a stone marker ( ishi ) every 109 metres ( chō ) leading to Kōyasan , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . Created by Kūkai and within the Kōyasan Chōishi-michi Tamagawa Prefectural Park ( 高野山町石道玉川峡県立自然公園 ) , it forms part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site : Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jison-in', 'summary': 'Jison-in ( 慈尊院 ) is a Buddhist temple in the town of Kudoyama that marks the entrance to the pilgrimage route of Koyasan . It is part of the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Koyasan complex includes'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yoshino_Mikumari_Jinja', 'summary': 'Yoshino Mikumari Shrine ( 吉野水分神社 , Yoshino Mikumari-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine located on Mount Yoshino in Yoshino district , Nara , Japan . It is closely associated with Emperor Go-Daigo . The Shrine is dedicated to mikumari [ Wikidata ] , a female Shinto kami associated with water , fertility and safe birth . Yoshino Mikumari Shrine is one of four important mikumari shrines in the former province Yamato . The shrine also houses six kami that are more or less related to mikumari ( Takami-musubi-no-kami , Sukuna-hiko-no-kami , Mikogami , Ama-tsu-hiko-hi-no-ninigi-no-mikoto ] , Tamayori-hime-no-mikoto , and Yorozu-hata-toyo-akitsushi-hime-no-mikoto ) . A wooden statue of the deity Tamayori hime is registered as a National Treasure of Japan . The present-day buildings go back to 1605 , when Toyotomi Hideyori rebuilt the shrine , as his father Toyotomi Hideyoshi once had prayed here for a son and successor . The main hall ( honden ) , an Important Cultural Property，is an unusual structure 9 ken long and 2 ken wide . Built in the nagare-zukuri style , it has however an independent 1x1 ken unit in the kasuga-zukuri style at the center . The three resulting edifices all lie under the same bark roof , which has three dormer gables . In 2004 , it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kinpu_Shrine_(Yoshino)', 'summary': 'Kinpu Shrine ( 金峯神社 , Kinpu-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine located in Yoshino district , Nara Prefecture , Japan . The honden , or main hall , is constructed in the nagare-zukuri style . In 2004 , it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kimpusen-ji', 'summary': "Kinpusen-ji ( 金峯山寺 , Kinpusen-ji ) is the head temple of a branch of the Shugendō religion called Kinpusen-Shugendō in Yoshino district , Nara Prefecture , Japan . According to tradition , it was founded by En no Gyōja , who propagated a form of mountain asceticism drawing from Shinto and Buddhist beliefs . The temple 's main building , the Zaō-Hall ( Zaōdō ) dedicated to Zaō gongen ( 蔵王権現 ) , is the second largest wooden structure in Japan after the Great Buddha Hall at Tōdai-ji in Nara . Kinpusen-ji is a junction in a series of stops on pilgrimage routes . A Shinto shrine dedicated to Inari Ōkami is attached to the main compound . In 1963 , the Temple constructed a hall named Southern Court Mystic Law Hall ( Nanchō Myōhōden ) to appease the soul of the four emperors of the Southern Court and others who lost their lives in many battles since the Northern and Southern Courts period ( Nanboku-chō period , 1336-1392 ) . The principal image is the statue of Gautama Buddha ( Shaka Nyōrai ) . In 2004 , it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yoshimizu_Jinja', 'summary': "Yoshimizu Shrine ( 吉水神社 , Yoshimizu-jinja ) is a Shinto shrine located on Mount Yoshino in Yoshino district , Nara , Japan . It is dedicated to Emperor Go-Daigo , and the samurai Kusunoki Masashige . In 2004 , it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range . In 2014 the temple was embroiled in a scandal when it was discovered that head priest Satō Kazuhiko 's private blog contained extreme hate speech towards Chinese and Koreans , in addition to him being the head of a local right-wing extremist group ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kumano_Nachi_Taisha', 'summary': 'Kumano Nachi Taisha ( 熊野那智大社 ) is a Shinto shrine and part of the UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range of Japan . The Kumano Kodō route connects it to other sites under the same classification , which are primarily located in Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . The four sites on the route , classified as pilgrimage destinations and World Heritage Sites , are : 1 ) Nachi Taisha ; 2 ) Hongū Taisha ; 3 ) Hayatama Taisha ; 4 ) Koya-san . Kumano Nachi Taisha is also one of the three sacred Kumano Sanzan shrines :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nachi_Falls', 'summary': "Nachi Falls ( 那智滝 , Nachi no Taki ) in Nachikatsuura , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan , is one of the best-known waterfalls in Japan . With a drop of 133 meters ( and 13 meters wide ) , it is the country 's tallest water fall with single uninterrupted drop ; however , the tallest waterfalls with multiple drops in Japan are Hannoki Falls , at 497 m ( seasonal ) , and Shōmyō Falls , at 350m ( year round ) . There are two rocks at the top of the falls that are the guardian kami of the falls and the Shinto shrine . There was also a Buddhist temple here that was destroyed during the Meiji Restoration ( late 19th century ) . Many shugenja and star-crossed lovers have leaped from the top of the waterfall in the belief that they will be reborn into Kannons paradise . Early each morning the Shinto priest make offerings to the waterfall in a ritual . In 1918 , a Sutra mound was excavated at the base of the waterfall and found to contain many important archaeological artifacts , including statues , mirrors , altar fittings and Sutra cylinders . These are now displayed in the Ryuhoden ( Treasure Hall ) , located next to the Sanjūdō Pagoda ( the 3-story pagoda ) . These Sutra mounds were created by priests in times of war to hide their treasures but also many items were buried in this way as a result of the belief that the end of the world was coming at the start of the 10th century . Believed to house a kami called Hiryū Gongen worshiped at Kumano Nachi Taisha , it is part of the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fudarakusan-ji', 'summary': 'Fudarakusan-ji ( 補陀洛山寺 , Fudarakusan-ji ) is Tendai temple of the Higashimuro district , Wakayama prefecture , Japan . The name of temple comes from mount Potalaka . It is said to have been founded by Ragyō Shōnin , a monk from India . In 2004 , it was designated as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kumano_Kodō', 'summary': 'The Kumano Kodō ( 熊野古道 ) is a series of ancient pilgrimage routes that crisscross the Kii Hantō , the largest peninsula of Japan . These sacred trails were and are used for the pilgrimage to the sacred site Kumano Sanzan ( 熊野三山 ) or the Three Grand Shrines of Kumano : Kumano Hongū Taisha ( 熊野本宮大社 ) , Kumano Nachi Taisha ( 熊野那智大社 ) and Kumano Hayatama Taisha ( 熊野速玉大社 ) . [ citation needed ] The Kumano Kodō pilgrimage routes that lead to Kumano can be categorized into three sub-routes : Kiji ; Kohechi ; and Iseji . [ citation needed ] On 7 July 2004 the Kumano Kodō and Kumano Sanzan , along with Koyasan and Yoshino and Omine , were registered as World Heritage sites together as the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range .'}]}, {'value': 'Shiretoko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiretoko_National_Park', 'summary': "Shiretoko National Park ( 知床国立公園 , Shiretoko Kokuritsu Kōen ) covers most of the Shiretoko Peninsula at the northeastern tip of the island of Hokkaidō , Japan . The word Shiretoko is derived from an Ainu word sir etok , meaning the place where the earth protrudes . One of the most remote regions in Japan , much of the peninsula is only accessible on foot or by boat . Shiretoko is best known as the home of Japan 's largest brown bear population and for offering views of Kunashiri Island , ownership of which Japan and Russia dispute . The park has a hot springs waterfall called Kamuiwakka Falls ( カムイワッカの滝 , Kamuiwakka-no-taki ) . Kamui wakka means water of the gods in Ainu . The forests of the park are temperate and subalpine mixed forests ; the main tree species include Sakhalin fir ( Abies sachalinensis ) , Erman 's birch ( Betula ermanii ) and Mongolian oak ( Quercus mongolica ) . Beyond the forest limit there are impenetrable Siberian dwarf pine ( Pinus pumila ) thickets . In 2005 , UNESCO designated the area a World Heritage Site , advising to develop the property jointly with the Kuril Islands of Russia as a transboundary World Heritage Peace Park . Shiretoko 's listing as Natural Heritage was seen by the Indigenous Ainu as contradicting the long history of Ainu settlement in the park area . The Shiretoko Park Nature Center is in Shari . It serves as the visitor center and includes a movie about the park , a restaurant , and a gift shop ."}]}, {'value': 'Hokkaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaidō', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}]}, {'value': '1193 ( 2005 ) ix , x', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '71,100 ha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Site : peninsula and marine area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iwami_Ginzan_Silver_Mine_and_its_Cultural_Landscape', 'summary': 'The Iwami Ginzan ( 石見銀山 ) was an underground silver mine in the city of Ōda , in Shimane Prefecture on the main island of Honshu , Japan . It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history . It was active for almost four hundred years , from its discovery in 1526 to its closing in 1923 . The mines , mining structures , and surrounding cultural landscape - listed as the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape - became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shimane Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Shimane Prefecture ( 島根県 , Shimane-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu . Shimane Prefecture is the second-least populous prefecture of Japan at 689,963 ( 2016 ) and has a geographic area of 6,708.24 km2 ( 2,590.07 sq mi ) . Shimane Prefecture borders Yamaguchi Prefecture to the southwest , Hiroshima Prefecture to the south , and Tottori Prefecture to the east . Matsue is the capital and largest city of Shimane Prefecture , with other major cities including Izumo , Hamada , and Masuda . Shimane Prefecture contains the majority of the Lake Shinji-Nakaumi metropolitan area centered on Matsue , and with a population of approximately 600,000 is the second-largest on the Sea of Japan coast after Niigata . Shimane Prefecture is bounded by the Sea of Japan coastline on the north , where two-thirds of the population live , and the Chūgoku Mountains on the south . Shimane Prefecture governs the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan which juridically includes theTakeshima ( 竹島 ) . Shimane Prefecture is home to Izumo-taisha , one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan , and the Tokugawa-era Matsue Castle .'}]}, {'value': '1246 ( 2010 ) ii , iii , v', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '529 ha ; ( 3,134 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yunotsu , Iwami Ginzan Kaidō Yunotsu-Okidomaridō , Site of Daikansho , Okidomari , Ginzan Sakunouchi , Site of Yataki-jō , Ōmori Ginzan , Miya-no-mae , Iwami Ginzan Kaidō Tomogauradō , Site of Yahazu-jō , Site of Iwami-jō , Kumagaika residence , Rakan-ji Gohyakurakan , Tomogaura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daikansho', 'summary': 'A daikansho ( 代官所 ) was the office of a magistrate ( daikan ) during the Edo period ( 18th & 19th century ) of Japanese history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arhat_(Buddhism)', 'summary': 'In Buddhism , an arhat ( Sanskrit ) or arahant ( Pali ) is one who has gained insight into the true nature of existence and has achieved nirvana . Mahayana Buddhist traditions have used the term for people far advanced along the path of Enlightenment , but who may not have reached full Buddhahood . The understanding of the concept has changed over the centuries , and varies between different schools of Buddhism and different regions . A range of views on the attainment of arhats existed in the early Buddhist schools . The Sarvāstivāda , Kāśyapīya , Mahāsāṃghika , Ekavyāvahārika , Lokottaravāda , Bahuśrutīya , Prajñaptivāda , and Caitika schools all regarded arhats as imperfect in their attainments compared to buddhas . Mahayana Buddhist teachings urge followers to take up the path of a bodhisattva , and to not fall back to the level of arhats and śrāvakas . The arhats , or at least the senior arhats , came to be widely regarded by Theravada buddhists as moving beyond the state of personal freedom to join the Bodhisattva enterprise in their own way . Mahayana Buddhism regarded a group of Eighteen Arhats ( with names and personalities ) as awaiting the return of the Buddha as Maitreya , while other groupings of 6 , 8 , 16 , 100 , and 500 also appear in tradition and Buddhist art , especially in East Asia called luohan or lohan . They may be seen as the Buddhist equivalents of the Christian saint , apostles or early disciples and leaders of the faith .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiraizumi - Temples , Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Historic_Monuments_and_Sites_of_Hiraizumi', 'summary': 'Hiraizumi - Temples , Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land is a grouping of five sites from late eleventh- and twelfth-century Hiraizumi , Iwate Prefecture , Japan . The serial nomination was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2011 , under criteria ii and vi .'}]}, {'value': 'Iwate Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture', 'summary': "Iwate Prefecture ( 岩手県 , Iwate-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu . Iwate Prefecture has a population of 1,229,432 ( 1 June 2019 ) and is the second-largest prefecture at 15,275 km² ( 5,897 sq mi ) . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north , Akita Prefecture to the west , and Miyagi Prefecture to the south . Morioka is the capital and largest city of Iwate Prefecture , with other major cities including Ichinoseki , Ōshū , and Hanamaki . Iwate Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features the easternmost point of Honshu at Cape Todo . Iwate Prefecture shares the highest peaks of the Ōu Mountains , the longest mountain range in Japan , at the border with Akita Prefecture . Iwate Prefecture is home to famous attractions such as Morioka Castle , the Buddhist temples of Hiraizumi including Chūson-ji and Mōtsū-ji , the Fujiwara no Sato movie lot and theme park in Ōshū , and the Tenshochi park in Kitakami known for its big , old cherry trees . Iwate Prefecture has the lowest population density of any prefecture outside Hokkaido and 5% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks ."}]}, {'value': '1277 ( 2011 ) ii , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '187 ha ; ( 5,998 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chūson-ji , Mōtsū-ji , Kanjizaiō-in , Muryōkō-in , Kinkeizan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chūson-ji', 'summary': 'Chūson-ji ( 中尊寺 ) is a Buddhist temple in the town of Hiraizumi in southern Iwate Prefecture , Japan . It is the head temple of the Tendai sect in Tōhoku region of northern Honshu . The temple claims it was founded in 850 by Ennin , the third chief abbot of the sect . George Sansom states Chūson-ji was founded by Fujiwara no Kiyohira in 1095 . Chūson-ji is designated as a Special Historic Site and in June 2011 was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as a part of the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mōtsū-ji', 'summary': 'Mōtsū-ji ( 毛越寺 ) is a Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect in the town of Hiraizumi in southern Iwate Prefecture ] , Japan , and also refers to the historic area surrounding it containing the ruins of two older temples , Enryū-ji ( 圓隆寺 ) and Kashō-ji ( 嘉祥寺 ) in a Jōdo ( Pure Land ) garden . The current temple was built in the 18th century and bears no relation to the ancient temple structures that once stood here . In June 2011 , Mōtsū-ji was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kanjizaiō-in', 'summary': "Kanjizaiō-in ( 観自在王院 ) is former temple in Hiraizumi in what is now southern Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The temple was founded by the wife of Fujiwara no Motohira , the second of the Northern Fujiwara rulers , and was located directly across from Enryū-ji and Kashō-ji , twin temples founded by her husband . As with other Buddhist temples in the Hiraizumi area , the temple shared the Pure Land theme with a large pond surrounded by gardens . The pond was fed by a stream from Mōtsū-ji . Both Mōtsū-ji and Kanjizaiō-in also had large earthen walls surrounding their compounds with majestic entrance gates . Whereas the temple structures at Mōtsū-ji were elaborate and opulent , the buildings at Kanjizaiō-in were much plainer and simpler . Kanjizaiō-in consisted of a Large Amida Hall and a Small Amida Hall . Bridges from the entrance gate on the south to an island in the center of the pond led to the Amida Halls on the northern side of the pond . There may have been a pagoda on the eastern as well . The Large Amida Hall contained an Amida triad and its walls were painted with scenes of Kyoto . The walls of the Small Amida Hall were decorated with poems written by Fujiwara no Norinaga much like the walls at Enryū-ji . It is possible that Motohira 's wife lived in the smaller hall and worshipped in the larger one ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogasawara Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonin_Islands', 'summary': "The Bonin Islands , also known as the Ogasawara Islands ( 小笠原群島 , Ogasawara Guntō ) , or , Yslas del Arzobispo , are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands , some 1,000 kilometres ( 540 nmi ; 620 mi ) directly south of Tokyo , Japan . The name Bonin Islands comes from the Japanese word bunin ( an archaic reading of 無人 mujin ) , meaning no people or uninhabited . The only inhabited islands of the group are Chichijima ( 父島 ) , the seat of the municipal government , and Hahajima ( 母島 ) . Ogasawara Municipality ( mura ) and Ogasawara Subprefecture take their names from the Ogasawara Group . Ogasawara Archipelago ( 小笠原諸島 , Ogasawara shotō ) is also used as a wider collective term that includes other islands in Ogasawara Municipality , such as the Volcano Islands , along with three other remote islands ( Nishinoshima , Minami-Tori-shima and Okinotorishima ) . Geographically speaking , all of these islands are part of the Nanpō Islands . A total population of 2,440 ( 2015 ) , 2,000 on Chichijima and 440 on Hahajima , lives in the Ogasawara Group , which has a total area of 84 square kilometres ( 32 sq mi ) . Because the Ogasawara Islands have never been connected to a continent , many of their animals and plants have undergone unique evolutionary processes . This has led to the islands ' nickname of The Galápagos of the Orient , and their nomination as a natural World Heritage Site on June 24 , 2011 . The giant squid ( genus Architeuthis ) was photographed off the Ogasawara Islands for the first time in the wild on 30 September 2004 , and was filmed alive in December 2006 . A 25-metre-diameter ( 82 ft ) radio telescope is located in Chichijima , one of the stations of the very-long-baseline interferometry ( VLBI ) Exploration of Radio Astrometry ( VERA ) project , and is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1362 ( 2011 ) ix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '7,939 ha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Site : Chichi-jima , Haha-jima , Muko-jima , Iwo-jima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chichi-jima', 'summary': 'Chichijima ( 父島 , Father Island ) , formerly known as Peel Island is the largest island in the Ogasawara archipelago . Chichijima is about 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of Iwo Jima . The island is within the political boundaries of Ogasawara Village , Ogasawara Subprefecture , Tokyo , Japan . Around 2,000 people live on its land area of 23.5 km2 ( 9.1 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Haha-jima', 'summary': 'Hahajima ( 母島 , meaning Mother Island ) is the second-largest island of the Ogasawara Islands ( informally Bonin Islands ) south of the Japanese main island chain . It is about 21 km2 ( 8 sq mi ) in area with a population of 440 . The highest points are Chibusayama , ( literally Breast Mountain ) , approximately 462 metres ( 1,516 ft ) , and Sakaigatake , 443 metres ( 1,453 ft ) . The largest island of the group , Chichijima is located approximately 50 km ( 31 mi ) to the north . Together with nearby smaller islands like Anejima and Imōtojima and Mukōjima , Hahajima forms the Hahajima Rettō ( 母島列島 ) , or in former times , the Baily Group . The island is within the political boundaries of Ogasawara Village , Ogasawara Subprefecture , Tokyo , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iwo_Jima', 'summary': 'Iwo Jima ( /ˌiːwoʊ ˈdʒiːmə/ , also US : /ˌiːwə ˈ-/ ) , known in Japan as Iwo To ( 硫黄島 , Iō-tō , lit . sulfur island ) , is one of the Japanese Volcano Islands and lies south of the Bonin Islands . Together with other islands , they form the Ogasawara Archipelago . The highest point of Iwo Jima is Mount Suribachi at 169 m ( 554 ft ) high . Although 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ; 650 nmi ) south of the metropolis of Tokyo on the mainland , this island of 21 km2 ( 8 square miles ) is administered as part of the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo and since July 1944 , when the civilian population was forcibly evacuated , has been only populated by military forces . The island was the location of the Battle of Iwo Jima between February 1945-March 1945 . The island became globally recognized when Joe Rosenthal , who worked for the Associated Press at the time , published his photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima , which was photographed on Mount Suribachi . The US military occupied Iwo Jima until 1968 , when it was returned to Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Fujisan , sacred place and source of artistic inspiration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Fuji', 'summary': "Mount Fuji ( 富士山 , Fujisan , IPA : [ ɸɯꜜ ( d ) ʑisaɴ ] ( listen ) ) , located on Honshū , is the highest volcano in Japan at 3,776.24 m ( 12,389 ft ) , 2nd-highest volcano of an island in Asia ( after Mount Kerinci in Sumatra ) , and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world . It is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707-1708 . Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometers ( 60 mi ) south-west of Tokyo , and can be seen from there on a clear day . Mount Fuji 's exceptionally symmetrical cone , which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year , is commonly used as a symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs , as well as visited by sightseers and climbers . Mount Fuji is one of Japan 's Three Holy Mountains ( 三霊山 , Sanreizan ) along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku . It is also a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan 's Historic Sites . It was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22 , 2013 . According to UNESCO , Mount Fuji has inspired artists and poets and been the object of pilgrimage for centuries . UNESCO recognizes 25 sites of cultural interest within the Mount Fuji locality . These 25 locations include the mountain and the Shinto shrine , Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , as well as the Buddhist Taisekiji Head Temple founded in 1290 , later depicted by Japanese ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai ."}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka / Yamanashi Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shizuoka Prefecture ( 静岡県 , Shizuoka-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Shizuoka Prefecture has a population of 3,637,998 ( 1 December 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 7,777.42 km² ( 3,002.88 sq mi ) . Shizuoka Prefecture borders Kanagawa Prefecture to the east , Yamanashi Prefecture to the northeast , Nagano Prefecture to the north , and Aichi Prefecture to the west . Shizuoka is the capital and Hamamatsu is the largest city in Shizuoka Prefecture , with other major cities including Fuji , Numazu , and Iwata . Shizuoka Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features Suruga Bay formed by the Izu Peninsula , and Lake Hamana which is considered to be one of Japan 's largest lakes . Mount Fuji , the tallest volcano in Japan and cultural icon of the country , is partially located in Shizuoka Prefecture on the border with Yamanashi Prefecture . Shizuoka Prefecture has a significant motoring heritage as the founding location of Honda , Suzuki , and Yamaha , and is home to the Fuji International Speedway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Yamanashi Prefecture ( 山梨県 , Yamanashi-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Chūbu region of Japan . The prefecture is landlocked , featuring a fertile central valley , the Kōfu Basin , surrounded by many of the highest mountains in Japan including the highest , Mount Fuji located on the southern border with Shizuoka .'}]}, {'value': '1418 ( 2013 ) ⅲ , ⅵ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '20,638 ha ; ( 49,376 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Fuji , Fuji Five Lakes , Fujisan Hongū Sengen Shrine , Kitaguchi Hongū Fuji Sengen Shrine , Yamamiya Sengen Shrine , Murayama Sengen Shrine , Suyama Sengen Shrine , Higashiguchi Hongū Fuji Sengen Shrine , Kawaguchi Sengen Shrine , Fuji Omuro Sengen Shrine , Oshino Hakkai , Miho no Matsubara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Fuji', 'summary': "Mount Fuji ( 富士山 , Fujisan , IPA : [ ɸɯꜜ ( d ) ʑisaɴ ] ( listen ) ) , located on Honshū , is the highest volcano in Japan at 3,776.24 m ( 12,389 ft ) , 2nd-highest volcano of an island in Asia ( after Mount Kerinci in Sumatra ) , and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world . It is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707-1708 . Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometers ( 60 mi ) south-west of Tokyo , and can be seen from there on a clear day . Mount Fuji 's exceptionally symmetrical cone , which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year , is commonly used as a symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs , as well as visited by sightseers and climbers . Mount Fuji is one of Japan 's Three Holy Mountains ( 三霊山 , Sanreizan ) along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku . It is also a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan 's Historic Sites . It was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22 , 2013 . According to UNESCO , Mount Fuji has inspired artists and poets and been the object of pilgrimage for centuries . UNESCO recognizes 25 sites of cultural interest within the Mount Fuji locality . These 25 locations include the mountain and the Shinto shrine , Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , as well as the Buddhist Taisekiji Head Temple founded in 1290 , later depicted by Japanese ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fuji_Five_Lakes', 'summary': 'Fuji Five Lakes ( 富士五湖 , Fuji-goko ) is the name of the area located at the base of Mount Fuji in the Yamanashi Prefecture of Japan . It has a population of about 100,000 and sits about 1,000 meters ( 3,300 ft ) above sea level . The name Fuji Five Lakes comes from the fact that there are five lakes formed by previous eruptions of Mount Fuji . The principal city in the region , Fujiyoshida , has a population of roughly 54,000 and is particularly famous for its udon noodles . Another point of interest is Aokigahara Jukai Forest . The Fuji Five Lakes was selected by the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and Osaka Mainichi Shimbun as one of the Twenty-Five Winning Sites of Japan in 1927 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fujisan_Hongū_Sengen_Taisha', 'summary': 'The Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha ( 富士山本宮浅間大社 ) is a Shintō shrine in the city of Fujinomiya in Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . It is the ichinomiya of former Suruga Province , and is the head shrine of the 1300 Asama or Sengen shrines in the country . The shrine has an extensive location within downtown Fujinomiya ; in addition , the entire top of Mount Fuji from the 8th stage upwards is considered to be part of the shrine grounds . The main festival of the shrine is held annually on May 5 , and features yabusame performances . In 2013 , the shrine was added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miho_no_Matsubara', 'summary': 'Miho no Matsubara ( 三保の松原 , Miho Pine Grove ) is a scenic area on the Miho Peninsula in Shimizu Ward of Shizuoka City , Japan . Its seven-kilometre seashore is lined with pine trees . It is the location of the legend upon which the Noh drama Hagoromo is based ; on the second Saturday and Sunday of October , the city of Shizuoka holds a Hagoromo Festival and a performance of the Noh drama takes place near the pine tree of the legend . It was designated as a National Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan in 1922 . In 2013 the pine groves were added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomioka_Silk_Mill', 'summary': "Tomioka Silk Mill ( 富岡製糸場 , Tomioka Seishijō ) is Japan 's oldest modern model silk reeling factory , established in 1872 by the government to introduce modern machine silk reeling from France and spread its technology in Japan . The factory is designated by the government as a historic site and all its buildings are preserved in very good condition . It is a big factory in the old city of Tomioka , in Gunma prefecture , Japan - about 100 km northwest of Tokyo ."}]}, {'value': 'Gunma Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Gunma Prefecture ( 群馬県 , Gunma-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region . Its capital is Maebashi .'}]}, {'value': '1149 ( 2014 ) ii , iv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '7.20 ha ; ( 415 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomioka Silk Mill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomioka_Silk_Mill', 'summary': "Tomioka Silk Mill ( 富岡製糸場 , Tomioka Seishijō ) is Japan 's oldest modern model silk reeling factory , established in 1872 by the government to introduce modern machine silk reeling from France and spread its technology in Japan . The factory is designated by the government as a historic site and all its buildings are preserved in very good condition . It is a big factory in the old city of Tomioka , in Gunma prefecture , Japan - about 100 km northwest of Tokyo ."}]}, {'value': 'Sites of Japans Meiji Industrial Revolution : Iron and Steel , Shipbuilding and Coal Mining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sites_of_Japan’s_Meiji_Industrial_Revolution:_Iron_and_Steel,_Shipbuilding_and_Coal_Mining', 'summary': "Sites of Japan 's Meiji Industrial Revolution : Iron and Steel , Shipbuilding and Coal Mining ( 明治日本の産業革命遺産 製鉄・鉄鋼、造船、石炭産業 , Meiji nihon no sangyōkakumei isan : seitetsu , tekkō , zōsen , sekitan sangyō ) are a group of historic sites that played an important part in the industrialization of Japan in the Bakumatsu and Meiji periods , and are part of the industrial heritage of Japan . In 2009 the monuments were submitted jointly for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List under criteria ii , iii , and iv . The sites were accepted at the 39th UNESCO World Heritage session . Eight areas are registered , with thirty component sites :"}]}, {'value': 'Kyūshū , and Yamaguchi , Shizuoka and Iwate prefectures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyūshū', 'summary': "Kyushu ( 九州 , Kyūshū , pronounced [ kʲɯꜜːɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; literally Nine Provinces ) is the third largest island of Japan 's five main islands . Its alternative ancient names include Kyūkoku ( 九国 , Nine Countries ) , Chinzei ( 鎮西 , West of the Pacified Area ) , and Tsukushi-no-shima ( 筑紫島 , Island of Tsukushi ) . The historical regional name Saikaidō ( 西海道 , lit . West Sea Circuit ) referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands . In the 8th-century Taihō Code reforms , Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region . As of 2016 [ update ] , Kyushu has a population of 12,970,479 and covers 36,782 square kilometres ( 14,202 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Yamaguchi Prefecture ( 山口県 , Yamaguchi-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan in the Chūgoku region of the main island of Honshu . The capital is the city of Yamaguchi , in the center of the prefecture . The largest city , however , is Shimonoseki .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shizuoka Prefecture ( 静岡県 , Shizuoka-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Shizuoka Prefecture has a population of 3,637,998 ( 1 December 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 7,777.42 km² ( 3,002.88 sq mi ) . Shizuoka Prefecture borders Kanagawa Prefecture to the east , Yamanashi Prefecture to the northeast , Nagano Prefecture to the north , and Aichi Prefecture to the west . Shizuoka is the capital and Hamamatsu is the largest city in Shizuoka Prefecture , with other major cities including Fuji , Numazu , and Iwata . Shizuoka Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features Suruga Bay formed by the Izu Peninsula , and Lake Hamana which is considered to be one of Japan 's largest lakes . Mount Fuji , the tallest volcano in Japan and cultural icon of the country , is partially located in Shizuoka Prefecture on the border with Yamanashi Prefecture . Shizuoka Prefecture has a significant motoring heritage as the founding location of Honda , Suzuki , and Yamaha , and is home to the Fuji International Speedway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture', 'summary': "Iwate Prefecture ( 岩手県 , Iwate-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu . Iwate Prefecture has a population of 1,229,432 ( 1 June 2019 ) and is the second-largest prefecture at 15,275 km² ( 5,897 sq mi ) . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north , Akita Prefecture to the west , and Miyagi Prefecture to the south . Morioka is the capital and largest city of Iwate Prefecture , with other major cities including Ichinoseki , Ōshū , and Hanamaki . Iwate Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features the easternmost point of Honshu at Cape Todo . Iwate Prefecture shares the highest peaks of the Ōu Mountains , the longest mountain range in Japan , at the border with Akita Prefecture . Iwate Prefecture is home to famous attractions such as Morioka Castle , the Buddhist temples of Hiraizumi including Chūson-ji and Mōtsū-ji , the Fujiwara no Sato movie lot and theme park in Ōshū , and the Tenshochi park in Kitakami known for its big , old cherry trees . Iwate Prefecture has the lowest population density of any prefecture outside Hokkaido and 5% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks ."}]}, {'value': '1484 ( 2015 ) ii , iii , iv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '307 ha ; ( 2,408 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hashima Coal Mine , Former Glover House , Shūseikan , Miike Coal Mine , Yawata Steel Works , Mutsurejima Lighthouse , Hagi reverberatory furnace , Shōkasonjuku Academy , Hagi castle town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hashima_Island', 'summary': "Hashima Island ( 端島 , or simply Hashima - -shima is a Japanese suffix for island ) , commonly called Gunkanjima ( 軍艦島 ; meaning Battleship Island ) , is an abandoned island lying about 15 kilometers ( 9 miles ) from the city of Nagasaki , in southern Japan . It is one of 505 uninhabited islands in Nagasaki Prefecture . The island 's most notable features are its abandoned concrete buildings , undisturbed except by nature , and the surrounding sea wall . While the island is a symbol of the rapid industrialization of Japan , it is also a reminder of its history as a site of forced labour prior to and during the Second World War . The 6.3-hectare ( 16-acre ) island was known for its undersea coal mines , established in 1887 , which operated during the industrialization of Japan . The island reached a peak population of 5,259 in 1959 . In 1974 , with the coal reserves nearing depletion , the mine was closed and all of the residents departed soon after , leaving the island effectively abandoned for the following three decades . Interest in the island re-emerged in the 2000s on account of its undisturbed historic ruins , and it gradually became a tourist attraction . Certain collapsed exterior walls have since been restored , and travel to Hashima was re-opened to tourists on April 22 , 2009 . Increasing interest in the island resulted in an initiative for its protection as a site of industrial heritage . The island was formally approved as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2015 , as part of Japan 's Sites of Japan 's Meiji Industrial Revolution : Iron and Steel , Shipbuilding and Coal Mining ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glover_Garden', 'summary': "Glover Garden ( グラバー園 , Gurabāen ) is a park in Nagasaki , Japan built for Thomas Blake Glover , a Scottish merchant who contributed to the modernization of Japan in shipbuilding , coal mining , and other fields . In it stands the Glover Residence , the oldest Western style house surviving in Japan and Nagasaki 's foremost tourist attraction . It is located on the Minamiyamate hillside overlooking Nagasaki harbor . It was built by Hidenoshin Koyama of Amakusa island and completed in 1863 . It has been designated as an Important Cultural Asset . As the house and its surroundings are reminiscent of Puccini 's opera , it is also known as the Madame Butterfly House . Statues of Puccini and diva Miura Tamaki , famed for her role as Cio-Cio-san , stand in the park near the house . This house was also the venue of Glover 's meetings with rebel samurai particularly from the Chōshū and Satsuma domains ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miike_Coal_Mine', 'summary': 'Miike coal mine ( 三池炭鉱 , Miike Tankō ) , also known as the Mitsui Miike Coal Mine ( 三井三池炭鉱 , Mitsui Miike Tankō ) , was the largest coal mine in Japan , located in the area of Ōmuta , Fukuoka and Arao , Kumamoto , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mutsurejima_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Mutsurejima Lighthouse ( 六連島灯台 , mutsurejima tōdai ) is a lighthouse on the island of Mutsurejima , which is administered by Shimonoseki , Yamaguchi , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hagi,_Yamaguchi', 'summary': 'Hagi ( 萩市 , Hagi-shi ) is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture , Japan , which was incorporated on July 1 , 1932 . As of May 31 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 50,179 and a population density of 71.80 of persons per km² . The total area is 698.86 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier , an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Architectural_Work_of_Le_Corbusier', 'summary': 'The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier , an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement is a World Heritage Site consisting of a selection of 17 building projects in several countries by the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier . These sites demonstrate how Modern Movement architecture was applied to respond to the needs of society and show the global range of a style and an architect .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1321 ( 2016 ) i , ii , vi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '0.93 ha ; ( 116.17 ha )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Museum of Western Art', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Museum_of_Western_Art', 'summary': "The National Museum of Western Art ( 国立西洋美術館 , Kokuritsu Seiyō Bijutsukan , 'National Western Art Museum ' ) ( NMWA ) is the premier public art gallery in Japan specializing in art from the Western tradition . The museum is located in the museum and zoo complex in Ueno Park in Taito , central Tokyo . It received 1,162,345 visitors in 2016 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'World Heritage Sites', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan_0', 'intro': 'Japan accepted the UNESCO World Heritage Convention on 30 June 1992. As of July 2019, twenty-three properties have been inscribed on the World Heritage List: nineteen cultural sites and four natural sites. A further eight sites and one site extension have been submitted for future inscription and are currently on the Tentative List as of 2017.'} | null | null | What is the monument that is at the location whose capital is Maebashi ? | Tomioka Silk Mill |
06b830e12a979261 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Belarus at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ihar Makarau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ihar_Makarau', 'summary': 'Ihar Viktaravich Makarau ( Belarusian : Ігар Віктаравіч Макараў ; born 20 July 1979 in Kimry , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union ) , also commonly known by the Russian spelling Igor Viktorovich Makarov ( Russian : И́горь Ви́кторович Мака́ров ) , is a Belarusian judoka . He won the gold medal in the half-heavyweight ( 100 kg ) division at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and featured 368 judoka competing for 14 gold medals with seven different weight categories in both the men 's and women 's competitions . Japan dominated the event by taking 8 gold and 2 silver medals . Gold and silver medals in each weight class were determined by a single-elimination bracket . There was a repechage for those who are eliminated by one of the eventual semifinalists . Since there are four semifinalists , this means that four of the losers of the round of 32 ( i.e. , 25% ) faced four of the losers from the round of 16 ( 50% ) . The winners of these matches faced the four judokas who have lost in the quarterfinals . The winners , then , of these four matches faced each other to narrow the repechage field down to two judokas . Until this stage , the repechage has been segregated into two distinct halves , with each successive competitor facing another one from the same half of the original bracket ; but each of the two judokas who emerge from the repechage challenged the loser of the other bracket 's semifinal . ( Since these two always come from opposite halves of the original bracket , they could not have faced each other already . ) The winners of these two matches were each awarded a bronze medal , making judo unusual among Olympic events in not determining a single third-place finisher . There was controversy in the men 's competition , when Iranian competitor and two-times world champion Arash Miresmaeili weighed in overweight and was disqualified before a match in which he would have faced Israeli judoka Ehud Vaks . Miresmaeili 's comments strongly suggested that he had intentionally disqualified himself so as not to compete against an Israeli ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_100_kg", 'summary': "Men 's 100 kg competition in judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 19 at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall . This event was the second-heaviest of the men 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 100 kilograms of body mass . Like all other judo events , bouts lasted five minutes . If the bout was still tied at the end , it was extended for another five-minute , sudden-death period ; if neither judoka scored during that period , the match is decided by the judges . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost to a semifinalist competed in the repechage . The two judokas who lost in the semifinals faced the winner of the opposite half of the bracket 's repechage in bronze medal bouts ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yulia Nestsiarenka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yulia_Nestsiarenka', 'summary': "Yuliya Nesterenko ( alt . spelling : Yulia Nestsiarenka , née Bartsevich ( Belarusian : Юлія Несцярэнка , Julija Nieściarenka ; Russian : Юлия Нестеренко , Yuliya Nesterenko ; born 15 June 1979 ) is a Belarusian sprinter . Nesterenko won the women 's 100 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens in 10.93 seconds , becoming the first non-black and first non-U.S. athlete to win the event since the 1980 Summer Olympics . She ran all four times ( two qualification rounds , semifinal and final ) under 11 seconds . After the Olympic games in Athens she took an almost year-long break . At the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki she reached the final in the 100 metres , though came only 8th ( 11.13 seconds ) . She won a bronze medal in another event , the 4 × 100 metres relay , together with her compatriots Natallia Solohub , Alena Neumiarzhitskaya and Aksana Drahun . At the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg she was 6th in the 100m final and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Nesterenko competed in the 100m again . In her first round heat she came 2nd behind Kim Gevaert in a time of 11.40 to advance to the second round . There she improved down to 11.14 seconds , but finished 4th , normally causing elimination , however hers was the fastest losing time and enough to qualify for the semifinals . She came close to reaching the final to defend her title with a time of 11.26 , 5th place , while the first four athletes qualified for the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_100_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 100 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 20 to 21 . In the first round , the first three runners from each of the eight heats , together with the eight next fastest overall runners ( 8×3+8=32 ) , automatically qualified for the second round . In the second round , these thirty-two runners competed in four heats , with the first three from each heat and the four next fastest overall ( 4×3+4=16 ) advancing to the semifinals . In the semifinals , only the first four runners from each of the two heats move on to the final ( 2×4=8 ) . With some of the world 's most promising sprinters , including 2000 Olympic champion Marion Jones and home favorite Ekaterini Thanou , absent , the race had become widely open in the final . The start was notably uneven as Bulgaria 's Ivet Lalova and Jamaica 's Sherone Simpson jumped into upright running positions quickly from the blocks , while Simpson 's Jamaican teammates Aleen Bailey and Veronica Campbell and American favorite Lauryn Williams got out behind . Campbell further seemed to stumble while Williams powerfully overstride from last into the lead in the middle of the track by the halfway mark . Simpson faded quickly from her fast start being overtaken by Belarusian sprinter Yulia Nestsiarenka , who attempted to find her stride with just 30 metres into the race on the outside . While Williams and Campbell found their stride to maintain a commanding lead towards the 60-metre mark , Nestsiarenka held off a late charge to continue her march past the field and produce a storming finish with a Belarusian record of 10.93 seconds , making her the nation 's first Olympic champion in this event . Following an unexpected victory from Nestsiarenka , Williams edged the fast closing Campbell for a silver medal by a hundredth of a second , finishing at 10.96 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanna Batsiushka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanna_Batsiushka', 'summary': "Hanna Batsiushka ( born October 24 , 1981 ) is a Belarusian weightlifter . She competed in the Women 's 63 kg weight class at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal , lifting 242.5 kg in total . She set a new world record of 115 kg in snatch during the competition . She held the old record of 113.5 kg which she achieved at the 2003 World Championships where she won the bronze . She won another bronze at the 2007 European Weightlifting Championships in the 63 kg category . At the 2008 Summer Olympics she ranked 7th in the 69 kg category ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 63 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_63_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 63 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 18 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Karsten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Karsten', 'summary': 'Ekaterina Karsten ( Belarusian : Кацярына Карстэн , Kaciaryna Karsten ; Russian : Екатерина Карстен ; born 2 June 1972 ) is a Belarusian rower , a seven-time Olympian , a two-time Olympic champion and six-time World Champion in the single scull . Karsten won Olympic gold in the single sculls in Atlanta in 1996 and Sydney in 2000 . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she won a silver medal and in 2008 in Beijing she picked up a bronze . She also won at the World Championships in single sculls in 1997 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 and 2009 , was runner up in 2002 and 2010 and got bronze in 2001 and 2003 . She won the European Championships in 2009 and 2010 . She won the world junior championships in 1990 . Her maiden name is Khadatovich ( Хадатовіч ) , and she is also sometimes referred to as Ekaterina Karsten-Khodotovitch . Currently she lives and trains in Germany with her German husband in Potsdam . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre and featured 550 competitors taking part in 14 events . The medals were split among 22 countries , Romania topping the medal table , their women winning 3 golds , with the traditionally strong Germany , Great Britain and Australia picking up four medals in total . Romania 's Elisabeta Lipă won her fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal and fifth overall . Lipă , who was part of Romania 's women 's eight , won her first in Los Angeles in 1984 followed by gold medals in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 , a record span of 20 years between her first and last gold medal . It was also her eighth overall , which is more than any other rower , having won a silver and a bronze in 1988 and an additional silver in 1992 . In winning her medal at age 39 , Lipă became the oldest rower to win a gold medal and the oldest athlete in an endurance sport to win a gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's single sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_single_sculls", 'summary': "These are the results of the Women 's single sculls competition , one of six events for female competitors in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrei Rybakou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrei_Rybakou', 'summary': 'Andrei Rybakou ( Belarusian : Андрэй Анатолевіч Рыбакоў ) ( born March 4 , 1982 ) is a former Belarusian weightlifter , Olympian and two-time World Champion who competed in the 85 kg category . From 1998 to 2018 he set 6 world records , of which 5 were in the snatch which is tied with Halil Mutlu with the most male world records in the snatch .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 85 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_85_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 85 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 21 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktar Zuyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktar_Zuyev', 'summary': "Viktor Valeryevich Zuyev , also spelled sometimes as Viktar Valeryevich Zuyeu ( Belarusian : Ві́ктар Вале́р'евіч Зу́еў , romanized : Viktar Valeryevich Zuyew , Łacinka : Viktar Valierjevič Zujeŭ ; Russian : Ви́ктор Вале́рьевич Зу́ев ; born May 22 , 1983 ) is a boxer from Belarus best known to win the heavyweight silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Heavyweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Heavyweight', 'summary': 'The heavyweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 18 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 81 and 91 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magomed Aripgadjiev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magomed_Aripgadjiev', 'summary': 'Magomed Aripgadzhiyev ( born 23 September 1977 ) is a Belarusian boxer who won a silver medal in the light heavyweight division ( - 81 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics . He qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics by ending up in second place at the 4th AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Baku , Azerbaijan . He previously represented Azerbaijan in the 2000 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Light heavyweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Light_heavyweight', 'summary': 'The light heavyweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 14 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 75 and 81 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatsiana Stukalava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatsiana_Stukalava', 'summary': "Tatsiana Stukalava ( born October 3 , 1975 in Vitebsk ) is a Belarusian weightlifter who competed in the Women 's 63 kg weight class at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal , lifting 222.5 kg in total ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 63 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_63_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 63 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 18 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natallia Tsylinskaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natallia_Tsylinskaya', 'summary': 'Natallia Tsylinskaya ( Russian : Наталья Цилинская , born 30 August 1975 ) is an international cyclist , specialising in track sprinting . A dominant force in particular in the 500m time trial between 2000 and 2006 , Tsylinskaya is an eight time World Champion , and an Olympic bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Women 's track time trial", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_track_time_trial", 'summary': "The women 's 500 metre time trial in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics was a time trial race in which each of the twelve cyclists attempted to set the fastest time for two laps ( 500 metres ) of the track . In a field of personal bests , 20-year-old World Champion for the 500 m time trial , Anna Meares from Australia , set a new world record to claim the gold medal in 33.952 seconds . The previous world record was held by Yonghua Jiang of China , who minutes previously had set a new Olympic record in this event to claim the silver medal with a time of 34.112 seconds . Natallia Tsylinskaya from Belarus was awarded the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Martynov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Martynov_(sport_shooter)', 'summary': 'Sergei Martynov ( Belarusian : Сяргей Анатолевіч Мартынаў ; new transliteration Siarhei Martynau , Łacinka Siarhiej Anatolevič Martynaŭ ) ( born 18 May 1968 ) is a Belarusian 50 m rifle shooter . He is the 2012 Olympic champion in the 50 m rifle prone event .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 390 competitors from 106 nations contested 17 events ( 10 for men and 7 for women ) . The competition took place at the Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre , located in the east of the Greek region of Attica .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 m rifle prone", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_50_metre_rifle_prone", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre rifle prone competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 20 at the Markópoulo Olympic Shooting Centre near Athens , Greece . The event consisted of two rounds : a qualifier and a final . In the qualifier , each shooter fired 60 shots with a .22 Long Rifle at 50 metres distance from the prone position . Scores for each shot were in increments of 1 , with a maximum score of 10 . The top 8 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round . There , they fired an additional 10 shots . These shots scored in increments of .1 , with a maximum score of 10.9 . The total score from all 70 shots was used to determine final ranking . 23-year-old U.S. shooter Matthew Emmons maintained a single-point lead from the rest of the field in the qualifying round to finish with 703.3 for the rifle prone gold and his first Olympic medal . Germany 's Christian Lusch , who had gradually come close on Emmons in an attempt to steal his lead with only two rounds left , ended up taking the silver at 702.2 . Meanwhile , Belarus ' Sergei Martynov , who had the highest score in the final , shot 105.6 to vault himself from fifth at the start to a bronze-medal position with a total of 701.6 , repeating his feat from Sydney 2000 . Sweden 's Jonas Edman missed his Olympic title defense after finishing in a distant thirty-second from the prelims with 590 points , while 2000 silver medalist Torben Grimmel also fell short of the finale by just a single point from the cutoff score of 595 , relegating to a ninth-place draw with six other shooters ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuliya Bichyk Natallia Helakh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuliya_Bichyk', 'summary': 'Yuliya Bichyk ( Belarusian : Юлія Бічык ; Russian : Юлия Бичик , Yuliya Bichik ; born 1 April 1983 ) is a Belarusian rower . Partnering with Natallia Helakh , she won a bronze medal in the coxless pairs in 2004 and 2008 , and finished in fourth place in the eights in 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Natallia_Helakh', 'summary': 'Natallia Helakh ( Belarusian : Наталля Гелах ; Russian : Наталья Гелах , Nataliya Gelakh ; born 30 May 1978 ) is a Belarusian rower who competed at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympics . Rowing with Yuliya Bichyk , she won a bronze medal in the coxless pairs in 2004 and 2008 , and finished in fourth place in the eights in 2000 . Between 2000 and 2011 , Helakh and Bichyk also won nine medals at European and world championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre and featured 550 competitors taking part in 14 events . The medals were split among 22 countries , Romania topping the medal table , their women winning 3 golds , with the traditionally strong Germany , Great Britain and Australia picking up four medals in total . Romania 's Elisabeta Lipă won her fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal and fifth overall . Lipă , who was part of Romania 's women 's eight , won her first in Los Angeles in 1984 followed by gold medals in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 , a record span of 20 years between her first and last gold medal . It was also her eighth overall , which is more than any other rower , having won a silver and a bronze in 1988 and an additional silver in 1992 . In winning her medal at age 39 , Lipă became the oldest rower to win a gold medal and the oldest athlete in an endurance sport to win a gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's pair", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_coxless_pair", 'summary': "These are the results of the Women 's coxless pair competition , one of six events for female competitors in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viachaslau Makaranka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viachaslau_Makaranka', 'summary': 'Viachaslau Makaranka ( born September 19 , 1975 ) is a wrestler from Belarus who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics , winning a bronze medal at the latter .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all . This was the first Olympic Games that included women 's wrestling events on the program ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 84 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_84_kg", 'summary': "The men 's Greco-Roman 84 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall , August 24 to August 25 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vadzim Makhneu Raman Piatrushenka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadzim_Makhneu', 'summary': 'Vadzim Henadzevich Makhneu ( Belarusian : Вадзім Генадзевіч Махнеў ) or Vadim Makhnev Russian : Вадим Махнев ; born 21 December 1979 ) is a Belarusian flatwater canoeist who has competed since 2000 . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he won four medals with a gold ( K-4 1000 m : 2008 ) , a silver ( K-2 200m : 2012 ) and two bronzes ( K-2 500 m : 2004 , 2008 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raman_Piatrushenka', 'summary': "Raman Ivanavich Piatrushenka or Roman Petrushenko ( Belarusian : Раман Іванавіч Пятрушэнка ; born 25 December 1980 ) is a Belarusian sprint canoeist who has competed since 2000 . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he won four medals with one gold ( K-4 1000 m : 2008 ) , one silver ( K-2 200m : 2012 ) and two bronzes ( K-2 500 m : 2004 , 2008 ) . Piatrushenka 's first success on the international stage came at the 2000 European under-23 Championships in Boulogne , France as a member of the Belarus K-4 crew which won both the 500 m and 1000 m gold medals . One by one , the members of the under-23 crew were being promoted to the Belarus senior boat . In 2001 however , Piatrushenka destroyed a field of more experienced paddlers to become Belarus K-1 national champion . Now wishing to concentrate on the K-1 , he initially refused to join the senior K-4 crew as the coaches had planned . At the 2001 European championships in Milan he was persuaded to enter the K-4 races , winning his first senior medals - the 500 m and 1000 m bronze . In the K-1 1000m however , he could only finish 17th . At the 2002 European under-23 Championships in Zagreb he won the K-1 1000 m gold medal , as well as retaining both K-4 titles . Having rejoined the senior K-4 crew on a permanent basis he won his first world championship medal , the K-4 1000 m silver , in Seville . Senior K-1 races were proving harder though and he again failed to reach any major finals in 2002 . Realising he was not yet ready to challenge for senior K-1 medals he instead teamed up with Vadzim Makhneu to compete in K-2 races ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre for the sprint events and the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's K-2 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_K-2_500_metres", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's K-2 500 metres competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The K-2 event is raced by two-man canoe sprint kayaks ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Belarus_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Belarus competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's fifth appearance at the Summer Olympics in the post-Soviet era. The Belarus Olympic Committee sent a total of 151 athletes to the Games, 82 men and 69 women, to compete in 22 sports. The Belarusian team featured two defending Olympic champions: discus thrower Ellina Zvereva and single sculls rower Ekaterina Karsten. Along with Zvereva and Karsten, shooters Sergei Martynov, Kanstantsin Lukashyk, and Igor Basinski, and married couple Iryna Yatchenko and Igor Astapkovich competed at their fourth Olympic Games, although they first appeared as part of either the Soviet Union (Martynov and Basinski in 1988) or the Unified Team (Astapkovich, Yatchenko, Lukashyk, and Karsten in 1992). Notable Belarusian athletes featured professional tennis player Max Mirnyi, table tennis star Vladimir Samsonov, gymnast Ivan Ivankov, Russian-born judoka Anatoly Laryukov, and Greco-Roman wrestler Siarhei Lishtvan. Three-time Olympic champion and wrestling coach Alexander Medved became the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony. Belarus left Athens with a total of 13 Olympic medals (2 gold, 5 silver, and 6 bronze), failing only one gold short of the total achieved in Sydney. Three of these medals were awarded to the athletes in weightlifting, and two each in rowing and boxing for the first time. Five Belarusian athletes set the nation's historical record to win Olympic medals for the first time, including judoka Ihar Makarau in the men's half-heavyweight division, track cyclist Natallia Tsylinskaya in the women's time trial, and sprinter Yulia Nestsiarenka, who became the first non-American to claim the Olympic title in the women's 100 metres since 1980. Originally, Belarus had won a total of fifteen medals at these Games to match its record with Atlanta. On December 5, 2012, hammer thrower Ivan Tsikhan and discus thrower Iryna Yatchenko stripped off their silver and bronze medals respectively as being ordered by the International Olympic Committee, after drug re-testings of their samples were found positive."} | null | null | How many kilograms did the bronze medalist in women 's 63 kg weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics lift for that win ? | 222.5 |
06b8c1ac91b9e484 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor', 'title': 'European Film Award for Best Actor', 'header': ['Actor', 'Awards', 'Nominations'], 'data': [{'value': 'Daniel Auteuil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil', 'summary': "Daniel Auteuil ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ danjɛl otœj ] ; born 24 January 1950 ) is a French actor and director who has appeared in a wide range of film genres , including period dramas , romantic comedies , and crime thrillers . In 1996 he won the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival together with Belgian actor Pascal Duquenne . He is also the winner of two César Awards for Best Actor , one in 1987 as Ugolin Soubeyran in Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources and one for his role in Girl on the Bridge . For his role in Jean de Florette he also won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . Auteuil is considered one of France 's most respected actors ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toni Servillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toni_Servillo', 'summary': 'Marco Antonio Servillo ( Italian : [ ˈtɔni serˈviːllo ] ; born 25 January 1959 ) , known as Toni Servillo , is an Italian actor and theatrical director . He has won the European Film Award for Best Actor twice , in 2008 for both Gomorrah and Il Divo and in 2013 for The Great Beauty , as well as winning the David di Donatello for Best Actor four times from 2002 to 2013 . Servillo has accrued global fame for his portrayal of Silvio Berlusconi .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Bardem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Bardem', 'summary': 'Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xaˈβjeɾ βaɾˈðen ] ; born 1 March 1969 ) is a Spanish actor and environmental activist . Bardem won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the psychopathic assassin Anton Chigurh in the 2007 Coen brothers film No Country for Old Men . He has also received critical acclaim for roles in films such as Jamón Jamón , Carne trémula , Vicky Cristina Barcelona , Boca a boca , Los lunes al sol , Mar adentro , and Skyfall , for which he received both a BAFTA and a SAG nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Bardem has also won two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a BAFTA , five Goya Awards , two European Film Awards , a Prize for Best Actor at Cannes ( ex-aequo with Elio Germano ) and two Volpi Cups at Venice for his work . He is the first Spanish actor to be nominated for an Oscar ( Best Actor , 2000 , for Before Night Falls ) , as well as the first Spaniard to win one , for Best Supporting Actor in No Country for Old Men , 2008 . He received his third Academy Award nomination , and second Best Actor nomination , for the film Biutiful . As of January 2018 , Bardem became an environmental activist with Greenpeace for protection of Antarctica .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '/ Daniel Brühl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Brühl', 'summary': "Daniel César Martin González Brühl Domingo ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbʁyːl- ] ; born 16 June 1978 ) is a Spanish-German actor . He began his work at a young age in a German soap opera called Verbotene Liebe in 1995 . In 2003 , his starring role in the German film Good Bye , Lenin ! received wider recognition and critical acclaim which garnered him the European Film Award for Best Actor and the German Film Award for Best Actor . Brühl has worked in both European and American productions in several different languages . He was introduced to mainstream U.S. audiences with his breakout role of Fredrick Zoller , a German war hero in Quentin Tarantino 's Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , and appeared in such films as The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) , The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) and A Most Wanted Man ( 2014 ) . Brühl received widespread critical acclaim and further recognition for his portrayal of former Formula 1 driver Niki Lauda in the Ron Howard biographical film Rush ( 2013 ) . In 2016 , Brühl made his Marvel Cinematic Universe debut in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , portraying Helmut Zemo . Brühl will return to portray the role in the upcoming Disney+ series , The Falcon and the Winter Soldier ( 2020 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Caine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Caine', 'summary': "Sir Michael Caine , CBE ( /keɪn/ ; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. , 14 March 1933 ) is an English actor , film producer and author . He has appeared in more than 130 films in a career spanning over 60 years and is considered a British film icon . Known for his cockney accent , Caine was born in Southeast London . He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in British films , including Zulu ( 1964 ) , The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) , Alfie ( 1966 ) , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) . His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter ( 1971 ) , The Last Valley ( 1971 ) , Sleuth ( 1972 ) , for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) . He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s , with Educating Rita ( 1983 ) , earning him the BAFTA and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In 1986 , he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters . Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) . This was his first starring role in several years , which led to a career resurgence in the late 1990s , receiving his second Golden Globe Award for his performance in Little Voice in 1998 and his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules , the following year . Caine played Nigel Powers in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember , and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy . He appeared in several other of Nolan 's films , including The Prestige ( 2006 ) , Inception ( 2010 ) and Interstellar ( 2014 ) . He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón 's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn 's action comedy film Kingsman : The Secret Service ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Hoskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Hoskins', 'summary': "Robert William Hoskins ( 26 October 1942 - 29 April 2014 ) was an English actor . His work included lead roles in Pennies from Heaven ( 1978 ) , The Long Good Friday ( 1980 ) , Mona Lisa ( 1986 ) , Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) , Mermaids ( 1990 ) , and Super Mario Bros. ( 1993 ) , and supporting performances in Brazil ( 1985 ) , Hook ( 1991 ) , Nixon ( 1995 ) , Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) , Mrs. Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) , A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) , Made in Dagenham ( 2010 ) , and Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . He also directed two feature films : The Raggedy Rawney ( 1988 ) and Rainbow ( 1996 ) . Hoskins received the best actor award at the Cannes Film Festival , the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama for his role in Mona Lisa . He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the same role . In 2009 , Hoskins won an International Emmy Award for Best Actor for his appearance on the BBC One drama The Street . Hoskins retired from acting in 2012 due to Parkinson 's disease , and died from pneumonia on 29 April 2014 , at age 71 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timothy Spall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Spall', 'summary': "Timothy Leonard Spall OBE ( born 27 February 1957 ) is an English character actor and occasional presenter . He became a household name in the UK after appearing as Barry Spencer Taylor in the 1983 ITV comedy-drama series Auf Wiedersehen , Pet . Spall received critical acclaim for his performance in Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) , for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Subsequently , he starred in many films , including Hamlet ( 1996 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Enchanted ( 2007 ) , The Damned United ( 2009 ) , The Kings Speech ( 2010 ) , Ginger and Rosa ( 2012 ) , Denial ( 2016 ) , and The Party ( 2017 ) . He also gained international acclaim for his role as Peter Pettigrew in the Harry Potter films . He has famously collaborated with director Mike Leigh , making six films together , including Home Sweet Home ( 1982 ) , Life is Sweet ( 1990 ) , Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) , Topsy-Turvy ( 1999 ) , All or Nothing ( 2002 ) , and Mr. Turner ( 2014 ) . In 2019 he appeared as Lord Arthur Wallington in the acclaimed 6-part BBC Cold War drama Summer of Rockets . He starred in the television documentary Timothy Spall : .at Sea ( 2010-2012 ) and in 2014 won the Best Actor award at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival for portraying J. M. W. Turner in Mike Leigh 's biographical film Mr. Turner ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Louis Trintignant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant', 'summary': 'Jean-Louis Xavier Trintignant ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ lwi tʁɛ̃tiɲɑ̃ ] ; born 11 December 1930 ) is a French actor . He won the Best Actor Award at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival as well as the Best Actor Award at the César Awards 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mads Mikkelsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen', 'summary': "Mads Dittmann Mikkelsen , R ( Danish : [ mæs ˈmikl̩sn̩ ] ( listen ) ; born 22 November 1965 ) is a Danish actor . Originally a gymnast and dancer , he began acting in 1996 . He rose to fame in Denmark as Tonny the drug dealer in the first two films of the Pusher film trilogy , and in his role as the brash yet sensitive policeman , Allan Fischer , in Peter Thorsboe 's Danish television series Rejseholdet ( Unit One ) . Mikkelsen became more widely known for his role as Tristan in Jerry Bruckheimer 's production King Arthur , but achieved worldwide recognition for playing the main antagonist Le Chiffre in the twenty-first James Bond film , Casino Royale . He has since become known for his roles as Igor Stravinsky in Jan Kounen 's French film Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky and his Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award-winning role as Lucas in the 2012 Danish film The Hunt . In 2012 , he was voted the Danish American Society 's Person of the Year . He starred in the television series Hannibal as Dr. Hannibal Lecter . In 2016 , Mikkelsen portrayed Kaecilius in Marvel 's film Doctor Strange and Galen Erso in Lucasfilm 's Rogue One : A Star Wars Story . In 2018 , he starred in Joe Penna 's survival drama Arctic . In 2019 , he portrayed Cliff Unger in Hideo Kojima 's video game Death Stranding . A. O. Scott of The New York Times remarked that in the Hollywood scene , Mikkelsen has become a reliable character actor with an intriguing mug but stated that on the domestic front he is something else : a star , an axiom , a face of the resurgent Danish cinema ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Piccoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Piccoli', 'summary': "Jacques Daniel Michel Piccoli ( born 27 December 1925 ) is a French actor , producer and film director . He has one of the longest careers in French cinema , and is regarded worldwide as a symbol of France 's film history , more specifically of the 1960s and 70s ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stellan Skarsgård', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stellan_Skarsgård', 'summary': "Stellan John Skarsgård ( /ˈstɛlən ˈskɑːrsɡɑːrd/ ; [ a ] born 13 June 1951 ) is a Swedish actor . He is known for his roles as Jan Nyman in Breaking the Waves ( 1996 ) , Captain Tupolev in The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) , Professor Gerald Lambeau in Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) , Bootstrap Bill Turner in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) , Bill Anderson in Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) and the sequel Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) , Commander Maximilian Richter in Angels and Demons ( 2009 ) , Martin Vanger in The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) , Dr. Erik Selvig in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor ( 2011 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , The Grand Duke in Cinderella ( 2015 ) , and Boris Shcherbina in the HBO/Sky UK television miniseries Chernobyl ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Cámara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Cámara', 'summary': "Javier Cámara Rodríguez ( born 19 January 1967 ) is a Spanish actor . He starred in the Pedro Almodóvar films Talk to Her ( 2002 ) , Bad Education ( 2004 ) and I 'm So Excited ( 2013 ) , and the television series 7 Vidas ( Seven Lives ) . He played Cardinal Bernardo Gutierrez in the HBO series The Young Pope as well as Guillermo Pallomari , the chief accountant of the Cali Cartel , in season 3 of the Netflix series Narcos ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Courtenay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Courtenay', 'summary': 'Sir Thomas Daniel Courtenay ( /ˈkɔːrtni/ ; born 25 February 1937 ) is an English actor who came to prominence in the early 1960s with a succession of films , including The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner ( 1962 ) , Billy Liar ( 1963 ) , King Rat ( 1965 ) , and Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) . Since the mid-1960s , he has been known primarily for his work in the theatre , although he received Academy Award nominations for Doctor Zhivago and the film adaptation of The Dresser ( 1983 ) , which he had performed in the West End and on Broadway . He was created a Knight Bachelor in February 2001 for his services to cinema and theatre .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colin Farrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Farrell', 'summary': "Colin James Farrell ( /ˈfærəl/ ; born 31 May 1976 ) is an Irish actor . Farrell appeared in the BBC drama Ballykissangel in 1998 , made his film debut in the Tim Roth-directed drama The War Zone in 1999 , and was discovered by Hollywood when Joel Schumacher cast him as the lead in the war drama Tigerland in 2000 . He then starred in Schumacher 's psychological thriller Phone Booth ( 2003 ) where he plays a hostage in a New York city phone booth , and the American thrillers S.W.A.T . ( 2003 ) and The Recruit ( 2003 ) , establishing his international box-office appeal . During that time , he also appeared in Steven Spielberg 's science fiction thriller Minority Report ( 2002 ) and as the villain Bullseye in the superhero film Daredevil ( 2003 ) . After starring in the independent films Intermission ( 2003 ) and A Home at the End of the World ( 2004 ) , Farrell headed Oliver Stone 's biopic Alexander ( 2004 ) and Terrence Malick 's The New World ( 2005 ) . Roles in Michael Mann 's Miami Vice ( 2006 ) , the adaptation of John Fante 's Ask the Dust ( 2006 ) , and Woody Allen 's Cassandra 's Dream ( 2007 ) followed , underscoring Farrell 's popularity among Hollywood writers and directors ; however , it was his role in Martin McDonagh 's In Bruges ( 2008 ) that earned him a Hollywood Foreign Press Association Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Farrell starred in the black comedy film Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) , for which he received critical praise , along with the comedy-horror film Fright Night ( 2011 ) and the sci-fi action film Total Recall ( 2012 ) , both remakes , and McDonagh 's second feature , the black comedy crime film Seven Psychopaths ( 2012 ) . He also starred in the Niels Arden Oplev action film Dead Man Down ( 2013 ) , and as Travers Goff in the period drama Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) . In 2014 , Farrell starred as Peter Lake in the supernatural fable Winter 's Tale , an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Mark Helprin . In 2015 , he starred as Detective Ray Velcoro in the second season of HBO 's True Detective , and also starred in the film The Lobster , for which he was nominated for his second Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . In 2016 , he played Percival Graves in the Harry Potter spin-off film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '/ Michael Fassbender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Fassbender', 'summary': "Michael Fassbender ( born 2 April 1977 ) is an Irish-German actor . His feature film debut was in the fantasy war epic 300 ( 2007 ) as a Spartan warrior ; his earlier roles included various stage productions , as well as starring roles on television such as in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) and the Sky One fantasy drama Hex ( 2004-05 ) . He first came to prominence for his role as IRA activist Bobby Sands in Hunger ( 2008 ) , for which he won a British Independent Film Award . Subsequent roles include in the independent film Fish Tank ( 2009 ) , as a Royal Marines lieutenant in Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , as Edward Rochester in the 2011 film adaptation of Jane Eyre , as Carl Jung in A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) , as the sentient android David 8 in Prometheus ( 2012 ) and its sequel , Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) , and in the musical comedy-drama Frank ( 2014 ) as an eccentric musician loosely inspired by Frank Sidebottom . In 2011 , Fassbender debuted as the Marvel Comics supervillain Magneto in X-Men : First Class , and went on to share the role with Ian McKellen in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , before reprising it again in X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) and Dark Phoenix ( 2019 ) . Also in 2011 , Fassbender 's performance as a sex addict in Shame earned him the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival and was nominated for Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards . In 2013 , his role as slave owner Edwin Epps in the slavery epic 12 Years a Slave was similarly praised , earning him his first Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor . In 2013 , Fassbender appeared in another Ridley Scott film , The Counselor . In 2015 , he portrayed the title role in the Danny Boyle-directed biopic Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) , and played Macbeth in Justin Kurzel 's adaptation of William Shakespeare 's play . For the former , he received Academy Award , BAFTA , Golden Globe and SAG nominations . In 2015 , he produced the western Slow West , in which he also starred ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruno Ganz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Ganz', 'summary': "Bruno Ganz ( German : [ ˈbruːno ˈɡant͡s ] ( listen ) ; 22 March 1941 - 16 February 2019 ) [ note 1 ] was a Swiss actor whose career in German television and film productions spanned nearly 60 years . He was known for his collaborations with the directors Werner Herzog , Éric Rohmer , Francis Ford Coppola , and Wim Wenders , earning widespread recognition with his roles as Jonathan Zimmerman in The American Friend ( 1977 ) , Jonathan Harker in Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) and Damiel the Angel in Wings of Desire ( 1987 ) . Ganz received renewed international acclaim for his portrayal of Adolf Hitler in the Oscar-nominated film Downfall ( 2004 ) . He also had roles in several English-language films , including The Boys from Brazil ( 1978 ) , Strapless ( 1989 ) , The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) . The Reader ( 2008 ) , Unknown ( 2011 ) and Remember ( 2015 ) . On stage , Ganz portrayed Dr. Heinrich Faust in Peter Stein 's staging of Faust , Part One and Faust , Part Two in 2000 . From 1996 until his death in 2019 , Ganz held the Republic of Austria 's Iffland-Ring , which passes from actor to actor - each bequeathing the ring to the next holder , judging that actor to be the most significant and most worthy actor of the German-speaking theatre . Ganz was also honored with the Order of Merit of Germany and was made a knight of the French Légion d'honneur ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James McAvoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_McAvoy', 'summary': "James McAvoy ( /ˈmækəvɔɪ/ ; born 21 April 1979 ) is a Scottish actor . He made his acting debut as a teen in The Near Room ( 1995 ) and made mostly television appearances until 2003 , when his feature film career began . His notable television work includes the thriller State of Play and the science fiction mini-series Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune . He has performed in several West End productions and received three nominations for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor , and has also done voice work for animated films including Gnomeo & Juliet , its sequel , Sherlock Gnomes , and Arthur Christmas . In 2003 , McAvoy appeared in a lead role in Bollywood Queen , then another lead role as Rory in Inside I 'm Dancing in 2004.This was followed by a supporting role , as the faun Mr. Tumnus , in The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) . His performance in Kevin Macdonald 's drama The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) garnered him several award nominations , including the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor . The critically acclaimed romantic drama war film Atonement ( 2007 ) earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination and his second BAFTA nomination . He later appeared as a newly trained assassin in the action thriller Wanted ( 2008 ) . In 2011 , McAvoy played Professor Charles Xavier in the superhero film X-Men : First Class , a role he reprised in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) , Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) and Dark Phoenix ( 2019 ) . McAvoy starred in the crime comedy-drama film Filth ( 2013 ) , for which he won Best Actor in the British Independent Film Awards . In 2016 , he portrayed Kevin Crumb , a man with 23 alternate personalities , in M. Night Shyamalan 's Split , for which he received critical acclaim , and later reprised the role for the sequel Glass ( 2019 ) . Since 2019 , he has played Lord Asriel Belacqua in the BBC/HBO fantasy series His Dark Materials ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rupert Everett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rupert_Everett', 'summary': "Rupert James Hector Everett ( /ˈɛvərɪt/ ; born 29 May 1959 ) is an English actor , writer and singer . He first came to public attention in 1981 , when he was cast in Julian Mitchell 's play and subsequent film Another Country ( 1984 ) as a gay pupil at an English public school in the 1930s ; the role earned him his first BAFTA Award nomination . He went on to receive a second BAFTA Award nomination and his first Golden Globe Award nomination for his role in My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) , followed by a second Golden Globe nomination for An Ideal Husband ( 1999 ) . Everett has performed in many other prominent films , including The Madness of King George ( 1994 ) , Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) , The Next Best Thing ( 2000 ) , The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) , Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) , Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Stardust ( 2007 ) , Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) , Wild Target ( 2010 ) and Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Dujardin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Dujardin', 'summary': "Jean Edmond Dujardin ( French pronunciation : [ ʒɑ̃ ɛdmɔ̃ dyʒaʁdɛ̃ ] ( listen ) ; born 19 June 1972 ) is a French actor , comedian , humorist and television director . He began his career as a stand-up comedian in Paris before guest starring in comedic television programmes and films . He first came to prominence with the cult TV series Un gars , une fille , in which he starred alongside his lover Alexandra Lamy , before gaining success in film with movies such as Brice de Nice , Michel Hazanavicius 's OSS 117 : Cairo , Nest of Spies and its sequel OSS 117 : Lost in Rio , as well as 99 Francs . Dujardin garnered international fame and widespread acclaim with his performance of George Valentin in the 2011 award-winning silent movie The Artist . The role won him numerous awards , including the Academy Award for Best Actor ( the first for a French actor ) , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role and the Cannes Film Festival Best Actor . He later appeared in Martin Scorsese 's 2013 black comedy The Wolf of Wall Street and George Clooney 's 2014 historical drama , The Monuments Men ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners and nominees -- Most wins by actor', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'European_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor_0', 'intro': 'The European Film Award for Best Actor is an award given out at the annual European Film Awards to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film industry. The awards are presented by the European Film Academy (EFA) and was first presented in 1988.'} | null | null | What are the number of awards of the actor who is considered one of France 's most respected actors ? | 2 |
06babd499e02d8e0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Kappa_Psi_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Kappa Psi brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Initiation year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Joseph W. Barr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr', 'summary': "Joseph Walker Barr ( January 17 , 1918 - February 23 , 1996 ) was an American businessman and politician from Indiana . He served one term in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Secretary of the Treasury from December 21 , 1968 until January 20 , 1969 , in President Lyndon B. Johnson 's cabinet . He was a member of the Democratic Party"}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePauw_University', 'summary': 'DePauw University in Greencastle , Indiana , is a private liberal arts college with an enrollment of 1,972 students . The school has a Methodist heritage and was originally known as Indiana Asbury University . DePauw is a member of both the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference . The Society of Professional Journalists was founded at DePauw .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1968-1969 ) ; Undersecretary of the Treasury ( 1965-1968 ) ; Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Chairman ( 1963-1965 ) ; U.S. Representative from Indiana ( 1959-1961 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury', 'summary': "The secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury which is concerned with all financial and monetary matters relating to the federal government , and , until 2003 , also included several major federal law enforcement agencies . This position in the federal government of the United States is analogous to the minister of finance in many other countries . The secretary of the treasury is a member of the president 's Cabinet , and is nominated by the president of the United States . Nominees for secretary of the treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being voted on by the United States Senate . The secretary of the treasury , the secretary of state , the attorney general , and the secretary of defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance of their departments . The secretary of the treasury is a non-statutory member of the U.S. National Security Council and fifth in the United States presidential line of succession ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Treasury', 'summary': "The Deputy Secretary of the Treasury , in the United States government , advises and assists the Secretary of the Treasury in the supervision and direction of the Department of the Treasury and its activities , and succeeds the secretary in his absence , sickness , or unavailability . The deputy secretary plays a primary role in the formulation and execution of Treasury policies and programs in all aspects of the department 's activities . In addition , the deputy secretary is the only official other than the secretary who can sign a Treasury Order , which is a document that delegates authority residing in the secretary or deputy secretary to another Treasury official , establishes Treasury policy , and establishes the reporting relationships and supervision of officials . Former Deputy Secretaries include Roger Altman , Lawrence Summers , Stuart E. Eizenstat , Kenneth W. Dam , and Samuel Bodman . The office of deputy secretary is the successor of the Under Secretary of the Treasury , the former chief deputy to the secretary . Today , several officials hold the title of Under Secretary of the Treasury . Among those who served as under secretary when it was the number-two position in the department include Dean Acheson , Henry Morgenthau Jr. , John W. Hanes II , and O. Max Gardner ( 1946-47 ) . The current Deputy Secretary is Justin Muzinich . President Donald Trump announced his nomination of Muzinich on March 13 , 2018 . The nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on a vote of 55-44 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation', 'summary': "The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) is one of two agencies that provide deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. depository institutions , the other being the National Credit Union Administration , which regulates and insures credit unions . The FDIC is a United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings banks . The FDIC was created by the 1933 Banking Act , enacted during the Great Depression to restore trust in the American banking system . More than one-third of banks failed in the years before the FDIC 's creation , and bank runs were common . The insurance limit was initially US $ 2,500 per ownership category , and this was increased several times over the years . Since the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2011 , the FDIC insures deposits in member banks up to US $ 250,000 per ownership category . The FDIC and its reserves are not funded by public funds ; member banks ' insurance dues are the FDIC 's primary source of funding . The FDIC also has a US $ 100 billion line of credit with the United States Department of the Treasury . As of September 2019 [ update ] , the FDIC provided deposit insurance at 5,256 institutions . The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness , performs certain consumer-protection functions , and manages receiverships of failed banks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Indiana', 'summary': "These are tables of congressional delegations from Indiana to the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate . Since its statehood in 1816 , the U.S. state of Indiana has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives . Each state elects two Senators statewide to serve for six years , and their elections are staggered to be held in two of every three even-numbered years - Indiana 's Senate election years are to Classes I and III . Before the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , Senators were elected by the Indiana General Assembly . Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms , one from each of Indiana 's nine congressional districts . Before becoming a state , the Indiana Territory elected delegates at-large and sent three to Congress , but the territorial delegates were restricted from voting on legislation . The longest-serving of any of Indiana 's Congressmen is Senator Richard Lugar , serving from 1977 to 2013 . The longest-serving House member is Lee H. Hamilton , who served from 1965 to 1999 . There have been 346 people who have represented Indiana in Congress : 320 in the House , 27 in the Senate , and 18 in both houses , with an average term of seven years . Indiana has elected seven women and three African Americans to Congress ."}]}, {'value': 'John T. Connor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_T._Connor', 'summary': 'John Thomas Jack Connor ( November 3 , 1914 - October 6 , 2000 ) was an American government official and businessman . He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from January 18 , 1965 to January 31 , 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse_University', 'summary': "Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1965-1967 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce', 'summary': "The United States Secretary of Commerce ( SecCom ) is the head of the United States Department of Commerce . The secretary is appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate and serves in the president 's Cabinet . The secretary is concerned with promoting American businesses and industries ; the department states its mission to be to foster , promote , and develop the foreign and domestic commerce . Until 1913 , there was one secretary of commerce and labor , uniting this department with the Department of Labor , which is now headed by a separate secretary of labor . The current commerce secretary is Wilbur Ross , who was nominated by President Donald Trump and approved by the Senate on February 28 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'J. Edward Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Edward_Day', 'summary': 'James Edward Day ( October 11 , 1914 - October 29 , 1996 ) was an American lawyer and business executive , most widely known as the United States Postmaster General under whose leadership the ZIP code was introduced .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Chicago', 'summary': "The University of Chicago ( UChicago , U of C , or Chicago ) is a private research university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded in 1890 , the school is located on a 217-acre ( 88-hectare ) campus in Chicago 's Hyde Park neighborhood , near Lake Michigan . The University of Chicago holds top positions in various national and international rankings . The university is composed of the undergraduate college as well as various graduate programs and interdisciplinary committees organized into five academic research divisions . Beyond the arts and sciences , Chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the Pritzker School of Medicine , the Booth School of Business , the Law School , the School of Social Service Administration , the Harris School of Public Policy Studies , the Divinity School and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies , as well as the recently launched Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . The university has additional campuses and centers in London , Paris , Beijing , Delhi , and Hong Kong , as well as in downtown Chicago . University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines , including economics , law , literary criticism , mathematics , religion , sociology , and the behavioralism school of political science , establishing the Chicago schools in various fields . Chicago 's Metallurgical Laboratory produced the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Chicago Pile-1 beneath the viewing stands of the university 's Stagg Field . The university research efforts include administration of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory , as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory . The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press , the largest university press in the United States . The Barack Obama Presidential Center is expected to be housed at the university and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation . The university is also home to Frank Lloyd Wright 's Robie House , a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Postmaster General ( 1961-1963 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General', 'summary': 'The postmaster general of the United States is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service . Megan Brennan is the current postmaster general , having delayed her original January 31 , 2020 retirement . Appointed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service select the postmaster general and deputy postmaster general , who then join the board .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Filip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Filip', 'summary': 'Mark Robert Filip ( born June 1 , 1966 ) is an American lawyer specializing in class action and white collar criminal and regulatory defense . Formerly a partner at Skadden , Arps , he currently practices in the Washington , D.C. office of Kirkland and Ellis . From 2004 until 2008 , Filip served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois . As the George W. Bush administration ended , Filip served as Deputy Attorney General of the United States , and as the Barack Obama administration began he briefly served as Acting Attorney General ( from January 20 , 2009 to February 3 , 2009 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana–Champaign', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acting United States Attorney General ( 2009 ) ; United States Deputy Attorney General ( 2008-2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General', 'summary': 'The United States Attorney General ( AG ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice , the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States , and a member of the Cabinet of the United States . Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution , the officeholder is nominated by the President of the United States and appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The Attorney General is supported by the Office of the Attorney General , which includes executive staff and several deputies . The 85th and current United States Attorney General is William Barr , appointed by President Donald J. Trump .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General', 'summary': 'The United States Deputy Attorney General is the second highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice and oversees the day-to-day operation of the Department . The Deputy Attorney General acts as Attorney General during the absence of the Attorney General . The Deputy Attorney General is a political appointee of the President of the United States and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate . The position was created in 1950 . Jeffrey A. Rosen has been serving as the Deputy Attorney General since May 22 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Hadley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Hadley', 'summary': "Stephen John Hadley ( born February 13 , 1947 ) was the 21st U.S. Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs ( commonly referred as National Security Advisor ) , serving under President George W. Bush during the second term of his administration . Hadley was Deputy National Security Advisor during Bush 's first term . Before that Hadley served in a variety of capacities in the defense and national security fields . He has also worked as a lawyer and consultant in private practice ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. National Security Advisor ( 2005-2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs ( APNSA ) , commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor ( NSA ) or at times informally termed the NSC Advisor , is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President , based at the West Wing of the White House , who serves as the chief in-house advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues . The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President and does not require confirmation by the Senate , but an appointment of a three or four-star general to the role requires Senate reconfirmation of military rank . The National Security Advisor participates in meetings of the National Security Council ( NSC ) and usually chairs meetings of the Principals Committee of the NSC with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense ( the meetings not attended by the President ) . The National Security Advisor is supported by NSC staff who produce research and briefings for the National Security Advisor to review and present , either to the National Security Council or directly to the President .'}]}, {'value': 'George A. Jenks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_A._Jenks', 'summary': 'George Augustus Jenks ( March 25 , 1836 - February 10 , 1908 ) was a politician from Pennsylvania and Solicitor General . Jenks was born in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania on March 25 , 1836 . He graduated from Jefferson College in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania ( now Washington & Jefferson College ) in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania , in 1858 . He was a member of Phi Kappa Psi . Two years later he married Mary A. Mabon , and they had one daughter , Emma Jenks ( 1862-1926 ) , who married Benjamin F. Shively . Jenks first worked as a lawyer before beginning a career as a judge and politician . He served as a Congressman for Pennsylvania from 1875 to 1877 , in the 44th Congress . He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Invalid Pensions during the Forty-fourth Congress . He was also one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1876 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against William W. Belknap , ex-Secretary of War . Following his tenure in Congress , Jenks was nominated by the Democrats for judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in 1880 . He was defeated by Henry Green , of Easton , PA . He was later selected as U.S. Assistant Secretary of Interior ; a position which he held from 1885 to 1886 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_&_Jefferson_College', 'summary': "Washington & Jefferson College ( W & J College or W & J ) is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies , with Jefferson College located in Canonsburg and Washington College located in Washington . The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The 60 acre ( 0.2 km2 ) campus has more than 40 buildings , with the oldest dating to 1793 . The college 's academic emphasis is on the liberal arts and the sciences , with a focus on preparing students for graduate and professional schools . Campus activities include various religious , political , and general interest clubs , as well as academic and professional-themed organizations . The college has a strong history of competing literary societies , dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges . Students operate a college radio station , a campus newspaper , and a literary journal . The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III . The football team has been particularly successful over its history , even competing in the 1922 Rose Bowl . A large majority of students participate in intramural athletics ."}]}, {'value': '1854', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Solicitor General ( 1886-1889 ) ; U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania ( 1875-1877 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General', 'summary': "The Solicitor General of the United States is the fourth-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice . The current Solicitor General , Noel Francisco , took office on September 19 , 2017 . The United States Solicitor General represents the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States . The Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court . In addition to supervising and conducting cases in which the government is a party , the office of the Solicitor General also files amicus curiae briefs in cases in which the federal government has a significant interest . The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party , and also argues in most of the cases in which the government has filed an amicus brief . In the federal courts of appeal , the Office of the Solicitor General reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court . The Solicitor General 's office also reviews cases decided against the United States in the federal district courts and approves every case in which the government files an appeal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the commonwealth of Pennsylvania . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state ( through the present day ) , see United States Congressional Delegations from Pennsylvania . The list of names should be complete ( as of January 5 , 2019 ) , but other data may be incomplete .'}]}, {'value': 'A. Mitchell Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Mitchell_Palmer', 'summary': 'Alexander Mitchell Palmer ( May 4 , 1872 - May 11 , 1936 ) , was United States Attorney General from 1919 to 1921 . He is best known for overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare of 1919-20 . After graduating from Swarthmore College , Palmer established a legal practice in Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania . He became a member of the Democratic Party and won election to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1909 to 1915 . He influenced the Revenue Act of 1913 , which lowered the tariff and implemented a federal income tax . Palmer sought election to the Senate in 1914 , but finished third behind incumbent Republican Boies Penrose and Progressive candidate Gifford Pinchot . During World War I , he served as Alien Property Custodian , taking charge of the seizure of enemy property . Palmer became Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 . In the aftermath of World War I , the nation experienced a strong reaction against Communists and anarchists known as the First Red Scare . An anarchist named Luigi Galleani conducted a series of bombings and attempted to assassinate Palmer and other prominent individuals . During the Red Summer of 1919 , the United States also experienced numerous race riots and labor tensions . In reaction to this domestic unrest , Palmer created the General Intelligence Unit and recruited J. Edgar Hoover to head the new organization .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swarthmore_College', 'summary': "Swarthmore College ( /ˈswɔːrθmɔːr/ , locally [ swɑθ- ] ) is a private liberal arts college in Swarthmore , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1864 , with its first classes being held in 1869 , Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States . It was established to be a college .under the care of Friends , at which an education may be obtained equal to that of the best institutions of learning in our country . By 1906 , Swarthmore had dropped its religious affiliation and became officially non-sectarian . Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium along with Bryn Mawr and Haverford College , a cooperative academic arrangement between the three schools . Swarthmore is also affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium , which allows for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions . Swarthmore offers over 600 courses a year in more than 40 areas of study , including an ABET accredited engineering program which culminates with a Bachelor of Science in engineering . Swarthmore has a variety of sporting teams with a total of 22 Division III Varsity Intercollegiate Sports Teams and competes in the Centennial Conference , a group of private colleges in Pennsylvania and Maryland . Despite the school 's small size , Swarthmore alumni have attained prominence in a broad range of fields . Graduates include five Nobel Prize winners ( as of 2016 , the third-highest number of Nobel Prize winners per graduate in the U.S. ) , 11 MacArthur Foundation fellows , 30 Rhodes Scholars , 27 Truman Scholars , 10 Marshall Scholars , 201 Fulbright Grantees , and many noteworthy figures in law , art , science , academia , business , politics , and other fields ."}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Attorney General ( 1919-1921 ) ; candidate for 1920 Democratic presidential nomination ; U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania ( 1909-1915 ) ; famous in American history for the post-World War I Palmer Raids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General', 'summary': 'The United States Attorney General ( AG ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice , the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States , and a member of the Cabinet of the United States . Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution , the officeholder is nominated by the President of the United States and appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The Attorney General is supported by the Office of the Attorney General , which includes executive staff and several deputies . The 85th and current United States Attorney General is William Barr , appointed by President Donald J. Trump .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the commonwealth of Pennsylvania . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state ( through the present day ) , see United States Congressional Delegations from Pennsylvania . The list of names should be complete ( as of January 5 , 2019 ) , but other data may be incomplete .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Palmer_Raids', 'summary': "The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted in November 1919 and January 1920 during the First Red Scare by the United States Department of Justice under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson to capture and arrest suspected leftists , mostly Italian and Eastern European immigrants and especially anarchists and communists , and deport them from the United States . The raids particularly targeted Italian immigrants and Eastern European Jewish immigrants with alleged leftist ties , with particular focus on Italian anarchists and immigrant leftist labor activists . The raids and arrests occurred under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer , with 3,000 arrested . Though 556 foreign citizens were deported , including a number of prominent leftist leaders , Palmer 's efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the U.S. Department of Labor , which had authority for deportations and objected to Palmer 's methods . The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the Red Scare , the fear of and reaction against communists in the U.S. in the years immediately following World War I and the Russian Revolution . There were strikes that garnered national attention , race riots in more than 30 cities , and two sets of bombings in April and June 1919 , including one bomb mailed to Palmer 's home ."}]}, {'value': 'James M. Ridenour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_M._Ridenour', 'summary': 'James Michael Ridenour ( born January 1 , 1942 ) was the director of the National Park Service . He served as director of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources for eight years before becoming NPS director in April 1989 . Director Rindenour was not willing to accept additions to the system simply for local economic development . He spoke out against the thinning of the blood of the system and sought to retain the initiative from Congress in charting its expansion . He favored alternatives to full federal acquisition of proposed parklands , stressed the importance of working with other government bodies and private entities to protect lands in and outside the system , and sought to achieve a greater financial return to the NPS from park concessions . He departed with the Bush administration in January 1993 . James Ridenour of West Lafayette was a Vietnam War veteran ; he served in the U.S. Army ( 1966-1969 ) as commander of a medical company in Denver , Colo. , as commander of a medical detachment in Vietnam ; and in Valley Forge , Pa. General Hospital , as chief of the Welfare and Recreation Branch .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePauw_University', 'summary': 'DePauw University in Greencastle , Indiana , is a private liberal arts college with an enrollment of 1,972 students . The school has a Methodist heritage and was originally known as Indiana Asbury University . DePauw is a member of both the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference . The Society of Professional Journalists was founded at DePauw .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director of the National Parks ( 1989-1993 ) ; Director of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources for eight years before becoming NPS director in April 1989 , Vietnam War veteran ; he served in the U.S. Army ( 1966-1969 ) ] ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Schurz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Schurz', 'summary': "Carl Christian Schurz ( German : [ ʃʊɐ̯ts ] ; March 2 , 1829 - May 14 , 1906 ) was a German revolutionary and an American statesman , journalist , and reformer . He emigrated to the United States after the German revolutions of 1848-49 and became a prominent member of the new Republican Party . After serving as a Union general in the American Civil War , he helped found the short-lived Liberal Republican Party and became a prominent advocate of civil service reform . Schurz represented Missouri in the United States Senate and was the 13th United States Secretary of the Interior . Born in the Kingdom of Prussia 's Rhine Province , Schurz fought for democratic reforms in the German revolutions of 1848-49 as a member of the academic fraternity association Deutsche Burschenschaft . After Prussia suppressed the revolution Schurz fled to France . When police forced him to leave France he migrated to London . Like many other Forty-Eighters , he then emigrated to the United States , settling in Watertown , Wisconsin , in 1852 . After being admitted to the Wisconsin bar , he established a legal practice in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . He also became a strong advocate for the anti-slavery movement and joined the newly organized Republican Party , unsuccessfully running for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin . After briefly representing the United States as Minister ( ambassador ) to Spain , Schurz served as a general in the American Civil War , fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg and other major battles . After the war , Schurz established a newspaper in St. Louis , Missouri , and won election to the U.S. Senate , becoming the first German-born American elected to that body ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Secretary of the Interior ( 1877-1881 ) ; U.S . Senator from Missouri ( 1869-1875 ) ; U.S. Minister to Spain ( 1861 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior', 'summary': "The United States secretary of the interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior . The Department of the Interior in the United States is responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land and natural resources ; it oversees such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management , the United States Geological Survey , and the National Park Service . The secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board . The secretary is a member of the president 's Cabinet . The U.S. Department of the Interior should not be confused with the Ministries of the Interior as used in many other countries . Ministries of the Interior in these other countries correspond primarily to the Department of Homeland Security in the U.S . Cabinet and secondarily to the Department of Justice . Because the policies and activities of the Department of the Interior and many of its agencies have a substantial impact in the Western United States , the Secretary of the Interior has typically come from a western state ; only three of the individuals to hold the office since 1949 have not been from a state lying west of the Mississippi River . The current interior secretary is David Bernhardt , who held the office in an acting capacity until April 2019 . He succeeded Ryan Zinke who resigned on January 2 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Missouri', 'summary': 'Missouri was admitted to the Union on August 10 , 1821 . Its current U.S. senators are Republicans Roy Blunt ( Class 3 , serving since 2011 ) and Josh Hawley ( Class 1 , serving since 2019 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain', 'summary': 'This is a list of United States ambassadors to Spain from 1779 to the present day .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Kappa_Psi_brothers_8', 'intro': "Phi Kappa Psi (ΦΚΨ), also called Phi Psi, is an American collegiate social fraternity founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania on February 19, 1852. There are over a hundred chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States. More than 112,000 men have been initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding, and many have achieved recognition in their field. Phi Psis in public service include U.S. President and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Woodrow Wilson, over a hundred members of Congress (including 18 senators and Speaker of the House Warren Keifer), three-term New York City Mayor and Bloomberg L.P. founder Mike Bloomberg, over a dozen state governors, two directors of the Peace Corps, and Wild Bill Donovan, the founding director of the Office of Strategic Services (the Central Intelligence Agency's predecessor) and recipient of the Medal of Honor and of the Freedom Award. Academian Phi Psis include over a dozen university presidents (among these are Priestley Medal recipient Edgar Fahs Smith, and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Detlev Bronk), Rhodes scholars, and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Frederick Jackson Turner. Amidst the Phi Psis who have served in the military are dozens of generals and admirals, including Father of the U.S. Air Force Billy Mitchell, World War I Army Chief of Staff Tasker Bliss, National Security Agency director Kenneth Minihan, and three Judge Advocate Generals. In the arts, Phi Psis have received Academy Awards, Emmys, Golden Globes, Grammys, and Tony Awards. Journalist Sy Hersh has won the Pulitzer Prize, Orwell Award and George Polk Award. Phi Psi businessmen include Bank of America founder Orra E. Monnette, Dow Chemical founder Herbert Dow, PIMCO founder Bill Gross, and Yahoo! founder Jerry Yang. Three Phi Psis have served as presidents of the American Bar Association. Sportsmen include Heisman Trophy winner Nile Kinnick, Olympic gold medalists including 7-time gold swimmer Mark Spitz, Father of College Basketball Coaching Phog Allen, NFL visionary Tex Schramm, and Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick."} | null | null | What was the original chapter of the Phi Kappa Psi brother who was the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs ? | New York Alpha |
06bb50b2a865ee40 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSI_Tampa_Bay_FC', 'title': 'VSI Tampa Bay FC', 'header': ['No', 'Position', 'Player', 'Nation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alex Horwath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Horwath', 'summary': 'Alexander Horwath ( born March 27 , 1987 ) is a retired American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamie McGuinness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_McGuinness', 'summary': 'Jamie McGuinness ( born 5 May 1990 ) is an English footballer who plays as a defender and is currently without a team .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Bitielo Jean Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bitielo_Jean_Jacques', 'summary': 'Bitielo Jean Jacques ( born 28 December 1990 in Port-au-Prince , Haiti ) is a Haitian footballer who plays for Central Florida Panthers SC in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Neto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Neto', 'summary': 'Antonio De Santana Portugal Neto ( born 7 December 1989 in Bahia ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder for VSI Tampa Bay FC in the USL Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Troy Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Cole', 'summary': 'Troy Cole ( born April 11 , 1986 in Laguna Hills , California ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Wilmington Hammerheads .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Hoffer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Hoffer', 'summary': 'Kyle Alexander Hoffer ( born October 26 , 1989 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Dos Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_dos_Santos_(footballer,_born_1991)', 'summary': 'Douglas Gonçalves dos Santos ( born 2 February 1991 in Arapiraca ) is a Brazilian footballer who last played as a midfielder for VSI Tampa Bay FC in the USL Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Freitas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Freitas_(footballer,_born_1988)', 'summary': 'Alex Freitas ( born 14 November 1988 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defender for VSI Tampa Bay FC in the USL Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Andriy Budnyi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andriy_Budnyi', 'summary': 'Andriy Budnyi ( born 20 September 1982 ) is a Ukrainian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Karamba Janneh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karamba_Janneh', 'summary': 'Karamba Janneh ( born October 10 , 1989 in Banjul , The Gambia ) is a Gambian footballer who last played for FA Euro in the USL League 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gambia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gambia', 'summary': "The Gambia ( /ˈɡæmbiə/ ( listen ) ; Mandinka : Kambiya ; Wolof : Gámbi ) , officially the Republic of The Gambia , is a country in Western Africa that is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal with the exception of its western coastline along the Atlantic Ocean . It is the smallest country within mainland Africa . The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River , the nation 's namesake , which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean . It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres ( 4,127 sq mi ) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census . Banjul is the Gambian capital and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama . The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade , which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River , first by the Portuguese , during which era it was known as A Gâmbia . Later , on 25 May 1765 , The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire when the government formally assumed control , establishing the Province of Senegambia . In 1965 , The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara , who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup . Adama Barrow became The Gambia 's third president in January 2017 , after defeating Jammeh in the December 2016 elections . Jammeh initially accepted the results , then refused to accept them , which triggered a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States , resulting in his exile . The Gambia 's economy is dominated by farming , fishing and , especially , tourism . In 2015 , 48.6% of the population lived in poverty ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Donatelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Donatelli', 'summary': 'Anthony Tony Donatelli ( born June 7 , 1984 in Glenside , Pennsylvania ) is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder for the Baltimore Blast of the Major Arena Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Silva', 'summary': 'Christian Silva ( born August 2 , 1989 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Sébastien Thurière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Thurière', 'summary': 'Sébastien Thurière ( born January 6 , 1990 ) is a Haitian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Penang in Malaysia Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Dixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Dixon_(footballer,_born_1990)', 'summary': 'Richard Dixon ( born 23 February 1990 ) is a Jamaican footballer who plays as a defender for Chattanooga FC in the National Independent Soccer Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Darren Toby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darren_Toby', 'summary': 'Darren Toby ( born January 18 , 1982 in Lowlands ) is a Trinidadian footballer who currently plays for Utica City FC in the Major Arena Soccer League and Rochester Lancers in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominic Cutrofello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'J. T. Noone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._T._Noone', 'summary': 'Joseph J. T. Noone ( born July 17 , 1988 in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ) is an American soccer player currently playing for the Baltimore Blast in the Major Indoor Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Sean Reynolds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Reynolds_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Sean Reynolds ( born 11 April 1990 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeremy Crumpton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Shawn Chin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Chin', 'summary': 'Shawn Chin ( born May 11 , 1989 ) is an American professional soccer player currently playing for Miami FC in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Final roster', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'VSI_Tampa_Bay_FC_0', 'intro': "VSI Tampa Bay FC was an American soccer team based in Plant City, Florida. They played in USL Pro, the third tier of the American soccer pyramid, in the 2013 season. VSI Tampa Bay FC were owned by VisionPro Sports Institute and were affiliated with a women's team in the W-League, an amateur team in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), and a youth team in the Super-20 League. All the teams folded in 2013."} | null | null | What team does the defender from Brazil play for ? | VSI Tampa Bay FC |
06bba570914cb94b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Medicine_Hat', 'title': 'Media in Medicine Hat', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner', 'Language/Rebroadcast'], 'data': [{'value': 'FM 93.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJLT-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJLT-FM', 'summary': "CJLT-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 93.7 FM in Medicine Hat , Alberta . The station is owned by Vista Radio and broadcasts a Christian music format branded as 93.7 Praise FM . The station originally began broadcasting in 2003 as an LPFM on 99.5 FM , then in 2007 received CRTC approval to move to operate as a high powered station at 93.7 FM . On April 5 , 2011 , the station applied to the CRTC to change CJLT-FM 's frequency from 93.7 MHz to 103.3 MHz , as well as increase their power to 58,000 watts ; furthermore , they also requested to rescind their specialty format status , which would enable them to switch to a soft adult contemporary format . However , the CRTC rejected the proposal , citing that allowing the change would have an undue impact on the revenue of other commercial stations in the market , and reduce the diversity of content . On October 4 , 2012 , it was announced that Vista Radio had acquired 93.7 FM from Lighthouse Broadcasting Ltd. On October 15 , 2012 , at 7am , Vista Radio re-launched Power 93.7 as 93.7 Praise FM , with Jeff Michaels & Warren Affleck on Mornings , Beth Warden and Today 's Family middays , and Warren Osmond on Afternoon drive . In December 2017 , the CRTC again denied an application by Vista Radio to remove the conditions requiring CJLT to broadcast Christian music ( with an intent to flip the station to an indie pop format ) , under most of the same objections as the previous attempt ."}]}, {'value': '93.7 Praise FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contemporary Christian music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music', 'summary': "Contemporary Christian music ( or CCM - and occasionally inspirational music ) is a genre of modern popular music which is lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith . It formed as those affected by the 1960s Jesus movement revival began to express themselves in a more contemporary style of music than the hymns , Gospel and Southern gospel music that was prevalent in the church at the time . Today , the term is typically used to refer to pop , rock , or praise & worship styles . It has representation on several music charts including Billboard 's Christian Albums , Christian Songs , Hot Christian AC ( Adult Contemporary ) , Christian CHR , Soft AC/Inspirational , and Christian Digital Songs as well as the UK 's Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart . Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200 . In the iTunes Store , the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre while the Google Play Music system labels it as Christian/Gospel ."}]}, {'value': 'Vista Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vista_Radio', 'summary': 'Vista Radio Ltd. ( also formerly known as Vista Broadcast Group ) is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . The company only owned stations in British Columbia until 2007 , when it expanded outside the province by acquiring an existing station in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories and launching a new one in Grande Prairie , Alberta . It has since also expanded into Ontario , with the acquisition of Haliburton Broadcasting Group in 2012 . Vista Radio was founded by Paul Mann , Jason Mann , Margot Micallef , Barb Fairclough and Bryan Edwards in 2004 . On April 23 , 2012 , Vista announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting Group , a broadcast group with 24 stations in small or mid-sized markets in Ontario , in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital . The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 19 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 94.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHAT-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHAT-FM', 'summary': 'CHAT-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a country music radio format at 94.5 FM in Medicine Hat , Alberta . The station is owned by the Jim Pattison Group . The station originally began broadcasting as an AM station in 1946 at 1270 AM , where it remained until the station moved to 94.5 FM in 2006 . The station rebroadcasts on 104.5 CKUD-FM in the Maple Creek , Saskatchewan area . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'CHAT 94.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'country music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Pattison Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group', 'summary': "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 96.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFMY-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFMY-FM', 'summary': 'CFMY-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format at 96.1 FM in Medicine Hat , Alberta . The station is branded as My96 FM and is owned by the Jim Pattison Group .'}]}, {'value': 'My 96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Pattison Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group', 'summary': "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 97.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKUA-FM-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKUA-FM', 'summary': "The CKUA Radio Network is a Canadian donor-funded community radio network based in Edmonton , Alberta . Originally located on the campus of the University of Alberta in Edmonton ( hence the UA of the call letters ) , it was the first public broadcaster in Canada . It now broadcasts from studios in downtown Edmonton , and as of fall 2016 has added a studio in Calgary 's National Music Centre . CKUA 's primary station is CKUA-FM located on 94.9 FM in Edmonton , and the station operates fifteen rebroadcasters to serve the remainder of the province ."}]}, {'value': 'CKUA Radio Network', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'public broadcasting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'CKUA Radio Foundation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English , rebroadcasts CKUA-FM Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKUA-FM', 'summary': "The CKUA Radio Network is a Canadian donor-funded community radio network based in Edmonton , Alberta . Originally located on the campus of the University of Alberta in Edmonton ( hence the UA of the call letters ) , it was the first public broadcaster in Canada . It now broadcasts from studios in downtown Edmonton , and as of fall 2016 has added a studio in Calgary 's National Music Centre . CKUA 's primary station is CKUA-FM located on 94.9 FM in Edmonton , and the station operates fifteen rebroadcasters to serve the remainder of the province ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edmonton', 'summary': "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 98.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBRM-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBR_(AM)', 'summary': "CBR is a Canadian clear-channel radio station , broadcasting at 1010 kHz ( AM ) in Calgary , Alberta . It broadcasts the programming of the CBC Radio One network . CBR 's studios are located on Westmount Boulevard Northwest just west of downtown Calgary , while its transmitters are located in Southeast Calgary . CBR 's daytime signal covers most of the southern two-thirds of Alberta . It can be heard at city-grade strength from Red Deer to Lethbridge , and provides secondary coverage as far as Edmonton to the north and several counties on the Montana-Alberta border to the south . At night , it covers most of western North America . As of spring 2013 , CBR was the second most listened-to radio station , the most listened-to AM radio station , in the Calgary market ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'English , rebroadcasts CBR Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 100.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHFA-FM-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHFA_(AM)', 'summary': "CHFA-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts the programming of Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network in Edmonton , Alberta . The station was launched in 1949 by a local non-profit consortium to bring French radio service to Edmonton , and was directly acquired by the network in 1974 . The station serves the entire province of Alberta from its studios in Edmonton , although it also maintains a smaller bureau in Calgary . For most of its history , the station broadcast at 680 AM . On January 20 , 2012 , it was announced that Radio-Canada planned to close down CHFA 's AM transmitter at 680 , with its nested FM repeater in Edmonton , CHFA-10-FM at 101.1 MHz , swapping places with the much-stronger Espace musique station CBCX-FM-1 at 90.1 MHz . This application was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on June 22 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'French ; rebroadcasts CHFA Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 102.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJCY-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJCY-FM', 'summary': 'CJCY-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 102.1 FM in Medicine Hat , Alberta and broadcasts throughout South-eastern Alberta and South-western Saskatchewan . Owned by Rogers Media , the station broadcasts a classic hits format branded as Classic Hits 102.1 CJCY .'}]}, {'value': 'Classic Hits 102.1 CJCY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_hits', 'summary': "Classic hits is a radio format which generally includes songs from the top 40 music charts from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s , with music from the 1980s serving as the core of the format . Music that was popularized by MTV in the early 1980s and the nostalgia behind it is a major driver to the format . It is considered the successor to the oldies format , a collection of top 40 songs from the late 1950s through the late 1970s that was once extremely popular in the United States . The term is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for the adult hits format , which uses a slightly newer music library stretching from all decades to the present with a major focus on 1990s and 2000s rock and alternative songs . In addition , adult hits stations tend to have larger playlists , playing a given song only a few times per week , compared to the tighter libraries on classic hits stations . For example , KRTH , a classic hits station in Los Angeles , plays power songs up to 30 times a week , which is another differentiator compared to other formats that share songs with classic hits libraries . The classic hits format has become extremely popular in the last few years with stations like KRTH , WCBS-FM in New York , and WLS-FM in Chicago having successful ratings with this model . Classic hits was named format of the summer of 2018 by Nielsen Audio 's research team emphasizing the huge popularity of the format . In addition , the Millennial generation is listening to this format in record numbers , according to a Nielsen report . As of December 2019 there are now over 1,100 classic hits stations in the United States , the largest amount in format history ."}]}, {'value': 'Clear Sky Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clear_Sky_Radio', 'summary': 'Clear Sky Radio was a Canadian broadcasting company that owned radio stations in Alberta and British Columbia . The company , headquartered in Lethbridge , Alberta , was incorporated in 2006 after it was granted its first radio license . In January 2018 , Clear Sky sold CJCY-FM in Medicine Hat to Rogers Media , and the yet-to-have-launched CKOV-FM in Strathmore to Golden West Broadcasting . In December 2018 , it was announced Vista Radio would purchase the remaining Clear Sky Radio stations .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 105.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKMH-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKMH-FM', 'summary': 'CKMH-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts an active rock format at 105.3 FM in Medicine Hat , Alberta . The station is branded as 105.3 Rock and is currently owned by Rogers Communications . The station was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in 2007 . After beginning on-air testing on January 29 , 2008 , CKMH signed on February 25 , 2008 at 1:05:30 PM .'}]}, {'value': 'Rock 105.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Media', 'summary': "Rogers Media Inc. is a subsidiary of Rogers Communications that owns Canada 's largest publishing company , Rogers Publishing Limited , which has more than 70 consumer and business publications . Rogers Media also owns 52 radio stations and several television properties , including terrestrial television stations and cable television channels ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Media_in_Medicine_Hat_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of media in Medicine Hat, Alberta.'} | null | null | The owner company of FM 93.7 began expanding outside of British Columbia in what year ? | 2007 |
06bc4968bf25bccd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World', 'title': 'Miss World', 'header': ['Year', 'Hosts', 'Artists'], 'data': [{'value': '1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1951', 'summary': 'Miss World 1951 , the first Miss World pageant , was held on 29 July 1951 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . The contest was originally intended to be a one-off event connected with the Festival of Britain . A total of 26 contestants competed for the inaugural Miss World title ; while the names of 16 contestants are archived , there is no information on the remaining 10 contestants who represented Britain . The winner was Kiki Håkansson from Sweden . She wore a bikini when being crowned , the only winner to ever do so .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1952', 'summary': 'Miss World 1952 , the second edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 14 November 1952 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 11 contestants competed for the crown . Kiki Håkansson of Sweden crowned her successor May-Louise Flodin of Sweden . It was the first back to back victories in Miss World . During this crowning moment , Flodin awarded a trophy and a bouquet . There are no official crown and sash during this time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1953', 'summary': 'Miss World 1953 , the 3rd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 19 October 1953 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 15 contestants competed for the crown . May-Louise Flodin of Sweden crowned her successor Denise Perrier of France . At this ceremony , Perrier was given an official sash , bouquet and trophy , making the first Miss World winner to wear a Miss World sash , sponsored by Mecca Dancing in 1953 . The second runner up Marina Papaelia from Egypt was screaming when she was announced third place .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1954', 'summary': 'Miss World 1954 , the 4th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 18 October 1954 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 17 contestants competed for the crown . Denise Perrier of France crowned her successor Antigone Costanda of Egypt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1955', 'summary': "Miss World 1955 , the 5th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 20 October 1955 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 21 contestants competed for the crown . Eunice Gayson crowned Susana Duijm of Venezuela as the new Miss World . The previous year 's Miss World , Antigone Costanda of Egypt , did not attend because of hostilities between Egypt and United Kingdom over Suez Canal . That was the first time Venezuela won the title of Miss World . This was the first time that a winner had been crowned with the crown on her head . Duijm also placed Top 15 in Miss Universe 1955 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1956', 'summary': "Miss World 1956 , the sixth edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 15 October 1956 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 24 contestants competed for the Miss World . The winner was Petra Schürmann , who represented Germany . She was crowned by Miss World 1955 , Susana Duijm of Venezuela . The announcement of the winner was marked by a moment of confusion . The United States representative , Miss USA 1956 first runner-up Betty Lane Cherry , was given the winner 's sash to wear just before the ceremony , and briefly it was reported that she was the winner . She ultimately was named as the first runner-up , commenting to the press that two seconds do n't make one first ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1957', 'summary': 'Miss World 1957 , the seventh edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 14 October 1957 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 23 contestants competed for the Miss World crown . The winner was Marita Lindahl , represented Finland . She was crowned by Miss World 1956 , Petra Schürmann of Germany .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1958', 'summary': 'Miss World 1958 , the eighth edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 13 October 1958 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 22 contestants competed for the Miss World . The winner was Penelope Anne Coelen , who represented South Africa . She was crowned by Miss World 1957 , Marita Lindahl of Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Morley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Morley', 'summary': 'Eric Douglas Morley ( 26 September 1918 - 9 November 2000 ) was a British TV host and the founder of the Miss World pageant and Come Dancing TV programme . His widow , Julia Morley , is now head of the pageant and his son Steve Douglas is one of its presenters .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1959', 'summary': 'Miss World 1959 , the ninth edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 10 November 1959 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom and was the first to be televised by the BBC . 37 contestants competed for the Miss World . The winner was Corine Rottschäfer , represented Holland . She was crowned by Miss World 1958 , Penelope Anne Coelen of South Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Hope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Hope', 'summary': "Bob Hope , KBE ( born Leslie Townes Hope ; May 29 , 1903 - July 27 , 2003 ) was an English-American stand-up comedian , vaudevillian , actor , singer , dancer , athlete , and author . With a career that spanned nearly 80 years , Hope appeared in more than 70 short and feature films , with 54 feature films with Hope as star , including a series of seven Road musical comedy movies with Bing Crosby as Hope 's top-billed partner . In addition to hosting the Academy Awards show 19 times , more than any other host , he appeared in many stage productions and television roles , and was the author of 14 books . The song Thanks for the Memory was his signature tune . Hope was born in the Eltham district of southeast London , UK , arrived in the United States of America with his family at the age of four , and grew up in the Cleveland , Ohio , area . After a brief career as a boxer in the late 1910s , he began his career in show business in the early 1920s , initially as a comedian and dancer on the vaudeville circuit , before acting on Broadway . Hope began appearing on radio and in films starting in 1934 . He was praised for his comedic timing , specializing in one-liners and rapid-fire delivery of jokes which often were self-deprecating . He helped establish modern American stand-up comedy . Celebrated for his long career performing in United Service Organizations ( USO ) shows to entertain active duty American military personnel , making 57 tours for the USO between 1941 and 1991 , Hope was declared an honorary veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces in 1997 by an act of the United States Congress . He appeared in numerous specials for NBC television starting in 1950 , and was one of the first users of cue cards . Hope participated in the sports of golf and boxing and owned a small stake in his hometown baseball team , the Cleveland Indians ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1960', 'summary': 'Miss World 1960 , the tenth edition Miss World pageant , was held on 8 November 1960 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . 39 contestants competed for the Miss World . The winner was Norma Cappagli , representing Argentina . She was crowned by Miss World 1959 , Corine Rottschäfer of Holland .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Hope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Hope', 'summary': "Bob Hope , KBE ( born Leslie Townes Hope ; May 29 , 1903 - July 27 , 2003 ) was an English-American stand-up comedian , vaudevillian , actor , singer , dancer , athlete , and author . With a career that spanned nearly 80 years , Hope appeared in more than 70 short and feature films , with 54 feature films with Hope as star , including a series of seven Road musical comedy movies with Bing Crosby as Hope 's top-billed partner . In addition to hosting the Academy Awards show 19 times , more than any other host , he appeared in many stage productions and television roles , and was the author of 14 books . The song Thanks for the Memory was his signature tune . Hope was born in the Eltham district of southeast London , UK , arrived in the United States of America with his family at the age of four , and grew up in the Cleveland , Ohio , area . After a brief career as a boxer in the late 1910s , he began his career in show business in the early 1920s , initially as a comedian and dancer on the vaudeville circuit , before acting on Broadway . Hope began appearing on radio and in films starting in 1934 . He was praised for his comedic timing , specializing in one-liners and rapid-fire delivery of jokes which often were self-deprecating . He helped establish modern American stand-up comedy . Celebrated for his long career performing in United Service Organizations ( USO ) shows to entertain active duty American military personnel , making 57 tours for the USO between 1941 and 1991 , Hope was declared an honorary veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces in 1997 by an act of the United States Congress . He appeared in numerous specials for NBC television starting in 1950 , and was one of the first users of cue cards . Hope participated in the sports of golf and boxing and owned a small stake in his hometown baseball team , the Cleveland Indians ."}]}, {'value': 'Herald Trumpeters of the Royal Artillery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Artillery', 'summary': "The Royal Regiment of Artillery , commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery ( RA ) and colloquially known as The Gunners , is the artillery arm of the British Army . The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises thirteen Regular Army regiments , King 's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and five Army Reserve regiments ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1961', 'summary': 'Miss World 1961 , the 11th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 9 November 1961 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . The winner was Rosemarie Frankland of United Kingdom . She was crowned by Bob Hope . Frankland also was a first runner-up at Miss Universe 1961 , representing Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Aspel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Aspel', 'summary': 'Michael Terence Aspel OBE ( born 12 January 1933 ) is an English television presenter on programmes such as Crackerjack , Aspel & Company , Give Us A Clue , This is Your Life , Strange but True ? and Antiques Roadshow .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Hope', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962 , 1963 , 1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1962', 'summary': 'Miss World 1962 , the 12th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 8 November 1962 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . The winner was Catharina Lodders of Holland . She was crowned by Miss World 1961 , Rosemarie Frankland of United Kingdom . Lodders was the second woman from Holland to win Miss World title after Corine Rottschäfer in 1959 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1963', 'summary': 'Miss World 1963 , the 13th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 7 November 1963 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , United Kingdom . The winner was Carole Crawford of Jamaica . She was crowned by Miss World 1962 , Catharina Lodders of Holland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1964', 'summary': 'Miss World 1964 , the 14th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 12 November 1964 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , UK . The winner was Ann Sidney of United Kingdom . She was crowned by Miss World 1963 , Carole Joan Crawford of Jamaica .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Aspel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1965', 'summary': 'Miss World 1965 , the 15th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 19 November 1965 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , UK . The winner was Lesley Langley of the United Kingdom . She was crowned by Miss World 1964 , Ann Sidney of United Kingdom . The UK became the second country to win the contest two years in succession . The first country to achieve this was Sweden when winning in 1951 and 1952 .'}]}, {'value': 'David Jacobs , Michael Aspel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Jacobs_(broadcaster)', 'summary': 'David Lewis Jacobs , CBE ( 19 May 1926 - 2 September 2013 ) was a British broadcaster perhaps best known as presenter of the BBC Television 1960s peak-time show Juke Box Jury , and as chairman of the long-running BBC Radio 4 topical forum Any Questions ? Earlier radio work included small acting parts : over the years he played himself or presenter characters in film , television and radio productions . Jacobs finally stepped down as a BBC Radio 2 presenter shortly before his death , his career having spanned more than 65 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Aspel', 'summary': 'Michael Terence Aspel OBE ( born 12 January 1933 ) is an English television presenter on programmes such as Crackerjack , Aspel & Company , Give Us A Clue , This is Your Life , Strange but True ? and Antiques Roadshow .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronnie Carroll , Lionel Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronnie_Carroll', 'summary': 'Ronnie Carroll ( born Ronald Cleghorn ; 18 August 1934 - 13 April 2015 ) was a Northern Irish singer , entertainer and political candidate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Blair', 'summary': 'Lionel Blair ( born Henry Lionel Ogus ) [ failed verification ] is a British actor , choreographer , tap dancer and television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1966', 'summary': 'Miss World 1966 , the 16th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 17 November 1966 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , UK . The winner was Reita Faria of India , first Asian delegate to win Miss World title . She was crowned by Miss World 1965 , Lesley Langley of United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter West , Michael Aspel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_West', 'summary': "Peter Anthony West ( 12 August 1920 - 2 September 2003 ) was a BBC presenter and sports commentator best known for his work on the corporation 's cricket , tennis and rugby coverage as well as occasionally commentating on hockey . Throughout his television career he remained freelance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Aspel', 'summary': 'Michael Terence Aspel OBE ( born 12 January 1933 ) is an English television presenter on programmes such as Crackerjack , Aspel & Company , Give Us A Clue , This is Your Life , Strange but True ? and Antiques Roadshow .'}]}, {'value': 'The Three Monarchs , Mark Wynter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Wynter', 'summary': 'Mark Wynter ( born Terence Sidney Lewis ; 29 January 1943 ) is an English actor and former singer , who had four Top 20 singles in the 1960s , including Venus in Blue Jeans and Go Away Little Girl . He enjoyed a lengthy career from 1960 to 1968 as a pop singer and teen idol , but developed later into an actor in film , musicals and plays .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1967', 'summary': 'Miss World 1967 , the 17th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 16 November 1967 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , UK . 54 contestants competed for the Miss World . The winner was Madeline Hartog-Bel represented Peru . She was crowned by Miss World 1966 , Reita Faria of India . Bell was a semi-finalist of Miss Universe 1966 represented Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Simon Dee , Michael Aspel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Dee', 'summary': 'Cyril Nicholas Henty-Dodd ( 28 July 1935 - 29 August 2009 ) , better known by his stage name Simon Dee , was a British television interviewer and radio disc jockey who hosted a twice-weekly BBC TV chat show , Dee Time , in the late 1960s . After moving to London Weekend Television ( LWT ) in 1970 , he was dropped and his career never recovered . He died of bone cancer in 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Aspel', 'summary': 'Michael Terence Aspel OBE ( born 12 January 1933 ) is an English television presenter on programmes such as Crackerjack , Aspel & Company , Give Us A Clue , This is Your Life , Strange but True ? and Antiques Roadshow .'}]}, {'value': 'Malcolm Roberts , Los Zafiros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_Roberts_(singer)', 'summary': 'Malcolm James Roberts ( 31 March 1944 - 7 February 2003 ) was an English traditional pop music singer , who enjoyed three hit singles from 1967 to 1969 in the UK Singles Chart , as well as an actor and musical theatre star .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Zafiros_(trio)', 'summary': 'The folk trio Los Zafiros were a band in the late 1960s and early 1970s who played traditional South American style music , although they actually originated in Spain . Their most notable performances were on British television variety shows of the period . They made several appearances on The Morecambe and Wise Show ( 1968-1971 ) and with Benny Hill . Their membership consisted of Alberto Martin ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Jose Paris ( lead vocal , guitar ) , Ricardo Ogando ( vocals , guitar ) and Pepe Pazos ( vocals , requinto guitar ) . In 1970 they released the LP The Romantic World of Los Zafiros released by RCA International .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1968', 'summary': 'Miss World 1968 , the 18th edition Miss World pageant , was held at the Lyceum Ballroom in London , UK on 14 November 1968 . 53 contestants competed for the crown . Madeline Hartog-Bel of Peru crowned her successor Penelope Plummer of Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Aspel , commentary by Keith Fordyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Aspel', 'summary': 'Michael Terence Aspel OBE ( born 12 January 1933 ) is an English television presenter on programmes such as Crackerjack , Aspel & Company , Give Us A Clue , This is Your Life , Strange but True ? and Antiques Roadshow .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Keith_Fordyce', 'summary': "Keith Fordyce ( 15 October 1928 - 15 March 2011 ) was an English disc jockey and presenter on British radio and television . He is most famous as the first presenter of ITV 's Ready Steady Go ! in 1963 , but was a stalwart of both BBC radio and Radio Luxembourg for many years ."}]}, {'value': 'Gene Pitney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Pitney', 'summary': "Gene Francis Alan Pitney ( February 17 , 1940 - April 5 , 2006 ) was an American singer-songwriter , musician , and sound engineer . Pitney charted 16 Top 40 hits in the United States , four in the Top 10 . In the United Kingdom he had 22 Top 40 hits , and 11 singles in the Top Ten . He also wrote the early 1960s hits Rubber Ball recorded by Bobby Vee , He 's a Rebel by the Crystals , and Hello Mary Lou by Ricky Nelson . In 2002 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1969', 'summary': 'Miss World 1969 , the 19th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held for the first time at the Royal Albert Hall on 27 November 1969 on BBC . 50 delegates vied for the crown won by Eva Rueber-Staier of Austria . She was crowned by actor Omar Sharif , not by Miss World 1968 winner Penelope Plummer of Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Aspel , Pete Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Aspel', 'summary': 'Michael Terence Aspel OBE ( born 12 January 1933 ) is an English television presenter on programmes such as Crackerjack , Aspel & Company , Give Us A Clue , This is Your Life , Strange but True ? and Antiques Roadshow .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pete_Murray_(DJ)', 'summary': 'Peter Murray James , OBE ( born 19 September 1925 ) , known professionally as Pete Murray , is a British radio and television presenter and a stage and screen actor . His broadcasting career spanned over 50 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Ifield , The Roy Budd Trio , Lionel Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ifield', 'summary': "Francis Edward Ifield OAM ( born 30 November 1937 , Coundon ) is an English-Australian country music singer and guitarist who often incorporated yodelling . After living in Australia , Ifield returned to the United Kingdom in November 1959 where he had four number-one hits on the UK Singles Chart with his cover versions of I Remember You ( May 1962 ) , Lovesick Blues ( December ) , The Wayward Wind ( March 1963 ) and Confessin ' That I Love You ( September ) . In 2003 , Ifield was inducted into the Australian Roll of Renown . Ifield was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame at the ARIA Music Awards of 2007 . In 1986 he contracted pneumonia , which resulted in removal of part of a lung and damage to his vocal cords . He relocated to Sydney in 1988 and was unable to sing or yodel for years as he recovered . In June 2009 he was presented with the Medal of the Order of Australia , For service to the arts as an entertainer . He was first married to Gillian Bowden ( 1965-88 ) and the couple had two children . His second marriage was to Carole Wood ( 1992-present ) . In 2005 he co-wrote his autobiography , I Remember Me : the First 25 Years , with Pauline Halford ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roy_Budd', 'summary': 'Roy Frederick Budd ( 14 March 1947 - 7 August 1993 ) was a British jazz pianist and composer known for his film scores , including Get Carter and The Wild Geese .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Blair', 'summary': 'Lionel Blair ( born Henry Lionel Ogus ) [ failed verification ] is a British actor , choreographer , tap dancer and television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1970', 'summary': 'Miss World 1970 , the 20th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 20 November 1970 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . 58 contestants competed for the Miss World title . Jennifer Hosten from Grenada won the crown of Miss World 1970 . She was crowned by Miss World 1969 , Eva Rueber-Staier of Austria . The event was marked by controversy in the days beforehand , during the contest itself and afterwards .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Hope , Michael Aspel , Keith Fordyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Fordyce', 'summary': "Keith Fordyce ( 15 October 1928 - 15 March 2011 ) was an English disc jockey and presenter on British radio and television . He is most famous as the first presenter of ITV 's Ready Steady Go ! in 1963 , but was a stalwart of both BBC radio and Radio Luxembourg for many years ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1971', 'summary': 'Miss World 1971 , the 21st edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 10 November 1971 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . 56 contestants competed for the Miss World and Lúcia Petterle from Brazil won the crown of Miss World 1971 . She was crowned by Miss World 1970 , Jennifer Hosten of Grenada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1972', 'summary': 'Miss World 1972 , the 22nd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 1 December 1972 on BBC . Fifty-three delegates vied for the crown won by Belinda Green of Australia . Green became the second Australian winner of the crown in just four years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1973', 'summary': 'Miss World 1973 , the 23rd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 23 November 1973 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , United Kingdom . 54 delegates vied for the crown won by Marjorie Wallace of United States . She was crowned by Belinda Green of Australia . Wallace won $ 7,200 in prize money for the first-place result .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1974', 'summary': "Miss World 1974 , the 24th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 22 November 1974 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , United Kingdom . The event was viewed by an estimated 30 million people , and was a Wide World Special on the ABC Television Network . Helen Morgan of the United Kingdom was crowned the winner at the end of the event by Mrs. Julia Morley , becoming the second Welsh and fourth woman from the United Kingdom to win the title . Although it was known to the organizers at the time she was crowned Miss Wales and she was completely open about the issue with the media , Morgan resigned four days later over the intense pressure and media interest in that she had a child as a single mother . The wife of the child 's father had given many media interviews in the hours following the contest , creating extremely negative and lurid headlines . Morgan was the first Miss World titleholder to officially resign , and the third not to finish her reign as Miss World , after Marjorie Wallace in 1973 and Lúcia Petterle in 1971 . Morgan had represented Wales in Miss Universe 1974 pageant earlier that year and placed first runner-up to eventual winner Amparo Muñoz of Spain . When Muñoz relinquished her Miss Universe title later that year , Morgan had already been outed as a mother and , therefore , ineligible to succeed Muñoz as Miss Universe . Muñoz was not replaced by any of the other runners-up . Anneline Kriel of South Africa was crowned the new Miss World after Morgan 's resignation ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Aspel and David Vine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Vine', 'summary': 'David Martin Vine ( 3 January 1935 - 11 January 2009 ) was an English television sports presenter . He presented a wide variety of shows from the 1960s onwards , most notably his coverage of major snooker tournaments for the BBC .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1975', 'summary': "Miss World 1975 , the 25th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 20 November 1975 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , United Kingdom . 67 contestants took part in the pageant won by Wilnelia Merced of Puerto Rico . She was crowned by Anneline Kriel of South Africa . Runner-up was Germany , Marina Langer , third place was Vicki Harris representing the United Kingdom , fourth place was Maricela Maxie Clark of Cuba , and Yugoslavia 's Ladija Verkovska , Haiti 's Joelle Apollon , Venezuela 's María Conchita Alonso , completed the top 7 ."}]}, {'value': 'David Vine and Ray Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Moore_(broadcaster)', 'summary': 'Raymond Moore ( 2 January 1942 - 11 January 1989 ) was a British broadcaster who was best known for hosting the early morning show on BBC Radio 2 between 1980 and 1988 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1976', 'summary': 'Miss World 1976 , the 26th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 18 November 1976 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , United Kingdom . The winner was Cindy Breakspeare from Jamaica . She was crowned by Miss World 1975 , Wilnelia Merced of Puerto Rico . Runner-up was Karen Jo Pini representing Australia , third was Diana Marie Roberts Duenas from Guam , fourth was Carol Jean Grant of United Kingdom , and fifth was Merja Helena Tammi from Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Sacha Distel , Patrick Lichfield , and Ray Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacha_Distel', 'summary': "Alexandre Sacha Distel ( 29 January 1933 - 22 July 2004 ) was a French singer , guitarist , and actor who had hits with a cover version of Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head , Scoubidou , and The Good Life . He was made Chevalier ( Knight ) of the Légion d'honneur in 1997 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Lichfield', 'summary': 'Thomas Patrick John Anson , 5th Earl of Lichfield ( 25 April 1939 - 11 November 2005 ) was an English photographer from the Anson family . He inherited the Earldom of Lichfield in 1960 from his paternal grandfather . In his professional practice he was known as Patrick Lichfield .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1977', 'summary': 'Miss World 1977 , the 27th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 17 November 1977 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . The winner was Mary Ann-Catrin Stävin from Sweden . She was crowned by Miss World 1976 , Cindy Breakspeare of Jamaica . Runner-up was Ineke Berends representing Holland , third was Dagmar Gabriele Winkler from Germany , fourth was Madalena Sbaraini of Brazil , and fifth was Cindy Darlene Miller from United States . Stävin was awarded a $ 37,000 cash prize as the winner of the pageant .'}]}, {'value': 'Andy Williams , and Ray Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Williams', 'summary': "Howard Andrew Williams ( December 3 , 1927 - September 25 , 2012 ) was an American singer . He recorded 43 albums in his career , of which 15 have been gold-certified and 3 platinum-certified . He was also nominated for six Grammy Awards . He hosted The Andy Williams Show , a television variety show , from 1962 to 1971 , and numerous TV specials . The Andy Williams Show won three Emmy awards . The Moon River Theatre in Branson , Missouri is named after the song for which he is best known - Johnny Mercer and Henry Mancini 's Moon River . He sold more than 100 million records worldwide , including more than 10 million certified units in the United States . Williams was active in the music industry for 74 years until his death in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1978', 'summary': 'Miss World 1978 , the 28th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 16 November 1978 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . The winner was Silvana Suárez from Argentina . She was crowned by Miss World 1977 , Mary Stävin of Sweden . First runner-up was Ossie Margareta Carlsson representing Sweden , second was Denise Coward from Australia , third was Martha Eugenia Ortiz of Mexico , and fourth was Gloria Valenciano from Spain . This is the first time that the award for Miss Talent was given .'}]}, {'value': 'Sacha Distel and Paul Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Burnett', 'summary': 'Paul Burnett ( born 26 November 1943 ) is an English radio disc jockey .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1979', 'summary': 'Miss World 1979 , the 29th staging of the Miss World pageant , was held on 15 November 1979 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . The winner was Gina Swainson from Bermuda . She was crowned by Miss World 1978 , Silvana Suarez of Argentina . First runner-up was Carolyn Seaward representing the United Kingdom and second runner-up was Debbie Campbell from Jamaica . Swainson was a first runner-up in Miss Universe 1979 represented Bermuda and Carolyn Seaward was a second runner-up in same pageant represented England . Live television coverage of the contest was largely abandoned by the BBC as a result of a trade union dispute typical of the era in Britain , when sound engineers refused to work , and the BBC decided shortly beforehand that it could not show live pictures without a commentary . The parade of the contestants in their national costumes and each of the entrants in their evening wear had been recorded the night before , so this was televised , followed later in the evening with the crowning of the winner with mute pictures narrated by Ray Moore . A unscheduled repeat of Futtocks End was televised to bridge the two segments . For later overseas transmission , a commentary was added to the silent pictures of the entire event , but the interviews with the final 7 contestants were never shown .'}]}, {'value': 'Sacha Distel , Esther Rantzen , Germaine Greer and Ray Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esther_Rantzen', 'summary': "Dame Esther Louise Rantzen DBE ( born 22 June 1940 ) is an English journalist and television presenter , who presented the BBC television series That 's Life ! for 21 years , from 1973 until 1994 . She works with various charitable causes , and founded the charities ChildLine , promoting child protection , which she set up in 1986 , and The Silver Line , designed to combat loneliness in older people 's lives , which she set up in November 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germaine_Greer', 'summary': "Germaine Greer ( /ɡrɪər/ ; born 29 January 1939 ) is an Australian writer and public intellectual , regarded as one of the major voices of the second-wave feminist movement in the latter half of the 20th century . Specializing in English and women 's literature , she has held academic positions in England at the University of Warwick and Newnham College , Cambridge , and in the United States at the University of Tulsa . Based in England since 1964 , she has divided her time since the 1990s between Australia and her home in Essex . Greer 's ideas have created controversy ever since her first book , The Female Eunuch ( 1970 ) , made her a household name . An international bestseller and a watershed text in the feminist movement , the book offered a systematic deconstruction of ideas such as womanhood and femininity , arguing that women are forced to assume submissive roles in society to fulfil male fantasies of what being a woman entails . Her work since then has focused on literature , feminism and the environment . She has written over 20 books , including Sex and Destiny ( 1984 ) , The Change ( 1991 ) , The Whole Woman ( 1999 ) , and Shakespeare 's Wife ( 2007 ) . Her 2013 book , White Beech : The Rainforest Years , describes her efforts to restore an area of rainforest in the Numinbah Valley in Australia . In addition to her academic work and activism , she has been a prolific columnist for The Sunday Times , The Guardian , The Daily Telegraph , The Spectator , The Independent , and The Oldie , among others . Greer is a liberation ( or radical ) rather than equality feminist . [ a ] Her goal is not equality with men , which she sees as assimilation and agreeing to live the lives of unfree men . Women 's liberation , she wrote in The Whole Woman ( 1999 ) , did not see the female 's potential in terms of the male 's actual ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1980', 'summary': 'Miss World 1980 , the 30th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 13 November 1980 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , United Kingdom . The winner was Gabriella Brum from Germany . She was crowned by Miss World 1979 , Gina Swainson of Bermuda . First runner-up was Kimberley Santos representing Guam , second was Patricia Barzyk from France , third was Anat Zimmermann of Israel , and fourth was Kim Ashfield from the United Kingdom . Brum resigned after 18 hours of holding the title , and fourteen days later , first runner-up Santos was crowned the new Miss World .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Marshall , Judith Chalmers and Anthony Newley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(UK_broadcaster)', 'summary': "Peter Marshall ( born 11 April 1945 in Derry , Northern Ireland ) is a British broadcaster . He was educated at St. Columb 's College in Derry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Judith_Chalmers', 'summary': 'Judith Rosemary Locke Chalmers OBE ( born 10 October 1935 ) is a British television presenter who is best known for presenting the travel programme Wish You Were Here. ? from 1974 to 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Newley', 'summary': 'Anthony Newley ( 24 September 1931 - 14 April 1999 ) was an English actor , singer and songwriter . Newley achieved success as a performer in such diverse fields as rock and roll and stage and screen acting . As a recording artist he enjoyed a dozen Top 40 entries on the UK Singles Chart between 1959 and 1962 , including two number one hits . With songwriting partner Leslie Bricusse , Newley wrote Feeling Good , which was popularised by Nina Simone and covered by many other popular artists , as well as the title song of 1964 film Goldfinger ( along with John Barry ) . Bricusse and Newley received an Academy Award nomination for the film score of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) . The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums described Newley as among the most innovative UK acts of the early rock years before moving into musicals and cabaret . Newley was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Newley and The Dougie Squires Dancers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Newley', 'summary': 'Anthony Newley ( 24 September 1931 - 14 April 1999 ) was an English actor , singer and songwriter . Newley achieved success as a performer in such diverse fields as rock and roll and stage and screen acting . As a recording artist he enjoyed a dozen Top 40 entries on the UK Singles Chart between 1959 and 1962 , including two number one hits . With songwriting partner Leslie Bricusse , Newley wrote Feeling Good , which was popularised by Nina Simone and covered by many other popular artists , as well as the title song of 1964 film Goldfinger ( along with John Barry ) . Bricusse and Newley received an Academy Award nomination for the film score of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) . The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums described Newley as among the most innovative UK acts of the early rock years before moving into musicals and cabaret . Newley was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1989 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dougie_Squires', 'summary': 'Douglas William Squires OBE MVO ( born 1932 , Nottingham , England ) [ citation needed ] is an English choreographer , known best for his work in television from the mid-1950s .'}]}, {'value': '1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1981', 'summary': 'Miss World 1981 , the 31st edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 12 November 1981 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . The winner was Pilín León from Venezuela , the first titleholder from her country since 1955 . She was crowned by Miss World 1980 , Kimberley Santos of Guam . Another Venezuelan , Irene Sáez , had been crowned Miss Universe 1981 in July , making Venezuela one of the very few countries to hold both major international titles ( Miss Universe and Miss World ) in the same year . The titles of Continental Queens of Beauty were awarded for the very first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1982', 'summary': 'Miss World 1982 , the 32nd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 18 November 1982 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . The winner was Mariasela Álvarez from the Dominican Republic . She was crowned by Miss World 1981 , Pilín León of Venezuela . The first and second runners-up were Sari Kaarina Aspholm from Finland and Della Dolan from the United Kingdom who were semi-finalists in Miss Universe 1982 four months before .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1983', 'summary': 'Miss World 1983 , the 33rd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 17 November 1983 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . The winner was Sarah-Jane Hutt from United Kingdom . She was crowned by Miss World 1982 , Mariasela Álvarez of Dominican Republic . First runner-up was Rocío Isabel Luna representing Colombia and second runner-up was Cátia Pedrosa from Brazil . Miss World 1983 marked the first Miss World event that included an intelligence test for contestants . The intelligence test was created by psychologists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1984', 'summary': 'Miss World 1984 , the 34th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 15 November 1984 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . The winner was Astrid Carolina Herrera from Venezuela . She was crowned by Miss World 1983 , Sarah-Jane Hutt of the United Kingdom . The 1st and 2nd runners-up were Constance Ellen ( Connie ) Fitzpatrick from Canada , and Lou-Anne Caroline Ronchi from Australia . The event was viewed by 17.1 million people in the UK .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1985', 'summary': 'Miss World 1985 , the 35th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 14 November 1985 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , UK . 78 contestants from all over the world competed for the coveted title . Miss World 1984 , Astrid Carolina Herrera of Venezuela , crowned Hólmfríður Karlsdóttir of Iceland as the new Miss World at the end of the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Marshall and Judith Chalmers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981 - Julio Iglesias and The Dougie Squires Dancers 1982 - The Three Degrees 1983 - Leo Sayer and The Ken Warwick Dancers 1984 - The Drifters and The Ken Warwick Dancers 1985 - Jack Jones and The Ken Warwick Dancers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julio_Iglesias', 'summary': 'Julio José Iglesias de la Cueva ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxuljo iˈɣlesjas ] ; born 23 September 1943 ) is a Spanish singer , songwriter and former professional footballer . Iglesias is recognized as the most commercially successful Continental European singer in the world and one of the top ten record sellers in music history , having sold more than 300 million records worldwide in 14 languages . It is estimated that during his career he has performed in more than 5000 concerts , for over 60 million people in five continents . In April 2013 , Iglesias was inducted into the Hall of Fame of Latin Composers . In 1983 , he was celebrated as having recorded songs in the most languages in the world , and in 2013 for being the Latin artist with the most records sold in history . In April 2013 he was awarded in Beijing as the most popular international artist in China . In Brazil , France , Romania , Italy , and others , Iglesias is the most successful foreign record seller , while in his home country , Spain , he has sold the most records in history , with 23 million records . During his career , Iglesias has won many awards in the music industry , including the Grammy , Latin Grammy , World Music Award , Billboard Music Award , American Music Award and Lo Nuestro Award . He has been awarded the Gold Medal for Merit in the Fine Arts of Spain and the Legion of Honour of France . UNICEF named him Special Ambassador for the Performing Arts in 1989 . He has been a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame since 1985 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Three_Degrees', 'summary': "The Three Degrees is an American female vocal group , which was originally formed in circa 1965 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although 15 women have been members over the years , the group has always been a trio . The current line-up consists of Valerie Holiday , Helen Scott and Freddie Pool . Holiday has been a member since she first joined in 1967 , while Scott has been a permanent member since 1976 , having been in the group from 1965 to 1966 . The group were particularly successful in the UK , achieving 13 Top 50 hit singles between 1974 and 1985 . The original members were Fayette Pinkney , Shirley Porter and Linda Turner . Porter and Turner were soon replaced by Janet Harmon and Helen Scott . The line-up from 1967 to 1976 was Pinkney , Valerie Holiday and Sheila Ferguson , who would go on to sing lead on most of the group 's biggest hits . This line-up topped the US Hot 100 as featured vocalists on the MFSB single TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) in 1974 , and had seven UK Top 40 hits , including the 1974 single When Will I See You Again , which was a huge international hit , reaching the Top 5 in seven countries , including number two in the US and topping the UK Singles Chart . When Pinkney left the group in 1976 , she was replaced by a returning Helen Scott . This line-up had four UK Top 20 hits , including Woman in Love , which reached number three in 1979 . Ferguson left for a solo career in 1986 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leo_Sayer', 'summary': 'Leo Sayer ( born Gerard Hugh Sayer , 21 May 1948 ) is an English-Australian singer-songwriter musician and entertainer whose singing career has spanned four decades . He is now an Australian citizen and resident . Sayer launched his career in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s , and became a top singles and album act on both sides of the Atlantic in the 1970s . His first seven hit singles in the United Kingdom all reached the Top 10 - a feat first registered by his first manager , Adam Faith . His songs have been sung by other notable artists , including Cliff Richard ( Dreaming ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Drifters', 'summary': "The Drifters are an American doo-wop and R & B/soul vocal group . They were originally formed as a backing group for Clyde McPhatter , formerly the lead tenor of Billy Ward and his Dominoes in 1953 . According to Rolling Stone magazine , the Drifters were the least stable of the great vocal groups , as they were low-paid musicians hired by George Treadwell , who owned the Drifters ' name from 1955 , after McPhatter left . There have been 60 vocalists in the history of the Treadwell Drifters line , including several splinter groups by former Drifters members ( not under Treadwell 's management ) . These groups are usually identified with a possessive credit such as Bill Pinkney 's Original Drifters , Charlie Thomas ' Drifters . There were three golden eras of the Drifters ; the early 1950s , the 1960s , and the early 1970s ( post-Atlantic period ) . From these , the first Drifters , formed by Clyde McPhatter , was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame as The Drifters . The second Drifters , featuring Ben E. King , was separately inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame as Ben E. King and the Drifters . In their induction , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected four members from the first Drifters , two from the second Drifters , and one from the post-Atlantic Drifters . According to the Vocal Group Hall of Fame : Through turmoil and changes , the ( original ) Drifters managed to set musical trends and give the public 13 chart hits , most of which are legendary recordings today . Matching that feat , subsequent formations of the Drifters recorded 13 Billboard Hot 100 top 30 chart hits . The 1950s and 60s incarnations of the group were also a force on the US R & B charts , notching six number one R & B hits : Money Honey ( 1953 ) , Honey Love ( 1954 ) , Adorable ( 1955 ) , There Goes My Baby ( 1959 ) , Save The Last Dance For Me ( 1960 ) and Under The Boardwalk ( 1964 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jack_Jones_(singer)', 'summary': 'John Allan Jones ( born January 14 , 1938 ) , known professionally as Jack Jones , is an American jazz and pop singer and actor . He is the son of actor/singer Allan Jones and Irene Hervey . Jones is primarily a straight-pop singer ( even when he recorded contemporary material ) whose forays into jazz are mostly of the big-band/swing variety . He has won two Grammy Awards . Jones continues to perform concerts around the world , and remains popular in Las Vegas . He is perhaps most widely known for his recordings of Lollipops and Roses ( 1962 Grammy Award , Best Pop Male Performance ) , Wives and Lovers ( 1964 Grammy Award , Best Pop Male Performance ) , The Race Is On , The Impossible Dream , Call Me Irresponsible , Lady , and The Love Boat Theme . Jones also sang the opening theme tune for the 1968 film Anzio , This World Is Yours .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_1986', 'summary': 'Miss World 1986 , the 36th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 13 November 1986 at the Royal Albert Hall in London , United Kingdom . The winner was Giselle Laronde ( Queen of Americas ) from Trinidad and Tobago . She was crowned by Miss World 1985 , Hólmfríður Karlsdóttir of Iceland . Runner-up was Pia Rosenberg Larsen ( Queen of Europe ) representing Denmark and third was Chantal Schreiber from Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Marshall and Mary Stävin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Stävin', 'summary': 'Mary Ann-Catrin Stävin ( born 20 August 1957 ) is a Swedish actress and model who won Miss World 1977 in London . She is the third Swede to win the Miss World crown .'}]}, {'value': 'Five Star and The Ken Warwick Dancers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five_Star', 'summary': "Five Star ( also styled as 5 Star ) are a British pop group , formed in 1983 and comprising siblings Stedman , Lorraine , Denise , Doris and Delroy Pearson . Between 1985 and 1988 , Five Star had four Top 20 albums and 15 Top 40 singles in the UK , including the Top 10 hits System Addict ( 1986 ) , Ca n't Wait Another Minute ( 1986 ) , Find the Time ( 1986 ) , Rain or Shine ( 1986 ) , Stay Out of My Life ( 1987 ) and The Slightest Touch ( 1987 ) . They won the 1987 Brit Award for Best British Group ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Miss World hosts and artists', 'section_text': 'The following is a list Miss World hosts and invited artists through the years .', 'uid': 'Miss_World_Top_Model_4', 'intro': "Miss World is the oldest running international beauty pageant. It was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951. Since his death in 2000, Morley's widow, Julia Morley, has co-chaired the pageant. Along with Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth, this pageant is one of the Big Four international beauty pageants - the most coveted beauty titles when it comes to international pageant competitions. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on 14 December 2019 in London, England. She is the fourth Jamaican to win Miss World."} | null | null | Which 1963 show is the person who presented Miss World in 1970 best known for ? | Ready Steady Go ! |
06bcac2a57602819 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_party', 'title': 'Major party', 'header': ['Country', 'Centre-left/Left-wing major party', 'Centre-right/Right-wing major party'], 'data': [{'value': 'Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Party of Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania', 'summary': 'The Socialist Party of Albania ( Albanian : Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë , PS or PSSh ) , is a social-democratic political party in Albania ; it gained power following the 2013 parliamentary election . The party seated 66 MPs in the 2009 Albanian parliament ( out of a total of 140 ) . It achieved power in 1997 following a political crisis and governmental realignment . At the 2001 parliamentary election the party secured 73 seats , which enabled it to form a government . At the general election of 3 July 2005 , the Socialist Party lost its majority and the Democratic Party of Albania ( PD ) formed the new government , having secured , with its allies , a majority of 81 seats . The Socialist Party of Albania is an associate of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) and a member of the Socialist International . The official party newspaper is Zëri i Popullit , which had been the organ of its predecessor , the Communist Party of Labour of Albania .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Party of Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania', 'summary': "The Democratic Party of Albania ( Albanian : Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë , PD or PDSh ) is a conservative political party in Albania . They became the leading party in the governing coalition following the 2005 parliamentary elections . It is an associate member of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) and a full member of the International Democrat Union and Centrist Democrat International . Rilindja Demokratike is the party 's official newspaper . Its youth organisation , FRPD , is one of the founders of the Youth of the European People 's Party ( YEPP ) , in which they are also full active members . The party 's current leader since 2013 is Lulzim Basha ."}]}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': 'National Liberation Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)', 'summary': 'The National Liberation Front ( Arabic : جبهة التحرير الوطني Jabhatu l-Taḥrīri l-Waṭanī ; French : Front de libération nationale , FLN ) is a nationalist political party in Algeria . It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and the ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989 . The FLN was established in 1954 from a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary ; its armed wing , the National Liberation Army , participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962 . After the Évian Accords of 1962 , the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state . After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War ( 1991-2002 ) against Islamist groups , the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election , and has generally remained in power ever since , although sometimes needing to form coalitions with other parties .'}]}, {'value': 'National Rally for Democracy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Rally_for_Democracy_(Algeria)', 'summary': 'The Democratic National Rally ( Arabic : التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي , French : Rassemblement National Démocratique , thus RND ) is a political party in Algeria . It is led by Ahmed Ouyahia . The party held its Second Congress on 15-17 May 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Andorra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andorra', 'summary': "Andorra ( /ænˈdɔːrə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /ænˈdɒrə/ ; Catalan : [ ənˈdorə ] ) , officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat d'Andorra ) , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat de les Valls d'Andorra ) , is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula , in the eastern Pyrenees , bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south . Believed to have been created by Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988 , when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell . The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278 . It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes : the Catholic bishop of Urgell in Catalonia , Spain , and the president of the French Republic . Andorra is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe , having an area of 468 square kilometres ( 181 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 77,006 . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent . Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and the 11th-smallest by population . Its capital , Andorra la Vella , is the highest capital city in Europe , at an elevation of 1,023 metres ( 3,356 feet ) above sea level . The official language is Catalan , but Spanish , Portuguese , and French are also commonly spoken . Tourism in Andorra sees an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually . Andorra is not a member of the European Union , but the euro is its official currency . It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'Social Democratic Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Andorra)', 'summary': 'The Social Democratic Party ( Catalan : Partit Socialdemòcrata , PS ) is a social-democratic political party in Andorra .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrats for Andorra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democrats_for_Andorra', 'summary': "Democrats for Andorra ( Catalan : Demòcrates per Andorra , DA ) is the governing centre-right political party in Andorra . The party was established on 22 February 2011 as the direct successor of the Reformist Coalition which ran in the 2009 election . Standing as main opposition party in the 2011 Andorran General Election , the Democrats for Andorra won 20 of the General Council 's 28 seats , the largest majority since the passing of the Andorran Constitution in 1993 . The party was formed from a union of the Liberal Party of Andorra and New Centre , with elements of the Social Democratic Party , and are supported by Lauredian Union and Andorra for Change . The party is led by Antoni Martí , who served as Prime Minister of Andorra between 2011 and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Angola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angola', 'summary': "Angola ( /ænˈɡoʊlə/ ( listen ) ; Portuguese : [ ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ ] ) , officially the Republic of Angola ( Portuguese : República de Angola ) , is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa . It is the seventh-largest country in Africa , bordered by Namibia to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Zambia to the east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . Angola has an exclave province , the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda . The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era , hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups , tribes and kingdoms . The nation state of Angola originated from Portuguese colonisation , which initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts founded in the 16th century . In the 19th century , European settlers gradually began to establish themselves in the interior . The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not have its present borders until the early 20th century because of resistance by groups such as the Cuamato , the Kwanyama and the Mbunda . After a protracted anti-colonial struggle , independence was achieved in 1975 as the Marxist-Leninist People 's Republic of Angola , a one-party state supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba . The civil war between the ruling People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) and the insurgent anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) , supported by the United States and apartheid South Africa , lasted until 2002 . The sovereign state has since become a relatively stable unitary , presidential constitutional republic . Angola has vast mineral and petroleum reserves , and its economy is among the fastest-growing in the world , especially since the end of the civil war ; however , the standard of living remains low for most of the population , and life expectancy in Angola is among the lowest in the world , while infant mortality is among the highest ."}]}, {'value': 'MPLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MPLA', 'summary': "The People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola , for some years called the People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Labour Party ( Portuguese : Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho , MPLA ) , is a political party that has ruled Angola since the country 's independence from Portugal in 1975 . The MPLA fought against the Portuguese army in the Angolan War of Independence of 1961-74 , and defeated the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , two other anti-colonial movements , in the Angolan Civil War of 1975-2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'UNITA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNITA', 'summary': "The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA , Portuguese : União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola ) is the second-largest political party in Angola . Founded in 1966 , UNITA fought alongside the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) in the Angolan War for Independence ( 1961-1975 ) and then against the MPLA in the ensuing civil war ( 1975-2002 ) . The war was one of the most prominent Cold War proxy wars , with UNITA receiving military aid initially from People 's Republic of China from 1966 until October 1975 and later from the United States [ a ] and South Africa while the MPLA received support from the Soviet Union and its allies especially Cuba . Until 1996 , UNITA was funded through Angolan diamond mines its northeast Lunda provinces of both Lunda Norte and Lunda Sul along the Cuango River valley especially the Catoca mine which was Angola 's only Kimberlite mine at that time . Valdemar Chidondo served as Chief of Staff in the government of UNITA , pro-Western rebels , during the Angolan Civil War ( 1975-2002 ) . Jonas Savimbi , leader of UNITA , allegedly ordered Chidondo 's assassination . Savimbi 's successor as president of UNITA is Isaías Samakuva . Following Savimbi 's death , UNITA abandoned armed struggle and participated in electoral politics . The party won 51 out of 220 seats in the 2017 parliamentary election ."}]}, {'value': 'Antigua and Barbuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda', 'summary': "Antigua and Barbuda ( /ænˈtiːɡ ( w ) ə . bɑːrˈb ( j ) uːdə/ ( listen ) ; an-TEE-g ( w ) ə . bar-B ( Y ) OO-də ) is an island sovereign state in the West Indies in the Americas , lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of two major islands , Antigua and Barbuda , and a number of smaller islands ( including Great Bird , Green , Guiana , Long , Maiden and York Islands and further south , the island of Redonda ) . The permanent population numbers about 95,900 ( 2018 est . ) , with 97% being resident on Antigua . The capital and largest port and city is St. John 's on Antigua , with Codrington being the largest town on Barbuda . Lying near each other ( the main Barbuda airport is less than 0.5° of latitude , or 56 kilometres ( 30 nautical miles ) , north of the main Antigua airport ) , Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 17°N of the equator . The island of Antigua was explored by Christopher Columbus in 1493 and named for the Church of Santa María La Antigua . Antigua was colonised by Britain in 1632 ; Barbuda island was first colonised in 1678 . Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958 . With the breakup of the federation , it became one of the West Indies Associated States in 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'Antigua Labour Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigua_Labour_Party', 'summary': "The Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party ( ABLP ) is a political party in Antigua and Barbuda . The current leader of the party is Gaston Browne , who serves as the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda . The party had previously been led by Lester Bird , who was chairman of the party since 1971 , and became Prime Minister and political leader in 1994 . The party was founded as the Antigua Labour Party ( ALP ) by Lester 's father , V.C . Bird . The ABLP has traditionally largely been seen as the political arm of the Bird family . With the exception of five years in the 1970s , the ABLP ruled Antigua and Barbuda for over four decades . It was in opposition from 2004 to 2014 , and it has been in power again since 2014 since winning a majority of the seats in the Legislature following the 2014 general election ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Frente de Todos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frente_de_Todos_(2019_coalition)', 'summary': 'The Frente de Todos ( translated to Front of All in English ) is a coalition supporting the Argentine President Alberto Fernández . At primary elections on Sunday 11 August 2019 the Frente de Todos presidential coalition headed by presidential candidate Alberto Fernández and vice presidential candidate Cristina Fernández de Kirchner took 47% of votes , going into the general election against Mauricio Macri in October 2019 . The coalition re-uses the name of an earlier coalition from 2001-2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican Proposal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Proposal', 'summary': 'Republican Proposal ( Spanish : Propuesta Republicana , PRO ) is a center-right political party in Argentina . It is usually referred to by its abbreviation , PRO . PRO was formed as an electoral alliance in 2005 , but was transformed into a unitary party on 3 June 2010 . It is the major component of the Cambiemos coalition , and its founder and leader , Mauricio Macri , is the former President of Argentina .'}]}, {'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prosperous Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prosperous_Armenia', 'summary': "Prosperous Armenia Party ( PAP ; Armenian : Բարգավաճ Հայաստան կուսակցություն , romanized : Bargavatch Hayastan kusaktsutyun , abbreviated as ԲՀԿ BHK ) , is a right-wing political party in Armenia . It was founded by businessman Gagik Tsarukyan on 30 April 2004 , when the constituent congress of the party took place . Armenia 's second president Robert Kocharyan was instrumental in creation of the party ( some claiming Kocharyan himself established it ) . Kocharyan 's influence and role in the party is a subject of debate . In 2012 most analysts believed Kocharyan was closely involved in the party . Some believe that Kocharyan is the secret leader of the party , while others believe he has no influence over PAP ."}]}, {'value': 'Aruba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aruba', 'summary': 'Aruba ( /əˈruːbə/ ə-ROO-bə , Dutch : [ aːˈrubaː , -ryb- ] ( listen ) , Papiamento : [ aˈruba ] ) is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea , located about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) north of the coast of Venezuela . It measures 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) across at its widest point . Together with Bonaire and Curaçao , Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands . Collectively , Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands , along with the Netherlands , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten ; the citizens of these countries are all Dutch nationals . Aruba has no administrative subdivisions , but , for census purposes , is divided into eight regions . Its capital is Oranjestad . Unlike much of the Caribbean region , Aruba has a dry climate and an arid , cactus-strewn landscape . This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm , sunny weather . It has a land area of 179 km2 ( 69.1 sq mi ) and is densely populated , with a total of 102,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census . Current estimates of the population place it at 116,600 ( July 2018 est . ) It lies outside Hurricane Alley .'}]}, {'value': "People 's Electoral Movement", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Electoral_Movement_(Aruba)", 'summary': "The People 's Electoral Movement ( Dutch : Electorale Volksbeweging , Papiamento : Movimiento Electoral di Pueblo , MEP ) is a social democratic political party in Aruba . In the 2001 elections for the Estates , 28 September 2001 , the party won 52.4% of popular votes and 12 out of 21 seats . 23 September 2005 , the party won 43% of the popular vote and 11 out of 21 seats and remained , led by Nelson Oduber in government . in the 2009 Aruban general election , MEP lost 2 seats and won 36% of the vote , subsequently losing the election . In the 2017 general election . The MEP won 37% of the vote , and gained a seat , AVP still being the largest Party had to resign their vote , thus ending their government , where MEP formed a Coalition government with Pueblo Orguyoso y Respeta ( POR ) and Network of Electoral Democracy ( RED ) ."}]}, {'value': "Aruban People 's Party", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Aruban_People's_Party", 'summary': "The Aruban People 's Party ( AVP ; Dutch : Arubaanse Volkspartij , Papiamento : Partido di Pueblo Arubano ) is a Christian democratic political party in Aruba founded in 1942 . AVP is an acronym for the Dutch name of the party . At the 2001 elections , on 28 September 2001 , the party won 26.7% of popular votes or 6 out of 21 seats . On 23 September 2005 , the party won 38% of the popular vote or 8 out of 21 seats , making it the largest opposition party of the nation . In the 25 September 2009 election , the party came to power , winning 48% of the popular vote and 12 of the 21 seats . It held a majority in the Estates of Aruba obtaining 13 seats . In the 2017 general election the AVP lost four of its thirteen seats in the Estates of Aruba , while remaining the largest party . AVP leader Mike Eman subsequently announced that he would resign the leadership of the AVP and that the AVP would become an opposition party ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Australian Labor Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party', 'summary': "The Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) , also simply known as Labor and historically spelt Labour , is a major centre-left political party in Australia . The party has been in opposition at the federal level since the 2013 federal election . The party is a federal party with branches in each state and territory . Labor is in government in the states of Victoria , Queensland , Western Australia , and in both the Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory . The party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal , state and sometimes local levels . It is the oldest political party in Australia . Labor 's constitution has long stated : The Australian Labor Party is a democratic socialist party and has the objective of the democratic socialisation of industry , production , distribution and exchange , to the extent necessary to eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features in these fields . This socialist objective was introduced in 1921 , but was later qualified by two further objectives : maintenance of and support for a competitive non-monopolistic private sector and the right to own private property . Labor governments have not attempted the democratic socialisation of any industry since the 1940s , when the Chifley Government failed to nationalise the private banks , and in fact have privatised several industries such as aviation and banking . Labor 's current National Platform describes the party as a modern social democratic party . The ALP was not founded as a federal party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901 . Nevertheless , it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the emerging labour movement in Australia , formally beginning in 1891 ."}]}, {'value': 'Coalition ( Liberal / National / Liberal National Party of Queensland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)', 'summary': "The Liberal-National Coalition , commonly known simply as The Coalition , is an alliance of centre-right political parties that forms one of the two major groupings in Australian federal politics . Its main opponent is the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) ; the two forces are often regarded as operating in a two-party system . The Coalition has been in government since the 2013 federal election , most recently being re-elected in the 2019 Australian federal election . The group is led by Scott Morrison as Prime Minister of Australia since August 2018 . The two partners in the Coalition are the Liberal Party of Australia and the National Party of Australia ( the latter previously known as the Country Party and the National Country Party ) . The parties have different voter bases , with the Liberals - the larger party - drawing most of their vote from urban areas and the Nationals operating almost exclusively in rural and regional areas . They occupy a broadly similar place on the political spectrum , although certain ideologies are more prevalent in each party . The partnership between the two current parties dates back to 1946 , shortly after the Liberal Party was formed , and has continued almost uninterrupted since then . The Country Party also maintained similar alliances with the Liberal Party 's predecessors , the United Australia Party and Nationalist Party , and similar parties at state level . The first such federal arrangement was formed in 1923 , as a solution to the hung parliament that resulted from the 1922 federal election . The Liberals and Nationals maintain separate organisational wings and separate parliamentary parties , but co-operate in various ways determined by a mixture of formal agreements and informal conventions . There is a single Coalition frontbench , both in government and in opposition , with each party receiving a proportionate number of positions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Australia is a major centre-right political party in Australia , one of the two major parties in Australian politics , along with the centre-left Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) . It was founded in 1944 as the successor to the United Australia Party ( UAP ) . The Liberal Party is the largest and dominant party in the Coalition with the National Party of Australia . In two states and territories of Australia the parties have merged , forming the Country Liberal Party of the Northern Territory and the Liberal National Party of Queensland . Except for a few short periods , the Liberal Party and its predecessors have operated in similar coalitions since the 1920s . The party 's leader is Scott Morrison and its deputy leader is Josh Frydenberg . The pair were elected to their positions at the August 2018 Liberal leadership ballot , with Frydenberg and Morrison as replacements for Julie Bishop and Malcolm Turnbull respectively , the latter of whom Morrison consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia . Now the Morrison Government , the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013 . At state and territory level , the Liberal Party is in office in three states : Peter Gutwein , Premier of Tasmania since 2020 , Gladys Berejiklian , Premier of New South Wales since 2017 and Steven Marshall , Premier of South Australia since 2018 . The party is in opposition in the states of Victoria , Queensland and Western Australia , and in both the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory . The party 's ideology has been referred to as conservative , liberal-conservative , conservative-liberal , and classical liberal . The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism ( which in the Australian usage refers to free markets and small government ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia', 'summary': "The National Party of Australia , also known as The Nationals or simply The Nats , is an Australian political party . Traditionally representing graziers , farmers , and rural voters generally , it began as the Australian Country Party in 1920 at a federal level . It would later briefly adopt the name National Country Party in 1975 , before adopting its current name in 1982 . Federally , and in New South Wales , and to an extent in Victoria and historically in Western Australia , it has in government been the minor party in a centre-right Coalition with the Liberal Party of Australia , and its leader has usually served as Deputy Prime Minister . In Opposition the Coalition was usually maintained , but otherwise still generally continued to work in co-operation with the Liberal Party of Australia ( and their predecessors the Nationalist Party of Australia and United Australia Party ) . In Queensland however , they were the senior coalition party between 1925 and 2008 , after which they merged with the junior Liberal Party of Australia to form the Liberal National Party ( LNP ) . Despite taking a conservative position politically , the National Party has long pursued agrarian socialist economic policies . Ensuring support for farmers either through government grants and subsidies or through community appeals is a major focus of National Party policy . The unusual hybrid of welfare and free market attitudes that characterise the party has led to it being often accused of seeking to privatise profits and socialise costs for the agricultural and mining sectors . [ by whom ? ] The current leader of the National Party is Michael McCormack , who won a leadership spill following Barnaby Joyce 's resignation in February 2018 . The most recent deputy leader of the Nationals , from 7 December 2017 until her resignation due to acting with a conflict of interest on 2 February 2020 , was Bridget McKenzie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland', 'summary': 'The Liberal National Party of Queensland ( LNP ) is a centre-right [ citation needed ] political party in Queensland , Australia . It was formed in 2008 by a merger of the Queensland divisions of the Liberal Party and the National Party . At a federal level and in most other states , the two parties remain distinct and operate as a Coalition . The LNP is a division of the Liberal Party of Australia , and an affiliate of the National Party of Australia . After suffering defeat at its first election in 2009 the LNP won government for the first time at the 2012 election , winning 78 out of 89 seats , a record majority in the unicameral Parliament of Queensland . Campbell Newman became the first LNP Premier of Queensland . The Newman Government was subsequently defeated by the Labor Party at the 2015 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Social Democratic Party of Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria', 'summary': "The Social Democratic Party of Austria ( German : Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs , SPÖ ) is a social-democratic political party in Austria . The oldest extant political party in Austria , the SPÖ is a member of the Socialist International , Progressive Alliance , and Party of European Socialists . Before adopting the current title in 1991 , the SPÖ was named Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Austria ( Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Österreichs , SDAPÖ ) from 1888 to 1945 and , later , Socialist Party of Austria ( Sozialistische Partei Österreichs ) until 1991 . Along with the People 's Party it is one of the country 's two traditional major parties . The SPÖ has close ties to the Austrian Trade Union Federation ( ÖGB ) and the Austrian Chamber of Labour ( AK ) . Currently the second-largest party in both chambers of Parliament ; the National Council and the Federal Council , the SPÖ forms the main opposition party to the federal government , a coalition of the People 's Party ( ÖVP ) and the Greens ."}]}, {'value': "Austrian People 's Party", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Austrian_People's_Party", 'summary': "The Austrian People 's Party ( German : Österreichische Volkspartei ; ÖVP ) is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party in Austria . A successor to the Christian Social Party of the late 19th and early 20th centuries , it was founded immediately following the reestablishment of the Republic of Austria in 1945 and since then has been one of the two largest Austrian political parties with the Social Democratic Party of Austria ( SPÖ ) . In federal governance , the ÖVP has spent most of the postwar era in a grand coalition with the SPÖ . However , the ÖVP won the 2017 election , having the greatest number of seats and formed a coalition with the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria ( FPÖ ) . Its chairman Sebastian Kurz is the youngest Chancellor in Austrian history and currently the world 's youngest leader ."}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Azerbaijan Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Azerbaijan_Party', 'summary': "The New Azerbaijan Party ( Azerbaijani : Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası , YAP ) is the ruling political party in Azerbaijan , founded on November 21 , 1992 under leadership of Heydar Aliyev . After his election as President of Azerbaijan on October 3 , 1993 , and party 's victory at 1995 parliamentary elections , YAP became a ruling party . President Ilham Aliyev has been Chairman of YAP since its 3rd Congress held on March 26 , 2005 . YAP is a member of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties ( ICAPP ) and an Observer member of the Centrist Democrat International ."}]}, {'value': 'The Bahamas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bahamas', 'summary': "The Bahamas ( /bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) , known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago in the West Indies . It is a member of the Commonwealth Realms under the monarchy of Queen Elizabeth II . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola Island ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the U.S. state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas ' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 ( 180,000 sq mi ) of ocean space . The Bahamas were inhabited by the Lucayans , a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno people , for many centuries . Columbus was the first European to see the islands , making his first landfall in the 'New World ' in 1492 . Later , the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to slavery on Hispaniola , after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 , when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 , when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American Revolutionary War , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas ; they took their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants . African slaves and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on . The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 ; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 ."}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Liberal Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Liberal_Party', 'summary': 'The Progressive Liberal Party ( abbreviated PLP ) is a populist and social liberal party in the Bahamas . The PLP lies on the centre-left of the political spectrum . Philip Brave Davis is the leader of the party after Perry Christie lost his bid for re-election as a representative in the 2017 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Free National Movement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_National_Movement', 'summary': 'The Free National Movement ( abbreviated FNM ) is a conservative political party in The Bahamas formed in the 1970s , led by Cecil Wallace Whitfield . The current leader of the party is Hubert Minnis and his deputy is Peter Turnquest . It dominated the General Election held on 10 May 2017 , winning 35 of the 39 seats in the Legislature .'}]}, {'value': 'Bangladesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh', 'summary': "Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya ."}]}, {'value': 'Bangladesh Awami League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League', 'summary': "The Bangladesh Awami League ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ ; translated from Urdu : Bangladesh People 's League ) , often simply called the Awami League or AL , is a major political party in Bangladesh . The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was founded in Dhaka , the capital of the Pakistani province of East Bengal , in 1949 by Bengali nationalists Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani , Shawkat Ali , Yar Mohammad Khan , Shamsul Huq , and joined later Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy who went on to become Prime Minister of Pakistan . The Pakistan Awami Muslim League was established as the Bengali alternative to the domination of the Muslim League in Pakistan and over centralisation of the government . The party quickly gained massive popular support in East Bengal , later named East Pakistan , and eventually led the forces of Bengali nationalism in the struggle against West Pakistan 's military and political establishment . The party under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the founding father of Bangladesh , led the struggle for independence , first through massive populist and civil disobedience movements , such as the Six Point Movement and 1971 Non-Cooperation Movement , and then during the Bangladesh Liberation War . After the emergence of independent Bangladesh , the Awami League won the first general elections in 1973 but was overthrown in 1975 after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . The party was forced by subsequent military regimes onto the political sidelines and many of its senior leaders and activists were executed and jailed . After the restoration of democracy in 1990 , the Awami League emerged as one of the principal players of Bangladeshi politics . Since coming to power in 2008 , the Awami League has led Bangladesh through a massive GDP growth , and strengthened Bangladesh 's foreign relations with countries such as US , Germany , UK , Netherlands , Sweden , Denmark , France , Italy and Japan . Amongst the leaders of the Awami League , five have become the President of Bangladesh , four have become the Prime Minister of Bangladesh and one became the Prime Minister of Pakistan . The incumbent Prime Minister of Bangladesh , Sheikh Hasina , has headed the party since 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bangladesh Nationalist Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party', 'summary': 'The Bangladesh Nationalist Party ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল , transliterated : Bangladesh Jātīẏatābādī Dôl ; abbreviated BNP ) is one of the contemporary political parties of Bangladesh . It was founded on 1 September 1978 by former Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman after the Presidential election of 1978 , with a view to uniting the people with nationalist ideology of the country . Since then , the BNP won the second , fifth , sixth and eighth national elections and two Presidential elections in 1978 and 1981 . The party also holds the record of being the largest opposition in the history of parliamentary elections of the country , with 116 seats in the seventh national election of June 1996 . It has currently 9 MP in parliament after 2018 national election .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbados Labour Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party', 'summary': "The Barbados Labour Party ( BLP ) is the main party of government of Barbados which was established in 1938 . Led by Prime Minister Mia Amor Mottley , the BLP holds 29 of the 30 seats in the House of Assembly of Barbados after MP for St. Michael West , Joseph Artherly decided to become an Independent MP and became the Leader of the Opposition . It was elected to government on 25 May 2018 after 10 years in opposition , with Mottley becoming the country 's first female Prime Minister . In common with Barbados ' other major party , the Democratic Labour Party or Dems , the BLP has been broadly described as centre-left social-democratic party , with local politics being largely personality-driven and responsive to contemporary issues and the state of the economy . However , the Party distinguishes itself by being rooted in Asquithian Liberal policies , including a focus on trade as a way of bolstering economic growth over the creation of social services . The BLP is a former observer member of the Socialist International ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium ( Dutch-speaking )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flanders', 'summary': 'Flanders ( UK : /ˈflɑːndərz/ , US : /ˈflæn-/ ; Dutch : [ het ] Vlaanderen [ ˈvlaːndərə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : [ la ] Flandre [ flɑ̃dʁ ] ; German : [ das ] Flandern [ ˈflandɐn ] ( listen ) , Latin : Flandria ) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities , regions and language areas of Belgium . However , there are several overlapping definitions , including ones related to culture , language , politics and history , and sometimes involving neighbouring countries . The demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming , while the corresponding adjective is Flemish . The official capital of Flanders is the City of Brussels , although the Brussels Capital Region has an independent regional government , and the government of Flanders only oversees the community aspects of Flanders life in Brussels such as ( Flemish ) culture and education . Flanders , despite not being the biggest part of Belgium by area , is the area with the largest population ( 68.2% ) if Brussels is included . 7,797,611 out of 11,431,406 Belgian inhabitants live in Flanders or the bilingual city of Brussels . Not including Brussels , there are five modern Flemish provinces . In medieval contexts , the original County of Flanders stretched around AD 900 from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary and expanded from there . This county also still corresponds roughly with the modern-day Belgian provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders , along with neighbouring parts of France and the Netherlands . Although this original meaning is still relevant , in modern times the term Flanders came to refer to a larger area , and is used to refer to the entire Dutch-speaking part of Belgium , stretching all the way to the River Meuse , as well as cultural movements such as Flemish art . In accordance with late 20th century Belgian state reforms the Belgian part of this area was made into two political entities : the Flemish Community ( Dutch : Vlaamse Gemeenschap ) and the Flemish Region ( Dutch : Vlaams Gewest ) . These entities were merged , although geographically the Flemish Community , which has a broader cultural mandate , covers Brussels , whereas the Flemish Region does not .'}]}, {'value': 'Different Socialist Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialistische_Partij_Anders', 'summary': 'Socialist Party Differently ( Socialistische Partij Anders , sp.a ) is a social-democratic Flemish political party in Belgium . The party , formerly known as the Belgische Socialistische Partij ( BSP ) 1978-80 and the Socialistische Partij ( SP ) 1980-2001 , emerged from the Belgian Socialist Party linguistic and community split in 1978 which also produced the Parti Socialiste ; the Belgian Socialist Party was itself formed by former members of the Belgian Labour Party . From December 2011 to September 2014 , sp.a was part of the Di Rupo Government , along with its Francophone counterpart Socialist Party ( PS ) . Sp.a has been part of the Flemish Government several times .'}]}, {'value': 'New Flemish Alliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance', 'summary': "The New Flemish Alliance ( Dutch : Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie , N-VA ) is a Flemish nationalist , conservative political party in Belgium , founded in 2001 . The N-VA is a regionalist , separatist movement that self-identifies with the promotion of civic nationalism . It is part of the Flemish Movement ; the party strives for the peaceful and gradual secession of Flanders from Belgium . [ third-party source needed ] In recent years it has become the largest party of Flanders as well as of Belgium as a whole , and it participated in the 2014-18 Belgian Government until 9 December 2018 . Following the 2014 elections , the New Flemish Alliance is the largest Belgian / Flemish political party in the European Parliament , with its four MEPs sitting with the European Conservatives and Reformists ( ECR ) parliamentary group . The party is also known for its insistence on the exclusive use of Dutch , Flanders ' sole official language , in dealings with government agencies , and for the promotion of the use of Dutch in Flanders as the language enabling integration . [ clarification needed ] The main objective of the party is to work on Flemish independence by gradually obtaining more powers for both Belgian communities separately . Furthermore , it emphasizes its non-revolutionary character ( as opposed to the far-right character of the Vlaams Belang ) in order to legitimize increased Flemish autonomy . [ third-party source needed ] The N-VA advocates free-market economics , and their manifesto proposes immediate tax reductions to stimulate the economy . The party previously advocated deepening ties with the European Union , but have shifted in recent years to a more eurorealist or eurocritical stance ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium ( French-speaking )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallonia', 'summary': "Wallonia ( /wɒˈloʊniə/ ; French : [ la ] Wallonie [ walɔni ] ; German : [ das ] Wallonien [ vaˈloːni̯ən ] ( listen ) or [ die ] Wallonie [ valoˈniː ] ; Dutch : [ het ] Wallonië [ ʋɑˈloːnijə ] ( listen ) ; Walloon : [ li ] Walonreye [ walɔnʀɛj ] ; Luxembourgish : [ d ' ] Wallounien [ vɑˈləʊ̯niə̯n ] , Latin : Wallōnia or Vallōnia ) is a region of Belgium . As the southern portion of the country , Wallonia is primarily French-speaking , and accounts for 55% of Belgium 's territory , but only a third of its population . The Walloon Region was not merged with the French Community of Belgium , which is the political entity responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education , because the French Community of Belgium encompasses both Wallonia and the majority French-Speaking Brussels-Capital Region . The German-speaking minority in eastern Wallonia results from World War I and the subsequent annexation of three cantons that were initially part of the former German empire . This community represents less than 1% of the Belgian population . It forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium , which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues . During the industrial revolution , Wallonia was second only to the United Kingdom in industrialization , capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron . This brought the region wealth , and from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century , Wallonia was the more prosperous half of Belgium . Since World War II , the importance of heavy industry has greatly diminished , and the Flemish Region surpassed Wallonia in wealth , as Wallonia declined economically . Wallonia now suffers from high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders . The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of political conflicts in Belgium and a major factor in Flemish separatism . The capital of Wallonia is Namur , and the most populous city is Charleroi ."}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parti_Socialiste_(Belgium)', 'summary': 'The Socialist Party ( French : Parti socialiste , PS ) is a social-democratic French-speaking political party in Belgium . As of the 2014 elections , it is the second largest party in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives and the largest Francophone party . The party is led by Paul Magnette . The party supplies the Minister-president of the French Community ( Rudy Demotte ) , and the Brussels-Capital Region ( Rudi Vervoort ) . In the German-speaking community , the party is known as the Sozialistische Partei ( SP ) . The PS is very commonly part of governing coalitions , and dominates most local authorities because of the extremely fragmented nature of Belgian political institutions , particularly in Francophone areas . In the years since 1999 , the PS has simultaneously controlled five regional executive bodies : the Government of the French Community , the Walloon Government , the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region , as well as the COCOF , a local subsidiary in Brussels of the French Community Government , and the Government of the German-speaking Community . The party , or its members , have from time to time been brought into connection with criminal activities and political scandals , mostly concerning bribery and financial fraud ( Cools assassination , Agusta scandal , Dassault Affair , Carolorégienne affair [ fr ] , ICDI affair ) . The Carolorégienne affair caused Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe to step down as Minister-President of the Walloon region .'}]}, {'value': 'Citizens Movement for Change ( MCC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citizens_Movement_for_Change', 'summary': "Citizens ' Movement for Change ( French : Mouvement des Citoyens pour le Changement , MCC ) is a Christian-democratic political party in the French Community of Belgium founded by Gérard Deprez in 1998 . Deprez was the leader of the Francophone Christian Social Party ( PSC ) from 1982 to 1995 . He left the PSC , because he had failed to carry through his idea of forging a confederation of the PSC with the Liberal Reformist Party ( PRL ) . Moreover , he had been discontent with the election of Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb as party leader . The last trigger to form a new party was the popular outrage at the government 's mishandling of the controversy around the pedophile serial killer Marc Dutroux . The MCC immediately joined the alliance of the PRL and the regionalist Democratic Front of the Francophones ( FDF ) and ran on a joint PRL-FDF-MCC list for the elections in 1999 . Deprez was elected to the European Parliament and sat with the group of the European People 's Party ( EPP-ED ) . The MCC supported the purple-green government coalition of Liberals , Socialists and Greens , while the PSC , for the first time in 50 years , was sent into opposition . PRL , FDF and MCC became components of the Reformist Movement in 2002 . In the 2004 European Parliamentary Election it elected one MEP ( G. Deprez ) on the MR ticket . This time , he chose to sit with his liberal allies in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Group . The MCC became part of the pan-European European Democratic Party ( EDP ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium ( German-speaking )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium', 'summary': "The German-speaking Community of Belgium ( German : Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens [ ˈdɔʏ̯tʃˌʃpʁaːxɪɡə ɡəˈmaɪ̯nʃaft ˈbɛlɡi̯əns ] , DG ; French : Communauté germanophone de Belgique [ kɔmynote ʒɛʁmanofɔn də bɛlʒik ] ; Dutch : Duitstalige Gemeenschap van België [ ˈdœy̯tsˌtaːlɪɣə ɣəˈmeːnˌsxɑp vɑn ˈbɛlɣijə ] ) or Eastern Belgium ( German : Ostbelgien ; French : Belgique de l'est ; Dutch : Oost-België ) is one of the three federal communities of Belgium . Covering an area of 854 km2 ( 330 sq mi ) within the province of Liège ( German : Lüttich ) in Wallonia , it includes nine of the eleven municipalities of East Cantons ( German : Ost-Kantone ) . Traditionally speakers of Low Dietsch , Ripuarian , and Moselle Franconian varieties , the local population numbers over 77,000 - about 0.70% of the national total . Bordering the Netherlands , Germany and Luxembourg , the area has its own parliament and government at Eupen . The German-speaking Community of Belgium is composed of the German-speaking parts of the lands that were annexed in 1920 from Germany . In addition , in contemporary Belgium there are also some other areas where German is or has been spoken ( the difference line between German , Dutch , Luxembourgish and Limburgish is very slight since they are all part of the same dialect continuum ) that belonged to Belgium even before 1920 , but they are not currently officially considered part of the German-speaking Community of Belgium : Bleiberg-Welkenraedt-Baelen in northeastern province of Liège and Arelerland ( city of Arlon and some of its nearby villages in southeastern province of Belgian Luxembourg ) . However , in these localities , the German language is declining due to the expansion of French ."}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parti_Socialiste_(Belgium)', 'summary': 'The Socialist Party ( French : Parti socialiste , PS ) is a social-democratic French-speaking political party in Belgium . As of the 2014 elections , it is the second largest party in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives and the largest Francophone party . The party is led by Paul Magnette . The party supplies the Minister-president of the French Community ( Rudy Demotte ) , and the Brussels-Capital Region ( Rudi Vervoort ) . In the German-speaking community , the party is known as the Sozialistische Partei ( SP ) . The PS is very commonly part of governing coalitions , and dominates most local authorities because of the extremely fragmented nature of Belgian political institutions , particularly in Francophone areas . In the years since 1999 , the PS has simultaneously controlled five regional executive bodies : the Government of the French Community , the Walloon Government , the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region , as well as the COCOF , a local subsidiary in Brussels of the French Community Government , and the Government of the German-speaking Community . The party , or its members , have from time to time been brought into connection with criminal activities and political scandals , mostly concerning bribery and financial fraud ( Cools assassination , Agusta scandal , Dassault Affair , Carolorégienne affair [ fr ] , ICDI affair ) . The Carolorégienne affair caused Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe to step down as Minister-President of the Walloon region .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Social Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christlich_Soziale_Partei_(Belgium)', 'summary': 'The Christian Social Party ( German : Christlich-Soziale Partei , CSP ) is a Christian-democratic political party operating in the German-speaking Community of Belgium . Its president is Luc Frank . In the 2004 European Parliament election , standing as Christlich-Soziale Partei - Europäische Volkspartei , the party gained the single seat allocated by Belgian law to the German-speaking community . The party has maintained this seat since then . The CSP works with its Francophone counterpart Humanist Democratic Centre in other elections .'}]}, {'value': 'Belize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belize', 'summary': "Belize ( /bəˈliːz/ ( listen ) ) is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America . Belize is bordered on the northwest by Mexico , on the east by the Caribbean Sea , and on the south and west by Guatemala . It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres ( 8,867 sq mi ) and a population of 408,487 ( 2019 ) . Its mainland is about 180 mi ( 290 km ) long and 68 mi ( 110 km ) wide . It has the lowest population and population density in Central America . The country 's population growth rate of 1.87% per year ( 2018 estimate ) is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere . The Maya Civilization spread into the area of Belize between 1500 B.C . and A.D. 300 and flourished until about 1200 . European contact began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the Gulf of Honduras . European exploration was begun by English settlers in 1638 . This period was also marked by Spain and Britain both laying claim to the land until Britain defeated the Spanish in the Battle of St. George 's Caye ( 1798 ) . It became a British colony in 1840 , known as British Honduras , and a Crown colony in 1862 ."}]}, {'value': "People 's United Party", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_United_Party", 'summary': "The People 's United Party ( PUP ) is one of two major political parties in Belize . It is currently the main opposition party with 12 of 31 seats in the House of Representatives . It is a centre-left Christian democratic party . The party leader is Johnny Briceño , who currently serves as Belize 's Leader of the Opposition ."}]}, {'value': 'United Democratic Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Belize)', 'summary': 'The United Democratic Party ( UDP ) is one of the two major political parties in Belize . It is the ruling party , having won the 2008 , 2012 and 2015 general elections . A centre-right conservative party , the UDP is led by Prime Minister of Belize Dean Barrow .'}]}, {'value': 'Benin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benin', 'summary': "Benin ( /bɛˈniːn/ ( listen ) ben-EEN , /bɪˈniːn/ bin-EEN ; French : Bénin [ benɛ̃ ] ) , officially the Republic of Benin ( French : République du Bénin ) and formerly Dahomey , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Togo to the west , Nigeria to the east , Burkina Faso to the north-west , and Niger to the north-east . The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin , part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean . The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo , but the seat of government is in Cotonou , the country 's largest city and economic capital . Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres ( 44,310 sq mi ) and its population in 2018 was estimated to be approximately 11.49 million . Benin is a tropical nation , highly dependent on agriculture , and is a large exporter of cotton and palm oil . Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming . The official language of Benin is French , with several indigenous languages such as Fon , Bariba , Yoruba and Dendi also being commonly spoken . The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism , followed closely by Islam , Vodun ( commonly referred to as Voodoo outside the country ) and Protestantism . Benin is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , the Economic Community of West African States , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , La Francophonie , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority . Little is known of Benin 's early history . From the 17th to the 19th century , the main political entities in the area were the Kingdom of Dahomey , along with the city-state of Porto-Novo , and a large area with many different nations to the north ."}]}, {'value': 'Union Makes the Nation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Makes_the_Nation', 'summary': "Union Makes the Nation ( French : L'Union fait la Nation , abbreviated UN or the Union ) is an alliance of opposition political parties in Benin . It is composed of the PRD , MADEP , PSD , RB , Key Force , MDS , UNDP , MARCHE , PDPS and RDL VIVOTEN , and therefore represents an expansion of the Alliance for a Democratic Dynamic to embrace most of the significant Beninese parties opposed to the government of President Yayi Boni . The Union contested the 2011 presidential and parliamentary elections . Their presidential candidate , Adrien Houngbédji , was credited with 35.7% of the vote ; he issued a statement rejecting the validity of the election results . In the parliamentary elections , the Union took 30 seats out of 83 to become by far the largest opposition party ."}]}, {'value': 'Cowry Forces for an Emerging Benin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cowry_Forces_for_an_Emerging_Benin', 'summary': 'The Cowry Forces for an Emerging Benin ( French : Forces Cauris pour un Bénin émergent , FCBE ) is a political party of Benin , formed by supporters of president Yayi Boni . In the parliamentary election held on 31 March 2007 , the party won 35 out of 83 seats . The party expanded its plurality to 41 seats in the 2011 election that followed the contested reelection of Yayi Boni as president .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of major parties', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Major_party_0', 'intro': "A major party is a political party that holds substantial influence in a country's politics, standing in contrast to a minor party. It should not be confused with majority party. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary:"} | null | null | What country has a major centre-left labor political party as their Centre-left/Left-wingmajor party ? | Australia |
06bd3bead9a4639c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_boxers', 'title': 'List of female boxers', 'header': ['Name', 'Nationality', 'Style'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hannah Rankin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannah_Rankin', 'summary': 'Hannah Rankin ( born 21 July 1990 ) is a Scottish professional boxer and bassoonist . She held the IBO female super-welterweight title from June to November 2019 , challenged once for the WBA female super-middleweight title in 2018 and once for the WBA , WBC , and IBF middleweight titles against Claressa Shields in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Natascha Ragosina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natascha_Ragosina', 'summary': 'Natalia Yurievna Ragozina ( Russian : Наталья Юрьевна Рагозина ) , better known as Natascha Ragosina , is an undefeated retired professional boxer who spent much of her career ranked as the top female super middleweight in the world . Though born in Kazakhstan ( formerly a part of the Soviet Union ) and currently residing in Moscow , she competed professionally for Russia and is of Russian descent . She is the longest reigning WBA female super middleweight champion and WBC female super middleweight champion . At the time of her retirement , she held all major female super middleweight titles and two heavyweight belts :'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Emiko Raika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emiko_Raika', 'summary': 'Emiko Raika ( 来家 恵美子 , born January 24 , 1975 in Kyoto , Japan ) is a Japanese female professional boxer and mixed martial artist . The former WIBA Featherweight Champion of the World , Raika is considered one of the greatest Japanese female boxers of all time . [ citation needed ] Although more Japanese women have taken up traditionally male sports such as karate , kickboxing and wrestling in recent years , many in Japan still believe that women should not box , because of the injury risk . Raika , who has suffered a broken nose and an eye socket fracture in fights , shrugs off the possibility of injuries . When I told friends that I want to become a boxer , they were surprised and put down my decision because I am a woman , said Raika . But I had to resist . I like boxing and I wanted to do it . In fact , I am expressing myself through boxing . I am fighting not to beat the opponent , but for myself .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Rakoczy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Rakoczy', 'summary': 'Jessica Rakoczy ( born April 14 , 1977 ) is a professional boxer and professional mixed martial arts fighter from Hamilton , Ontario and seven time women lightweight boxing champion of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Ria Ramnarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ria_Ramnarine', 'summary': "Ria Ramnarine ( born 12 October 1978 ) is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian former professional boxer who competed from 1999 to 2012 . During her career she held world titles in two weight-classes ; the WIBA minimumweight title from 2005 to 2006 ; the WIBF minimumweight and WIBA light flyweight titles in 2011 . She also challenged once for the WBA female minimumweight title in 2010 . She was Trinidad and Tobago 's first female world champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Friba Razayee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friba_Razayee', 'summary': 'Friba Rezayee ( Dari : فریبا رضایی ) ( born September 3 , 1985 ) is an Afghan judoka , who is perhaps best known as one of the first two women athletes from Afghanistan to compete in the Summer Olympics . The Taliban controlling most of Afghanistan , caused the country to be banned from the Olympics in 1999 due to its discrimination against women under Taliban rule as well as its prohibition of sports of any kind , and thus missed out on the Sydney Olympics of the year 2000 . In June 2003 , the IOC lifted the suspension imposed on Afghanistan during the 115th IOC Session in Prague , and the country sent a delegation of five competitors to the Athens Games in 2004 . Rezayee and Robina Muqimyar were two women contingents in the delegation , becoming the first ever women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Afghanistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afghanistan', 'summary': "Afghanistan ( /æfˈɡænɪstæn , æfˈɡɑːnɪstɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Pashto/Dari : افغانستان , Pashto : Afġānistān [ avɣɒnisˈtɒn , ab- ] , [ a ] Dari : Afġānestān [ avɣɒnesˈtɒn ] ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , is a landlocked country in Asia . Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south ; [ b ] Iran to the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan to the north ; and China to the northeast . Occupying 652,000 square kilometers ( 252,000 sq mi ) , it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest . Kabul is the capital and largest city . The population is 32 million , mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras and Uzbeks . Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era , and the country 's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia . The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns , including those by Alexander the Great , Mauryas , Muslim Arabs , Mongols , British , Soviets , and by the United States with allied countries . The land also served as the source from which the Kushans , Hephthalites , Samanids , Saffarids , Ghaznavids , Ghorids , Khaljis , Mughals , Hotaks , Durranis , and others have risen to form major empires . The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century . In the late 19th century , Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire . Its border with British India , the Durand Line , was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter 's independence in 1947 . Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence , eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan , until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Elena Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elena_Reid', 'summary': 'Elena A. Reid ( born November 1 , 1981 ) is an American former boxer and former mixed martial artist . She is a former WIBA and IFBA Flyweight Champion and fights under the nickname Baby Doll .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Suzanne Riccio-Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzanne_Riccio-Major', 'summary': "Suzanne Riccio-Major ( born October 16 , 1963 ) , also known as Suzanne Riccio , is a former female boxer who fought two times for world titles . She also competed against many of women 's boxing top fighters . Riccio-Major was born in Pittsfield , Massachusetts in 1963 . She began her career in professional boxing at the age of twenty-six , when she and Andrea Buchanan drew ( tied ) after five rounds on November 1 , 1989 , at Bristol , Tennessee . Riccio Major obtained her first victory , a five-round decision win over Stacey Prestage , on her second bout , held on November 17 , 1990 in Fort Myers , Florida . For her third bout , held on February 25 , 1991 , also at Bristol , she met young rising star Christy Martin , who dealt Riccio her first loss , beating her by a five-round decision . Riccio then took five years away from boxing , deciding to return during the dawn of the often called golden era of women 's boxing , when she took on Sue Chase on June 3 , 1996 , at Warrensville Heights , Ohio . The then thirty-three-year-old Riccio won by a five-round decision . On July 27 , she lost to Theresa Arnold by an eight-round decision at Rochester , Washington . On January 17 , 1997 , Riccio-Major earned her first , and only , professional boxing knockout win , when she defeated Patricia Simms in the first round , at Waukegan , Illinois . After that victory , she was offered her first shot at a world championship , when she met Cheryl Robertson , on February 3 , for the WIBF 's world bantamweight title . Riccio-Major lost by a ten-round decision , in New Orleans ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucia Rijker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucia_Rijker', 'summary': 'Lucia Frederica Rijker ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈrɛikər ] ; born December 6 , 1967 ) is a Dutch professional female boxer , kickboxer , and actress . Rijker was sometimes dubbed by the press The Most Dangerous Woman in the World .'}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgett Riley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgett_Riley', 'summary': "Bridgett Riley ( born May 13 , 1973 ) is a female boxer and motion picture stuntwoman from Oakville , Missouri . While working as an airline attendant , she decided to learn martial arts . The interest in the sport came from her brother Patrick 's strong interest in mixed martial arts . She trained with her brother and a number of other high-profile martial artists early in her career . Notably , she was trained by former three time world kickboxing champion , Jim Boucher ( Belleville , IL ) . She was a member of a competition team with other competitors such as : Ronnie Diamond Deleon ( World Kickboxing Champion ) , Patrick Riley ( mixed martial arts champion ) , Donny Reinhardt ( world champion ) , Russ Hogue ( US Kickboxing Champion ) . She held the IFBA 's world Bantamweight championship for a short period of time . Her nickname is Baby Doll and she was managed by Don King for several years . A lifelong fan of combat sports , Riley began to pave her way into relative women 's boxing stardom during the early 1990s , when she fought as a kick boxer , winning various titles and becoming famous around kick boxing circles . Riley headlined many kick boxing shows in Las Vegas , and her fights were frequently televised on regional sports networks , such as ASPN . When Riley announced that she was to begin a career in professional boxing , many of her fans received the news with open arms . Riley debuted as a professional boxer on April 8 , 1994 , when she beat future world champion Yvonne Trevino by a four round decision in Laughlin , Nevada ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Kara Ro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Ro', 'summary': "Kara Rheault ( born November 9 , 1975 ) , best known as Kara Ro , is a boxing and MMA trainer , and a retired Canadian boxer . She is the current Women 's International Boxing Association lightweight champion ."}]}, {'value': 'CAN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Leatitia Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leatitia_Robinson', 'summary': "Leatitia Baby Girl Robinson ( born September 30 , 1980 ) is the former WIBA Middleweight Champion of the World in women 's boxing ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}], 'section_title': 'R', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_female_boxers_15', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable female boxers. For a list of notable male boxers, see List of male boxers.'} | null | null | How many people are in the most populated city of the home country of Emiko Raika ? | 38 million |
06bd8760dfa81b13 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(North_America)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (North America)', 'header': ['Title', 'Developer ( s )', 'Publisher ( s )', 'Release Date', 'ESRB'], 'data': [{'value': 'Altered Beast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altered_Beast', 'summary': "Altered Beast [ a ] is a 1988 beat 'em up arcade game developed and manufactured by Sega . The game is set in Ancient Greece and follows a player character resurrected by Zeus to rescue his daughter Athena from the ruler of the underworld , Neff . Through the use of power-ups , the player character can assume the form of different magical beasts . After its initial arcade release , it was ported to several home video game consoles and home computers , including the Sega Genesis , for which it was a pack-in game . The game was developed by Makoto Uchida , who developed the game as his first project as a lead developer . Uchida and his team used the System 16 arcade system board for its graphical capabilities with sprites . Altered Beast was ported numerous times in addition to its Genesis conversion , including for the Master System by Sega and to several computer systems and video game consoles by various third parties . Altered Beast 's arcade release and its various ports have all received mixed reviews . The game has been rereleased several times for various consoles and as part of video game compilations . Two sequels to the game have been developed ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonic the Hedgehog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)', 'summary': "Sonic the Hedgehog [ a ] is a platform game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis console . It was released in North America in June 1991 , and in PAL regions and Japan the following month . The game features an anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic in a quest to defeat Dr. Robotnik , a scientist who has imprisoned animals in robots and stolen the powerful Chaos Emeralds . The gameplay involves collecting rings as a form of health , and a simple control scheme , with jumping and attacking controlled by a single button . Development began in 1990 when Sega ordered its developers to create a game featuring a mascot for the company . After considering a number of suggestions , the developers decided on a blue hedgehog and named themselves Sonic Team to match their character . Sonic the Hedgehog , designed for fast gameplay , was influenced by games by Super Mario series creator Shigeru Miyamoto . Sonic the Hedgehog uses a novel technique that allows Sonic 's sprite to roll along curved scenery , which originated in a tech demo created by programmer Yuji Naka . Sonic the Hedgehog was well received by critics , who praised its visuals , audio , and gameplay . It was also commercially successful , establishing the Genesis as a key player in the 16-bit era and allowing it to compete with Nintendo and their Super Nintendo Entertainment System console . The game has been ported a number of times , and inspired several clones , a successful franchise , and adaptations into other media . It is often cited as one of the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecco the Dolphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecco_the_Dolphin', 'summary': 'Ecco the Dolphin is a series of action-adventure video games developed by Appaloosa Interactive ( previously known as Novotrade International ) and published by Sega . They were originally developed for the Mega Drive/Genesis and Dreamcast video game consoles , and have been ported to numerous systems . The story follows the eponymous Ecco , a bottlenose dolphin , who fights extraterrestrial threats to the world . The games are known for their high difficulty level . Ecco was created by Ed Annunziata , who also produced Chakan : The Forever Man .'}]}, {'value': 'Novotrade Interactive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appaloosa_Interactive', 'summary': "Appaloosa Interactive ( formerly Novotrade International ) was a corporation , founded in 1982 in Hungary , that produced video games , computer programs and television commercials during the 1980s and 1990s . [ citation needed ] Novotrade International was founded by Andras Csaszar and Stephen J. Friedman . Csaszar served as the company 's president , while Friedman served as chief executive officer . Novotrade began operating branches in the United States in 1989 , and was renamed Appaloosa Interactive in November 1996 . That month , the company unveiled its 10-month-old Internet technologies division , Appaloosa Online . The company 's headquarters were in Mountain View , California . Appaloosa was the parent company and owner of two software development companies in Budapest , Hungary . [ citation needed ] Appaloosa was known for its Ecco the Dolphin game series for Sega . Appaloosa also developed two Contra games on the PlayStation and Sega Saturn for Konami . Appaloosa had 100 employees as of January 2001 , and had produced over 150 video games up to that point , many of which were released in Europe . At that time , Friedman said , In all the years we have been in business , we have only failed to complete a project because of our own inability once or twice . Appaloosa 's final game was Jaws Unleashed , released in 2006 , and based on the Jaws series of films ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 28 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Axe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Axe_(video_game)', 'summary': "Golden Axe ( ゴールデンアックス , Gooruden Akkusu ) is a side-scrolling , beat 'em up , arcade video game released in 1989 by Sega for the System 16-B arcade hardware . It is the first game in the Golden Axe series . Makoto Uchida was the lead designer of the game , and also was responsible for the creation of Altered Beast . The game was ported to the Sega Genesis and Master System consoles , among many other systems ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 28 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columns_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Columns ( Japanese : コラムス , Hepburn : Koramusu ) is a match-three puzzle video game created by Jay Geertsen in 1989 . Early versions of the game were ported across early computer platforms and Atari ST . In 1990 , Jay Geertsen sold the rights to Sega , who ported the game to several Sega consoles .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 4 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ristar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ristar', 'summary': "Ristar [ a ] is a platform game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis , which released worldwide in February 1995 . A Sega Game Gear game of the same name and genre , Ristar , was also released , which shared similar themes , while possessing different level design and gameplay mechanics . The game stars an anthropomorphic cartoon star who uses his hands and long , stretchable arms to both move and combat enemies . Reception for the game has been generally positive , but the game 's initial release was overshadowed due to the imminent ending of the Genesis 's lifecycle and the succession of the Sega Saturn and other fifth generation video game consoles . While never receiving any sequels , Sega has re-released the game a number of times digitally and on Sega-themed compilations , including the Sega Forever line of releases for mobile devices . The character has additionally received various cameos in other Sega properties as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 4 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dr. Robotnik 's Mean Bean Machine", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dr._Robotnik's_Mean_Bean_Machine", 'summary': "Dr. Robotnik 's Mean Bean Machine [ a ] is a falling block puzzle game developed by Compile and published by Sega . It was released for the Genesis/Mega Drive in North America and Europe in November 1993 , and was ported to the Game Gear and Master System in December 1993 and June 1994 , respectively . The plot revolves around Sonic the Hedgehog series antagonist Doctor Robotnik kidnapping residents from Beanville and turning them into robots , with the purpose of removing all joy from the planet Mobius . Dr. Robotnik 's Mean Bean Machine is a Westernized version of Puyo Puyo , and replaces its characters with those from the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise , primarily the Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog animated series . The gameplay is reminiscent of puzzle games like Tetris , in which the player must organize different colored shapes as they fall down a board . The game received mostly positive reviews , with critics praising the gameplay but criticizing the difficulty ."}]}, {'value': 'Compile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_(publisher)', 'summary': "Compile Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社コンパイル , Kabushikigaisha Konpairu ) was a Japanese video game developer , most notable for having developed the Puyo Puyo series , a franchise derived from the Madō Monogatari series . On 6 November 2003 , the company suffered from bankruptcy . As a result , key staff moved to Compile Heart , the company 's spiritual successor , whereas shoot-'em-up staff moved to MileStone Inc . The Compile trademark is currently being used as a brand label by Compile Heart to promote merchandise and games based on Compile properties . As of 2010 , Compile Heart entered into a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise to create new video games based on franchises from Compile properties . This agreement does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series as Sega retains ownership of the property . In April 2016 , Niitani started a new successor company to Compile , COMPILE〇 . The company launched the game Nyoki Nyoki : Tabidachi Hen for Nintendo 3DS on the Nintendo eShop with a follow-up scheduled for Nintendo Switch ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gunstar Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunstar_Heroes', 'summary': "Gunstar Heroes [ a ] is a run and gun video game developed by Treasure and published by Sega . It was Treasure 's debut game , originally released on the Sega Genesis in 1993 . The game 's premise is centered around a pair of characters , the Gunstars , in their efforts to stop an evil empire from recovering four powerful gems . The characters can fire guns and perform a series of acrobatic maneuvers to fight enemies across each stage . There are four weapons in the game which can be combined with one another to create different shot types . Development on Gunstar Heroes began among a team of staff working at Konami in 1991 . Following an unwillingness of Konami to embrace their original game ideas , the team quit in 1992 and formed Treasure to see their project through . The team wanted to develop their game for the Genesis because of the system 's powerful Motorola 68000 microprocessor . Sega initially rejected their proposal , but later granted approval after they had been working for Sega for several months on McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure ( 1993 ) . Treasure worked on both games in parallel , and released Gunstar Heroes worldwide as their first game in 1993 . Gunstar Heroes was a critical success , being praised for its frantic action and advanced graphics . It helped establish Treasure 's place in the industry , and introduced several design conventions which would become characteristic of their later work such as large bosses and a unique sense of humor ."}]}, {'value': 'Treasure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treasure_(company)', 'summary': "Treasure Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese video game developer based in Tokyo known for its action , platform , and shoot 'em up games . The company was founded in 1992 by former Konami employees seeking to explore original game concepts and free themselves from Konami 's reliance on sequels . Their first game , Gunstar Heroes ( 1993 ) on the Sega Genesis , was a critical success and established a creative and action-oriented design style that would continue to characterize their output . Treasure 's philosophy in game development has always been to make games they enjoy , not necessarily those that have the greatest commercial viability . Treasure grew a cult following for their action games developed during the 1990s , and though initially exclusive to Sega platforms , they expanded to other platforms in 1997 . The company earned recognition from critics , being called one of the best Japanese indie studios and 2D game developers . The company 's output decreased in the 2010s , with their last release being Gaist Crusher God in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Space Harrier II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Space_Harrier_II', 'summary': "Space Harrier II ( スペースハリアーII , Supēsu Hariā Tsū ) is the sequel to Space Harrier , developed and published by Sega . It was one of the original launch titles released for the Mega Drive in Japan and one of the six Genesis launch titles in the U.S . It was also later released on the Wii 's Virtual Console service . Like Altered Beast , another launch title for the Mega Drive , Space Harrier II features digitized human voice recordings during gameplay , and is also an example of some of the Mega Drive 's early sound , composed by Tokuhiko Uwabo ( credited as Bo ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega AM2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega_AM2', 'summary': "Sega AM Research & Development No . 2 ( セガ第二AM研究開発部 , Sega Daini Ē Emu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Bu ) , better known as Sega-AM2 Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社SEGA-AM2 , Kabushiki gaisha Sega Ē Emu Tsū ) , is the oldest video game development team within the Japanese multinational video game developer Sega . They are Sega 's second development division for arcade software . Several games produced by Sega-AM2 have influenced and innovated the video game industry from a technical and developmental perspective ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 18 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ToeJam & Earl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ToeJam_&_Earl', 'summary': "ToeJam & Earl is an action game developed by Johnson Voorsanger Productions and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis console . Released in 1991 , it centers on ToeJam and Earl - alien rappers who have crash-landed on Earth . As they attempt to escape the planet , players assume the role of either character and collect pieces of their wrecked spacecraft . ToeJam & Earl 's design was heavily influenced by the role-playing video game Rogue , and took from it such features as the random generation of levels and items . It references and parodies 1980s and early 90s urban culture and is set to a funk soundtrack . The game was positively received by critics , who praised its originality , soundtrack , humor and two-player cooperative mode . It attained sleeper hit status despite low initial sales , and its protagonists were used as mascots by Sega . ToeJam & Earl was followed by two sequels : ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron and ToeJam & Earl III : Mission to Earth , released for the Sega Genesis and Xbox respectively . The sequels ' commercial and critical success was mixed . A fourth title without Sega 's involvement , ToeJam & Earl : Back in the Groove , was released on March 1st , 2019 with funds from Kickstarter . The game was re-released for the Wii 's Virtual Console in December 2006 and re-released again on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnson Voorsanger Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ToeJam_&_Earl_Productions', 'summary': "ToeJam & Earl Productions , Inc. ( 1989-2003 ) was an American video game company founded by Electronic Arts developers Mark Voorsanger and Greg Johnson . Their best-known titles were Orly 's Draw-A-Story ( 1996 , Broderbund ) , and three games in the ToeJam & Earl series ( 1991-2003 , Sega ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 25 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonanza Bros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonanza_Bros.', 'summary': 'Bonanza Bros. [ a ] ( sometimes written Bonanza Brothers ) is a 1990 3D-style , 2D shooting platform arcade game by Sega . It is one of the earliest arcade games powered by the Sega System 24 arcade system board .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comix Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comix_Zone', 'summary': "Comix Zone is a 1995 beat 'em up video game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis . An unusual feature of the game is that it is set within the panels of a comic book with dialogue rendered within talk bubbles and sprites and backgrounds possessing the bright colors and dynamic drawing style favored by superhero comics . This style had been used in video games previously , for example Ocean Software 's Batman : The Caped Crusader in 1988 , but Comix Zone stretched the idea to such an extent that Sega applied for and were granted a patent for a Videogame system for creating a simulated comic book game . The concept for the game originated from a Commodore Amiga demo video animated by Peter Morawiec titled Joe Pencil Trapped In The Comix Zone . The video was made in 1992 , displaying the animation of how the gameplay and the comic book elements would blend in ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega Technical Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonic_Team', 'summary': "Sonic Team [ a ] is a video game developer housed within the Japanese video game company Sega as part of its Sega CS Research and Development No . 2 [ b ] division . Sonic Team is best known for the long-running Sonic the Hedgehog series and games such as Nights into Dreams and Phantasy Star Online . The initial team , formed in 1990 , was composed of staff from Sega 's Consumer Development division , including programmer Yuji Naka , artist Naoto Ohshima , and level designer Hirokazu Yasuhara . The team took the name Sonic Team in 1991 with the release of their first game , Sonic the Hedgehog , for the Sega Genesis . The game was a major success and contributed to millions of Genesis sales . The next Sonic games were developed by Naka and Yasuhara in America at Sega Technical Institute , while Ohshima worked on Sonic CD in Japan . Naka returned to Japan in late 1994 to become the head of CS3 , later renamed R & D No . 8 . During this time , the division took on the Sonic Team brand but developed games that do not feature Sonic , such as Nights into Dreams ( 1996 ) and Burning Rangers ( 1998 ) . Following the release of Sonic Adventure in 1998 , some Sonic Team staff moved to the United States to form Sonic Team USA and develop Sonic Adventure 2 ( 2001 ) . With Sega 's divestiture of its studios into separate companies , R & D No ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gain Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gain_Ground', 'summary': 'Gain Ground is a 1988 action-strategy arcade game later ported to home systems .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 5 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Streets of Rage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Streets_of_Rage', 'summary': "Streets of Rage [ a ] is a series of side-scrolling beat 'em up video games , centering on the efforts of several heroes trying to rid a city from the rule of a crime syndicate . The original trilogy of games was developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in the 1990s , and have since been ported and re-released on various platforms . A fourth entry , Streets of Rage 4 , will be released in 2020 . The games were well-received and have been re-released many times both on compilations and as standalone games . The electronic dance music soundtracks of the games , scored by Yuzo Koshiro and Motohiro Kawashima , have also received much acclaim ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega-AM7 , MNM Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega_Wow', 'summary': 'Sega AM Research & Development No . 1 ( セガ第一AM研究開発本部 , Sega Daiichi Ē Emu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Bu ) , originally titled Sega CS Research & Development No . 2 ( セガ第二CS研究開発部 , Sega Daini Shī Esu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Bu ) , and later Overworks Ltd. ( 株式会社オーバーワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Ōbāwākusu ) and Sega Wow Inc. ( 株式会社セガワウ , Kabushiki gaisha Sega Wau ) , was a division of Japanese video game developer Sega .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bio-Hazard Battle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bio-Hazard_Battle', 'summary': "Bio-Hazard Battle , released in Japan as Crying : Aseimei Sensou ( クライング 亜生命戦争 ) , is a 1992 side-scrolling shoot 'em up released for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis and for the Sega Mega Play arcade platform . On February 26 , 2007 , it was also made available on the Wii 's Virtual Console . As of October 26 , 2010 , the game is available on Steam as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 26 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sword of Vermilion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sword_of_Vermilion', 'summary': "Sword of Vermilion [ a ] is an action role-playing game developed and published by Sega for the Mega Drive console in 1989 . It was released in 1991 in North America and Europe . It was the first console exclusive game designed by Yu Suzuki , and designed by his Sega AM2 studio . The game is part of the Sega Genesis Collection for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable , and was available on the Wii 's Virtual Console ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega AM2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega_AM2', 'summary': "Sega AM Research & Development No . 2 ( セガ第二AM研究開発部 , Sega Daini Ē Emu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Bu ) , better known as Sega-AM2 Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社SEGA-AM2 , Kabushiki gaisha Sega Ē Emu Tsū ) , is the oldest video game development team within the Japanese multinational video game developer Sega . They are Sega 's second development division for arcade software . Several games produced by Sega-AM2 have influenced and innovated the video game industry from a technical and developmental perspective ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 5 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonic Spinball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonic_Spinball', 'summary': 'Sonic the Hedgehog Spinball , commonly abbreviated to Sonic Spinball , is a 1993 pinball video game developed by Sega Technical Institute and published by Sega . It is a spinoff of the Sonic the Hedgehog series set in the universe of the Sonic the Hedgehog animated series . Players control Sonic the Hedgehog , who must stop Doctor Robotnik from enslaving the population in a giant pinball-like mechanism . The game is set in a series of pinball machine-like environments , and Sonic acts as a pinball for the majority of the game . Sonic Spinball was developed by the American staff of Sega Technical Institute , as the Japanese staff was occupied with developing Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and Sonic & Knuckles . When Sega management realized that Sonic 3 would not be completed in time for the 1993 holiday shopping season , they commissioned another Sonic game . After a hasty two-month development , Sonic Spinball was released for the Sega Genesis in November 1993 and for the Game Gear and Master System in 1994 . Sonic Spinball received mixed reviews , with critics praising the novelty and graphics but criticizing the controls . A second pinball game , Sonic Pinball Party , was released in 2003 , and a Sonic Spinball spinning rollercoaster opened in Alton Towers , a British theme park , in 2010 . Spinball has been ported to various consoles and included in Sega compilations .'}]}, {'value': 'Polygames , Sega Technical Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega_Technical_Institute', 'summary': "Sega Technical Institute ( STI ) was an American development division of Sega . Founded by Atari veteran Mark Cerny in 1991 , the studio sought to combine elite Japanese developers , including Sonic Team programmer Yuji Naka and his team , with new American talent . STI developed a number of Sonic the Hedgehog games , as well as other games for the Sega Genesis , before it was closed at the end of 1996 . After working in Japan for Sega on games for the Master System , Cerny proposed the creation of a development studio in America , which was approved . When Naka quit Sega after the release of Sonic the Hedgehog , Cerny convinced him and Sonic level designer Hirokazu Yasuhara to join him at STI . After completing Sonic the Hedgehog 2 in 1992 , STI was divided in two due to friction between the Japanese and American developers : the Japanese developers developed Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and Sonic & Knuckles before leaving in 1994 , while the American team developed games including Sonic Spinball . The failed development of Sonic X-treme for the Sega Saturn became representative of a culture shift at Sega , and STI closed at the end of 1996 . Games developed by STI are considered significant in the history of the Genesis , and many were well-received or sold well . Developers have described STI as a unique workplace that did not fit into Sega 's corporate structure , and have fond memories of the environment ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 12 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond Oasis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_Oasis', 'summary': "Beyond Oasis , known in Japan and Europe as The Story of Thor : A Successor of the Light , [ a ] is an action-adventure game developed by Ancient and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis . The game has also been re-released in various emulated collections , such as the Virtual Console , Sonic 's Ultimate Genesis Collection , and Sega Forever . A prequel to the game , The Legend of Oasis , was released for the Sega Saturn in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ancient', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ancient_(company)', 'summary': 'Ancient Corp. ( 株式会社エインシャント , Kabushiki-gaisha Einshanto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on April 1 , 1990 , by video game music composer Yuzo Koshiro and his family . The company was co-founded by his mother , Tomo Koshiro , while his sister , Ayano , also works at the company as a character and graphic designer . In addition to developing , planning , and producing games , Ancient ( by the way of Yuzo Koshiro ) contributes music to other games not directly worked by the company .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 19 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Kidd_in_the_Enchanted_Castle', 'summary': 'Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle ( アレックスキッド 天空魔城 , Arekkusu Kiddo Tenkū Majō ) is a side-scrolling platform game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis video game console . The game was released in Japan in February 1989 , in the U.S. in August 1989 and in Europe on November 1990 . It is the only 16-bit platform game starring Alex Kidd , and the fifth game in the Alex Kidd series of video games . Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle follows Alex as he fights his way through the fictional planet Paperock in search of his long-lost father , King Thor . Alex has access to several items and vehicles that help him complete his quest , including a motorbike , pedicopter , and pogo stick , which each give him unique abilities . While traveling through eleven worlds , Alex must defeat several opponents in Paper , Rock , Scissors before finally finding King Thor .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 9 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virtua Fighter 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virtua_Fighter_2', 'summary': "Virtua Fighter 2 ( Japanese : バーチャファイター2 , Hepburn : Bācha Faitā Tsū ) is a fighting video game developed by Sega . It is the sequel to Virtua Fighter and the second game in the Virtua Fighter series . It was created by Sega 's Yu Suzuki-headed AM2 and was released in the arcade in 1994 . It was ported to the Sega Saturn in 1995 and Microsoft Windows in 1997 . In 1996 , a super deformed version of the game , Virtua Fighter Kids , arrived in arcades and was ported to the Sega Saturn . A 2D remake was released for the Mega Drive/Genesis in 1996 . In addition , Virtua Fighter 2 was converted for the PlayStation 2 in 2004 as part of Sega 's Ages 2500 series in Japan . The Mega Drive/Genesis port was re-released on the PS2 and PSP in 2006 as part of Sega Genesis Collection , on the Virtual Console for the Wii on March 20 , 2007 ( Japan ) and April 16 , 2007 ( North America ) , and for iOS on January 20 , 2011 . Virtua Fighter 2 was known for its breakthrough graphics . It used Sega 's Model 2 arcade hardware to run the game at 60 frames per second at a high resolution with no slowdown ( by comparison , the original Virtua Fighter ran at 30 frames per second ) . It introduced the use of texture-mapped 3D characters , and motion capture animation technology . The Saturn version was also well-received for its graphics and gameplay ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega AM2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega_AM2', 'summary': "Sega AM Research & Development No . 2 ( セガ第二AM研究開発部 , Sega Daini Ē Emu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Bu ) , better known as Sega-AM2 Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社SEGA-AM2 , Kabushiki gaisha Sega Ē Emu Tsū ) , is the oldest video game development team within the Japanese multinational video game developer Sega . They are Sega 's second development division for arcade software . Several games produced by Sega-AM2 have influenced and innovated the video game industry from a technical and developmental perspective ."}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Titles -- Sega Genesis', 'section_text': 'There were 75 titles available from the Sega Genesis , which was launched in 1989 .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(North_America)_5', 'intro': 'The following is a list of the 427 games that were available on the Virtual Console for the Wii in North America. These games could also be played on the Wii U through Wii Mode, but lack the additional features found in Wii U Virtual Console releases. The games are sorted by system and in the order they were added in the Wii Shop Channel. To sort by other columns, click the corresponding icon in the header row. Nintendo discontinued the Wii Shop Channel on January 31, 2019, with the purchase of Wii Points for new games having ended on March 26, 2018. But Wii Shop Channel users can still continue to redownload previously purchased content as of February 1, 2019.'} | null | null | What is the release date for the platform game that follows a hedgehog on an adventure to beat Dr. Robotnik ? | November 19 , 2006 |
06bdd654f7df3c4d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinfonians', 'title': 'List of Sinfonians', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pasquale Amato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasquale_Amato', 'summary': 'Pasquale Amato ( 21 March 1878 - 12 August 1942 ) was an Italian operatic baritone . Amato enjoyed an international reputation but attained the peak of his fame in New York City , where he sang with the Metropolitan Opera from 1908 until 1921 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Omega ( 1939 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_State_University', 'summary': "Louisiana State University ( officially Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College , commonly referred to as LSU ) is a public research university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville , Louisiana , under the name Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy . The current LSU main campus was dedicated in 1926 , consists of more than 250 buildings constructed in the style of Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio , and the main campus historic district occupies a 650-acre ( 2.6 km² ) plateau on the banks of the Mississippi River . LSU is the flagship school of the state of Louisiana , as well the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System , and is the most comprehensive university in Louisiana . In 2017 , the university enrolled over 25,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools and colleges . Several of LSU 's graduate schools , such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center , have received national recognition in their respective fields of study . Designated as a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant institution , LSU is also noted for its extensive research facilities , operating some 800 sponsored research projects funded by agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . LSU is one of eight universities in the United States with dental , law , veterinary , medical , and Master of Business Administration programs . The LSU School of Veterinary Medicine is one of only 30 veterinary schools in the country and the only one in Louisiana . LSU 's athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports ( 9 men 's , 12 women 's ) , and is a member of the NCAA ( National Collegiate Athletic Association ) and the SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) . The university is represented by its mascot , Mike the Tiger ."}]}, {'value': 'Operatic baritone who sang with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1908-1921', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera', 'summary': "The Metropolitan Opera ( commonly known as The Met ) is an opera company based in New York City , resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts . The company is operated by the non-profit Metropolitan Opera Association , with Peter Gelb as general manager . As of 2018 , the company 's current music director is Yannick Nézet-Séguin . The Met was founded in 1883 as an alternative to the previously established Academy of Music opera house , and debuted the same year in a new building on 39th and Broadway ( now known as the Old Met ) . It moved to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966 . The Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America . It presents about 27 different operas each year from late September through May . The operas are presented in a rotating repertory schedule , with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week . Performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday . Several operas are presented in new productions each season . Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera companies . The rest of the year 's operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'David Bispham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bispham', 'summary': 'David Scull Bispham ( January 5 , 1857 - October 2 , 1921 ) was an American operatic baritone .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon ( 1905 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}]}, {'value': 'First American-born operatic baritone to gain international notability', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrico Caruso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Caruso', 'summary': 'Enrico Caruso ( /kəˈruːzoʊ/ , also US : /kəˈruːsoʊ/ , Italian : [ enˈriːko kaˈruːzo ] ; 25 February 1873 - 2 August 1921 ) was an Italian operatic tenor . He sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and the Americas , appearing in a wide variety of roles from the Italian and French repertoires that ranged from the lyric to the dramatic . One of the first major singing talents to be commercially recorded , Caruso made approximately 260 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920 , which made him an international popular entertainment star . All of these recordings , which span most of his stage career , remain available today on CDs and as downloads and digital streams .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha ( 1917 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Conservatory', 'summary': 'The New England Conservatory of Music ( NEC ) is a private music school in Boston , Massachusetts . It is the oldest independent music conservatory in the United States . The conservatory is located on Huntington Avenue of the Arts near Boston Symphony Hall and is home to 750 students pursuing undergraduate and graduate studies along with 1400 more in its Preparatory School as well as the School of Continuing Education . At the collegiate level , NEC offers the Bachelor of Music , Master of Music , and Doctor of Musical Arts , as well as the Undergraduate , Graduate , and Artist Diplomas . Also offered are five-year joint double-degree programs with Harvard University and Tufts University . NEC is the only music school in the United States designated as a National Historic Landmark , and it is a pending Boston Landmark . Its primary concert hall , Jordan Hall , designed by Edmund M. Wheelright contains an organ modeled after the one at Santa Maria Della Scala in Siena It hosts approximately 1,000 concerts each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Pioneer of recorded music ; posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award', 'summary': 'The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award is a special Grammy Award that is awarded by The Recording Academy to performers who , during their lifetimes , have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording . This award is distinct from the Grammy Hall of Fame Award , which honors specific recordings rather than individuals , and the Grammy Trustees Award , which honors non-performers .'}]}, {'value': 'Craig Colclough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Colclough', 'summary': 'Craig Colclough is an American bass-baritone . Initially trained as a cellist , Colclough started playing in music theater in high school , and joined the Johnston Center at the University of Redlands , in Redlands , California , where he earned a liberal arts education . Continuing his musical studies after graduating college in 2004 , Colclough was later hired by the Los Angeles Opera .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Pi ( 2001 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Redlands', 'summary': "The University of Redlands is a private university headquartered in Redlands , California . The university 's main , residential campus is situated on 160 acres ( 65 ha ) near downtown Redlands . An additional eight regional locations throughout California largely provide programs for working adults ."}]}, {'value': 'American bass-baritone employed with groups such as the Los Angeles Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Opera is an American opera company in Los Angeles , California . It is the fourth-largest opera company in the United States . The company 's home base is the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , part of the Los Angeles Music Center ."}]}, {'value': 'François Clemmons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Clemmons', 'summary': "François Scarborough Clemmons ( born April 23 , 1945 ) is an American singer , actor , playwright and university lecturer . He is perhaps best known for his appearances as Officer Clemmons on the PBS television series Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood from 1968 to 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Omega ( 1968 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University', 'summary': "The Carnegie Technical Schools were founded in 1900 in Pittsburgh by the Scottish American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , who wrote the time-honored words My heart is in the work , when he donated the funds to create the institution . Carnegie 's vision was to open a vocational training school for the sons and daughters of working-class Pittsburghers ( many of whom worked in his mills ) . Carnegie was inspired for the design of his school by the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn , New York founded by industrialist Charles Pratt in 1887 . In 1912 , the institution changed its name to Carnegie Institute of Technology ( CIT ) and began offering four-year degrees . During this time , CIT consisted of four constituent schools : the School of Fine and Applied Arts , the School of Apprentices and Journeymen , the School of Science and Technology , and the Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women . The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was founded in 1913 by banker and industrialist brothers Andrew Mellon ( who went on to become U.S. Treasury Secretary ) and Richard B. Mellon in honor of their father , Thomas Mellon , patriarch of the Mellon family . The Institute began as a research organization which performed work for government and industry on a contract and was initially established as a department within the University of Pittsburgh . In 1927 , the Mellon Institute incorporated as an independent nonprofit . In 1937 , the Mellon Institute 's iconic building was completed and it moved to its new , and current , location on Fifth Avenue . In 1967 , with support from Paul Mellon , Carnegie Tech merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to become Carnegie Mellon University . Carnegie Mellon 's coordinate women 's college , the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College closed in 1973 and merged its academic programs with the rest of the university ."}]}, {'value': "Founder of the Harlem Spiritual Ensemble ; frequent guest ( as Officer Clemmons ) on Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mister_Rogers'_Neighborhood", 'summary': "Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( sometimes shortened to Mister Rogers ) is an American half-hour educational children 's television series that was created and hosted by Fred Rogers . The series Misterogers debuted on October 15 , 1962 , on CBC Television . In 1966 , Rogers moved back to the United States creating Misterogers ' Neighborhood ( sometimes shown as MisteRogers ' Neighborhood ) , later called Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , on the regional Eastern Educational Network ( EEN , a forerunner of today 's American Public Television ) . The US national debut of the show occurred on February 19 , 1968 . It aired on NET and its successor , PBS , until August 31 , 2001 . The series is aimed primarily at preschool children ages 2 to 5 , but it was labelled by PBS as appropriate for all ages . Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood was produced by Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania public broadcaster WQED and Rogers ' non-profit production company Family Communications , Inc. , previously known as Small World Enterprises prior to 1971 ; the company was renamed The Fred Rogers Company after Rogers ' death ( it has since been renamed again to Fred Rogers Productions as of 2019 ) . In May 1997 , the series surpassed Captain Kangaroo as the longest-running children 's television series , a record the series held until June 2003 , when Sesame Street beat Mister Rogers ' record . The series could be seen in reruns on most PBS stations until August 31 , 2007 , when it began to be removed by various PBS stations , and was then permanently removed from the daily syndicated schedule by PBS after August 29 , 2008 . Eleven years after Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood concluded , PBS debuted an animated spin-off , Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood . A 50th-anniversary tribute show , hosted by actor Michael Keaton ( who got his start on the show ) , titled Mister Rogers : It 's You I Like , premiered on PBS stations nationwide on March 6 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Hadley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Hadley', 'summary': 'Jerry Hadley ( June 16 , 1952 - July 18 , 2007 ) was an American operatic tenor . He received three Grammy awards for his vocal performances in the recordings of Jenůfa ( 2004 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording ) , Susannah ( 1995 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording ) , and Candide ( 1992 Grammy Award for Best Classical Album ) . Hadley was a leading American tenor for nearly two decades . He was mentored by soprano Joan Sutherland and her husband , conductor Richard Bonynge . Leonard Bernstein chose Hadley for his 1989 recording of Candide on Deutsche Grammophon . A versatile singer , Hadley was equally at home in opera and operetta and on Broadway .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Nu ( 1971 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_University', 'summary': 'Bradley University is a private university in Peoria , Illinois . Founded in 1897 , Bradley University currently enrolls 5,400 students who are pursuing degrees in more than 100 undergraduate programs and more than 30 graduate programs in five colleges . The university is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and 22 national accrediting agencies .'}]}, {'value': 'Grammy Award -winning operatic tenor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Award', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': 'Sherrill Milnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherrill_Milnes', 'summary': "Sherrill Milnes ( born January 10 , 1935 ) is an American dramatic baritone most famous for his Verdi roles . From 1965 until 1997 he was associated with the Metropolitan Opera . His voice is a high dramatic baritone , combining good legato with an incisive rhythmic style . By 1965 he had made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera . His international debuts followed soon thereafter , and Milnes became one of the world 's prominent Verdi baritones of the 1970s and 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Beta ( 1954 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drake_University', 'summary': "Drake University is a private university in Des Moines , Iowa . The institution offers undergraduate and graduate programs including professional programs in business , law , and pharmacy . Drake 's law school is among the twenty-five oldest in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Operatic baritone known for his Verdi roles ; recipient of the Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_E._Lutton_Man_of_Music_Award', 'summary': 'The Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award is one of the highest honors awarded to members of the Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity for a lifelong achievement in uplifting the world through art and music . Its recipients include musical legends such as Aaron Copland , W. Francis McBeth , James Levine , Frederick Fennell , Maynard Ferguson , and Col. John R. Bourgeois , USMC ( Ret . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Luciano Pavarotti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti', 'summary': 'Luciano Pavarotti Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( /ˌpævəˈrɒti/ , also US : /ˌpɑːv-/ , Italian : [ luˈtʃaːno pavaˈrɔtti ] ; 12 October 1935 - 6 September 2007 ) was an Italian operatic tenor who also crossed over into popular music , eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time . He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias , gaining worldwide fame for the quality of his tone , and eventually established himself as one of the finest tenors of the 20th century , achieving the honorific title King of the High Cs . As one of the Three Tenors who performed their first concert during the 1990 FIFA World Cup before a global audience , Pavarotti became well known for his televised concerts and media appearances . From the beginning of his professional career as a tenor in 1961 in Italy to his final performance of Nessun dorma at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Pavarotti was at his best in bel canto operas , pre-Aida Verdi roles , and Puccini works such as La bohème , Tosca , Turandot and Madama Butterfly . He sold over 100 million records , and the first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time . Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross , amongst others . He died from pancreatic cancer on 6 September 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Tau ( 1978 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Miami', 'summary': "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Operatic tenor ; humanitarian ; known for bridging the gap between popular and classical music ; Kennedy Center honoree in 2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors', 'summary': 'The Kennedy Center Honors is an annual honor given to those in the performing arts for their lifetime of contributions to American culture . The honors have been presented annually since 1978 , culminating each December in a star-studded gala celebrating the honorees in the Kennedy Center Opera House in Washington , D.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Titta Ruffo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titta_Ruffo', 'summary': "Titta Ruffo ( 9 June 1877 - 5 July 1953 ) , born as Ruffo Cafiero ( double forename ) Titta , was an Italian operatic baritone who had a major international singing career . Known as the Voce del leone ( voice of the lion ) , he was greatly admired , even by rival baritones , such as Giuseppe De Luca , who said of Ruffo : His was not a voice , it was a miracle ( although not often published is the second part of De Luca 's conclusion which he [ Ruffo ] bawled away . ) , and Victor Maurel , the creator of Verdi 's Iago and Falstaff . Maurel said that the notes of Ruffo 's upper register were the most glorious baritone sounds he had ever heard ( see Pleasants , cited below ) . Indeed Walter Legge , the prominent classical record producer , went so far as to call Ruffo a genius ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha ( 1917 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operatic baritone and prolific recording artist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Scotti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Scotti', 'summary': "Antonio Scotti ( 25 January 1866 - 26 February 1936 ) was an Italian baritone . He was a principal artist of the New York Metropolitan Opera for more than 33 seasons , but also sang with great success at London 's Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , and Milan 's La Scala ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha ( 1917 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Principal baritone at the Metropolitan Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera', 'summary': "The Metropolitan Opera ( commonly known as The Met ) is an opera company based in New York City , resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts . The company is operated by the non-profit Metropolitan Opera Association , with Peter Gelb as general manager . As of 2018 , the company 's current music director is Yannick Nézet-Séguin . The Met was founded in 1883 as an alternative to the previously established Academy of Music opera house , and debuted the same year in a new building on 39th and Broadway ( now known as the Old Met ) . It moved to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966 . The Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America . It presents about 27 different operas each year from late September through May . The operas are presented in a rotating repertory schedule , with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week . Performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday . Several operas are presented in new productions each season . Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera companies . The rest of the year 's operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Urlus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Urlus', 'summary': 'Jacques Urlus ( January 6 , 1867 in Hergenrath , Rhine Province - June 6 , 1935 in Noordwijk , Netherlands ) , was a Dutch dramatic tenor . He sang to great critical acclaim at major opera houses on both sides of the Atlantic , and his recordings of the music of Richard Wagner are considered to be among the finest ever made .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha ( 1917 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dramatic tenor famed for his recordings of the music of Richard Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Wagner', 'summary': "Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( /ˈvɑːɡnər/ VAHG-nər , German : [ ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ ] ( listen ) ; 22 May 1813 - 13 February 1883 ) was a German composer , theatre director , polemicist , and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas ( or , as some of his mature works were later known , music dramas ) . Unlike most opera composers , Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works . Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer , Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ( total work of art ) , by which he sought to synthesise the poetic , visual , musical and dramatic arts , with music subsidiary to drama . He described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852 . Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung ) . His compositions , particularly those of his later period , are notable for their complex textures , rich harmonies and orchestration , and the elaborate use of leitmotifs - musical phrases associated with individual characters , places , ideas , or plot elements . His advances in musical language , such as extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres , greatly influenced the development of classical music . His Tristan und Isolde is sometimes described as marking the start of modern music . Wagner had his own opera house built , the Bayreuth Festspielhaus , which embodied many novel design features . The Ring and Parsifal were premiered here and his most important stage works continue to be performed at the annual Bayreuth Festival , run by his descendants . His thoughts on the relative contributions of music and drama in opera were to change again , and he reintroduced some traditional forms into his last few stage works , including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg ( The Mastersingers of Nuremberg ) . Until his final years , Wagner 's life was characterised by political exile , turbulent love affairs , poverty and repeated flight from his creditors ."}]}, {'value': 'William Warfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Warfield', 'summary': "William Caesar Warfield ( 22 January 1920 - 25 August 2002 ) , was an American concert bass-baritone singer and actor . One of his earliest professional engagements was in Marc Blitzstein 's Broadway opera , Regina . His breakthrough came when he gave his recital debut in New York 's Town Hall in 1950 . He went on to produce a highly acclaimed album of selections from Porgy and Bess with Leontyne Price in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Lambda ( 1961 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ball_State_University', 'summary': "Ball State University ( Ball State or BSU ) is a public research university in Muncie , Indiana . It has two satellite facilities in Fishers and Indianapolis . On July 25 , 1917 , the Ball brothers , industrialists and founders of the Ball Corporation , acquired the foreclosed Indiana Normal Institute for $ 35,100 and gave the school and surrounding land to the State of Indiana . The Indiana General Assembly accepted the donation in the spring of 1918 , with an initial 235 students enrolling at the Indiana State Normal School - Eastern Division on June 17 , 1918 . Ball State is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . The university is composed of eight academic colleges . As of 2017 [ update ] , total enrollment was 22,513 students , [ failed verification ] including 17,004 undergraduates and 5,509 postgraduates . The university offers about 190 undergraduate majors and 130 minor areas of study and more than 140 master 's , doctoral , certificate , and specialist degrees . There are more than 400 student organizations and clubs on campus , including 34 fraternities and sororities . Ball State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ball State Cardinals . The university is a member of the Mid-American Conference and the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Concert bass-baritone singer and actor ; recipient of the Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 1976', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Sinfonians_28', 'intro': 'This is a list of distinguished members of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity who have achieved significant recognition in their respective fields, including (but not limited to) education, film, industry, literature, music, philanthropy, public service, radio, science, and television. In determining the classification for each Sinfonian listed here, an attempt was made to classify the individual based on what he is most known for. In some cases, a person such as Aaron Copland may be known equally as a conductor and a composer. In other cases, an individual such as Branford Marsalis may be known equally as a jazz musician and a television personality. Honorary members are in italics, charter members are in bold.'} | null | null | What is the chapter of the person with the date of birth of 21 March 1878 ? | Beta Omega |
06c2e687e53c400c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masashi_Oiso', 'title': 'Masashi Oiso', 'header': ['Season', 'Event type', 'Location', 'Format', 'Date', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2002–03', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Pro Tour season was the eighth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 24 August 2002 the season began with Grand Prix Sapporo . It ended on 10 August 2003 with the conclusion of the 2003 World Championship in Berlin . The season consisted of 21 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours , held in Boston , Houston , Chicago , Venice , Yokohama , and Berlin . Also Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours . At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year for the third time in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Utsunomiya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-13 October 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2002–03', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Pro Tour season was the eighth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 24 August 2002 the season began with Grand Prix Sapporo . It ended on 10 August 2003 with the conclusion of the 2003 World Championship in Berlin . The season consisted of 21 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours , held in Boston , Houston , Chicago , Venice , Yokohama , and Berlin . Also Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours . At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year for the third time in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-30 March 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2002–03', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Pro Tour season was the eighth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 24 August 2002 the season began with Grand Prix Sapporo . It ended on 10 August 2003 with the conclusion of the 2003 World Championship in Berlin . The season consisted of 21 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours , held in Boston , Houston , Chicago , Venice , Yokohama , and Berlin . Also Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours . At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year for the third time in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9-11 May 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2003–04', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London . It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco . Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year . The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Boston , New Orleans , Amsterdam , Kobe , San Diego , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings . At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year , the first player after Kai Budde 's three-year-domination period , and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season ."}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 October-2 November 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2003–04', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London . It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco . Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year . The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Boston , New Orleans , Amsterdam , Kobe , San Diego , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings . At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year , the first player after Kai Budde 's three-year-domination period , and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7-8 March 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2003–04', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London . It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco . Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year . The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Boston , New Orleans , Amsterdam , Kobe , San Diego , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings . At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year , the first player after Kai Budde 's three-year-domination period , and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season ."}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14-16 May 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbus , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-30 October 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 February 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Matsuyama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14-15 May 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-10 July 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Niigata , Niigata', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-24 July 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6-7 August 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Magic:_The_Gathering_national_champions', 'summary': 'The Magic : The Gathering national champions are the players who won National Championships ( Nationals ) that year . ( with the exception of champions between 2012-16 , which were awarded to players with the most Pro Points at the end of a Pro Tour season ) Nationals took place around the world usually in summer or autumn . Eligibility to play in a national championship was determined on residence instead of nationality . In addition , Nationals required eligible players to qualify . ( prior to 2011 , countries with smaller populations of Magic players open nationals were held , meaning that any eligible player could compete in this tournament ) After 2011 Nationals were discontinued by Wizards of the Coast when they restructured their Magic : The Gathering organized play program , abandoning national championships , and restructuring the World Championship . From 2012 to 2016 the title of National Champion was awarded to the player with the most Pro Points of any given country at the end of a Pro Tour season . At the end of 2018 Wizards of the Coast announced that in 2019 there would be no National Championships . As of April 2019 it is unclear whether Nationals are on hiatus or abandoned . The title National Champion will not be awarded in 2019 . In 2018 , National Champions were determined in 74 nations and regions . In most cases these regions line up with countries , but special exemptions were made in some cases , for example Puerto Rico and the countries of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-4 September 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-27 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship', 'summary': "The Magic : The Gathering World Championships ( Worlds ) have been held annually since 1994 . It is the most important tournament in the game of Magic : The Gathering , offering cash prizes of up to $ 100,000 to the winners . With the exception of the first edition , Worlds is an invitation-only event , and from 1996 to 2011 World was the last event of each Pro Tour season . The invitees were mostly top finishers from the National championships , the top-ranked players of the DCI and high-level pro players . Since 2012 the World Championships are held after the season and the most successful 16 or 24 players have been invited to the tournament . After the first five World Championships were all held in the United States , Worlds have since been held in Japan , Australia and various countries in Europe . Besides the main event Worlds were always a huge gathering of Magic players , who came to watch the pros and compete in side events . After the 2011 season , the World Championship was briefly replaced by the Magic Players Championship . The top 16 pro players selected due to various criteria were invited to the Players Championship . In 2013 the tournament was renamed to 'World Championship ' once again . From 2014 to 2018 the tournament was expanded to 24 competitors , but is going back to 16 players for the 2019 Worlds . The large World Championships , held until 2011 , also included a national team portion where the top players from each National Championship engaged in a separate competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National team', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 November-4 December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20-22 April 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Magic:_The_Gathering_national_champions', 'summary': 'The Magic : The Gathering national champions are the players who won National Championships ( Nationals ) that year . ( with the exception of champions between 2012-16 , which were awarded to players with the most Pro Points at the end of a Pro Tour season ) Nationals took place around the world usually in summer or autumn . Eligibility to play in a national championship was determined on residence instead of nationality . In addition , Nationals required eligible players to qualify . ( prior to 2011 , countries with smaller populations of Magic players open nationals were held , meaning that any eligible player could compete in this tournament ) After 2011 Nationals were discontinued by Wizards of the Coast when they restructured their Magic : The Gathering organized play program , abandoning national championships , and restructuring the World Championship . From 2012 to 2016 the title of National Champion was awarded to the player with the most Pro Points of any given country at the end of a Pro Tour season . At the end of 2018 Wizards of the Coast announced that in 2019 there would be no National Championships . As of April 2019 it is unclear whether Nationals are on hiatus or abandoned . The title National Champion will not be awarded in 2019 . In 2018 , National Champions were determined in 74 nations and regions . In most cases these regions line up with countries , but special exemptions were made in some cases , for example Puerto Rico and the countries of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16-18 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2009', 'summary': 'The 2009 Pro Tour season was the fourteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 17 January 2009 with Grand Prix Los Angeles , and ended on 22 November 2009 with the conclusion of the 2009 World Championship in Rome . The season consisted of nineteen Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kyoto , Honolulu , Austin , and Rome . At the end of the season , Yuuya Watanabe was awarded the Pro Player of the Year , making him the first player to win both that title and the Rookie of the Year title which he had won two years prior . Frank Karsten , Kamiel Cornelissen , and Antoine Ruel were inducted into the Hall of Fame at the world championships in Rome .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 October-1 November 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Achievements', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Masashi_Oiso_0', 'intro': 'Masashi Oiso (大礒 正嗣) is a Japanese Magic: The Gathering player. He is one of the most successful players to have played on the Pro Tour, being one of only seven players to have reached the top eight six times. Along with Kenji Tsumura, he is the player with the most top eights to have never won a Pro Tour. In 2012 Oiso was voted into the Magic: The Gathering Hall of Fame. His induction was conducted at Pro Tour Return to Ravnica in October 2012.'} | null | null | What was the rank in the twelfth season of the Magic ? | 7 |
06c454a12b4d3c1e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Finland', 'title': 'List of supermarket chains in Finland', 'header': ['Name', 'Stores', 'Type of stores', 'Parent'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alepa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alepa', 'summary': "Alepa is a grocery shop chain in the Greater Helsinki region of Finland . It is currently owned by HOK-Elanto , a part of the nationwide cooperative S Group . Alepa was founded in 1918 , when Edvard Pajunen and his wife founded a shop in Sörnäinen , Helsinki . The original name of Alepa was Alennushalli Pajunen ( Pajunen 's Discount Hall ) , named after the founder . The Pajunen family sold the chain to HOK in 1987 . As of May 2017 , the chain includes 112 stores in Helsinki , Espoo , Vantaa , Hyvinkää , Kerava , Klaukkala , Järvenpää and Tuusula . Outside of this region , the S Group uses the brand Sale for similar stores ."}]}, {'value': '111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S_Group', 'summary': "The S Group ( Finnish : S-ryhmä , Swedish : S-gruppen ) is a Finnish retailing cooperative organisation with its head office in Helsinki . Founded in 1904 , it consists of 20 regional cooperatives operating all around Finland in addition to SOK , Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta ( The Central Finnish Cooperative Society ) . S Group operates in the markets for groceries , consumer durables , service station , hotel and restaurant services . It is engaged in close competition with Kesko , with which it shares an oligopolistic position in many of the markets it operates in . The group has businesses in Finland , Estonia , and Russia . The S Group also had businesses in Latvia and Lithuania , but announced withdrawal from these markets in May 2017 . The organisation 's member ( loyalty ) card is called S-Etukortti ."}]}, {'value': 'Alko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alko', 'summary': 'Alko is the national alcoholic beverage retailing monopoly in Finland . It is the only store in the country which retails beer over 5.5% ABV , wine ( except in vineyards ) and spirits . Alcoholic beverages are also sold in licensed restaurants and bars but only for consumption on the premises . Alko is required by law to sell drinks with lower alcohol content than 5.5% and non-alcoholic alternatives , but in practice carries a very limited stock of low alcohol beer , cider and non-alcoholic drinks and others as supermarkets are allowed to sell those at a substantially lower price . By law , alcoholic drinks may only be sold to those aged 18 or above .'}]}, {'value': '400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'liquor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finnish state', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'K-Citymarket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K-Citymarket', 'summary': "K-Citymarket is a Finnish chain of hypermarkets belonging to Kesko Food Ltd , which is one of Kesko Corporation 's four incorporated divisions . Kesko Corporation is the leading Finnish trading company which is engaged in retailing in close cooperation with the K-retailers and in wholesaling directly to industry , restaurants and other wholesale customers . In Finland there are currently 80 stores in 58 different cities . To K-Citymarkets selection includes a wide selection of food , clothing , sporting goods , toys , electronics , garden supplies and general merchandise . K-Citymarket 's main competitor in Finland is S Group 's Prisma chain ."}]}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hypermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kesko Oyj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kesko', 'summary': 'Kesko Corporation ( Finnish : Kesko Oyj , Swedish : Kesko Abp ) is a Finnish retailing conglomerate with its head office in Ruskeasuo , Helsinki . It is engaged in the food trade , the home and specialty goods trade , the building and home improvement trade , and the car and machinery trade . It also has subsidiaries in Sweden , Norway , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , and Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'K-Market', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kesko', 'summary': 'Kesko Corporation ( Finnish : Kesko Oyj , Swedish : Kesko Abp ) is a Finnish retailing conglomerate with its head office in Ruskeasuo , Helsinki . It is engaged in the food trade , the home and specialty goods trade , the building and home improvement trade , and the car and machinery trade . It also has subsidiaries in Sweden , Norway , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , and Belarus .'}]}, {'value': '900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kesko Oyj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kesko', 'summary': 'Kesko Corporation ( Finnish : Kesko Oyj , Swedish : Kesko Abp ) is a Finnish retailing conglomerate with its head office in Ruskeasuo , Helsinki . It is engaged in the food trade , the home and specialty goods trade , the building and home improvement trade , and the car and machinery trade . It also has subsidiaries in Sweden , Norway , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , and Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'K-Supermarket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kesko', 'summary': 'Kesko Corporation ( Finnish : Kesko Oyj , Swedish : Kesko Abp ) is a Finnish retailing conglomerate with its head office in Ruskeasuo , Helsinki . It is engaged in the food trade , the home and specialty goods trade , the building and home improvement trade , and the car and machinery trade . It also has subsidiaries in Sweden , Norway , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , and Belarus .'}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kesko Oyj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kesko', 'summary': 'Kesko Corporation ( Finnish : Kesko Oyj , Swedish : Kesko Abp ) is a Finnish retailing conglomerate with its head office in Ruskeasuo , Helsinki . It is engaged in the food trade , the home and specialty goods trade , the building and home improvement trade , and the car and machinery trade . It also has subsidiaries in Sweden , Norway , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , and Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Lidl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidl', 'summary': 'Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG ( German pronunciation : [ ˈliːdl̩ ] ; UK : /ˈlɪdəl/ LID-əl ) is a German global discount supermarket chain , based in Neckarsulm , Germany , that operates over 10,000 stores across Europe and the United States . It belongs to Dieter Schwarz , who also owns the store chains Handelshof and hypermarket Kaufland . Lidl is the chief competitor of a similar German discount chain Aldi in several markets , including the United States . There are Lidl stores in almost every member state of the European Union . [ citation needed ] Lidl stores are also present in Switzerland , Serbia , the United Kingdom and the United States .'}]}, {'value': '160', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'discount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lidl Suomi Ky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidl', 'summary': 'Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG ( German pronunciation : [ ˈliːdl̩ ] ; UK : /ˈlɪdəl/ LID-əl ) is a German global discount supermarket chain , based in Neckarsulm , Germany , that operates over 10,000 stores across Europe and the United States . It belongs to Dieter Schwarz , who also owns the store chains Handelshof and hypermarket Kaufland . Lidl is the chief competitor of a similar German discount chain Aldi in several markets , including the United States . There are Lidl stores in almost every member state of the European Union . [ citation needed ] Lidl stores are also present in Switzerland , Serbia , the United Kingdom and the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Prisma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S_Group', 'summary': "The S Group ( Finnish : S-ryhmä , Swedish : S-gruppen ) is a Finnish retailing cooperative organisation with its head office in Helsinki . Founded in 1904 , it consists of 20 regional cooperatives operating all around Finland in addition to SOK , Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta ( The Central Finnish Cooperative Society ) . S Group operates in the markets for groceries , consumer durables , service station , hotel and restaurant services . It is engaged in close competition with Kesko , with which it shares an oligopolistic position in many of the markets it operates in . The group has businesses in Finland , Estonia , and Russia . The S Group also had businesses in Latvia and Lithuania , but announced withdrawal from these markets in May 2017 . The organisation 's member ( loyalty ) card is called S-Etukortti ."}]}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hypermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S_Group', 'summary': "The S Group ( Finnish : S-ryhmä , Swedish : S-gruppen ) is a Finnish retailing cooperative organisation with its head office in Helsinki . Founded in 1904 , it consists of 20 regional cooperatives operating all around Finland in addition to SOK , Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta ( The Central Finnish Cooperative Society ) . S Group operates in the markets for groceries , consumer durables , service station , hotel and restaurant services . It is engaged in close competition with Kesko , with which it shares an oligopolistic position in many of the markets it operates in . The group has businesses in Finland , Estonia , and Russia . The S Group also had businesses in Latvia and Lithuania , but announced withdrawal from these markets in May 2017 . The organisation 's member ( loyalty ) card is called S-Etukortti ."}]}, {'value': 'R-kioski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-kioski', 'summary': "R-kioski ( known as R-kiosk in Estonia ) is a chain of convenience stores that is part of the Reitan Convenience and owned by the Reitan Group . R-kioski comprises R-kioski in Finland , R-kiosk in Estonia and Lietuvos Spauda in Lithuania . There are 560 R-kioski shops across Finland as of 2017 [ update ] . They sell a range of products , such as books , magazines , tobacco , ready meals , snacks , soft drinks and alcoholic drinks such as beer and cider , excluding wine and spirits . R-kioski shops also provide services such as the various Veikkaus games , prepaid mobile phone top-up vouchers , and fishing licences , as well as the sale of public transport tickets . Selected shops are also able to sell national rail and bus transport tickets . R-kioski is known as Ärrä ( phonetic representation of the letter R in Finnish ) in common language . The company slogan is Nopeaa ja mukavaa on asiointi ( It 's swift and convenient to shop ) . The first R-kiosk in Estonia opened in 1993 , and as of 2014 [ update ] there are 107 shops in Estonia . Reitan Convenience posted a turnover of 1.63 billion Euros in 2017 . Reitan Convenience invested 18 million Euros in R-kioski in 2013 and 2014 together . The money was invested to broaden the product selection as well as to lower the price of food to par with other retail chains competing in the same market such as Alepa and Siwa ."}]}, {'value': '548', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reitan Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reitan_Group', 'summary': 'Reitan Group or Reitangruppen is a Norwegian wholesaler and retail franchiser . Included in its portfolio is REMA 1000 , 7-Eleven , HydroTexaco , Easy24 , Narvesen , Spaceworld and Pressbyrån . The company has most of its 1,979 stores in Norway , but also some in Sweden , Denmark , Lithuania and Latvia . The company also has a large real estate portfolio with 813,000 square meters of real estate , especially in Trondheim , in addition to owning half of Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab . The Reitan Group is owned by the Reitan Family and led by Odd Reitan and has its headquarters at Lade Gaard at Lade in Trondheim .'}]}, {'value': 'S-Market', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S_Group', 'summary': "The S Group ( Finnish : S-ryhmä , Swedish : S-gruppen ) is a Finnish retailing cooperative organisation with its head office in Helsinki . Founded in 1904 , it consists of 20 regional cooperatives operating all around Finland in addition to SOK , Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta ( The Central Finnish Cooperative Society ) . S Group operates in the markets for groceries , consumer durables , service station , hotel and restaurant services . It is engaged in close competition with Kesko , with which it shares an oligopolistic position in many of the markets it operates in . The group has businesses in Finland , Estonia , and Russia . The S Group also had businesses in Latvia and Lithuania , but announced withdrawal from these markets in May 2017 . The organisation 's member ( loyalty ) card is called S-Etukortti ."}]}, {'value': '400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S_Group', 'summary': "The S Group ( Finnish : S-ryhmä , Swedish : S-gruppen ) is a Finnish retailing cooperative organisation with its head office in Helsinki . Founded in 1904 , it consists of 20 regional cooperatives operating all around Finland in addition to SOK , Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta ( The Central Finnish Cooperative Society ) . S Group operates in the markets for groceries , consumer durables , service station , hotel and restaurant services . It is engaged in close competition with Kesko , with which it shares an oligopolistic position in many of the markets it operates in . The group has businesses in Finland , Estonia , and Russia . The S Group also had businesses in Latvia and Lithuania , but announced withdrawal from these markets in May 2017 . The organisation 's member ( loyalty ) card is called S-Etukortti ."}]}, {'value': 'Sale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sale_(chain_store)', 'summary': "Sale is a grocery shop chain in the Finland . It is owned by S Group . Chain was founded in 1989 , when the S Group had begun to consolidate its stores under national chains . Initially , the chain was called S-ale . Before that , Sales replaced the former small S-stores that were not part of any chain . As of 2019 , the chain includes 308 stores in Finland . Sale 's stores are typically located in countryside , small towns and suburbs , but it 's not uncommon to see them in bigger cities , like Jyväskylä and Kuopio . The stores have a range of 1,700-3,000 products , mainly focused on food and hygiene products . Inside of the Greater Helsinki , the S Group uses the brand Alepa for similar stores ."}]}, {'value': '240', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S_Group', 'summary': "The S Group ( Finnish : S-ryhmä , Swedish : S-gruppen ) is a Finnish retailing cooperative organisation with its head office in Helsinki . Founded in 1904 , it consists of 20 regional cooperatives operating all around Finland in addition to SOK , Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta ( The Central Finnish Cooperative Society ) . S Group operates in the markets for groceries , consumer durables , service station , hotel and restaurant services . It is engaged in close competition with Kesko , with which it shares an oligopolistic position in many of the markets it operates in . The group has businesses in Finland , Estonia , and Russia . The S Group also had businesses in Latvia and Lithuania , but announced withdrawal from these markets in May 2017 . The organisation 's member ( loyalty ) card is called S-Etukortti ."}]}, {'value': 'Stockmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockmann', 'summary': "Stockmann plc is a Finnish retailer established in 1862 . Stockmann 's 8 company-owned department stores are in Finland ( 6 ) , Estonia ( 1 ) , and Latvia ( 1 ) . There are an additional 9 Stockmann-branded department stores in Russia owned and operated by Reviva Holdings , with a license to use the Stockmann name until 2023 . The Stockmann , Helsinki centre flagship store covers 50,000 square metres ( 540,000 sq ft ) of retail space and welcomes more than 17 million visitors every year . It is the largest department store in the Nordic countries . Stockmann owns and manages 5 shopping malls with 142,000 square metres ( 1,530,000 sq ft ) of gross leasable area , of which half is occupied by Stockmann . Lindex , owned by Stockmann , has 475 stores in 16 countries , including 39 franchised stores ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'department store / supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockmann', 'summary': "Stockmann plc is a Finnish retailer established in 1862 . Stockmann 's 8 company-owned department stores are in Finland ( 6 ) , Estonia ( 1 ) , and Latvia ( 1 ) . There are an additional 9 Stockmann-branded department stores in Russia owned and operated by Reviva Holdings , with a license to use the Stockmann name until 2023 . The Stockmann , Helsinki centre flagship store covers 50,000 square metres ( 540,000 sq ft ) of retail space and welcomes more than 17 million visitors every year . It is the largest department store in the Nordic countries . Stockmann owns and manages 5 shopping malls with 142,000 square metres ( 1,530,000 sq ft ) of gross leasable area , of which half is occupied by Stockmann . Lindex , owned by Stockmann , has 475 stores in 16 countries , including 39 franchised stores ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokmanni [ fi ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'discount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokmanni [ fi ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M-Market', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M-Itsenäiset kauppiaat Oy', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of supermarket chains in Finland .', 'uid': 'List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Finland_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of supermarket chains in Finland.'} | null | null | Which store name has a lower amount of stores ? a Finnish retailing conglomerate that keeps their head office in Ruskeasuo , or a chain which has of 20 regional cooperatives all over Finland ? | Prisma |
06c4675d25665b95 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_D.C._United_season', 'title': '2011 D.C. United season', 'header': ['No', 'Pos', 'Player', 'Transferred from', 'Fee/Notes', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dax McCarty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dax_McCarty', 'summary': 'Michael Dax McCarty ( born April 30 , 1987 ) is an American soccer player who plays for Nashville SC in Major League Soccer . He is usually deployed as a central midfielder , although on occasions has played on the right-side .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland Timbers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Timbers', 'summary': "The Portland Timbers is an American professional soccer club based in Portland , Oregon . The Timbers compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference . The Timbers have played their home games at Providence Park since 2011 , when the team began play as an expansion team in the league . The club was founded in 2009 , when the city of Portland was awarded an expansion berth to Major League Soccer . The team is owned by Peregrine Sports under the majority ownership of Merritt Paulson , whose companies had acquired the then-USL Pro team in 2007 and later established the Portland Thorns women 's team in 2012 . The club is a phoenix club , and the fourth soccer franchise based in Portland to carry the legacy of the Timbers name , which originated with the original team , in the North American Soccer League in 1975 . In 2013 , the Timbers finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference , clinching both their first-ever playoff appearance and a CONCACAF Champions League berth . In 2015 , the franchise won the Western Conference Finals in the playoffs , and their first major trophy , the MLS Cup , becoming the first team in Cascadia to do so . In 2017 , the club again finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference . In 2018 , the Timbers again made the playoffs , advancing in three rounds , defeating archrival Seattle in the semifinals along the way , and made the MLS Cup where they lost 2-0 to Atlanta United FC ."}]}, {'value': 'Traded for Rodney Wallace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodney_Wallace_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Rodney Wallace Burns ( born 17 June 1988 ) is a Costa Rican footballer who plays as a left winger for Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': '24 November 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Ngwenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Ngwenya', 'summary': 'Joseph Ngwenya ( born March 30 , 1981 in Plumtree ) is a Zimbabwean footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Dynamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Dynamo', 'summary': "Houston Dynamo are an American professional soccer club based in Houston , Texas . The franchise competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The Dynamo had first played their home games at Robertson Stadium on the University of Houston campus until 2011 . Since 2012 , the Dynamo has played home matches at BBVA Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in Houston . The Dynamo was established on December 15 , 2005 , when the then owner of the San Jose Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced that the team was relocating to Houston after failed attempts in securing a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose , California . The club would then be an expansion team of the league , which began play in 2006 . The Dynamo are owned by Gabriel Brener , Jake Silverstein , Ben Guill , NBA star James Harden , and former boxer Oscar De La Hoya . Houston Dynamo 's domestic success consists of winning the 2006 and 2007 MLS Cups in their first two seasons . They also won the U.S. Open Cup in 2018 . In 2008 , Houston became the first American club to secure a point on Mexican soil in the CONCACAF Champions League era during the 2008-2017 format of the tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Selected in the MLS Re-Entry Draft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_MLS_Re-Entry_Draft', 'summary': 'The two-stage 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft took place on December 8 , 2010 and December 15 , 2010 . The Stage 1 Draft of the Re-Entry Process took place on Wednesday , December 8 , at 2 p.m . ET via teleconference . The Stage 2 Draft took place on Wednesday , December 15 , at 2 p.m . ET . All 18 clubs had a representative participate . Both Stage 1 and Stage 2 Drafts were conducted in the same order as the traditional Waiver Draft , with Vancouver selecting 17th and Portland selecting 18th . If a player was not selected in either stage of the Re-Entry Process , that player became available on a first-come , first-served basis to all clubs .'}]}, {'value': '8 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethan White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethan_White', 'summary': 'Norris Ethan White ( born January 1 , 1991 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender . He last played for New York City FC in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'D.C. United Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United_Academy', 'summary': 'The D.C. United Academy is the youth and development program for the Major League Soccer club D.C. United . The program consists of teams at four age levels : the under-23 and under-20 teams , as well as the Academy ( U-18/17 & U-16/15 ) and Pre-Academy teams ( U-14 , U-13 ) . The D.C. United Academy has been one of the most successful MLS academies . Many players have been signed directly from the Academy to the professional team , or have later played professionally . Notable players to have graduated from the D.C United Academy include Bill Hamid , who has been called up by the U.S. national team and who was the MLS 2014 Goalkeeper of the Year , and Andy Najar , who has been capped for Honduras and who was the MLS 2010 Rookie of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Homegrown contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Wolff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Wolff', 'summary': 'Joshua Trump-Kennedy Josh Wolff ( born February 25 , 1977 ) is an American soccer coach and former player . He is currently the head coach of Austin FC ahead of their inaugural season in Major League Soccer in 2021 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sporting Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Selected in the MLS Re-Entry Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Cronin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Cronin', 'summary': 'Steve Michael Cronin ( born May 28 , 1983 in Sacramento , California ) is a retired American soccer player who most recently played for D.C. United of Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland Timbers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Timbers', 'summary': "The Portland Timbers is an American professional soccer club based in Portland , Oregon . The Timbers compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference . The Timbers have played their home games at Providence Park since 2011 , when the team began play as an expansion team in the league . The club was founded in 2009 , when the city of Portland was awarded an expansion berth to Major League Soccer . The team is owned by Peregrine Sports under the majority ownership of Merritt Paulson , whose companies had acquired the then-USL Pro team in 2007 and later established the Portland Thorns women 's team in 2012 . The club is a phoenix club , and the fourth soccer franchise based in Portland to carry the legacy of the Timbers name , which originated with the original team , in the North American Soccer League in 1975 . In 2013 , the Timbers finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference , clinching both their first-ever playoff appearance and a CONCACAF Champions League berth . In 2015 , the franchise won the Western Conference Finals in the playoffs , and their first major trophy , the MLS Cup , becoming the first team in Cascadia to do so . In 2017 , the club again finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference . In 2018 , the Timbers again made the playoffs , advancing in three rounds , defeating archrival Seattle in the semifinals along the way , and made the MLS Cup where they lost 2-0 to Atlanta United FC ."}]}, {'value': 'Part of Troy Perkins deal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Perkins', 'summary': 'Troy Perkins ( born July 29 , 1981 ) is a retired American soccer player . During his career , he played for clubs in the United States , Canada , and Norway . The 2006 Major League Soccer Goalkeeper of the Year award winner earned seven caps with the United States national team .'}]}, {'value': '17 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Woolard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Woolard', 'summary': 'Daniel Woolard ( born May 22 , 1984 in Bedford , Texas ) is a former American soccer player , attorney , and co-founder of talent representation firm , Felkrem , LLC .'}]}, {'value': 'Carolina RailHawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carolina_RailHawks_FC', 'summary': "North Carolina Football Club ( formerly the Carolina RailHawks ) is an American professional soccer team in Cary , North Carolina , a suburb of Raleigh . Founded in 2006 , the team plays in the USL Championship , the second tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The team has played its home games at the 10,000-seat WakeMed Soccer Park since 2007 . The team 's colors are Atlantic blue , cardinal red , and Southern gold . On December 6 , 2016 , the Carolina RailHawks announced a name change to North Carolina Football Club in pursuit of becoming a Major League Soccer franchise . The club 's home attendance record had been broken earlier that year when 10,125 attended a match against West Ham United of the English Premier League ."}]}, {'value': 'Free transfer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 January 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perry Kitchen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Kitchen', 'summary': "Perry Allen Kitchen ( born February 29 , 1992 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defensive midfielder for the LA Galaxy in Major League Soccer . He was part of the Akron Zips side that won the 2010 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship , and was first pick for D.C. United in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He played 187 total games and scored 10 goals for D.C. , and won the 2013 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . In March 2016 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian of the Scottish Premiership , who appointed him their captain . After six months with Randers of the Danish Superliga , he returned to MLS with the LA Galaxy in January 2018 . Kitchen was captain of the United States men 's national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . He made his senior international debut in February 2015 and was part of the squad that came fourth at the Copa América Centenario ."}]}, {'value': 'Akron Zips', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Akron_Zips_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Akron Zips men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of Akron . The team is a member of the Mid-American Conference of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . Akron is regularly ranked in the Top 10 NSCAA collegiate men 's soccer poll . They have been ranked No . 1 previously in 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2016 . The Zips have played their home games at FirstEnergy Stadium-Cub Cadet Field , formerly named Lee R. Jackson Soccer Field and Cub Cadet Field , since 1966 . They won their first national championship in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Selected in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_MLS_SuperDraft', 'summary': 'The 2011 MLS SuperDraft was the twelfth annual SuperDraft presented by Major League Soccer . It was held on January 13 , 2011 in Baltimore , Maryland , during the 2011 NSCAA Convention at the Baltimore Convention Center . The 2011 SuperDraft consisted of three rounds with eighteen selections each , for a total of 54 players selected during the draft . The draft preceded the 2011 MLS season . [ ref 1 ]'}]}, {'value': '6 January 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helbert_Frederico_Carreiro_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Helbert Frederico Carreiro da Silva ( born 18 August 1979 ) , known as Fred , is a Brazilian footballer who currently is the Head Coach of Philadelphia Union U-14 . Carreiro played for the Harrisburg Heat of the Major Arena Soccer League . He also played for Australian A-League side Melbourne Heart , MLS sides D.C. United & Philadelphia Union , and Brazilian side América among other clubs .'}]}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Part of 2012 SuperDraft deal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 February 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Korb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Korb', 'summary': 'Chris Korb ( born October 8 , 1987 ) is an American soccer player who last played for D.C. United in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'Akron Zips', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Akron_Zips_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Akron Zips men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of Akron . The team is a member of the Mid-American Conference of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . Akron is regularly ranked in the Top 10 NSCAA collegiate men 's soccer poll . They have been ranked No . 1 previously in 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2016 . The Zips have played their home games at FirstEnergy Stadium-Cub Cadet Field , formerly named Lee R. Jackson Soccer Field and Cub Cadet Field , since 1966 . They won their first national championship in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Selected in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_MLS_SuperDraft', 'summary': 'The 2011 MLS SuperDraft was the twelfth annual SuperDraft presented by Major League Soccer . It was held on January 13 , 2011 in Baltimore , Maryland , during the 2011 NSCAA Convention at the Baltimore Convention Center . The 2011 SuperDraft consisted of three rounds with eighteen selections each , for a total of 54 players selected during the draft . The draft preceded the 2011 MLS season . [ ref 1 ]'}]}, {'value': '1 March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blake Brettschneider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blake_Brettschneider', 'summary': 'Blake Brettschneider ( born April 11 , 1989 in Georgia ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina Gamecocks', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks men 's soccer team represents the University of South Carolina and competes in Conference USA . The team has been coached by Mark Berson since its inception in 1978 and has participated in 20 NCAA Tournaments , reaching the Quarterfinals on four occasions . Since 1981 , South Carolina has played its home games at Stone Stadium , which is affectionately called The Graveyard by South Carolina fans due to an adjoining cemetery ."}]}, {'value': 'Selected in the 2011 MLS Supplemental Draft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_MLS_Supplemental_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2011 MLS Supplemental Draft is a secondary draft that was held by Major League Soccer on January 18 , 2011 . The draft consisted of three rounds with each of the 18 MLS clubs participating . [ ref 1 ] The return of the Supplemental Draft after a two-year hiatus coincided with the return of the MLS Reserve Division in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3 March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat Onstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Onstad', 'summary': 'Patrick Stewart Onstad ( born January 13 , 1968 ) is a Canadian former soccer goalkeeper currently serving as the technical director of Columbus Crew SC . During his career , Onstad played with a variety of clubs in Canada and the United States and was a three-time winner of MLS Cup . He was inducted into the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame in November 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Dynamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Dynamo', 'summary': "Houston Dynamo are an American professional soccer club based in Houston , Texas . The franchise competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The Dynamo had first played their home games at Robertson Stadium on the University of Houston campus until 2011 . Since 2012 , the Dynamo has played home matches at BBVA Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in Houston . The Dynamo was established on December 15 , 2005 , when the then owner of the San Jose Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced that the team was relocating to Houston after failed attempts in securing a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose , California . The club would then be an expansion team of the league , which began play in 2006 . The Dynamo are owned by Gabriel Brener , Jake Silverstein , Ben Guill , NBA star James Harden , and former boxer Oscar De La Hoya . Houston Dynamo 's domestic success consists of winning the 2006 and 2007 MLS Cups in their first two seasons . They also won the U.S. Open Cup in 2018 . In 2008 , Houston became the first American club to secure a point on Mexican soil in the CONCACAF Champions League era during the 2008-2017 format of the tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Free transfer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Willis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Willis_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Joseph Willis ( born August 10 , 1988 ) is an American soccer player currently playing for Nashville SC in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'Denver Pioneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Pioneers', 'summary': "The Denver Pioneers are the sports teams of the University of Denver ( DU ) . They play in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I. Denver is a member of The Summit League for men 's and women 's basketball , swimming and diving , men 's and women 's soccer , tennis and golf for both men and women , plus women 's volleyball . Other DU teams play in various conferences in the sports that are not sponsored by The Summit . The men 's ice hockey team is a charter member of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference ( NCHC ) , which formed in 2011 with play beginning in 2013 . The lacrosse teams for men and women are members of the Big East Conference ; the men began Big East play in the 2013-14 school year ( 2014 season ) , while the women left the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) after the 2016 lacrosse season . Men 's and women 's skiing compete in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association , while the women 's gymnastics team became an affiliate of the Big 12 Conference starting with the 2015-16 season . The University has been fielding athletic teams since 1867 . DU 's athletic teams are known as the Pioneers . In the early years of competition from the 1860s to the early 1920s , Denver had no official nickname , but sports writers of the day referred to Denver teams as the Ministers or Fighting Parsons in homage to the Methodist heritage of the school . Denver officially became the Pioneers in 1925 , after the result of a student nickname contest , and that nickname has been in place ever since . With over 200 All Americans , 33 NCAA Championships , and 65 Olympians in its history , there is a long tradition of excellence in Pioneer sports . Today , DU operates a full NCAA Division I athletic program with a unique and successful mix of sports in and around the $ 85 million Daniel Ritchie Center for Sports and Wellness , which was completed in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Free transfer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Barklage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Barklage', 'summary': 'Brandon Barklage ( born November 2 , 1986 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'Free agent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free transfer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dwayne De Rosario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwayne_De_Rosario', 'summary': "Dwayne Anthony De Rosario ( born May 15 , 1978 ) is a Canadian professional soccer player , who plays as a forward or as an attacking midfielder . De Rosario last played for the Mississauga MetroStars of the Major Arena Soccer League . A versatile attacker , he played for the Toronto Lynx , FSV Zwickau and Richmond Kickers early in his career . He came to prominence in the 2000s playing in Major League Soccer for the San Jose Earthquakes , Houston Dynamo , Toronto FC , New York Red Bulls and D.C. United . A four-time MLS Cup champion , he also won the 2011 MLS Most Valuable Player award . He is the seventh-leading scorer in MLS history with 104 goals . Internationally , De Rosario represented the Canadian national team from 1998 to 2015 where he is their all-time leading scorer , with 22 goals in 81 games . De Rosario is a 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup champion and four-time Canadian Player of the Year . As part of the Canadian Soccer Association 's 2012 centennial celebration , he was honoured on the all-time Canada XI men 's team ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Red Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'Part of Dax McCarty deal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dax_McCarty', 'summary': 'Michael Dax McCarty ( born April 30 , 1987 ) is an American soccer player who plays for Nashville SC in Major League Soccer . He is usually deployed as a central midfielder , although on occasions has played on the right-side .'}]}, {'value': '27 June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon McDonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_McDonald_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Brandon McDonald ( born January 16 , 1986 in Glendale , Arizona ) is an American Guamanian soccer player who currently plays for South East Asian side Hà Nội F.C. , a professional association football club currently part of the top division of V.League .'}]}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin da Luz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_da_Luz', 'summary': 'Austin da Luz ( born October 9 , 1987 in San Diego , California ) is a former American soccer player who most recently played for North Carolina FC of the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Red Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'Traded for international roster spot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 July 2011', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- In', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_D.C._United_season_4', 'intro': "The 2011 D.C. United season was D.C. United's 17th year of existence, their 16th season in Major League Soccer, and their 16th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer. D.C. United tried to salvage a poor showing last season where they finished at the bottom of the MLS standings. The season covers the period of 1 November 2010 through 31 October 2011. Ahead of the preseason, then interim-head coach Ben Olsen assumed head coaching duties, under a three-year contract for an undisclosed price. Olsen became the first head coach in franchise history to both play for and coach the squad. Upon retiring as a player on 24 November 2009 Olsen became an assistant coach under head coach Curt Onalfo. On 7 August 2010 Olsen was named interim head coach after Onalfo was fired. Olsen finished the 2010 season with a 3-8-1 record. Several major offseason acquisitions were made, in both the offense and defense. Notable signings included Charlie Davies on loan, Perry Kitchen, Dax McCarty and Josh Wolff. In the summer, a major trade was made when United traded McCarty to their Atlantic Cup rivals, New York Red Bulls, for Dwayne De Rosario. During the MLS regular season, United regularly hovered in the middle of the league's overall table, frequently swapping positions barely in or outside of a berth in the MLS Cup Playoffs."} | null | null | What is the jersey number of the player who is a co-founder of talent representation firm , Felkrem , LLC ? | 21 |
06c492f04f4602c5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1972 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aldo Tomasini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldo_Tomasini', 'summary': 'Aldo Tomasini ( born 15 September 1952 ) is a former Italian male long-distance runner who competed at three editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships ( from 1973 to 1975 ) , and won three national championships at senior level ( two outdoor and one indoor .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '23:20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '23:35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franco Fava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franco_Fava', 'summary': 'Franco Fava ( born 3 September 1952 ) is an Italian former long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '23:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Black_(athlete)', 'summary': 'David John Black ( born 2 October 1952 ) is a male retired British long-distance runner . Black competed in the marathon at the 1980 Summer Olympics . He represented England and won a silver medal in the 10,000 metres and a bronze medal in the 5,000 metres , at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch , New Zealand . Four years later he represented England in the 10,000 metres , at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '23:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Larbi M'Hidra", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '23:58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Smith_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Barry Smith ( born 16 April 1953 in London ) is a British former long-distance runner . He competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics . He was a frequent part of the English team at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships . After a junior team medal at the 1972 International Cross Country Championships and 1973 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , he broke through as a senior in 1977 by sharing in the team silver medals . He was part of the English team that on the championship in both 1979 and 1980 . On the circuit he won the Antrim International Cross Country in 1981 and that same year won the 5000 m IAAF Golden Event ahead of Tolossa Kotu of Ethiopia .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '24:04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Roubial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '24:07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Ortega', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '24:09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Cerrada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Cerrada', 'summary': 'Fernando Cerrada ( born 21 August 1954 ) is a Spanish former long-distance runner who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '24:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Haro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '24:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamel Guemar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': '24:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Coates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Coates', 'summary': 'Dennis Malcolm Coates ( born 11 February 1953 ) is a male retired British middle-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '24:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Bannon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '24:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Chahin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '24:43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luca Bigatello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luca_Bigatello', 'summary': 'Luca Bigatello ( born 15 September 1953 ) is a former Italian male long-distance runner who competed at one edition of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships at senior level ( 1974 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '24:46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Léon Schots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Léon_Schots', 'summary': 'Léon Schots ( born 11 June 1952 ) is a Belgian former long-distance runner who competed in track and cross country running competitions . His greatest achievement was a gold medal at the 1977 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , where he also led Belgium to the team title . He was an eleven time national champion , with victories from 1500 metres to 10,000 metres on the track in addition to three Belgian cross country titles . He twice represented Belgium at the European Athletics Championships ( 1974 and 1978 ) . He also placed fourth at the 1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , sharing in the team bronze , and was a three-time champion at the World Military Cross Country Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '24:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Ratcliffe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '24:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Broeckx', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '24:57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Walker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '24:59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurence Reilly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '25:01', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Junior Men 's ( 4.35 mi / 7.0 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1972_International_Cross_Country_Championships_1', 'intro': "The 1972 International Cross Country Championships was held in Cambridge, England, at the Coldhams Common on 18 March 1972. A report on the men's event was given in the Glasgow Herald. This was the last competition organized by the International Cross Country Union (ICCU). The organization of the event was transferred to the IAAF as recommended as a result of the meeting of the IAAF cross-country committee that year in London. It was continued as IAAF World Cross Country Championships. From then on, the event was open for all IAAF members whereas before, non-ICCU members were only allowed to compete after special invitation. Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published."} | null | null | What is the nationality of the athlete who was born on 21 August 1954 ? | Spain |
06c539794fe36e0b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alexandria Transportation Authority', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rapides Parish , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rapides_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Rapides Parish ( French : Paroisse des Rapides ) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,613 . The parish seat is Alexandria , which developed along the Red River of the South . Rapides is the French spelling of rapids and is pronounced ra-PEEDS ( I.P.A . [ ɹæ.pid͜z ] ) . The parish was created in 1807 after the United States acquired this territory in the Louisiana Purchase . Rapides Parish is included in the Alexandria metropolitan area , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandria , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Alexandria is the ninth-largest city in the state of Louisiana and is the parish seat of Rapides Parish , Louisiana , United States . It lies on the south bank of the Red River in almost the exact geographic center of the state . It is the principal city of the Alexandria metropolitan area ( population 153,922 ) which encompasses all of Rapides and Grant parishes . Its neighboring city is Pineville . In 2010 , the population was 47,723 , an increase of 3 percent from the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Capital Area Transit System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Area_Transit_System', 'summary': 'Capital Area Transit System , labeling itself CATS , is a public transportation provider in East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana . It serves the city and several west bank suburbs [ citation needed ] , but does not travel outside parish boundaries or across the Mississippi River .'}]}, {'value': 'Baton Rouge metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Baton Rouge ( /ˌbætən ˈruːʒ/ BAT-ən ROOZH ; from French , meaning 'red stick ' ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana . Located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River , it is the parish seat of East Baton Rouge Parish , the most populous parish in Louisiana . It is the 99th most populous city in the United States , and second-largest city in Louisiana after New Orleans . It is also the 16th most populous state capital . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 2018 estimate , Baton Rouge had a population of 221,599 , down from 229,493 at the 2010 census . Baton Rouge is the center of Greater Baton Rouge , the second-largest metropolitan area in Louisiana , with a population of 834,159 as of 2017 , up from 802,484 in 2010 and 829,719 in 2015 . The city of Baton Rouge is a major industrial , petrochemical , medical , research , motion picture , and growing technology center of the American South . It is the location of Louisiana State University , the LSU System 's flagship university and the largest institution of higher education in the state . It is also the location of Southern University , the flagship institution of the Southern University System , the only historically black college system in the nation . The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the 10th-largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped , and is the farthest upstream Mississippi River port capable of handling Panamax ships . This , as well as its status as a major port city , is largely due to the Huey P. Long - O.K . Allen Bridge , which was intentionally constructed under the governorship of Huey Long at a low height , preventing big tankers from making their way up-river , past Baton Rouge ."}]}, {'value': 'Baton Rouge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good Earth Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Terrebonne Parish ( /ˌtɛrəˈboʊn/ TERR-ə-BOHN ; French : Paroisse de Terrebonne ) is a parish located in the southern part of the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 111,860 . The parish seat is Houma . The parish was founded in 1822 . Terrebonne Parish is part of the Houma-Thibodaux , LA Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the second-largest parish in the state in terms of land area , and it has been a center of Cajun culture since the 18th century. [ when ? ] More than 10% of its residents speak French at home . [ citation needed ] Ray Authement , who was the fifth president of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette , serving from 1974 to 2008 and the longest-serving president of a public university in the United States , was born in rural Terrebonne Parish in 1928 , near Chauvin . In 2014 Juan Pickett , former Assistant District Attorney , was elected unopposed in the 32nd Judicial District as the first black judge in Terrebone Parish history .'}]}, {'value': 'Houma , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': 'Jefferson Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_Transit_(Louisiana)', 'summary': 'Jefferson Transit , badged as The JeT , is a public transportation provider in Jefferson Parish , Louisiana . It serves the most heavily suburbanized areas of New Orleans , providing both local service and commuter access to Downtown New Orleans .'}]}, {'value': 'Jefferson Parish , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Jefferson Parish ( French : Paroisse de Jefferson ; Spanish : Parroquia de Jefferson ) is a parish in the state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 432,552 . The parish seat is Gretna . Jefferson Parish is included in the New Orleans-Metairie , LA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Jefferson Parish was less affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and has rebounded at a more rapid pace than neighboring Orleans Parish . Jefferson Parish also surpassed Orleans Parish in population for that reason , and it is now the second-most-populous parish in the state , behind East Baton Rouge Parish .'}]}, {'value': 'Metairie , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Metairie ( /ˈmɛtəri/MET-ər-ee ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , United States , and is part of the New Orleans metropolitan area . With a population at the 2010 census of 138,481 , Metairie is the largest community in Jefferson Parish and the fifth-largest CDP in the United States . It is an unincorporated area that would be Louisiana 's fourth-largest city if it were incorporated . The zip codes that serve the community are 70001-70006 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Regional Transit Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Regional_Transit_Authority', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Regional Transit Authority ( RTA or NORTA ) is a public transportation agency based in New Orleans . The agency was established by the Louisiana State Legislature in 1979 , and has operated bus and historic streetcar service throughout the city since 1983 . With an annual ridership of over 18.6 million riders , the Regional Transit Authority is the largest public transit agency in the state of Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'SporTran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shreveport_Area_Transit_System', 'summary': 'The Shreveport Area Transit System , commonly known as SporTran , is a public transportation bus system based in Shreveport , Louisiana , United States . It runs bus routes in Shreveport and Bossier City , Louisiana . All bus routes converge at the Intermodal Facility near Downtown Shreveport . SporTran provides public transportation in the form of buses and lift vans . SporTran is one of the oldest public transportation systems in the south . SporTran has been in continual service for over 125 years with only one interruption due to the strike of 1957 . SporTran operates seven days a week on 17 bus routes from 6:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. , with shorter operations on the weekends . As of 2006 , SporTran operates night service on five routes ( mostly supplementing daytime service after end of service ) between 8:00 p.m. and midnight Monday through Saturday with no service on Sundays . SporTran has a fleet of over 50 buses equipped to handle all passengers , including those with disabilities . Their newest buses are equipped with the emission reduction systems and an experimental dual-fuel ( Hybrid ) bus was placed in service in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shreveport and Bossier City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Shreveport ( /ˈʃriːvpɔːrt/ SHREEV-port ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is the most populous city in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan area . Shreveport ranks third in population in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge and 133rd in the U.S . The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish , of which it is the parish seat . Shreveport extends along the west bank of the Red River ( most notably at Wright Island , the Charles and Marie Hamel Memorial Park , and Bagley Island ) into neighboring Bossier Parish . The population of Shreveport was 199,311 as of the 2010 U.S. Census . The United States Census Bureau 's 2018 estimates for the city 's population decreased to 188,987 , and grew to an estimated 189,149 . Shreveport was founded in 1836 by the Shreve Town Company , a corporation established to develop a town at the juncture of the newly navigable Red River and the Texas Trail , an overland route into the newly independent Republic of Texas . Prior to Texas becoming independent , this trail entered Mexico . The city grew throughout the 20th century and , after the discovery of oil in Louisiana , became a national center for the oil industry . Standard Oil of Louisiana ( absorbed by Standard Oil of New Jersey and now part of ExxonMobil ) and United Gas Corporation ( now part of Pennzoil ) were headquartered in the city until the 1960s and 1980s . After the loss of jobs in the oil industry , the close of Shreveport Operations ( a General Motors vehicle factory ) , and other economic problems the city struggled with a declining population , poverty , drugs and violent crime ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bossier_City,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Bossier City ( /ˈboʊʒər/ BOH-zhər ) is a city in Bossier Parish , which is located in the northwestern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana in the United States . It is the second most populous city in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan area . In 2018 it had a census-estimated population of 68,222 . Bossier City is located on the eastern bank of the Red River and is closely tied economically and socially to its larger sister city Shreveport on the opposite bank . Bossier City is the largest city in Louisiana that is not the parish seat .'}]}, {'value': 'Shreveport', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Louisiana', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_18', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'} | null | null | What is an estimate ridership of this public transportation agency that operated bus and historic streetcar service in a city that was heavily affected by a hurricane on August 29 , 2005 ? | 18.6 million riders |
06c5f2aee88ba81c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia', 'title': 'Media in Halifax, Nova Scotia', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': '88.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKDU-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKDU-FM', 'summary': 'CKDU-FM ( 88.1 MHz ) is a non-profit radio station broadcasting from the campus of Dalhousie University in Halifax , Nova Scotia . It airs a campus radio format serving the Halifax Regional Municipality area and is operated by the not-for-profit CKDU-FM Society . Its mandate is to provide the Halifax area with an alternative to public and private radio broadcasting . The 2,460 watt transmitter reaches the urban core of Halifax and adjacent communities . CKDU is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association , and hosted the National Campus and Community Radio Conference in 1999 and 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'CKDU 88.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'campus radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campus_radio', 'summary': 'Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station .'}]}, {'value': 'CKDU-FM Society', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHNS-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHNS-FM', 'summary': "CHNS-FM ( 89.9 MHz ) is a commercial FM radio station , in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada . The station airs a classic hits radio format branded as 89.9 The Wave . CHNS-FM is owned and operated by the Maritime Broadcasting System which also owns sister station CHFX-FM . CHNS-FM 's studios and offices are located on Lovett Lake Court in Halifax . The transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park ."}]}, {'value': '89.9 The Wave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_hits', 'summary': "Classic hits is a radio format which generally includes songs from the top 40 music charts from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s , with music from the 1980s serving as the core of the format . Music that was popularized by MTV in the early 1980s and the nostalgia behind it is a major driver to the format . It is considered the successor to the oldies format , a collection of top 40 songs from the late 1950s through the late 1970s that was once extremely popular in the United States . The term is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for the adult hits format , which uses a slightly newer music library stretching from all decades to the present with a major focus on 1990s and 2000s rock and alternative songs . In addition , adult hits stations tend to have larger playlists , playing a given song only a few times per week , compared to the tighter libraries on classic hits stations . For example , KRTH , a classic hits station in Los Angeles , plays power songs up to 30 times a week , which is another differentiator compared to other formats that share songs with classic hits libraries . The classic hits format has become extremely popular in the last few years with stations like KRTH , WCBS-FM in New York , and WLS-FM in Chicago having successful ratings with this model . Classic hits was named format of the summer of 2018 by Nielsen Audio 's research team emphasizing the huge popularity of the format . In addition , the Millennial generation is listening to this format in record numbers , according to a Nielsen report . As of December 2019 there are now over 1,100 classic hits stations in the United States , the largest amount in format history ."}]}, {'value': 'Maritime Broadcasting System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maritime_Broadcasting_System', 'summary': "Maritime Broadcasting System Limited , branded as MBS Radio , is a private Canadian broadcasting company owning 21 radio stations serving several communities in Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , and New Brunswick . MBS Radio was established in 1969 as Eastern Broadcasting Limited in Campbellton , New Brunswick and is currently owned by Rob Pace . The company 's head office is now located in Halifax , Nova Scotia on Lovett Lake Court in the Bayers Lake area . Prior to moving to its new location at Lovett Lake Court , they were located on Sackville Street in Downtown Halifax ."}]}, {'value': '90.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBHA-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBHA-FM', 'summary': "CBHA-FM is a Canadian radio station . It is the CBC Radio One affiliate in Halifax , Nova Scotia , broadcasting at 90.5 MHz . It is the flagship CBC Radio One station for the Maritime provinces . CBHA 's studios are located on 7067 Chebucto Road in Halifax , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': '91.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBAX-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBAX-FM', 'summary': "CBAX-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts SRC 's Ici Musique network at 91.5 FM in Halifax , Nova Scotia . It was launched in 2002 . CBAX 's studios are located on Chebucto Road in Halifax , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Musique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Musique', 'summary': "Ici Musique ( stylized as ICI Musique ) is the French-language music radio service of Canada 's national public broadcaster , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( Société Radio-Canada ) . It is the French equivalent of the English CBC Music , although it has a different programming focus ."}]}, {'value': 'public music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': '92.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBAF-FM-5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBAF-FM-5', 'summary': 'CBAF-FM-5 is a French-language public radio station located in Halifax , Nova Scotia . It is part of the Ici Radio-Canada Première Network . Owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , it broadcasts at 92.3 MHz with an effective radiated power of 91,000 watts , using horizontal polarization . It is a Class C station using a non-directional antenna . The broadcast tower is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . The studios and offices are located on Chebucto Road in Halifax . The station also serves as the Première outlet for the Island of Newfoundland , by way of two repeaters .'}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': '92.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFLT-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFLT-FM', 'summary': "CFLT-FM ( 92.9 FM ) is an FM radio station licensed to Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada and serving the Halifax area . The station is owned by Rogers Media and broadcasts at 92.9 MHz . CFLT 's studios are located on Young Street in Halifax , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . The station is the successor to Newcap-owned AM station CFDR ( 780 kHz ) , which signed off on July 27 , 2009 , eleven days before the FM station 's official launch ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack 92.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_hits', 'summary': 'Adult hits ( sometimes also called variety hits ) is a radio format that draws from a wide array of popular music . The format typically focuses on adult contemporary , pop , and rock hits from the 1970s through at least the 1990s . Adult hits is essentially a deeper version of the classic hits format today , but at the inception of the format in the mid-2000s , the two formats were separate entities .'}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '93.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJLU-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJLU-FM', 'summary': 'CJLU-FM ( 93.9 MHz ) is a Canadian radio station , licensed to Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , and serving the Halifax Regional Municipality . CJLU has a repeater station in Wolfville at 88.3 FM with the call sign CJLU-FM-1 . The stations are owned by the International Harvesters for Christ Evangelistic Association Inc . They broadcast Contemporary Christian music part of the day with Christian talk and teaching programs heard at other times . Some religious leaders heard on CJLU-FM include David Jeremiah , Charles Stanley , John MacArthur and Jim Daly . The station received CRTC approval in 2004 and launched in 2005 . CJLU also has a sister station in Moncton , New Brunswick , 105.1 CITA . On May 21 , 2008 , CJLU received approval to add a transmitter at Wolfville , Nova Scotia , to simulcast programming on CJLU-FM .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvesters FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christianity', 'summary': "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth . Its adherents , known as Christians , believe that Jesus is the Christ , whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible , called the Old Testament in Christianity , and chronicled in the New Testament . It is the world 's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers . Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea . Jesus ' apostles and their followers spread around Syria , the Levant , Europe , Anatolia , Mesopotamia , Transcaucasia , Egypt , and Ethiopia , despite initial persecution . It soon attracted gentile God-fearers , which led to a departure from Jewish customs , and , after the Fall of Jerusalem , AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism , Christianity slowly separated from Judaism . Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity before his death ( 337 ) , and was baptized by bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Constantine decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan ( 313 ) , later convening the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 ) . The early history of Christianity 's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the Great Church . The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) over differences in Christology , while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East-West Schism ( 1054 ) , especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome . Similarly , Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era ( 16th century ) over theological and ecclesiological disputes , most predominantly on the issue of justification and the primacy of the bishop of Rome . Following the Age of Discovery ( 15th-17th century ) , Christianity was spread into the Americas , Oceania , sub-Saharan Africa , and the rest of the world via missionary work . Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches , as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation , ecclesiology , ordination , and Christology ."}]}, {'value': 'International Harvesters for Christ Evangelistic Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJNI-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJNI-FM', 'summary': 'CJNI-FM ( 95.7 MHz ) is a Canadian radio station in Halifax , Nova Scotia . CJNI-FM has a News/Talk/Sports radio format branded as News 95.7 . The station is owned by Rogers Media which also owns sister station 92.9 CFLT-FM . CJNI-FM is currently the only commercial News/Talk/Sports station in Atlantic Canada . Studios and offices are on Young Street in Halifax , while the transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park .'}]}, {'value': 'News 95.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'news / talk / sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sports_Radio', 'summary': "Sports radio ( or sports talk radio ) is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and broadcasting of sporting events . A widespread programming genre that has a narrow audience appeal , sports radio is characterized by an often-boisterous on-air style and extensive debate and analysis by both hosts and callers . Many sports talk stations also carry play-by-play ( live commentary ) of local sports teams as part of their regular programming . Hosted by Bill Mazer , the first sports talk radio show in history launched in March 1964 on New York 's WNBC ( AM ) . Soon after WNBC launched its program , in 1965 Seton Hall University 's radio station , WSOU , started Hall Line , a call-in sports radio talk show focusing on the team 's basketball program . Having celebrated its 50th anniversary on air during the 2015-2016 season , Hall Line , which broadcasts to central and northern New Jersey as well as all five boroughs of New York , is the oldest and longest running sports talk call-in show in the NY-NJ Metropolitan area , and is believed to be the oldest in the nation . Enterprise Radio Network became the first national all-sports network , operating out of Avon , Connecticut , from New Year 's Day 1981 through late September of that year before going out of business . ER had two channels , one for talk and a second for updates and play-by-play . ER 's talk lineup included current New York Yankees voice John Sterling , New York Mets radio host Ed Coleman and former big-league pitcher Bill Denehy . Sports talk is available in local , network and syndicated forms , is available in multiple languages , and is carried in multiple forms on both major North American satellite radio networks . In the United States , most sports talk-formatted radio stations air syndicated programming from ESPN Radio , SB Nation Radio , Sports Byline USA , Fox Sports Radio , CBS Sports Radio , or NBC Sports Radio , while in the Spanish language , ESPN Deportes Radio is the largest current network . In contrast , Canadian sports talk stations may carry a national brand ( such as TSN Radio or Sportsnet Radio ) but carry mostly local programming , with American-based shows filling in gaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '96.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKUL-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKUL-FM', 'summary': "CKUL-FM ( 96.5 MHz , 96.5 The Breeze ) is a radio station serving Halifax , Nova Scotia . Owned by Stingray Group , it broadcasts a soft adult contemporary format . CKUL 's studios and offices are located on Kempt Road in Halifax , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . Based on the current format , CKUL-FM competes with CKHY-FM ."}]}, {'value': '96.5 The Breeze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Stingray Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stingray_Group', 'summary': "Stingray Group , Inc. ( formerly Stingray Digital and Stingray Digital Group ) is a publicly traded Canadian media and entertainment company based in Montreal , Quebec , with offices in the United States , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Switzerland , France , Israel , Australia and South Korea . The company broadcasts music and video content on platforms including cable and satellite television , IPTV , Internet , mobile devices and game consoles , and develops customized audio and digital services for retailers , hotels and other commercial clients . In 2018 , the company entered the terrestrial radio market by acquiring Canadian radio station group Newcap Radio for $ 506 million . Newcap 's owner , the family of Harold R. Steele , became Stingray 's largest outside shareholder as a result ."}]}, {'value': '98.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKRH-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKRH-FM', 'summary': "CKRH-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 98.5 MHz in Halifax , Nova Scotia . The station broadcasts a French language community radio format for the city 's Acadian and francophone communities . CKRH 's studios are located at 5527 Cogswell Street in Halifax , which is rented to the station by Evanov Radio Group . While its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . Owned by Coopérative Radio-Halifax-Métro limitée , the station received CRTC approval in 2006 . The station is a member of the Alliance des radios communautaires du Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio Halifax Métro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'community radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_radio', 'summary': 'Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting . Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest . They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local , specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters . Community radio stations are operated , owned , and influenced by the communities they serve . They are generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals , groups , and communities to tell their own stories , to share experiences and , in a media-rich world , to become creators and contributors of media . In many parts of the world , community radio acts as a vehicle for the community and voluntary sector , civil society , agencies , NGOs and citizens to work in partnership to further community development aims , in addition to broadcasting . There is legally defined community radio ( as a distinct broadcasting sector ) in many countries , such as France , Argentina , South Africa , Australia and Ireland . Much of the legislation has included phrases such as social benefit , social objectives and social gain as part of the definition . Community radio has developed differently in different countries , and the term has somewhat different meanings in the United Kingdom , Ireland , the United States , Canada and Australia , where freedom of speech laws and de facto realities differ .'}]}, {'value': 'Coopérative Radio-Halifax-Métro limitée', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHHU-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHHU-FM', 'summary': "CHHU-FM is a radio station which broadcasts multicultural and multilingual programming at 99.1 MHz in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada . The station is owned by Radio Moyen-Orient ( Middle East Radio ) and licensed to Antoine Tony Karam ( on behalf of a corporation to be incorporated ) , who received CRTC approval on September 15 , 2015 . CHHU plans on broadcasting programming in ten languages , though its main target audience will be Halifax 's Arabic-speaking community , as the station broadcasts only in Arabic during the day and in other languages at night . CHHU currently has no studio in the Halifax area , though they intend on building one in the future ; in the interim , programming will originate from a dedicated studio at its Montreal sister station , CHOU . CHHU began testing on 99.1 MHz on Friday , February 26 , 2016 ; and regular broadcasting started in April 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'multicultural', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radio Moyen-Orient', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHSB-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHSB-FM', 'summary': 'CHSB-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a Christian Radio format on the frequency 99.3 FM in Bedford , Nova Scotia and serving the northern suburbs of Halifax . The station is branded as Hilltop FM . Owned by the Bedford Baptist Church , the station originally received CRTC approval on July 26 , 2006 to operate on 89.1 FM ; however , a technical change to broadcast at its current frequency 99.3 FM received approval on September 26 , 2008 , due to potential interference from a nearby radio station in Kentville , CIJK-FM 89.3 , which received CRTC approval to broadcast in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hilltop FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christianity', 'summary': "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth . Its adherents , known as Christians , believe that Jesus is the Christ , whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible , called the Old Testament in Christianity , and chronicled in the New Testament . It is the world 's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers . Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea . Jesus ' apostles and their followers spread around Syria , the Levant , Europe , Anatolia , Mesopotamia , Transcaucasia , Egypt , and Ethiopia , despite initial persecution . It soon attracted gentile God-fearers , which led to a departure from Jewish customs , and , after the Fall of Jerusalem , AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism , Christianity slowly separated from Judaism . Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity before his death ( 337 ) , and was baptized by bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Constantine decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan ( 313 ) , later convening the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 ) . The early history of Christianity 's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the Great Church . The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) over differences in Christology , while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East-West Schism ( 1054 ) , especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome . Similarly , Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era ( 16th century ) over theological and ecclesiological disputes , most predominantly on the issue of justification and the primacy of the bishop of Rome . Following the Age of Discovery ( 15th-17th century ) , Christianity was spread into the Americas , Oceania , sub-Saharan Africa , and the rest of the world via missionary work . Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches , as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation , ecclesiology , ordination , and Christology ."}]}, {'value': 'Bedford Baptist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CIOO-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CIOO-FM', 'summary': "CIOO-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 100.1 FM in Halifax , Nova Scotia . The station uses the on-air brand name C100 . It was owned by Toronto based CHUM Limited until that company 's buy-out by CTVglobemedia in 2007 , and then Bell Media in 2011 . CIOO 's studios are located at the intersection of Russell and Agricola Streets in Halifax ( right behind sister station CJCH-DT ) , with its transmitter located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . Based on the current format , CI00 competed with CKUL-FM until it switched to soft adult contemporary in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'C100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media_Radio', 'summary': "Bell Media Radio , G.P . ( doing business as Bell Media Radio and branding itself as iHeartRadio Canada in its mobile apps and on its websites ; formerly known as CHUM Radio ) is the radio broadcasting and music events subsidiary of Canadian media conglomerate of Bell Media . The company has its origins in CHUM Limited , which was acquired by its predecessor CTVglobemedia in 2006 . Through subsequent acquisitions , it also subsumed the radio properties of Astral Media in 2013 . In 2016 , Bell Media reached a deal with U.S. radio conglomorate iHeartMedia to operate a localized version of its internet radio platform iHeartRadio , and organize live events in Canada under iHeartMedia brands such as the Jingle Ball . Bell Media currently owns over 100 radio stations across Canada , including most of Canada 's largest radio markets . The company 's programming is also distributed to other stations across Canada via its syndication division Orbyt Media , and it is also the local licencee of the Virgin Radio brand ."}]}, {'value': '101.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJCH-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJCH-FM', 'summary': "CJCH-FM ( 101.3 MHz ) is a commercial radio station in Halifax , Nova Scotia . The station broadcasts a Top 40/CHR radio format branded on-air as 101.3 Virgin Radio , and is owned by Bell Media . CJCH 's studios and offices are located at the intersection of Russell and Agricola Streets in Halifax ( behind TV sister station CJCH ) . The transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . CJCH-FM is currently the only Top 40 outlet in the Halifax market , as Energy 103.5 , which it competed with , flipped to Country in September 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '101.3 Virgin Radio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'contemporary hit radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio', 'summary': 'Contemporary hit radio ( also known as CHR , contemporary hits , hit list , current hits , hit music , top 40 , or pop radio ) is a radio format that is common in the United States , Brazil , United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , New Zealand , Australia , the Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , China , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , Trinidad and Tobago , and South Africa , that focuses on playing current and recurrent popular music as determined by the top 40 music charts . There are several subcategories , dominantly focusing on rock , pop , or urban music . Used alone , CHR most often refers to the CHR-pop format . The term contemporary hit radio was coined in the early 1980s by Radio & Records magazine to designate top 40 stations which continued to play hits from all musical genres as pop music splintered into adult contemporary , urban contemporary and other formats . The term top 40 is also used to refer to the actual list of hit songs , and , by extension , to refer to pop music in general . The term has also been modified to describe top 50 ; top 30 ; top 20 ; top 10 ; hot 100 ( each with its number of songs ) and hot hits radio formats , but carrying more or less the same meaning and having the same creative point of origin with Todd Storz as further refined by Gordon McLendon as well as Bill Drake . The format became especially popular in the mid-sixties as radio stations constrained disc jockeys to numbered play lists in the wake of the payola scandal .'}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media_Radio', 'summary': "Bell Media Radio , G.P . ( doing business as Bell Media Radio and branding itself as iHeartRadio Canada in its mobile apps and on its websites ; formerly known as CHUM Radio ) is the radio broadcasting and music events subsidiary of Canadian media conglomerate of Bell Media . The company has its origins in CHUM Limited , which was acquired by its predecessor CTVglobemedia in 2006 . Through subsequent acquisitions , it also subsumed the radio properties of Astral Media in 2013 . In 2016 , Bell Media reached a deal with U.S. radio conglomorate iHeartMedia to operate a localized version of its internet radio platform iHeartRadio , and organize live events in Canada under iHeartMedia brands such as the Jingle Ball . Bell Media currently owns over 100 radio stations across Canada , including most of Canada 's largest radio markets . The company 's programming is also distributed to other stations across Canada via its syndication division Orbyt Media , and it is also the local licencee of the Virgin Radio brand ."}]}, {'value': '101.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHFX-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHFX-FM', 'summary': "CHFX-FM ( 101.9 FM ) is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 101.9 FM in Halifax , Nova Scotia . The station currently plays a country music format branded on-air as FX 101.9 . CHFX 's studios are located at 90 Lovett Lake Court , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . The station is owned and operated by the Maritime Broadcasting System , which also owns sister station CHNS-FM . The station has been on the air since November 1947 . Based on the current format , CHFX-FM competes with CKHZ-FM ."}]}, {'value': 'FX101.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'country music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}]}, {'value': 'Maritime Broadcasting System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maritime_Broadcasting_System', 'summary': "Maritime Broadcasting System Limited , branded as MBS Radio , is a private Canadian broadcasting company owning 21 radio stations serving several communities in Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , and New Brunswick . MBS Radio was established in 1969 as Eastern Broadcasting Limited in Campbellton , New Brunswick and is currently owned by Rob Pace . The company 's head office is now located in Halifax , Nova Scotia on Lovett Lake Court in the Bayers Lake area . Prior to moving to its new location at Lovett Lake Court , they were located on Sackville Street in Downtown Halifax ."}]}, {'value': '102.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBH-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBH-FM', 'summary': "CBH-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting in Halifax , Nova Scotia at 102.7 MHz . The station was launched on June 1 , 1976 and is the CBC Music outlet for Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . CBH-FM 's studios are located on 7067 Chebucto Road in Halifax , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . CBH-FM originates one local program , Connections with Olga Milosevich . The program highlights upcoming cultural events in the Maritimes as well as a wide range of music from the region . This program is able to air primarily because of a gap on the national CBC Music schedule in Atlantic Canada , since some Saturday afternoon network programs are timed to air live in both the Atlantic and Eastern time zones . CBN-FM in St. John 's is the only other station to air local programming of this type , however in that case the program is shared with the local CBC Radio One station , whereas Connections is exclusive to CBC Music ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Music', 'summary': 'CBC Music ( formerly known as CBC FM , CBC Stereo and CBC Radio 2 ) is a Canadian FM radio network operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It used to concentrate on classical music and jazz . In 2007 and 2008 , the network transitioned towards a new adult music format with a variety of genres , with the classical genre generally restricted to midday hours . In 2009 , Radio 2 averaged 2.1 million listeners weekly , and it was the second largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'adult music format with a variety of genres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': '103.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKHZ-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKHZ-FM', 'summary': "CKHZ-FM ( 103.5 FM , Hot Country 103.5 ) is a radio station in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Owned by Evanov Radio Group , it broadcasts a country music format . CKHZ 's studios are located on Main Street in Dartmouth , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . Based on the current format , CKHZ-FM competes with CHFX-FM ."}]}, {'value': 'Hot Country 103.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'country music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}]}, {'value': 'Evanov Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evanov_Communications', 'summary': 'Evanov Radio Group is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . It is also the sole owner of Dufferin Communications Inc. , 80% owner of Halifax Broadcasting Ltd. and Ottawa Media Inc . The group of Evanov companies owns and operates a number of radio stations in Ontario , Quebec , Manitoba and Nova Scotia ,'}]}, {'value': '104.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFRQ-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFRQ-FM', 'summary': "CFRQ-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 104.3 FM in Halifax , Nova Scotia . It is owned by Stingray Group and airs an Classic Rock / active rock radio format . CFRQ uses the on-air brand name Q104 , The Home of Rock n Roll ( The Mighty Q or The Q for short ) . Q104 's audience is often referred to as the Q-Nation . CFRQ 's studios are located on Kempt Road in Halifax , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . CFRQ-FM is currently the only rock station in Halifax as 105.1 CKHY-FM switched formats on January 15 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Q104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Stingray Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stingray_Group', 'summary': "Stingray Group , Inc. ( formerly Stingray Digital and Stingray Digital Group ) is a publicly traded Canadian media and entertainment company based in Montreal , Quebec , with offices in the United States , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Switzerland , France , Israel , Australia and South Korea . The company broadcasts music and video content on platforms including cable and satellite television , IPTV , Internet , mobile devices and game consoles , and develops customized audio and digital services for retailers , hotels and other commercial clients . In 2018 , the company entered the terrestrial radio market by acquiring Canadian radio station group Newcap Radio for $ 506 million . Newcap 's owner , the family of Harold R. Steele , became Stingray 's largest outside shareholder as a result ."}]}, {'value': '105.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKHY-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKHY-FM', 'summary': "CKHY-FM ( 105.1 FM , Jewel 105 ) is a radio station in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Owned by Evanov Radio Group , it broadcasts a soft adult contemporary format . CKHY 's studios are located on Main Street in Dartmouth , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . Based on the current format , CKHY-FM competes with CKUL-FM ."}]}, {'value': 'Jewel 105', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soft adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soft_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Evanov Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evanov_Communications', 'summary': 'Evanov Radio Group is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . It is also the sole owner of Dufferin Communications Inc. , 80% owner of Halifax Broadcasting Ltd. and Ottawa Media Inc . The group of Evanov companies owns and operates a number of radio stations in Ontario , Quebec , Manitoba and Nova Scotia ,'}]}, {'value': '105.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFEP-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFEP-FM', 'summary': 'CFEP-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting in the Halifax , Nova Scotia market and licensed to the inner suburb of Eastern Passage , Nova Scotia at 105.9 MHz . It provides a community radio service . The station was nominated in 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 as East Coast Radio Station of the Year by the East Coast Music Association . The station began broadcasting in 2002 . On June 3 , 2008 , CFEP applied to the CRTC to amend the licence by changing the frequency from 94.7 MHz to 105.9 MHz . That application to move to 105.9 MHz was approved on August 19 , 2008 . On March 13 , 2009 , CFEP moved from 94.7 to 105.9 FM . CFEP is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Seaside FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'community radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_radio', 'summary': 'Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting . Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest . They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local , specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters . Community radio stations are operated , owned , and influenced by the communities they serve . They are generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals , groups , and communities to tell their own stories , to share experiences and , in a media-rich world , to become creators and contributors of media . In many parts of the world , community radio acts as a vehicle for the community and voluntary sector , civil society , agencies , NGOs and citizens to work in partnership to further community development aims , in addition to broadcasting . There is legally defined community radio ( as a distinct broadcasting sector ) in many countries , such as France , Argentina , South Africa , Australia and Ireland . Much of the legislation has included phrases such as social benefit , social objectives and social gain as part of the definition . Community radio has developed differently in different countries , and the term has somewhat different meanings in the United Kingdom , Ireland , the United States , Canada and Australia , where freedom of speech laws and de facto realities differ .'}]}, {'value': 'Seaside Broadcasting', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': "As of 2009 , all radio stations in Halifax broadcast on the FM dial . Halifax 's last AM radio station 780 CFDR moved to the FM dial at 92.9 MHz in the summer of 2009 , becoming CFLT-FM . CFDR had previously been licensed to move to 88.9 FM , however the subsequent purchase of CKUL by parent company Newcap Broadcasting made this conversion impossible due to concentration of media ownership rules . Sale to Rogers Communications was approved by the CRTC on November 24 , 2008 , and the station has moved to FM 92.9 and started up August 7 , 2009 at 12:00 pm AST . [ 1 ] On July 29 , 2016 , CJCH-FM was rebranded to `` Virgin Radio '' marking the first ever entry into the Atlantic Canadian market for that branding .", 'uid': 'Media_in_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality_0', 'intro': "Halifax, Nova Scotia is the largest population centre in Atlantic Canada and contains the region's largest collection of media outlets."} | null | null | What city is the company based in with a station whose offices are located on Kempt Road ? | Montreal |
06c7a48ba7971be2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_Hospital_Ships', 'title': 'Hague Convention on Hospital Ships', 'header': ['State', 'Signature year', 'Ratification year', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as Austria-Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria-Hungary', 'summary': "Austria-Hungary , often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy , was a constitutional monarchy in Central and Eastern Europe between 1867 and 1918 . It was formed when the Austrian Empire adopted a new constitution ; as a result Austria ( Cisleithania ) and Hungary ( Transleithania ) were placed on equal footing . It dissolved when its member states proclaimed sovereignty and independence following the First World War . The union was established by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 on 30 March 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War . It consisted of two monarchies ( Austria and Hungary ) , and one autonomous region : the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown , which negotiated the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement in 1868 . It was ruled by the House of Habsburg , and constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy . Following the 1867 reforms , the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power . Foreign and military affairs came under joint oversight , but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states . Austria-Hungary was a multinational state and one of Europe 's major powers at the time . Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire , at 621,538 km2 ( 239,977 sq mi ) , and the third-most populous ( after Russia and the German Empire ) . The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world , after the United States , Germany , and the United Kingdom . Austria-Hungary also became the world 's third largest manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances , electric industrial appliances and power generation apparatus for power plants , after the United States and the German Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified by the Qing Dynasty government of China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free City of Danzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig', 'summary': "The Free City of Danzig ( German : Freie Stadt Danzig ; Polish : Wolne Miasto Gdańsk ) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939 , consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) and nearly 200 towns and villages in the surrounding areas . It was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 ( Section XI of Part III ) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I . The Free City included the city of Danzig and other nearby towns , villages , and settlements that were primarily inhabited by Germans . As the Treaty stated , the region was to remain separated from post-World War I Germany ( the Weimar Republic ) and from the newly independent nation of the Second Polish Republic ( interwar Poland ) , but it was not an independent state . The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland . Poland was given certain rights pertaining to communication , the railways and port facilities in the city . The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a well-sized seaport . The Free City 's population of 410,000 was 98% German , 1% Polish and 1% other . However , in the 1920 Free City of Danzig Constituent Assembly election , the Polish Party received over 6% of the vote , the percentage of votes later declined to about 3% . Poland proceeded to build the city of Gdynia in 1921 . This completely new port north of Gdansk was established on territory awarded in 1919 . By 1933 , the commerce passing through Gdynia exceeded that of Danzig ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The ratification by the Free City of Danzig has no application to a current state', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified by the government of the French Third Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Third_Republic', 'summary': "The French Third Republic ( French : La Troisième République , sometimes written as La IIIe République ) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 , when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War , until 10 July 1940 after France 's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France . The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by political disruptions caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 , which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870 . Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace ( keeping the Territoire de Belfort ) and Lorraine ( the northeastern part , i.e . present-day department of Moselle ) , social upheaval , and the establishment of the Paris Commune . The early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy , but disagreement as to the nature of that monarchy and the rightful occupant of the throne could not be resolved . Consequently , the Third Republic , originally envisioned as a provisional government , instead became the permanent form of government of France . The French Constitutional Laws of 1875 defined the composition of the Third Republic . It consisted of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate to form the legislative branch of government and a president to serve as head of state . Calls for the re-establishment of the monarchy dominated the tenures of the first two presidents , Adolphe Thiers and Patrice de MacMahon , but growing support for the republican form of government among the French populace and a series of republican presidents in the 1880s gradually quashed prospects of a monarchical restoration . The Third Republic established many French colonial possessions , including French Indochina , French Madagascar , French Polynesia , and large territories in West Africa during the Scramble for Africa , all of them acquired during the last two decades of the 19th century . The early years of the 20th century were dominated by the Democratic Republican Alliance , which was originally conceived as a centre-left political alliance , but over time became the main centre-right party . The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics , between the Democratic Republican Alliance and the Radicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as the German Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_Empire', 'summary': "The German Empire ( German : Deutsches Kaiserreich , officially Deutsches Reich ) , sometimes referred to as Imperial Germany , was the German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II in 1918 . It was founded on 1 January 1871 when the south German states , except for Austria , joined the North German Confederation and the new constitution came into force changing the name of the federal state to the German Empire and introduced the title of German Emperor for Wilhelm I , King of Prussia from the House of Hohenzollern . Berlin remained its capital , and Otto , Prince of Bismarck , Minister-President of Prussia became Chancellor , the head of government . As these events occurred , the Prussian-led North German Confederation and its southern German allies were still engaged in the Franco-Prussian War . The German Empire consisted of 26 states , most of them ruled by royal families . They included four kingdoms , six grand duchies , five duchies ( six before 1876 ) , seven principalities , three free Hanseatic cities , and one imperial territory . Although Prussia was one of several kingdoms in the realm , it contained about two thirds of Germany 's population and territory . Prussian dominance had also been established constitutionally . After 1850 , the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized , with particular strengths in coal , iron ( and later steel ) , chemicals , and railways . In 1871 , Germany had a population of 41 million people ; by 1913 , this had increased to 68 million . A heavily rural collection of states in 1815 , the now united Germany became predominantly urban . During its 47 years of existence , the German Empire was an industrial , technological , and scientific giant , gaining more Nobel Prizes in science than any other country ."}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as the Kingdom of Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece', 'summary': "The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek : Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος [ vaˈsiliɔn ˈtis ɛˈlaðɔs ] ) was a state established in 1832 at the Convention of London by the Great Powers ( the United Kingdom , Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire ) . It was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople , where it also secured full independence from the Ottoman Empire . This event also marked the birth of the first fully independent Greek state since the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century . The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence , and lasted until 1924 . In 1924 the monarchy was abolished , and the Second Hellenic Republic was established , after Greece 's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign . It lasted until 1935 , when it was overthrown by a military coup d'état which restored the monarchy . The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973 . [ note 1 ] [ note 2 ] The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship ( 1967-1974 ) , and the Third Republic , the current Greek state , came to be , after a popular referendum ."}]}, {'value': 'Guatemala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guatemala', 'summary': 'Guatemala ( /ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ ( listen ) GWAH-tə-MAH-lə ; Spanish : [ gwateˈmala ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Guatemala ( Spanish : República de Guatemala ) , is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west , Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast , Honduras to the east , El Salvador to the southeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south . With an estimated population of around 17.2 million , it is the most populous country in Central America . Guatemala is a representative democracy ; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción , also known as Guatemala City . The territory of modern Guatemala once formed the core of the Maya civilization , which extended across Mesoamerica . Most of the country was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century , becoming part of the viceroyalty of New Spain . Guatemala attained independence in 1821 as part of the Federal Republic of Central America , which dissolved by 1841 . From the mid- to late-19th century , Guatemala experienced chronic instability and civil strife . Beginning in the early 20th century , it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United Fruit Company and the United States government . In 1944 , the authoritarian leader Jorge Ubico was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup , initiating a decade-long revolution that led to sweeping social and economic reforms . A U.S.-backed military coup in 1954 ended the revolution and installed a dictatorship . From 1960 to 1996 , Guatemala endured a bloody civil war fought between the US-backed government and leftist rebels , including genocidal massacres of the Maya population perpetrated by the military . Since a United Nations-negotiated peace accord , Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections , though it continues to struggle with high rates of poverty , crime , drug trade , and instability .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as Austria-Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria-Hungary', 'summary': "Austria-Hungary , often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy , was a constitutional monarchy in Central and Eastern Europe between 1867 and 1918 . It was formed when the Austrian Empire adopted a new constitution ; as a result Austria ( Cisleithania ) and Hungary ( Transleithania ) were placed on equal footing . It dissolved when its member states proclaimed sovereignty and independence following the First World War . The union was established by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 on 30 March 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War . It consisted of two monarchies ( Austria and Hungary ) , and one autonomous region : the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown , which negotiated the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement in 1868 . It was ruled by the House of Habsburg , and constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy . Following the 1867 reforms , the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power . Foreign and military affairs came under joint oversight , but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states . Austria-Hungary was a multinational state and one of Europe 's major powers at the time . Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire , at 621,538 km2 ( 239,977 sq mi ) , and the third-most populous ( after Russia and the German Empire ) . The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world , after the United States , Germany , and the United Kingdom . Austria-Hungary also became the world 's third largest manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances , electric industrial appliances and power generation apparatus for power plants , after the United States and the German Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as Persia by the Qajar dynasty government', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qajar_dynasty', 'summary': "The Qajar dynasty ( listen ( help·info ) ; Persian : سلسله قاجار Selsele-ye Qājār ; [ a ] ) was an Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin , specifically from the Qajar tribe , ruling over Iran from 1789 to 1925 . The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794 , deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan , the last Shah of the Zand dynasty , and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus . In 1796 , Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease , putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty , and Mohammad Khan was formally crowned as Shah after his punitive campaign against Iran 's Georgian subjects . In the Caucasus , the Qajar dynasty permanently lost many of Iran 's integral areas to the Russians over the course of the 19th century , comprising modern-day Georgia , Dagestan , Azerbaijan and Armenia ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as the Kingdom of Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy', 'summary': "The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian : Regno d'Italia ) was a state which existed from 1861 - when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy - until 1946 - when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state . Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , thereby ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So during World War I , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allied Powers , as the western powers promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that was more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations . Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , [ the ] Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases . The first phase ( 1923-1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a legally-organized executive dictatorship ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as the Empire of Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_of_Japan', 'summary': "The Empire of Japan ( 大日本帝國 , Dai Nippon Teikoku , literally Empire of Great Japan ) was the historical nation-state [ nb 2 ] and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan . Japan 's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei ( 富國強兵 , Enrich the Country , Strengthen her Armed Forces ) and Shokusan Kōgyō ( 殖産興業 , Promote Industry ) led to its emergence as a world power and the establishment of a colonial empire following the First Sino-Japanese War , the Boxer Rebellion , the Russo-Japanese War , and World War I . Economic and political turmoil in the 1920s led to the rise of militarism and totalitarianism , eventually culminating in Japan 's membership in the Axis alliance and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific in World War II . Japan 's armed forces initially achieved large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) and the Pacific War . However , after many Allied victories and following the Soviet Union 's declaration of war against Japan on August 9 , 1945 , and subsequent invasion of Manchuria and other territories , and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the Empire surrendered to the Allies on August 15 , 1945 . A period of occupation by the Allies followed . In 1947 , with American involvement , a new constitution was enacted , officially bringing the Empire of Japan to an end . Occupation and reconstruction continued until 1952 , eventually forming the current constitutional monarchy known as Japan . The Emperors during this time , which spanned the entire Meiji , Taishō , and the lesser part of the Shōwa era , are now known in Japan by their posthumous names , which coincide with those era names : Emperor Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) , Emperor Taishō ( Yoshihito ) , and Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito ) ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as the Korean Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_Empire', 'summary': "The Korean Empire ( transcripted as Daehan Jeguk , Korean : 대한제국 ; Hanja : 大韓帝國 , lit . Great Korean Empire ) was the last independent unified Korean state . Proclaimed in October 1897 by Emperor Gojong of the Joseon dynasty , the empire stood until Japan 's annexation of Korea in August 1910 . During the Korean Empire , Emperor Gojong oversaw the Gwangmu Reform , a partial modernization and Westernization of the military , economy , land system , and education system , and of various industries . In 1905 , Korea was made a colonial protectorate of Japan and in 1910 it was annexed by the country outright ."}]}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montenegro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montenegro', 'summary': "Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɪˈneɪɡroʊ , -ˈniːɡroʊ , -ˈnɛɡroʊ/ ( listen ) ; Montenegrin : Црна Гора , romanized : Crna Gora , [ tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra ] ) is a country of South and Southeast Europe on the coast of the Balkans . It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest , Serbia to the northeast , Kosovo [ a ] to the east , Albania to the southeast , the Adriatic Sea to the southwest , and Croatia to the west . Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 ( 2011 census ) . Its capital Podgorica is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country . Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital . During the Early Medieval period , three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro : Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half ; Travunia , the west ; and Rascia proper , the north . In 1042 , archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty . After being ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for two centuries , the independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries , ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421 , and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498 , when the name Montenegro started being used for the country . After falling under Ottoman rule , Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops , before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852 . Montenegro 's de jure independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , following the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . In 1905 , the country became a kingdom . After World War I , it became part of Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signed and ratified as the Principality of Montenegro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro', 'summary': 'The Principality of Montenegro ( Serbian : Књажевина Црнa Горa / Knjaževina Crna Gora ) was a former realm in Southeastern Europe that existed from 13 March 1852 to 28 August 1910 . It was then proclaimed a kingdom by Nikola I , who then became king . The capital was Cetinje and the Montenegrin perper was used as state currency from 1906 . The territory corresponded to the central area of modern Montenegro . It was a constitutional monarchy , but de facto absolutist .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Entry into force and parties', 'section_text': 'The Hague Convention on Hospital Ships was concluded on 21 December 1904 and entered into force on 26 March 1907 . It was signed by 26 states and as of 2014 it is in force for 30 states . One state—Serbia—signed the treaty but has not ratified it . The convention remains in force for the states that ratified it .', 'uid': 'Hague_Convention_on_Hospital_Ships_0', 'intro': 'The Hague Convention on Hospital Ships is a 1904 multilateral treaty that supplemented the 1899 Hague Convention for the adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention. The convention established that during times of war, hospital ships would be exempted from dues and taxes imposed on vessels in the ports of the states that ratify the treaty. It is the one treaty on the laws of war that was concluded between the two conferences at The Hague in 1899 and 1907.'} | null | null | What year did the predecessor state of Iran that signed the Hague Convention regarding hospital ships end ? | 1925 |
06c81c417b98cd8c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_swap_appearances_in_media', 'title': 'Body swap appearances in media', 'header': ['Title', 'Developer / Publisher', 'Year', 'Characters', 'Method / Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bugs Bunny & Taz : Time Busters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bugs_Bunny_&_Taz:_Time_Busters', 'summary': 'Bugs Bunny & Taz : Time Busters is a Looney Tunes platform video game released for the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Windows in 2000 , and is an indirect sequel to the 1999 game Bugs Bunny : Lost in Time . It also came on a Twin Pack CD bundled with Wacky Races in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Artificial Mind and Movement / Infogrames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artificial_Mind_and_Movement', 'summary': 'Behaviour Interactive Inc. is a Canadian video game development studio specializing in the production of 2D and 3D action/adventure games for home video game consoles , handheld game consoles and personal computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Infogrames_Entertainment,_SA', 'summary': 'Atari SA ( formerly Infogrames Entertainment SA ) is a French video game holding company headquartered in Paris . Its subsidiaries include Atari Interactive and Atari , Inc. Because of continuing pressures upon the company , and difficulty finding investors , it sought bankruptcy protection under French law in January 2013 ; its subsidiaries in the United States have sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as well . All three subsidiaries have since exited bankruptcy , and are all going through a vigorous turnaround campaign .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taz and a Frankenstein monster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mind-swapping device', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrono Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrono_Cross', 'summary': "Chrono Cross ( クロノ・クロス , Kurono Kurosu ) is a 1999 role-playing video game developed and published by Square for the PlayStation video game console . It is the sequel to Chrono Trigger , which was released in 1995 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . Chrono Cross was designed primarily by scenarist and director Masato Kato , who had help from other designers who also worked on Chrono Trigger , including art director Yasuyuki Honne and composer Yasunori Mitsuda . Nobuteru Yūki designed the characters of the game . The story of Chrono Cross focuses on a teenage boy named Serge and a theme of parallel worlds . Faced with an alternate reality in which he died as a child , Serge endeavors to discover the truth of the two worlds ' divergence . The flashy thief Kid and many other characters assist him in his travels around the tropical archipelago El Nido . Struggling to uncover his past and find the mysterious Frozen Flame , Serge is chiefly challenged by Lynx , a shadowy antagonist working to apprehend him . Upon its release in Japan in 1999 and North America in 2000 , Chrono Cross received critical acclaim , earning a perfect 10.0 score from GameSpot . The game shipped over 1.5 million copies worldwide , leading to a Greatest Hits re-release and continued life in Japan as part of the Ultimate Hits series . Chrono Cross was later re-released for the PlayStation Network in Japan in July 2011 , and in North America four months later ."}]}, {'value': 'Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)', 'summary': "Square Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社スクウェア , Kabushiki-gaisha Sukuwea ) was a Japanese video game company founded in September 1986 by Masafumi Miyamoto . It merged with Enix in 2003 to form Square Enix . The company also used SquareSoft as a brand name to refer to their games , and the term is occasionally used to refer to the company itself . In addition , Square Soft , Inc was the name of the company 's American arm before the merger , after which it was renamed to Square Enix , Inc ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serge and Lynx', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Tear', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digimon Rumble Arena 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digimon_Rumble_Arena_2', 'summary': "Digimon Rumble Arena 2 , known as Digimon Battle Chronicle ( デジモンバトルクロニクル , Dejimon Batoru Kuronikuru ) in Japan , is a 2004 Digimon fighting video game released by Bandai for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , and the Xbox . It is the sequel to 2001 's Digimon Rumble Arena and has a similar style of gameplay as Super Smash Bros. Melee , except with a health meter ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namco_Bandai_Games', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playable character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'special power', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Ball Z games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_video_games', 'summary': "The Dragon Ball video game series are based on the manga and anime series of the same name created by Akira Toriyama . The series follows the adventures of Goku as he trains in martial arts and explores the world in search of the seven wish-granting orbs known as the Dragon Balls . The games are of various genres , mostly role-playing , platform and fighting games , although the latter have become the most prominent . Since 1986 , many video games based on the property have been released in Japan , with the majority being produced by Bandai . Most of the Dragon Ball Z games from the 16-bit and 32-bit eras were also localized and released in European countries like France , Spain and Portugal because of the strong following the series already had in those countries . Up until 1997 's Dragon Ball GT : Final Bout , none of the Dragon Ball games were localized for the North American market , with the exception of Dragon Power which was graphically altered due to the lack of a license for the franchise . In 2000 , Infogrames acquired the license to produce and release Dragon Ball games for the North American and international market . With the release of their first two titles in the franchise , 2002 's Dragon Ball Z : The Legacy of Goku and Dragon Ball Z : Budokai , Infogrames more than doubled their sales . In January 2004 , Atari paid $ 10 million for the exclusive US rights until January 2010 . In 2008 , Atari announced that over 12.7 million video game units based on the series had been sold since May 2002 . Dragon Ball was Atari 's top-earning licensed property , earning $ 85 million in 2005 and accounting for over 49% of their annual revenue in 2008 . However , with the expiration of the Atari deal in 2009 , Namco Bandai Games assumed the North American and European distribution rights , starting with the 2009 releases of Dragon Ball Z : Attack of the Saiyans , Dragon Ball : Raging Blast and Dragon Ball : Revenge of King Piccolo ."}]}, {'value': 'various', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'various', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Ginyu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Ginyu', 'summary': "The Dragon Ball manga series features an ensemble cast of characters created by Akira Toriyama . The series takes place in a fictional universe , the same world as Toriyama 's previous series Dr. Slump , and follows the adventures of Son Goku during his boyhood years as he trains in martial arts and explores a fantastical version of Earth ( 地球 Chikyū ) in search of the seven orbs known as the Dragon Balls that are used to summon a wish-granting dragon . The tone of the series becomes more action oriented and less comedic when Goku reaches adulthood , as he and his allies would find themselves defending Earth against various threats , overcoming seemingly insurmountable opponents and eventually emerging victorious against progressively more powerful foes . During the course of the story , Goku encounters allies such as Bulma , Master Roshi , and Trunks , rivals such as Tien Shinhan , Piccolo , and Vegeta , and villains such as Frieza , Cell and Majin Buu . Goku 's group of associates , known as the Dragon Team ( ドラゴンチーム , Doragon Chīmu ) [ ch . 165 ] , bolster its ranks throughout the series with the addition of former enemies and new heroes . The group is also known in Japanese as the Z Fighters ( Z戦士 , Zetto Senshi ) or TEAM Z in other media , and in the English dub of Dragon Ball Z as the Earth 's Special Forces . While many of the characters are humans with superhuman strength and/or supernatural abilities , the cast also includes anthropomorphic animals , extraterrestrial lifeforms , and even deities who govern the world and the universe . The series also includes depictions of the afterlife and time travel as a means of creating historical divergences . Dragon Ball Super in particular expanded the setting of the series to include parallel universes ; Universe 7 , or the Seventh Universe in the English dub , is designated as the universe where the vast majority of the Dragon Ball series takes place ."}]}, {'value': "Ginyu 's ability", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire Emblem Awakening', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_Emblem_Awakening', 'summary': "Fire Emblem Awakening [ a ] is a tactical role-playing video game , developed by Intelligent Systems and Nintendo SPD and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS handheld video game console in April 2012 in Japan , and 2013 outside Japan . It is the thirteenth entry in the Fire Emblem series , [ b ] and the first to be developed for the Nintendo 3DS . The gameplay , like previous Fire Emblem games , focuses on tactical movement of characters across a battlefield fighting enemy units . Other features include the ability to build relationships between the characters to improve their abilities , adjustable difficulty levels , a mode that disables the permanent death of characters , and multiple camera perspectives in battle . The story of Awakening takes place 2000 years after the events of the original Fire Emblem and Fire Emblem Gaiden , focusing on Chrom , the prince of Ylisse , and his personal army , the Shepherds . They rescue the player character , or Avatar , who is suffering from amnesia . Over the course of the story , the Avatar aids Chrom 's army in defending Ylisse from undead monsters - the Risen - and attacks from the hostile nation of Plegia . Development of Fire Emblem Awakening began in 2010 , with multiple veterans of the Fire Emblem series filling key development roles . Development was handled by Intelligent Systems with supervision from Nintendo . As the series had seen declining sales with previous installments , Awakening was designed as the possible last entry in the series , with elements from all previous Fire Emblem games incorporated . Due to the 3DS still being fine-tuned by developers , the team 's decisions for content and graphics were made based on what they thought was feasible for what they had available to them . However , some gameplay options and proposals were met with mixed feelings , such as the option to disable permanent character death , often known as 'permadeath ' , a staple of the Fire Emblem franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry and Sumia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Body Swap Spell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire Emblem Fates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_Emblem_Fates', 'summary': "Fire Emblem Fates [ b ] is a tactical role-playing video game for the Nintendo 3DS handheld video game console , developed by Intelligent Systems and Nintendo SPD and published by Nintendo . It was released in June 2015 in Japan , then released internationally in 2016 . It is the fourteenth game in the Fire Emblem series , [ c ] and the second to be developed for Nintendo 3DS after Fire Emblem Awakening . Fates was released in three versions , each following a different storyline centered on the same characters : Birthright [ d ] and Conquest [ e ] as physical releases , and Revelation [ f ] as downloadable content . The overarching story follows the protagonist , a customizable Avatar created by the player , as they are unwillingly drawn into a war between the Kingdoms of Hoshido ( their birthplace ) and Nohr ( their adopted home ) , and must choose which side to support . In Revelation , the Avatar rallies both sides against the true mastermind behind the war . The gameplay , which revolves around tactical movement of units across a grid-based battlefield , shares many mechanics with previous Fire Emblem games , although some elements are unique to each scenario . After the critical and commercial success of Awakening , development began on Fates , with the staff of Awakening returning to their previous roles . The team 's main concern was adding new features and refinements to the original gameplay , and improving the story , which had received criticism from some fans . To this end , writer Shin Kibayashi was brought in . To show all sides of the story and provide players with different Fire Emblem experiences , the game was split up into multiple versions . Upon release , it met with highly positive reviews : Birthright was generally seen as a good starting place for new players , Conquest was praised for its challenge , while Revelation was noted as a good middle ground between the two releases ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2015/16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ophelia and Soleil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Body Swap Spell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel Ultimate Alliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvel_Ultimate_Alliance', 'summary': 'Marvel : Ultimate Alliance is an action role-playing video game developed for PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox and Xbox 360 by Raven Software and published by Activision . The game was simultaneously ported to the PlayStation Portable and Wii by Vicarious Visions , and to Microsoft Windows by Beenox . A significantly different Game Boy Advance version was also created , developed by Barking Lizards Technologies . The game was initially released on October 24 , 2006 in North America for most platforms , with PlayStation 3 and Wii ports following shortly thereafter , as well as international releases . The game was planned for release on Nintendo DS and GameCube , but these releases were cancelled . Japan was only able to see a Wii and PS3 release . It was released on July 26 , 2016 for PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows , and on July 28 , 2016 on Xbox One by Zoë Mode . Marvel : Ultimate Alliance is set within the fictional Marvel Universe and features many of the superheroes , supervillains , and supporting characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . Ultimate Alliance is the third Marvel title to be developed by Raven Software , and features similar gameplay to their previous Marvel titles , X-Men Legends and X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse . A sequel , Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , was developed for multiple platforms by Vicarious Visions , n-Space and Savage Entertainment and released in 2009 . A third installment , Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3 : The Black Order , was developed by Koei Tecmos Team Ninja and published by Nintendo , released for Nintendo Switch in July 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Activision', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playable Character and a Demonic Soul', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Demonic Soul 's special ability", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paper Mario : The Thousand Year Door', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paper_Mario:_The_Thousand_Year_Door', 'summary': "Paper Mario : The Thousand-Year Door [ a ] is a 2004 role-playing video game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the GameCube . The Thousand-Year Door is the second game in the Paper Mario series . The Thousand-Year Door borrows many gameplay elements from its predecessor , such as a drawing-based art style , and a turn-based battle system with an emphasis on action . For the majority of the game the player controls Mario , although Bowser and Princess Peach are playable at certain points . The plot follows Mario 's quest as he tries to retrieve the seven Crystal Stars and rescue Peach from the X-Nauts . The game was well received by critics , attaining an average score of 88 percent from GameRankings . Critics generally praised the game 's engaging plot and gameplay , but criticised it for not being a big progression from its predecessor . The Thousand-Year Door won the Role Playing Game of the Year award at the 2005 Interactive Achievement Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Intelligent Systems / Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intelligent_Systems', 'summary': "Intelligent Systems Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer closely affiliated with Nintendo and best known for developing the Fire Emblem , Paper Mario , WarioWare , and Wars series . Originally , the company was headquartered at the Nintendo Kyoto Research Center in Higashiyama-ku , Kyoto , but later moved to a building near Nintendo 's main headquarters in October 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario and Creepy Steeple Boss', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitfall : The Lost Expedition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitfall:_The_Lost_Expedition', 'summary': 'Pitfall : The Lost Expedition is a pair of action-adventure video games , one for the Game Boy Advance , and the other for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Windows . It is the sixth and final installment of the Pitfall series . It was released by Activision on February 18 , 2004 in North America and February 20 , 2004 in the PAL region . The PC version was released on October 15 , 2004 only in North America . The game was also released on September 23 , 2008 on the Wii as Pitfall : The Big Adventure . Pitfall : The Big Adventure was released under the brand Fun4All in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'various / Activision', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Activision', 'summary': "Activision Publishing , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica , California . It currently serves as the publishing business for its parent company , Activision Blizzard , and consists of several subsidiary studios . Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top United States publisher in 2016 . The company was founded as Activision , Inc. in October 1979 in Sunnyvale , California , by former Atari game developers , upset at how they were treated at Atari , to develop their own games for the popular Atari 2600 home video game console . Activision was the first independent , third-party , console video game developer . The 1983 video game crash , in part created by too many new companies trying to follow in Activision 's footsteps without the expertise of Activision 's founders , hurt Activision 's position in console games , forcing them to diversify into games for home computers , including the acquisition of Infocom . After a management shift , with CEO Jim Levy replaced by Bruce Davis , the company renamed itself as Mediagenic and branched out into business software applications . Mediagenic quickly fell into debt , and the company was bought for around US $ 500,000 by Bobby Kotick and a small group of investors around 1991 . Kotick instituted a full rework of the company to cover its debts : dismissing most of its staff , moving the company to Los Angeles , and reverting to the Activision name . Building on existing assets , the Kotick-led Activision pursued more publishing opportunities and , after recovering from the former debt , started acquiring numerous studios and intellectual properties over the 1990s and 2000s , among these being the Call of Duty and Guitar Hero series . A holding company was formed as Activision 's parent company to manage the internal and acquired studios . In 2008 , this holding merged with Vivendi Games ( the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment ) and formed Activision Blizzard , with Kotick as its CEO ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry and a monkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ragnarok ( roguelike game )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ragnarok_(video_game)', 'summary': "Ragnarok is a freeware roguelike video game for DOS , created by Norsehelm Productions ( Thomas F. Boyd and Rob Vawter ) from 1992 to 1995 , also going by the name Valhalla in its European release . It is distinct from many other roguelikes in having a graphical interface , a historical/mythological setting , set quests , the ability to change classes , and the ability to permanently change one 's race by polymorphing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roguelike', 'summary': "Roguelike ( or rogue-like ; sometimes capitalized ) is a subgenre of role-playing video game characterized by a dungeon crawl through procedurally generated levels , turn-based gameplay , tile-based graphics , and permanent death of the player character . Most roguelikes are based on a high fantasy narrative , reflecting their influence from tabletop role playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons . Though the roguelikes Beneath Apple Manor and Sword of Fargoal predate it , the 1980 game Rogue , which is an ASCII based game that runs in terminal or terminal emulator , is considered the forerunner and the namesake of the genre , with derivative games mirroring Rogue 's character- or sprite-based graphics . These games were popularized among college students and computer programmers of the 1980s and 1990s , leading to a large number of variants but adhering to these common gameplay elements , often titled the Berlin Interpretation . Some of the better-known variants include Hack , NetHack , Ancient Domains of Mystery , Moria , Angband , Tales of Maj'Eyal , and Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup . The Japanese series of Mystery Dungeon games by Chunsoft , inspired by Rogue , also fall within the concept of roguelike games . More recently , with more powerful home computers and gaming systems , several new games include elements of the roguelike genre while incorporating other gameplay genres , thematic elements , and graphical styles as well . Such games typically retain a roguelike 's notion of procedural generation and permanent death of the player character , but do not include all the high-value factors of the Berlin Interpretation . These games are frequently labeled as roguelike , but also are referred to as rogue-lite , roguelike-like , or procedural death labyrinths to distinguish them from the more traditional roguelikes ."}]}, {'value': 'Norsehelm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'scroll of switch bodies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roblox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roblox', 'summary': 'Roblox is a massively multiplayer online video game and game creation system that allows users to design their own games and play a wide variety of different types of games created by other users . The platform hosts user-created games and virtual worlds covering a wide variety of genres , from traditional racing and role-playing games to simulations and obstacle courses . As of August 2019 , Roblox has over 100 million monthly active users .'}]}, {'value': 'Roblox Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roblox_Corporation', 'summary': 'Roblox is a massively multiplayer online video game and game creation system that allows users to design their own games and play a wide variety of different types of games created by other users . The platform hosts user-created games and virtual worlds covering a wide variety of genres , from traditional racing and role-playing games to simulations and obstacle courses . As of August 2019 , Roblox has over 100 million monthly active users .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playable character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Body swap potion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Smash Bros. Brawl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl', 'summary': "Super Smash Bros. Brawl [ a ] is a crossover fighting video game developed by Sora Ltd. and Game Arts and published by Nintendo for the Wii . The third installment in the Super Smash Bros. series , it was announced at a pre-E3 2005 press conference by Nintendo president Satoru Iwata . Masahiro Sakurai , director of the previous two games in the series , assumed the role of director at Iwata 's request . Game development began in October 2005 with a creative team that included members from several Nintendo and third-party development teams . After delays due to development problems , the game was released worldwide in 2008 . The number of playable characters in Brawl has grown from that in Super Smash Bros. Melee , although some characters from Melee were cut in Brawl . Brawl is the first game in the series to have playable third-party characters . Like that of its predecessors , the objective of Brawl is to knock opponents off the screen . It is a departure from traditional fighting games , notably in its simplified move commands and emphasis on ring outs over knockouts . It includes a more extensive single-player mode than its predecessors , known as the Subspace Emissary . This mode is a plot-driven , side-scrolling beat 'em up featuring computer-generated cut scenes . Brawl supports multiplayer battles with up to four combatants , and is the first game of its franchise to feature online battles via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playable character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'random Poké Ball ability by Manaphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poké_Ball', 'summary': 'The gameplay of the Pokémon video game series involves the catching and training of fictional creatures called Pokémon and using them to battle other Trainers . Each successive generation of games builds upon this concept by introducing new Pokémon , items , and gameplay concepts . Some of the general concepts were featured elsewhere in the franchise before being introduced to the games ; double battles appeared in the anime long before appearing in the games , and Pokémon Abilities are similar to the Pokémon Powers introduced in the Pokémon Trading Card Game , which also introduced Shiny Pokémon , different colors of that type of the original Pokémon . Some Pokémon with very high stats and good moves are used in Pokémon competitive play , which requires more complex strategies than picking supereffective moves .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Pokémon_(481-493)', 'summary': 'The fourth generation ( Generation IV ) of the Pokémon franchise features 107 fictional species of creatures introduced to the core video game series in the 2006 Nintendo DS games Pokémon Diamond and Pearl . Some Pokémon in this generation were introduced in animated adaptations of the franchise before Diamond and Pearl , such as Bonsly , Mime Jr. , and Munchlax , which were recurring characters in the Pokémon anime series in 2005 and 2006 . The following list details the 107 Pokémon of Generation IV in order of their National Pokédex number . The first Pokémon , Turtwig , is number 387 , and the last , Arceus , is number 493 . Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience . Mega evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced .'}]}, {'value': 'Tales of Rebirth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tales_of_Rebirth', 'summary': "Tales of Rebirth ( Japanese : テイルズ オブ リバース , Hepburn : Teiruzu Obu Ribāsu ) is a Japanese role-playing video game published for the PlayStation 2 . It is the sixth main entry of Namco 's Tales series of video games . The game was developed by Namco Tales Studio and published by Namco Games . The game was released for the PlayStation 2 on December 16 , 2004 , and then later re-released on the PlayStation Portable on March 19 , 2008 . Rebirth , set in a world populated by humans ( Huma ) and beast people ( Gajuma ) , follows the adventures of Veigue Lungberg , a human whose friend Claire Bennett is kidnapped by agents of Agarte , heir to the throne of the kingdom of Karegia . Setting out to rescue Claire , Veigue and those who join him becomes entangled in escalating racial conflicts consuming the land . As with previous Tales games , it features an action-based battle system , called the Three-Line Linear Motion Battle System . The game was developed by the 2D Tales development unit Team Destiny . The characters were designed by Mutsumi Inomata , who had previously worked on Tales of Destiny . The scenario , written by Hiramatsu Masaki , dealt extensively with issues of coexistence between races and ethnic conflicts . The game has received positive reviews and strong sales in Japan , with the PlayStation 2 version eventually selling over 600,000 units and the PSP re-release selling over 83,000 . Western sites have been positive about the game , though neither version of the game have received English localizations ."}]}, {'value': 'Namco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namco', 'summary': "Namco Ltd. [ a ] ( stylized as NAMCO ) [ b ] is a former Japanese developer and publisher of arcade and home console video games , originally headquartered in Ōta , Tokyo . Several international divisions were established , including Namco America in Santa Clara , California , Shanghai Namco in mainland China , and Namco Enterprises Asia in Hong Kong . Namco was founded by Masaya Nakamura as Nakamura Seisakusho [ c ] on June 1 , 1955 , beginning as a producer of coin-operated amusement rides for Japanese department store roof gardens , seeing success with making children 's rides for the Mitsukoshi chain . Renamed Nakamura Manufacturing in 1959 , the company purchased the struggling Japanese division of Atari from Nolan Bushnell in 1974 and began releasing their games in Japan , where they quickly became one of the leading game companies in Asia . The acquisition inspired Namco to produce their own video games in-house , beginning with Gee Bee in 1978 . Namco released their first major hit Galaxian a year later , followed by Pac-Man in 1980 - the latter has since become the most successful arcade game of all time and one of the highest-grossing video games of all time . In February 2005 , Namco announced they would merge with Bandai to form Bandai Namco Holdings . The merge was finalized on September 25 , creating Japan 's third-largest video game entity by revenue and the seventh largest by revenue in the world . Both operated independently under the new holdings company until March 31 , 2006 , where their video game operations were merged to form Namco Bandai Games . The original Namco name was spun-off into a new company the same day , which handled the amusement park and arcade center operations of Bandai Namco Holdings . It was renamed to Bandai Namco Amusement during a corporate restructuring on April 1 , 2018 . Namco produced several critically and commercially successful franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Tekken , Ace Combat , Dig Dug , Soulcalibur , Xevious , Ridge Racer and Tales , and was one of the world 's most prolific video game companies ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agarte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Force of Moon ability', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whacked !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whacked!', 'summary': 'Whacked ! is a party video game developed by Presto Studios and released in 2002 by Microsoft Game Studios exclusively for the Xbox . It is a gameshow in which contestants compete for the Prize , whatever they wish , by hitting each other with objects such as missiles , hammers and pitchforks . Whacked ! was the last game developed by the now defunct Presto Studios .'}]}, {'value': 'Presto / Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presto_Studios', 'summary': "Presto Studios was a computer game development company of the 1990s , especially famous for its award-winning The Journeyman Project series and the 2001 sequel to Cyan 's hit Myst series , Myst III : Exile . In August 2002 , Presto Studios shut down new development after the release of the Xbox title Whacked ! . In a statement , Greg Uhler ( executive producer ) announced the closing of the company :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Game_Studios', 'summary': 'Xbox Game Studios , previously known as Microsoft Studios , Microsoft Game Studios , and Microsoft Games , is a division of Microsoft based in Redmond , Washington . It was established in March 2000 , spun out from an internal Games Group , for the development and publishing of video games for Microsoft Windows . It has since expanded to include games and other interactive entertainment for the namesake Xbox platforms , Windows Mobile and other mobile platforms , and web-based portals . As the studio grew , it has acquired and relinquished ownership of several other studios , and is the parent organization of fifteen other studios .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'special power ( red button )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Video games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Body_swap_appearances_in_media_5', 'intro': "Body swaps have been a common storytelling device in fiction media. Novels such as Vice Versa (1882) and Freaky Friday (1972) have inspired numerous film adaptations and retellings, as well as television series and episodes, many with titles derived from Freaky Friday. In 2013, Disney Channel held a Freaky Freakend with seven shows that featured body-swapping episodes. [a] This list features exchanges between two beings, and thus excludes similar phenomena of body hopping, spirit possession, transmigration, and avatars, unless the target being's mind is conversely placed in the source's body. It also excludes age transformations that are sometimes reviewed or promoted as body swaps, as in the movies Big and 17 Again; identity/role swaps, typically between twins, clones, look-alikes, or doppelgängers; and characters with multiple personalities."} | null | null | What company developed the game released two years after the game called Dejimon Batoru Kuronikuru in Japan ? | Raven Software |
06c9aad062118cb9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'title': 'Colorado Rapids', 'header': ['No', 'Position', 'Player', 'Nation'], 'data': [{'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Keegan Rosenberry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keegan_Rosenberry', 'summary': 'Keegan Rosenberry ( born December 11 , 1993 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a fullback for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Drew Moor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drew_Moor', 'summary': 'Drew Moor ( born January 15 , 1984 ) is an American professional soccer player who currently plays as a defender for the Colorado Rapids in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Danny Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1991)', 'summary': 'Daniel John Wilson ( born 27 December 1991 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a centre back for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids . Wilson began his career with Rangers before leaving for English side Liverpool in 2010 . After failing to secure a first-team place he joined Blackpool , Bristol City and Heart of Midlothian on loan respectively , joining the latter on a permanent transfer in 2012 . Wilson returned to Rangers in 2015 on a free transfer , then moved in January 2018 to American club Colorado Rapids . He has also represented the Scottish national team at U-17 , U-19 , U-21 and at full international level .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Auston Trusty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auston_Trusty', 'summary': 'Auston Trusty ( born August 12 , 1998 ) is an American soccer player who plays for Colorado Rapids in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Lalas Abubakar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lalas_Abubakar', 'summary': 'Alhassan Lalas Abubakar ( born December 25 , 1994 ) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'Ghana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Diego Rubio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Rubio', 'summary': 'Diego Iván Rubio Köstner ( born 15 May 1993 ) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a striker for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas Benezet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Benezet', 'summary': 'Nicolas Benezet ( born 24 February 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for the Colorado Rapids in Major League Soccer . He plays as an attacking midfielder and is known for his positional versatility and small frame .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Kellyn Acosta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kellyn_Acosta', 'summary': 'Kellyn Kai Perry-Acosta ( born July 24 , 1995 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids and the United States national team .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Lewis_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Jonathan Jeremy Lewis ( born June 4 , 1997 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a winger or forward for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Niki Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niki_Jackson', 'summary': 'Niki Jackson ( born August 25 , 1995 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a forward for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids . He grew up in Collierville , Tennessee and Scottsdale , Arizona before attending Cactus Shadows High School and Grand Canyon University .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Vines ( HG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Vines', 'summary': 'Samuel Vines ( born May 31 , 1999 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Homegrown_Player_Rule_(Major_League_Soccer)', 'summary': "The Homegrown Player Rule is a Major League Soccer program that allows MLS teams to sign local players from their own development academies directly to MLS first team rosters . Before the creation of the rule in 2008 , every player entering Major League Soccer would have to be assigned through one of the existing MLS player allocation processes , such as the MLS SuperDraft . MLS roster rules allow a team to sign players to contracts similar to Generation adidas contracts , which do not count against the MLS salary budget and may earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . MLS has since removed this wording from the roster rules . That means homegrown players will not count against the salary budget only if they are registered using supplemental roster slots , but will still count against the salary budget if they are registered using senior roster slots . There is , however , supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds . To place a player on its homegrown player list , making him eligible to sign as a homegrown player , players must have resided in that club 's home territory and participated in the club 's youth development system for at least one year , as well as meeting other unspecified league requirements . If a player on a team 's homegrown list goes to college or U17 , U20 , and U23 United States men 's national soccer teams , he remains eligible to sign as a homegrown player at any time as long as he is registered with the club as a homegrown player first . In 2014 , Seattle 's DeAndre Yedlin became the first MLS Homegrown player to compete in a World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Abdul Rwatubyaye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Rwatubyaye', 'summary': 'Abdul Rwatubyaye ( born 23 October 1996 ) is a Rwandan footballer who plays as a defender for USL Championship club Colorado Springs Switchbacks , on loan from Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'Rwanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rwanda', 'summary': "Rwanda ( /ruˈɑːndə , -ˈæn-/ ( listen ) ; Kinyarwanda : u Rwanda [ u.ɾɡwaː.nda ] ( listen ) ) , formerly Ruanda , officially the Republic of Rwanda ( Kinyarwanda : Repubulika y ' u Rwanda ; Swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda ; French : République du Rwanda or République Rwandaise ) , is a country in Central Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland , and its capital city is Kigali . Located a few degrees south of the Equator , Rwanda is bordered by Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated ; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east , with numerous lakes throughout the country . The climate is temperate to subtropical , with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year . Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 sq . km of land , and therefore it is the most densely populated mainland African country . The population is young and predominantly rural , with a density among the highest in Africa . Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda , although within this group there are three subgroups : the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The Twa are a forest-dwelling pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants . Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi ; some believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people , while others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately , and from different locations . Christianity is the largest religion in the country ; the principal language is Kinyarwanda , spoken by most Rwandans , with English and French serving as additional official languages . The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Price_(footballer,_born_1992)', 'summary': 'Jack Alexander Price ( born 19 December 1992 ) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Younes Namli ( DP ; on loan from FC Krasnodar )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Younes_Namli', 'summary': 'Younes Namli ( born 20 June 1994 ) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a winger for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids on loan from FC Krasnodar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Designated_Player_Rule', 'summary': "The Designated Player Rule , nicknamed the Beckham Rule , allows Major League Soccer franchises to sign up to three players that would be considered outside their salary cap ( either by offering the player higher wages or by paying a transfer fee for the player ) . The rule , which was adopted ahead of the 2007 MLS season , enables teams to compete for star players in the international soccer market . The rule is one of two mechanisms by which MLS teams may exceed their salary cap , the other being allocation money . As of December 2019 , there have been 209 Designated Players in league history . The rule is informally named after David Beckham , in anticipation of MLS teams signing lucrative deals with internationally recognized players of Beckham 's caliber . Beckham was the first player signed under this rule , signing a five-year contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy with a guaranteed annual salary of $ 6.5 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Krasnodar', 'summary': 'FC Krasnodar is a Russian association football club from Krasnodar that plays in the Russian Premier League . The club was founded in 2008 . In 2009 , the club was promoted to the Russian First Division , the second highest division of the Russian football league system , despite finishing Zone South of Second Division in third . And at the end of the 2010 season , they were promoted to the Russian Premier League for the 2011 season , despite finishing fifth in the first division . In May 2013 , FC Krasnodar began the construction of the 35,074-seat Krasnodar Stadium which was opened on 9 October 2016 . Until the stadium was completed , FC Krasnodar continued playing their home matches in the Kuban Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Sebastian Anderson ( HG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sebastian_Anderson', 'summary': 'Sebastian Anderson ( born August 8 , 2002 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Homegrown_Player_Rule_(Major_League_Soccer)', 'summary': "The Homegrown Player Rule is a Major League Soccer program that allows MLS teams to sign local players from their own development academies directly to MLS first team rosters . Before the creation of the rule in 2008 , every player entering Major League Soccer would have to be assigned through one of the existing MLS player allocation processes , such as the MLS SuperDraft . MLS roster rules allow a team to sign players to contracts similar to Generation adidas contracts , which do not count against the MLS salary budget and may earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . MLS has since removed this wording from the roster rules . That means homegrown players will not count against the salary budget only if they are registered using supplemental roster slots , but will still count against the salary budget if they are registered using senior roster slots . There is , however , supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds . To place a player on its homegrown player list , making him eligible to sign as a homegrown player , players must have resided in that club 's home territory and participated in the club 's youth development system for at least one year , as well as meeting other unspecified league requirements . If a player on a team 's homegrown list goes to college or U17 , U20 , and U23 United States men 's national soccer teams , he remains eligible to sign as a homegrown player at any time as long as he is registered with the club as a homegrown player first . In 2014 , Seattle 's DeAndre Yedlin became the first MLS Homegrown player to compete in a World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Kei Kamara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kei_Kamara', 'summary': 'Kei Ansu Kamara ( /ˈkaɪ kəˈmɑːrə/ ; born 1 September 1984 ) is a Sierra Leonean international footballer who plays as a striker for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids . In 2015 , Kamara tied for top scorer in MLS with 22 goals , losing out to Sebastian Giovinco on the Golden Boot on fewer assists . He is one of only 10 players to have scored 100 goals in MLS history , achieving the landmark in 300 appearances .'}]}, {'value': 'Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kortne Ford ( HG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kortne_Ford', 'summary': 'Kortne Ford ( born January 26 , 1996 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a center back for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Homegrown_Player_Rule_(Major_League_Soccer)', 'summary': "The Homegrown Player Rule is a Major League Soccer program that allows MLS teams to sign local players from their own development academies directly to MLS first team rosters . Before the creation of the rule in 2008 , every player entering Major League Soccer would have to be assigned through one of the existing MLS player allocation processes , such as the MLS SuperDraft . MLS roster rules allow a team to sign players to contracts similar to Generation adidas contracts , which do not count against the MLS salary budget and may earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . MLS has since removed this wording from the roster rules . That means homegrown players will not count against the salary budget only if they are registered using supplemental roster slots , but will still count against the salary budget if they are registered using senior roster slots . There is , however , supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds . To place a player on its homegrown player list , making him eligible to sign as a homegrown player , players must have resided in that club 's home territory and participated in the club 's youth development system for at least one year , as well as meeting other unspecified league requirements . If a player on a team 's homegrown list goes to college or U17 , U20 , and U23 United States men 's national soccer teams , he remains eligible to sign as a homegrown player at any time as long as he is registered with the club as a homegrown player first . In 2014 , Seattle 's DeAndre Yedlin became the first MLS Homegrown player to compete in a World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Cole Bassett ( HG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cole_Bassett', 'summary': 'Cole Bassett ( born July 28 , 2001 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Homegrown_Player_Rule_(Major_League_Soccer)', 'summary': "The Homegrown Player Rule is a Major League Soccer program that allows MLS teams to sign local players from their own development academies directly to MLS first team rosters . Before the creation of the rule in 2008 , every player entering Major League Soccer would have to be assigned through one of the existing MLS player allocation processes , such as the MLS SuperDraft . MLS roster rules allow a team to sign players to contracts similar to Generation adidas contracts , which do not count against the MLS salary budget and may earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . MLS has since removed this wording from the roster rules . That means homegrown players will not count against the salary budget only if they are registered using supplemental roster slots , but will still count against the salary budget if they are registered using senior roster slots . There is , however , supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds . To place a player on its homegrown player list , making him eligible to sign as a homegrown player , players must have resided in that club 's home territory and participated in the club 's youth development system for at least one year , as well as meeting other unspecified league requirements . If a player on a team 's homegrown list goes to college or U17 , U20 , and U23 United States men 's national soccer teams , he remains eligible to sign as a homegrown player at any time as long as he is registered with the club as a homegrown player first . In 2014 , Seattle 's DeAndre Yedlin became the first MLS Homegrown player to compete in a World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Deklan Wynne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deklan_Wynne', 'summary': 'Deklan Terrence Wynne ( born 20 March 1995 ) is a New Zealand footballer who plays as a wing back for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids and has appeared for the New Zealand national team . He was born in Johannesburg , South Africa and emigrated to New Zealand in January 2010 , aged 14 . The eligibility of his inclusion in an Olympic qualifying game in 2015 was successfully challenged and cost New Zealand the chance of participating in the 2016 Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Nicholson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Nicholson', 'summary': 'Sam Nicholson ( born 20 January 1995 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a winger for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Players and staff -- Current roster', 'section_text': 'As of October 7 , 2019 [ 34 ]', 'uid': 'Colorado_Rapids_1', 'intro': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City, Colorado. The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Western Conference. The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS. Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010, their second MLS Cup appearance. The first appearance was in 1997, losing to D.C. United. They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament, where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos, the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup. The Rapids play their home games at Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season."} | null | null | What area of Antarctica is claimed by the country of Colorado Rapids player Diego Rubio ? | 1,250,000 square kilometres |
06c9ac68d81d4196 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_death_row_inmates_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of death row inmates in the United States', 'header': ['Name', 'Crime', 'Time on death row', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Len Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Len_Davis', 'summary': 'Len Davis ( born 1964 ) is a former New Orleans police officer . He was convicted of depriving civil rights through murder by conspiring with an assassin to kill a local resident .'}]}, {'value': 'Conspiracy to violate civil rights through murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 years , 287 days ( Since initial death sentence ) 14 years , 103 days ( since re-sentencing after his initial sentence was overturned )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davis was an officer in the New Orleans Police Department . He ordered a drug dealer to kill a 32-year old woman , Kim Groves , who had witnessed Davis abuse a suspect and filed a brutality complaint . He was also convicted of witness tampering ( which was later thrown out ) and , subsequent to his first death penalty sentence , of two drug trafficking charges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department', 'summary': "The New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) has primary responsibility for law enforcement in New Orleans , Louisiana . The department 's jurisdiction covers all of Orleans Parish , while the city is divided into eight police districts . Shaun D. Ferguson has been the Superintendent of Police since January 18 , 2019 . Former Superintendents have included Michael S. Harrison , Ronal W. Serpas , Eddie Compass , and Richard Pennington ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph E. Duncan III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_E._Duncan_III', 'summary': "Joseph Edward Duncan III ( born February 25 , 1963 ) is an American convicted serial killer and child molester who is on death row in federal prison in conjunction with the 2005 kidnappings and murders of members of the Groene family of Coeur d'Alene , Idaho . He is also serving 11 consecutive sentences of life without parole in conjunction with the same crimes as well as the 1997 murder of Anthony Martinez of Beaumont , California . Additionally , Duncan has confessed to - but has not been charged with - the 1996 murder of two girls in Seattle . At the time of the attack on the Groene family , Duncan was on the run from a child molestation charge in Minnesota . He spotted Shasta and Dylan Groene playing outside as he drove past their house on Interstate 90 . Born in Tacoma , Washington , Duncan 's criminal history dates to when he was 15 years old . In 1980 , he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for sexually assaulting a boy in Tacoma and as a result has spent all but six years of his adult life in prison . He was paroled in 1994 but was returned to prison in 1997 for violating the terms of his parole . In May 2005 , Kootenai County , Idaho , authorities discovered the bodies of Brenda Groene , her boyfriend , and her 13-year-old son in the family home near Coeur d'Alene . Authorities also noted that Groene 's two other children were missing : Shasta , 8 , and Dylan , 9 . After an intense search for the two children , Shasta was found alive with Duncan at a restaurant in Coeur d'Alene nearly seven weeks later , and Duncan was arrested in conjunction with her kidnapping . When the authorities rescued Shasta , she told them that Duncan said that he was bringing her back to her father because Duncan had changed his mind about killing her ."}]}, {'value': "Murders of most of the Groene family in Coeur d'Alene , Idaho", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Coeur_d'Alene,_Idaho", 'summary': "Coeur d'Alene ( /ˌkɔːr dəˈleɪn , ˌkɜːr dəˈleɪn/ ( listen ) KOR də-LAYN , KUR də-LAYN , French : Cœur d'Alène , lit . 'Heart of an Awl ' , pronounced [ kœʁ dalɛn ] ) is the largest city and county seat of Kootenai County , Idaho , United States . It is the principal city of the Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan Statistical Area . In 2018 , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 51,303 . The city is a satellite city of Spokane , which is located about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the west , in the state of Washington . The two cities are the key components of the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area , of which Coeur d'Alene is the third-largest city ( after Spokane and its largest suburb , Spokane Valley ) . Coeur d'Alene is the largest city in North Idaho . The city is situated on the north shore of Lake Coeur d'Alene , 25 miles ( 40 km ) in length . Locally , Coeur d'Alene is known as the Lake City , or simply called by its initials : CDA . The city of Coeur d'Alene has grown significantly in recent years , in part because of a substantial increase in tourism , encouraged by several resorts in the area . The Coeur d'Alene Resort and a 165-acre natural area called Tubbs Hill , Coeur d'Alene , Idaho take up a prominent portion of the city 's downtown . There are several ski areas nearby : Silver Mountain Resort to the east in Kellogg , Lookout Pass Ski and Recreation Area also to the east on Lookout Pass at the Montana border , and Schweitzer Mountain Ski Resort to the north in Sandpoint ."}]}, {'value': '11 years , 164 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duncan was convicted of the 2005 kidnappings and murders of members of the Groene family and sentenced to three death sentences and three life sentences . He is also serving 11 life sentences in conjunction with the same crimes as well as the 1997 murder of Anthony Martinez of Beaumont , California . Duncan has confessed to , but not been charged with , the 1996 murder of two girls in Seattle , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont,_California', 'summary': "Beaumont is a city in Riverside County , California , United States , located at a half-mile elevation in the pass area south of Southern California 's highest peak , San Gorgonio Mountain , and north of San Jacinto Peak . Beaumont is bordered on the east by the city of Banning , on the south by the city of San Jacinto , on the west by the city of Calimesa , and on the north by the unincorporated community of Cherry Valley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'Marvin Gabrion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvin_Gabrion', 'summary': "Marvin Charles Gabrion ( born October 18 , 1953 ) is an American murderer convicted of the 1997 kidnapping and murder of 19-year-old Rachel Timmerman , of Cedar Springs , Michigan . Timmerman and her 18-month-old daughter , Shannon , disappeared two days before Gabrion was set to stand trial on rape charges filed by Rachel the previous summer . Rachel 's body was found in Oxford Lake , weighted down by cinder blocks . Shannon remains missing , but is presumed deceased . Gabrion is also the prime suspect in the disappearances and murders of several other people , including a witness who was set to testify against him in the trial for rape , his handyman , another potential witness and family friend and an unknown man . The bodies of these people , who were witnesses to his case , are yet to be found , but various of their belongings were recovered from his home . The case received national attention both for the brutality of the crime and for the controversial sentence . Michigan abolished the death penalty in 1846 , but the body of Timmerman was found within the Huron-Manistee National Forests , a federally-maintained forest , which is not within the legal jurisdiction of the State of Michigan , but is directly subject to U.S. federal law - which does authorize the death penalty . Gabrion , who was tried in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan , thus is the first person sentenced to death by a federal court located in a non-death penalty state since the federal death penalty was reinstated in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kidnapping and murder of 19-year-old Rachel Timmerman of Cedar Springs , Michigan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 years , 328 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder took place in Michigan , which does not have the death penalty , but the body was found in Manistee National Forest , which is federal land . On appeal , his defense team argued that they should consider any reasonable doubt they have that the murder took place outside of the forest before being moved into the forest after death , which would make him ineligible for the death penalty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'Jurijus Kadamovas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jurijus_Kadamovas_and_Iouri_Mikhel', 'summary': "Jurijus Kadamovas ( born 1966 ) and Iouri Mikhel ( born 1965 ) are immigrants to the United States , from Lithuania and Russia respectively , currently on Federal death row for 5 kidnapping for ransom-related murders . The kidnappings occurred over a four-month period beginning in late 2001 , in which the kidnappers demanded ransom . Documents related to the case allege the crew demanded a total of more than $ 5.5 million from relatives and associates , and received more than $ 1 million from victim 's relatives . Prosecutors said the victims were killed regardless of whether the ransoms were paid . The bodies were tied with weights , and dumped in the New Melones reservoir near Yosemite National Park . Federal prosecutors sought the death penalty under murder during a hostage-taking , ( 18 U.S.C . 1203 ) , a federal crime . On March 12 , 2007 , Kadamovas and Mikhel were sentenced to death . Four others were sentenced for participating in the plot , receiving sentences ranging from 11 years to life imprisonment ."}]}, {'value': 'Ransom-related kidnapping and murder of five people', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 years , 332 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jurijus Kadamovas and Iouri Mikhel were sentenced to death for the ransom related kidnappings and murders of five people . The men allegedly demanded a total of more than $ 5.5 million from relatives and associates , and received more than $ 1 million from victims ' relatives . Prosecutors said the victims were killed regardless of whether the ransoms were paid . The bodies were tied with weights and dumped in a reservoir near Yosemite National Park", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park', 'summary': "Yosemite National Park ( /joʊˈsɛmɪti/ yoh-SEM-i-tee ) is an American national park located in the western Sierra Nevada of Central California , bounded on the southeast by Sierra National Forest and on the northwest by Stanislaus National Forest . The park is managed by the National Park Service and covers an area of 748,436 acres ( 1,169 sq mi ; 3,029 km2 ) and sits in four counties : centered in Tuolumne and Mariposa , extending north and east to Mono and south to Madera County . Designated a World Heritage site in 1984 , Yosemite is internationally recognized for its granite cliffs , waterfalls , clear streams , giant sequoia groves , lakes , mountains , meadows , glaciers , and biological diversity . Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness . On average , about four million people visit Yosemite each year , and most spend the majority of their time in the seven square miles ( 18 km2 ) of Yosemite Valley . The park set a visitation record in 2016 , surpassing five million visitors for the first time in its history . Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea . Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development , ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln 's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864 . John Muir led a successful movement to have Congress establish a larger national park by 1890 , one which encompassed the valley and its surrounding mountains and forests , paving the way for the National Park System . Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada , and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals . The park has an elevation range from 2,127 to 13,114 feet ( 648 to 3,997 m ) and contains five major vegetation zones : chaparral and oak woodland , lower montane forest , upper montane forest , subalpine zone , and alpine . Of California 's 7,000 plant species , about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% are within Yosemite ."}]}, {'value': 'Iouri Mikhel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jurijus_Kadamovas_and_Iouri_Mikhel', 'summary': "Jurijus Kadamovas ( born 1966 ) and Iouri Mikhel ( born 1965 ) are immigrants to the United States , from Lithuania and Russia respectively , currently on Federal death row for 5 kidnapping for ransom-related murders . The kidnappings occurred over a four-month period beginning in late 2001 , in which the kidnappers demanded ransom . Documents related to the case allege the crew demanded a total of more than $ 5.5 million from relatives and associates , and received more than $ 1 million from victim 's relatives . Prosecutors said the victims were killed regardless of whether the ransoms were paid . The bodies were tied with weights , and dumped in the New Melones reservoir near Yosemite National Park . Federal prosecutors sought the death penalty under murder during a hostage-taking , ( 18 U.S.C . 1203 ) , a federal crime . On March 12 , 2007 , Kadamovas and Mikhel were sentenced to death . Four others were sentenced for participating in the plot , receiving sentences ranging from 11 years to life imprisonment ."}]}, {'value': 'Ransom-related kidnapping and murder of five people', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 years , 332 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': "See above entry for Jurijus Kadamovas , Mikhel 's accomplice", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa M. Montgomery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_M._Montgomery', 'summary': "Bobbie Jo Stinnett ( December 4 , 1981 - December 16 , 2004 ) was a 23-year-old American pregnant woman found murdered in her home in Skidmore , Missouri . The accused , Lisa M. Montgomery , then 36 , was convicted of strangling Stinnett from behind and then cutting the woman 's unborn child , eight months into gestation , from her womb . The child was later safely recovered by authorities ."}]}, {'value': '2004 murder of Bobbie Jo Stinnett , who was pregnant , and stealing her unborn child', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobbie_Jo_Stinnett', 'summary': "Bobbie Jo Stinnett ( December 4 , 1981 - December 16 , 2004 ) was a 23-year-old American pregnant woman found murdered in her home in Skidmore , Missouri . The accused , Lisa M. Montgomery , then 36 , was convicted of strangling Stinnett from behind and then cutting the woman 's unborn child , eight months into gestation , from her womb . The child was later safely recovered by authorities ."}]}, {'value': '11 years , 309 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As of February 9 , 2018 Montgomery is the only woman on federal death row', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfonso Rodriguez Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Rodriguez_Jr.', 'summary': 'Dru Katrina Sjodin ( September 26 , 1981 - c. November 22 , 2003 ) was an American woman who was abducted from the Columbia Mall parking lot in Grand Forks , North Dakota , by Alfonso Rodriguez Jr. , on November 22 , 2003 . Her disappearance and murder garnered great media coverage throughout the United States and prompted the creation of the Dru Sjodin National Sex Offender Public Registry .'}]}, {'value': 'Rape and murder of Dru Sjodin in Grand Forks , North Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rape', 'summary': "Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person 's consent . The act may be carried out by physical force , coercion , abuse of authority , or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent , such as one who is unconscious , incapacitated , has an intellectual disability or is below the legal age of consent . The term rape is sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault . The rate of reporting , prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions . Internationally , the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged , per 100,000 people , from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median . Worldwide , rape is primarily committed by males against females . Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows , and male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape . Widespread and systematic rape ( e.g. , war rape ) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict . These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes . Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy , in whole or in part , a targeted ethnic group . People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop posttraumatic stress disorder . Serious injuries can result along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Dru_Sjodin', 'summary': 'Dru Katrina Sjodin ( September 26 , 1981 - c. November 22 , 2003 ) was an American woman who was abducted from the Columbia Mall parking lot in Grand Forks , North Dakota , by Alfonso Rodriguez Jr. , on November 22 , 2003 . Her disappearance and murder garnered great media coverage throughout the United States and prompted the creation of the Dru Sjodin National Sex Offender Public Registry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_Forks,_North_Dakota', 'summary': "Grand Forks is the third-largest city in the American state of North Dakota ( after Fargo and Bismarck ) and is the county seat of Grand Forks County . According to the 2010 census , the city 's population was 52,838 , while the total of the city and surrounding metropolitan area was 98,461 . Grand Forks , along with its twin city of East Grand Forks , Minnesota , forms the center of the Grand Forks , ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is often called Greater Grand Forks or the Grand Cities . Located on the western banks of the north-flowing Red River of the North , in a flat region known as the Red River Valley , the city is prone to flooding . The Red River Flood of 1997 devastated the city . Originally called Les Grandes Fourches by French fur traders from Canada , who had long worked and lived in the region , steamboat captain Alexander Griggs platted a community after being forced to winter there . The Grand Forks post office was established in 1870 , and the town was incorporated on February 22 , 1881 . The city was named for its location at the fork of the Red River and the Red Lake River . Historically dependent on local agriculture , the city 's economy now encompasses higher education , defense , health care , manufacturing , food processing , and scientific research . Grand Forks is served by Grand Forks International Airport and Grand Forks Air Force Base . The city 's University of North Dakota is the oldest institution of higher education in the state . The Alerus Center and Ralph Engelstad Arena host athletic and other events , while the Empire Arts Center and Chester Fritz Auditorium are the city 's largest cultural venues ."}]}, {'value': '13 years , 138 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crossed state lines into Minnesota , making this a federal case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dylann Roof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dylann_Roof', 'summary': 'Dylann Storm Roof ( born April 3 , 1994 ) is an American white supremacist and mass murderer convicted for perpetrating the Charleston church shooting on June 17 , 2015 in the U.S. state of South Carolina . During a prayer service at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church , Roof killed nine people , all African Americans , including senior pastor and state senator Clementa C. Pinckney , and injured one other person . After several people identified Roof as the main suspect , he became the center of a manhunt that ended the morning after the shooting with his arrest in Shelby , North Carolina . He later confessed that he committed the shooting in hopes of igniting a race war . Three days after the shooting , a website titled The Last Rhodesian was discovered and later confirmed by officials to be owned by Roof . The website contained photos of Roof posing with symbols of white supremacy and neo-Nazism , along with a manifesto in which he outlined his views toward blacks , among other peoples . He also claimed in the manifesto to have developed his white supremacist views after reading about the 2012 shooting of Trayvon Martin and black-on-white crime . On December 15 , 2016 , Roof was convicted in federal court of all 33 federal charges ( including hate crimes ) against him stemming from the shooting ; on January 11 , 2017 , he was sentenced to death for those crimes . On March 31 , 2017 , Roof agreed to plead guilty in South Carolina state court to all state charges pending against him - nine counts of murder , three counts of attempted murder , and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony - to avoid a second death sentence . In return , he accepted a sentence of life in prison without parole . On April 10 , 2017 , Roof was sentenced to nine consecutive sentences of life without parole after formally pleading guilty to state murder charges .'}]}, {'value': 'Hate crimes ( Obstruction of exercise of religion resulting in death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hate_crimes', 'summary': "A hate crime ( also known as a bias-motivated crime or bias crime ) is a prejudice-motivated crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of their membership ( or perceived membership ) in a certain social group or race . Examples of such groups can include , and are almost exclusively limited to : sex , ethnicity , disability , language , nationality , physical appearance , religion , gender identity or sexual orientation . Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called bias incidents . Hate crime generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the social groups listed above , or by bias against their derivatives . Incidents may involve physical assault , damage to property , bullying , harassment , verbal abuse or insults , mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters ( hate mail ) . A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence . Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech : hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws , while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech . Hate speech laws exist in many countries . In the United States , hate speech laws have been upheld by both the Supreme Court and lower courts , especially in the case of 'fighting ' words and other violent speech , but are thought by some to be in conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Hate crimes are only regulated through threats of injury or death ."}]}, {'value': '3 years , 28 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American mass murderer and white supremacist convicted of perpetrating the June 17 , 2015 Charleston church shooting . During a prayer service at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church , Roof killed nine people , all African Americans . Roof is the first person on death row for federal hate crimes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mass_murder', 'summary': 'Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people , typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity . The FBI defines mass murder as murdering four or more people during an event with no cooling-off period between the murders . A mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more people kill several others . A mass murder may be committed by individuals or organizations whereas a spree killing is committed by one or two individuals . Mass murderers differ from spree killers , who kill at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders and are not defined by the number of victims , and serial killers , who may kill people over long periods of time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/White_supremacy', 'summary': 'White supremacy or white supremacism is the racist belief that white people are superior to people of other races and therefore should be dominant over them . White supremacy has roots in the now-discredited doctrine of scientific racism and often relies on pseudoscientific arguments . Like most similar movements such as neo-Nazism , white supremacists typically oppose members of other races as well as Jews . The term is also used to describe a political ideology that perpetuates and maintains the social , political , historical , or institutional domination by white people ( as evidenced by historical and contemporary sociopolitical structures such as the Atlantic slave trade , Jim Crow laws in the United States , the set of White Australia policies from the 1890s until the mid-1970s , and apartheid in South Africa ) . Different forms of white supremacism put forth different conceptions of who is considered white , and different groups of white supremacists identify various racial and cultural groups as their primary enemy . In academic usage , particularly in usage which draws on critical race theory or intersectionality , the term white supremacy can also refer to a political or socioeconomic system , in which white people enjoy a structural advantage ( privilege ) over other ethnic groups , on both a collective and individual level .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting', 'summary': 'The Charleston church shooting ( also known as the Charleston church massacre ) was a mass shooting on June 17 , 2015 , in Charleston , South Carolina , in which nine African Americans ( including the senior pastor , state senator Clementa C. Pinckney ) were killed during a Bible study at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church . Three victims survived . This church is one of the oldest black churches in the United States , and it has long been a center for organizing related to civil rights . The morning after the attack , police arrested Dylann Roof in Shelby , North Carolina ; the 21-year-old white supremacist had attended the Bible study before shooting . He was found to have targeted members of this church because of its history and stature . Roof was found competent to stand trial in federal court . In December 2016 he was convicted of 33 federal hate crime and murder charges . On January 10 , 2017 , he was sentenced to death for these crimes . Roof was separately charged with nine counts of murder in the South Carolina state courts . In April 2017 , Roof pleaded guilty to all nine state charges in order to avoid a second death sentence , and was sentenced to life imprisonment for each . He will receive automatic appeals of his death sentence , but may eventually be executed by the federal justice system . Roof espoused racial hatred in both a website manifesto published before the shooting , and a journal written from jail afterward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'The Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church , often referred to as Mother Emanuel , is a church in Charleston , South Carolina . Founded in 1817 , Emanuel AME is the oldest African Methodist Episcopal church in the Southern United States . This first independent black denomination in the United States was founded in 1816 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Mother Emanuel has one of the oldest black congregations south of Baltimore . Black Baptist churches were founded in South Carolina and Georgia before the American Revolutionary War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/African_Americans', 'summary': 'African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans ) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa . The phrase generally refers to descendants of enslaved black people who are from the United States . African Americans constitute the third largest ethnic group and the second largest racial group in the US , after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States . On average , African Americans are of West/Central African and European descent , and some also have Native American ancestry . According to U.S. Census Bureau data , African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American . The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities ( ≈95% ) . Immigrants from some Caribbean , Central American , and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term . African-American history starts in the 16th century , with peoples from West Africa forcibly taken as slaves to Latin America , and in the 17th century with West African slaves taken to English colonies in North America . After the founding of the United States , black people continued to be enslaved , and the last four million black slaves were only liberated after the Civil War in 1865 . Due to notions of white supremacy , they were treated as second-class citizens . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only , and only white men who owned property could vote .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Lee Sampson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Lee_Sampson', 'summary': "Gary L. Sampson ( born September 29 , 1959 ) is an American murderer who killed three people and was sentenced to death by a federal jury in Massachusetts , United States . During three days in 2001 , Sampson killed three strangers : retiree Philip McCloskey in Marshfield , Massachusetts , college student Jonathan Rizzo in Abington , Massachusetts , and Robert Whitney in Meredith , New Hampshire . He also attempted to kill a fourth victim and stranger : William Gregory , in Vermont . Sampson killed McCloskey and Rizzo after they picked him up hitch-hiking , beating them to death . Shortly after that he strangled Whitney . Sampson pleaded guilty to the three killings on September 9 , 2003 , and was sentenced to death on December 23 , 2003 , by a federal jury in Massachusetts . He received the death penalty for the two Massachusetts killings , and a life sentence for the New Hampshire case . After Sampson pleaded guilty , a federal jury decided whether he should be sentenced to death or life in prison . The defense introduced mental health experts to testify that Sampson had dyslexia as a child , had bipolar disorder , and suffered from a significant mental impairment during the killings . A psychiatrist called by the government testified that Sampson did not suffer from any mitigating mental impairment ; he was intelligent but violent and deeply antisocial , with antisocial personality disorder . The jury of 12 unanimously returned a sentence of death . In 2011 , Sampson 's death sentence was thrown out due to juror misconduct , and he was scheduled for a second sentencing trial on September 16 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '3 counts of murder during the course of a carjacking or kidnapping in Massachusetts and New Hampshire', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 years , 46 days ( Since initial death sentence ) 3 years , 29 days ( since re-sentencing after appeal )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prosecuted under federal law that allows for the death penalty in the course of a carjacking or kidnapping . Sampson plead guilty and during the trial for sentencing , received a death sentence for the two murders in Massachusetts and life for New Hampshire killing . The initial sentence was thrown out due to jury misconduct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaboni Savage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaboni_Savage', 'summary': 'Kaboni Savage ( born January 1 , 1975 ) is an American drug dealer , organized crime leader , and murderer who is currently [ when ? ] on death row for ordering the firebombing of a house where a federal witness lived , killing six people ( including several children ) . He is the first man from Philadelphia , in modern history , to receive a federal death sentence . He has twelve convictions for murder , one fewer than the Pennsylvania state record , and the most for anyone in Philadelphia . Savage was the first person sentenced to death by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania since the federal death penalty resumed in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': '12 counts of murder in aid of racketeering and one count of retaliating against a witness by murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 years , 249 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia drug kingpin , sentenced to death for the Firebombing of a house where a federal witness lived , killing six people', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firebombing', 'summary': 'Firebombing is a bombing technique designed to damage a target , generally an urban area , through the use of fire , caused by incendiary devices , rather than from the blast effect of large bombs . In popular usage , any act in which an incendiary device is used to initiate a fire is often described as a firebombing . This article is concerned with aerial incendiary bombing as a military tactic ; for non-military ( almost always criminal ) acts , see arson . Although simple incendiary bombs have been used to destroy buildings since the start of gunpowder warfare , World War I saw the first use of strategic bombing from the air to damage the morale and economy of the enemy , such as the German Zeppelin air raids conducted on London during the Great War . The Chinese wartime capital of Chongqing was firebombed by the Imperial Japanese starting in early 1939 . London , Coventry , and many other British cities were firebombed during the Blitz by Nazi Germany . Most large German cities were extensively firebombed starting in 1942 , and almost all large Japanese cities were firebombed during the last six months of World War II . This technique makes use of small incendiary bombs ( possibly delivered by a cluster bomb such as the Molotov bread basket ) . If a fire catches , it could spread , taking in adjacent buildings that would have been largely unaffected by a high explosive bomb . This is a more effective use of the payload that a bomber could carry . The use of incendiaries alone does not generally start uncontrollable fires where the targets are roofed with nonflammable materials such as tiles or slates . The use of a mixture of bombers carrying high explosive bombs , such as the British blockbuster bombs , which blew out windows and roofs and exposed the interior of buildings to the incendiary bombs , is much more effective .'}]}, {'value': 'Dzhokhar Tsarnaev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dzhokhar_Tsarnaev', 'summary': "Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev ( /ˌdʒoʊˈxɑːr ˌtsɑːrˈnaɪɛf/ ; born July 22 , 1993 ) [ note 1 ] is a Kyrgyz-American terrorist of Chechen descent who was convicted of planting pressure cooker bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 , along with his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev . The bombings killed three people and injured approximately 280 others . At the time of the bombings , Tsarnaev was a student at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth . Previously , Tsarnaev had attended Cambridge Rindge and Latin School . Following the bombings , on April 18 , MIT Police Officer Sean Collier was shot and killed in a failed attempt by the brothers to steal the officer 's gun . There was a shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers . Tamerlan was killed and a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police officer was critically injured in the course of Tsarnaev 's escape in an SUV . Tsarnaev was injured but escaped , and a manhunt ensued , with thousands of police searching a 20-block area of Watertown , Massachusetts . On the evening of April 19 , the seriously wounded Tsarnaev was found unarmed hiding in a boat on a trailer in Watertown just outside the police perimeter . After the police opened fire at the boat , they arrested him , and took him to the hospital . Tsarnaev was charged on April 22 with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death . Tsarnaev later said during questioning that they next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'Terrorism', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 years , 228 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Marathon bombing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing', 'summary': "During the annual Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 , two homemade pressure cooker bombs detonated 14 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2:49 p.m. , near the finish line of the race , killing 3 people and injuring several hundred others , including 16 who lost limbs . Three days later , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) released images of two suspects , who were later identified as Chechen Kyrgyzstani-American brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev . They killed an MIT policeman , kidnapped a man in his car , and had a shootout with the police in nearby Watertown , during which two officers were severely injured , one of whom died a year later . Tamerlan was shot several times , and his brother Dzhokhar ran him over while escaping in the stolen car ; Tamerlan died soon after . An unprecedented manhunt for Dzhokhar ensued on April 19 , with thousands of law enforcement officers searching a 20-block area of Watertown ; residents of Watertown and surrounding communities were asked to stay indoors , and the transportation system and most businesses and public places closed . Around 6:00 p.m. , a Watertown resident discovered Dzhokhar hiding in a boat in his backyard . He was shot and wounded by police before being taken into custody . During questioning , Dzhokhar said that he and his brother were motivated by extremist Islamist beliefs and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan , that they were self-radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups , and that he was following his brother 's lead . He said they learned to build explosive devices from the online magazine of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula . He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb Times Square . On April 8 , 2015 , he was convicted of 30 charges , including use of a weapon of mass destruction and malicious destruction of property resulting in death . Two months later , he was sentenced to death ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of death row inmates by jurisdiction -- Federal', 'section_text': 'Main article : Capital punishment by the United States federal government Currently on death row : 61 ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) Total number executed : 37 ( 1927–2003 ) Due to the high number of federal death row inmates , only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed on this page . A full list is externally linked : List of federal death row inmates', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_death_row_inmates_0', 'intro': 'As of October 1, 2019, there were 2,639 death row inmates in the United States. The number of death row inmates changes daily with new convictions, appellate decisions overturning conviction or sentence alone, commutations, or deaths (through execution or otherwise). Due to this fluctuation as well as lag and inconsistencies in inmate reporting procedures across jurisdictions, the information in this article may be out of date.'} | null | null | What are the names of the two children the person who 's been on death row for 11 years , 164 days kidnapped ? | Shasta and Dylan Groene |
06c9fc420bb575f5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championship_(Brazilian_jiu-jitsu)', 'title': 'European Championship (Brazilian jiu-jitsu)', 'header': ['Year', '-53 kg Light Feather', '-58 kg Feather', '-64 kg Light', '-69 kg Middle', '-74 kg Medium Heavy', 'Absolute'], 'data': [{'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virigina Macedo ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monica Silva ( 1/2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monica Silva ( 2/2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gezary Matuda ( 1/2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelica Ferreira ( 1/2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosalind Ferreira ( 4/7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatriz Mesquita ( 1/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Mesquita', 'summary': "Beatriz Mesquita is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) competitor with arguably the best competitive record in both Gi and Nogi of all time having won 23 titles at black belt level in the 4 major Gi Championships . With 9x gold medals , as of Worlds 2019 , she holds the record for the most IBJJF World Championship titles at black belt level . Beatriz began training in 1996 aged five and received her brown belt in 2009 from her professor Leticia Ribeiro . She went on to receive her black belt in 2011 again from professor Ribeiro . In 2017 she defeated UFC fighter and 2x World Jiu Jitsu Black Belt Champion Mackenzie Dern in 64 seconds at their first competitive meeting in the Rio Falls Jiu Jitsu open . In June 2018 Beatriz became the Eddie Bravo Invitational ( EBI ) Women 's Bantamweight Champion submitting Luana Alzuguir in the Semi Final and Bianca Basilio in the final ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatriz Mesquita ( 2/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Mesquita', 'summary': "Beatriz Mesquita is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) competitor with arguably the best competitive record in both Gi and Nogi of all time having won 23 titles at black belt level in the 4 major Gi Championships . With 9x gold medals , as of Worlds 2019 , she holds the record for the most IBJJF World Championship titles at black belt level . Beatriz began training in 1996 aged five and received her brown belt in 2009 from her professor Leticia Ribeiro . She went on to receive her black belt in 2011 again from professor Ribeiro . In 2017 she defeated UFC fighter and 2x World Jiu Jitsu Black Belt Champion Mackenzie Dern in 64 seconds at their first competitive meeting in the Rio Falls Jiu Jitsu open . In June 2018 Beatriz became the Eddie Bravo Invitational ( EBI ) Women 's Bantamweight Champion submitting Luana Alzuguir in the Semi Final and Bianca Basilio in the final ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceane Talvard ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Medeiros ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luana Alzuguir ( 1/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luana_Alzuguir', 'summary': 'Luanna Alzuguir is a female Black Belt Brazilian Jiu Jitsu practitioner . She won the World Championships in 2009 , and in 2010 , she won the open class . In these two years , she won all major championships in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu , including the national championships , the Pan American championships , and the 2009 world championship . She is an ADCC champion and holds a win over Kyra Gracie .'}]}, {'value': 'Ida Hansson ( 1/3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabrielle Garcia ( 2/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabrielle_Garcia', 'summary': 'Gabrielle Gabi Lemos Garcia is a Brazilian professional martial artist , specializing in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ ) and grappling . She is a member of the IBJJF Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelica Ferreira ( 2/2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ida Hansson ( 2/3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michelle Nicolini ( 1/3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Nicolini', 'summary': 'Michelle Zonato Nicolini or Michelle Nicolini ( born January 5 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner and mixed martial artist . She holds a black belt under Robert Drysdale . She has one of the most outstanding competitive grappling and BJJ records of all time . With 8x gold medals , as of Worlds 2019 , she holds second place for most IBJJF World Championship titles at black belt level behind Beatriz Mesquita . In 2015 Nicolini competed twice at Polaris Pro Grappling events beating Angelica Galvao via toehold and losing to Gezary Matuda via armbar . She is currently signed to the ONE Championship MMA organisation and was previously signed with Legacy Fighting Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Michelle Nicolini ( 2/3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Nicolini', 'summary': 'Michelle Zonato Nicolini or Michelle Nicolini ( born January 5 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner and mixed martial artist . She holds a black belt under Robert Drysdale . She has one of the most outstanding competitive grappling and BJJ records of all time . With 8x gold medals , as of Worlds 2019 , she holds second place for most IBJJF World Championship titles at black belt level behind Beatriz Mesquita . In 2015 Nicolini competed twice at Polaris Pro Grappling events beating Angelica Galvao via toehold and losing to Gezary Matuda via armbar . She is currently signed to the ONE Championship MMA organisation and was previously signed with Legacy Fighting Championship .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yasmin Sewgobind ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mackenzie Dern ( 1/3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackenzie_Dern', 'summary': 'Mackenzie Lynne Dern ( born March 24 , 1993 ) is an American professional mixed martial artist and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner . She is a former world No . 1 ranked IBJJF competitor , currently ranked 6th among the female divisions . She is an ADCC and no gi BJJ ( black belt ) World Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Marina Ribeiro ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luana Alzuguir ( 1/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luana_Alzuguir', 'summary': 'Luanna Alzuguir is a female Black Belt Brazilian Jiu Jitsu practitioner . She won the World Championships in 2009 , and in 2010 , she won the open class . In these two years , she won all major championships in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu , including the national championships , the Pan American championships , and the 2009 world championship . She is an ADCC champion and holds a win over Kyra Gracie .'}]}, {'value': 'Caroline de Lazzer ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luana Alzuguir ( 2/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luana_Alzuguir', 'summary': 'Luanna Alzuguir is a female Black Belt Brazilian Jiu Jitsu practitioner . She won the World Championships in 2009 , and in 2010 , she won the open class . In these two years , she won all major championships in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu , including the national championships , the Pan American championships , and the 2009 world championship . She is an ADCC champion and holds a win over Kyra Gracie .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurence Cousin ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanessa Oliveira ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luana Alzuguir ( 3/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luana_Alzuguir', 'summary': 'Luanna Alzuguir is a female Black Belt Brazilian Jiu Jitsu practitioner . She won the World Championships in 2009 , and in 2010 , she won the open class . In these two years , she won all major championships in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu , including the national championships , the Pan American championships , and the 2009 world championship . She is an ADCC champion and holds a win over Kyra Gracie .'}]}, {'value': 'Luana Alzuguir ( 4/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luana_Alzuguir', 'summary': 'Luanna Alzuguir is a female Black Belt Brazilian Jiu Jitsu practitioner . She won the World Championships in 2009 , and in 2010 , she won the open class . In these two years , she won all major championships in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu , including the national championships , the Pan American championships , and the 2009 world championship . She is an ADCC champion and holds a win over Kyra Gracie .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michelle Nicolini ( 3/3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Nicolini', 'summary': 'Michelle Zonato Nicolini or Michelle Nicolini ( born January 5 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner and mixed martial artist . She holds a black belt under Robert Drysdale . She has one of the most outstanding competitive grappling and BJJ records of all time . With 8x gold medals , as of Worlds 2019 , she holds second place for most IBJJF World Championship titles at black belt level behind Beatriz Mesquita . In 2015 Nicolini competed twice at Polaris Pro Grappling events beating Angelica Galvao via toehold and losing to Gezary Matuda via armbar . She is currently signed to the ONE Championship MMA organisation and was previously signed with Legacy Fighting Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Angelica Galvao ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janni Larsson ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ida Hansson ( 3/3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabrielle Garcia ( 4/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabrielle_Garcia', 'summary': 'Gabrielle Gabi Lemos Garcia is a Brazilian professional martial artist , specializing in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ ) and grappling . She is a member of the IBJJF Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristina Barlaan ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mackenzie Dern ( 2/3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackenzie_Dern', 'summary': 'Mackenzie Lynne Dern ( born March 24 , 1993 ) is an American professional mixed martial artist and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner . She is a former world No . 1 ranked IBJJF competitor , currently ranked 6th among the female divisions . She is an ADCC and no gi BJJ ( black belt ) World Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Cristina Santos ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luiza Monteiro ( 1/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiza_Monteiro', 'summary': 'Luiza Monteiro is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) competitor who has won gold medals in the Gi at all four major events and in no-gi at three of the four major events . This record makes Luiza one of the most successful female Brazilian Jiu Jitsu competitors of all time . Luiza began training when she was around 13/14 years old and passed through various schools before receiving her Black Belt in 2010 from Rodrigo Cavaca . At the beginning of 2018 Luiza joined the Atos Jiu-Jitsu Team in San Diego California where she now trains alongside competitors such as Andre Galvao , Kaynan Duarte and Lucas Barbosa .'}]}, {'value': 'Andresa Correa ( 1/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andresa_Correa', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Andresa Correa ( 2/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andresa_Correa', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gezary Matuda ( 2/2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mackenzie Dern ( 3/3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackenzie_Dern', 'summary': 'Mackenzie Lynne Dern ( born March 24 , 1993 ) is an American professional mixed martial artist and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner . She is a former world No . 1 ranked IBJJF competitor , currently ranked 6th among the female divisions . She is an ADCC and no gi BJJ ( black belt ) World Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Beatriz Mesquita ( 3/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Mesquita', 'summary': "Beatriz Mesquita is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) competitor with arguably the best competitive record in both Gi and Nogi of all time having won 23 titles at black belt level in the 4 major Gi Championships . With 9x gold medals , as of Worlds 2019 , she holds the record for the most IBJJF World Championship titles at black belt level . Beatriz began training in 1996 aged five and received her brown belt in 2009 from her professor Leticia Ribeiro . She went on to receive her black belt in 2011 again from professor Ribeiro . In 2017 she defeated UFC fighter and 2x World Jiu Jitsu Black Belt Champion Mackenzie Dern in 64 seconds at their first competitive meeting in the Rio Falls Jiu Jitsu open . In June 2018 Beatriz became the Eddie Bravo Invitational ( EBI ) Women 's Bantamweight Champion submitting Luana Alzuguir in the Semi Final and Bianca Basilio in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Ana Carolina Vieira ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathiely de Jesus ( 1/3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tayane Porfírio ( 2/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tayane_Porfírio', 'summary': "Tayane Porfirio born 11 December 1994 in Sobral , Ceará , Brazil is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) 4x World Championship black belt champion . In 2017 Tayane achieved the unprecedented feat of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu 's equivalent of a Grand Slam by winning her weight category and the absolute category at all 4 major Gi Championships - World Championship , European Open Championship , Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship and Brazilian Nationals Championship . She started 2018 also winning the 2018 European Open Championship again in both her weight category and the absolute category . Tayane missed the 2018 Pan Ams but came back after a slight injury to win her category and the absolute at the 2018 Brazilian Nationals . She then followed that by once again winning her category and the absolute at the 2018 World Championships . Tayane began training in 2010 at Mestre Márcio Rodrigues academy . In 2014 she moved to train with Mestre Alexandre Paiva at the 12x World Champions Alliance Jiu Jitsu Club in Rio de janeiro . Tayane ended 2018 as the number one black belt female competitor in the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation rankings . In April 2019 Tayane announced she would be leaving Alliance and joining Gracie Barra to train in London . In October 2019 Tayane won a bronze medal at the 2019 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanessa English ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amanda Monteiro ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatriz Mesquita ( 4/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Mesquita', 'summary': "Beatriz Mesquita is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) competitor with arguably the best competitive record in both Gi and Nogi of all time having won 23 titles at black belt level in the 4 major Gi Championships . With 9x gold medals , as of Worlds 2019 , she holds the record for the most IBJJF World Championship titles at black belt level . Beatriz began training in 1996 aged five and received her brown belt in 2009 from her professor Leticia Ribeiro . She went on to receive her black belt in 2011 again from professor Ribeiro . In 2017 she defeated UFC fighter and 2x World Jiu Jitsu Black Belt Champion Mackenzie Dern in 64 seconds at their first competitive meeting in the Rio Falls Jiu Jitsu open . In June 2018 Beatriz became the Eddie Bravo Invitational ( EBI ) Women 's Bantamweight Champion submitting Luana Alzuguir in the Semi Final and Bianca Basilio in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Danielle Alvarez ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claudia Doval ( 2/2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tayane Porfírio ( 4/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tayane_Porfírio', 'summary': "Tayane Porfirio born 11 December 1994 in Sobral , Ceará , Brazil is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) 4x World Championship black belt champion . In 2017 Tayane achieved the unprecedented feat of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu 's equivalent of a Grand Slam by winning her weight category and the absolute category at all 4 major Gi Championships - World Championship , European Open Championship , Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship and Brazilian Nationals Championship . She started 2018 also winning the 2018 European Open Championship again in both her weight category and the absolute category . Tayane missed the 2018 Pan Ams but came back after a slight injury to win her category and the absolute at the 2018 Brazilian Nationals . She then followed that by once again winning her category and the absolute at the 2018 World Championships . Tayane began training in 2010 at Mestre Márcio Rodrigues academy . In 2014 she moved to train with Mestre Alexandre Paiva at the 12x World Champions Alliance Jiu Jitsu Club in Rio de janeiro . Tayane ended 2018 as the number one black belt female competitor in the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation rankings . In April 2019 Tayane announced she would be leaving Alliance and joining Gracie Barra to train in London . In October 2019 Tayane won a bronze medal at the 2019 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amal Amjahid ( 1/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amal_Amjahid', 'summary': 'Amal Amjahid ( Arabic : أمل مجاهد , born 28 October 1995 ) is a Belgian ground grappler who represents her home country Belgium in Sport Jujitsu ( JJIF ) , discipline Ne-waza and different professional teams ( fighting clubs ) in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( IBJJF , UAEJJF ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ffion Davies ( 1/3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte von Baumgarten ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samantha Cook ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luiza Monteiro ( 2/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiza_Monteiro', 'summary': 'Luiza Monteiro is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) competitor who has won gold medals in the Gi at all four major events and in no-gi at three of the four major events . This record makes Luiza one of the most successful female Brazilian Jiu Jitsu competitors of all time . Luiza began training when she was around 13/14 years old and passed through various schools before receiving her Black Belt in 2010 from Rodrigo Cavaca . At the beginning of 2018 Luiza joined the Atos Jiu-Jitsu Team in San Diego California where she now trains alongside competitors such as Andre Galvao , Kaynan Duarte and Lucas Barbosa .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathiely de Jesus ( 3/3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Rodrigues ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amal Amjahid ( 2/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amal_Amjahid', 'summary': 'Amal Amjahid ( Arabic : أمل مجاهد , born 28 October 1995 ) is a Belgian ground grappler who represents her home country Belgium in Sport Jujitsu ( JJIF ) , discipline Ne-waza and different professional teams ( fighting clubs ) in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( IBJJF , UAEJJF ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ffion Davies ( 2/3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thamara Silva ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabatha Dos Santos ( 1/1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ffion Davies ( 3/3 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "European Champions in Women 's Brazilian Jiu Jitsu by Year and Weight", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'European_Championship_(Brazilian_jiu-jitsu)_1', 'intro': 'The European Championship is the most prestigious and largest Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournament held in Europe by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation. This championship has been held since 2004 in January, in Lisbon, Portugal. The IBJJF gives tournaments weighting which helps calculate the number of points an athlete can win via their participation. For the 2017/2018 IBJJF calendar the European Championship has a weighting of 4 alongside the Pan-American Championship (jiu-jitsu) making it second in importance only to the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship which has a weighting of 7.'} | null | null | What is the date of birth of the Jiu Jitsu competitor who is American and won the European Championship -58kg Feather title the same year Tayane Porfírio won the Absolute ? | March 24 , 1993 |
06ca9848c4745fe5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Top_25_singles_for_1955_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of Top 25 singles for 1955 in Australia', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Artist', 'Highest pos . reached', 'Weeks at No . 1'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hold My Hand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hold_My_Hand_(1953_song)', 'summary': "Hold My Hand is a popular song , written by Jack Lawrence and Richard Myers . It was written in 1950 but not published until 1953 . The hit version in 1953 was a recording by Don Cornell . The song was featured in the film Susan Slept Here ( 1954 ) , and was nominated for the 1954 Academy Award for Best Song . Cornell recorded on the Coral Records label . His version of Hold My Hand was produced by Bob Thiele . It reached No . 1 in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in October 1954 . Hold My Hand has also been recorded by Stanley Black , Nat King Cole , Lary Cross with orchestra and Enoch Light . Arild Andresen , piano with guitar and bass recorded it in Oslo on March 11 , 1955 , as the first melody of the medley Klaver-Cocktail No . 2 along with Just One More Chance and Dedicated to You . The medley was released on the 78 rpm record His Master 's Voice A.L ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Cornell ; Nat King Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Cornell', 'summary': 'Don Cornell ( born Luigi Francisco Varlaro ; April 21 , 1919 - February 23 , 2004 ) was an American singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nat_King_Cole', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Adams Coles ( March 17 , 1919 - February 15 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Nat King Cole , was an American vocalist and jazz pianist . He recorded over one hundred songs that became hits on the pop charts . His trio was the model for small jazz ensembles that followed . Cole also acted in films and on television and performed on Broadway . He was the first African-American man to host an American television series . He was the father of singer/songwriter Natalie Cole .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Around the Clock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock', 'summary': "Rock Around the Clock is a rock and roll song in the 12-bar blues format written by Max C. Freedman and James E. Myers ( the latter being under the pseudonym Jimmy De Knight ) in 1952 . The best-known and most successful rendition was recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1954 for American Decca . It was a number one single on both the United States and United Kingdom charts and also reentered the UK Singles Chart in the 1960s and 1970s . It was not the first rock and roll record , nor was it the first successful record of the genre ( Bill Haley had American chart success with Crazy Man , Crazy in 1953 , and in 1954 , Shake , Rattle and Roll sung by Big Joe Turner reached No . 1 on the Billboard R & B chart ) . Haley 's recording nevertheless became an anthem for rebellious 1950s youth and is widely considered to be the song that , more than any other , brought rock and roll into mainstream culture around the world . The song is ranked No . 158 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Although it was first recorded by Italian-American band Sonny Dae and His Knights on March 20 , 1954 , Myers claimed the song had been written specifically for Haley but , for various reasons , Haley was unable to record it himself until April 12 , 1954 . The original full title of the song was We 're Gon na Rock Around the Clock Tonight ! . This was later shortened to ( We 're Gon na ) Rock Around the Clock , though this form is generally only used on releases of the 1954 Bill Haley Decca Records recording ; most other recordings of this song by Haley and others ( including Sonny Dae ) shorten this title further to Rock Around the Clock . In 2018 , it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or artistically significant ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Haley and the Comets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets', 'summary': "Bill Haley & His Comets were an American rock and roll band , founded in 1952 and continued until Haley 's death in 1981 . The band was also known as Bill Haley and the Comets and Bill Haley 's Comets ( and variations thereof ) . From late 1954 to late 1956 , the group placed nine singles in the Top 20 , one of those a number one and three more in the Top Ten . The single Rock Around the Clock became the biggest selling rock and roll single in the history of the genre . Bandleader Bill Haley had previously been a country music performer ; after recording a country and western-styled version of Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats Rocket 88 , a rhythm and blues song , he changed musical direction to a new sound which came to be called rock and roll . Although several members of the Comets became famous , Bill Haley remained the star . With his spit curl and the band 's matching plaid dinner jackets and energetic stage behavior , many fans consider them to be as revolutionary in their time as the Beatles were a decade later . Following Haley 's death , no fewer than seven different groups have existed under the Comets name , all claiming ( with varying degrees of authority ) to be the continuation of Haley 's group . As of the end of 2014 , four such groups were still performing in the United States and internationally ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melody of Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melody_of_Love_(song)', 'summary': 'Melody of Love is a popular song . The music was originally written by Hans Engelmann in 1903 . The lyrics were added by Tom Glazer in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Four Aces ; Billy Vaughn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Aces', 'summary': "The Four Aces are an American male traditional pop music quartet , popular since the 1950s . Over the last half-century , the group amassed many gold records . Its million-selling signature tunes include Love is a Many-Splendored Thing , Three Coins in the Fountain , Stranger in Paradise , Tell Me Why , and ( It 's No ) Sin . Other big sellers included Shangri-La , Perfidia , and Sincerely . The original members , responsible for every song made popular by the group , included Al Alberts , Dave Mahoney , Lou Silvestri , and Rosario Sod Vaccaro ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Billy_Vaughn', 'summary': 'William Richard Vaughn ( April 12 , 1919 - September 26 , 1991 ) was an American singer , multi-instrumentalist , orchestra leader , and A & R man for Dot Records .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unchained Melody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unchained_Melody', 'summary': "Unchained Melody is a 1955 song with music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret . North wrote the music as a theme for the little-known prison film Unchained ( January 1955 ) , hence the song title . Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack . It has since become a standard and one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century , most notably by the Righteous Brothers . According to the song 's publishing administrator , over 1,500 recordings of Unchained Melody have been made by more than 670 artists , in multiple languages . In 1955 , three versions of the song ( by Les Baxter , Al Hibbler , and Roy Hamilton ) charted in the Billboard Top 10 in the United States , and four versions ( by Al Hibbler , Les Baxter , Jimmy Young , and Liberace ) appeared in the Top 20 in the United Kingdom simultaneously , an unbeaten record for any song . The song continued to chart in the 21st century , and it was the only song to reach number one with four different recordings in the UK until it was joined by Band Aid 30 's Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in 2014 . Of the hundreds of recordings made , the Righteous Brothers ' version in July 1965 , with a solo by Bobby Hatfield , became the jukebox standard after its release . Hatfield changed the melody in the final verse and many subsequent covers of the song are based on his version . The Righteous Brothers recording achieved a second round of great popularity when featured in the film Ghost in 1990 . In 2004 , it was Number 27 on AFI 's 100 Years.100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'Al Hibbler ; Les Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Hibbler', 'summary': "Albert George Hibbler ( August 16 , 1915 - April 24 , 2001 ) was an American baritone vocalist , who sang with Duke Ellington 's orchestra before having several pop hits as a solo artist . Some of Hibbler 's singing is classified as rhythm and blues , but he is best seen as a bridge between R & B and traditional pop music . According to one authority , Hibbler can not be regarded as a jazz singer but as an exceptionally good interpreter of twentieth-century popular songs who happened to work with some of the best jazz musicians of the time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_Baxter', 'summary': 'Leslie Thompson Baxter ( March 14 , 1922 - January 15 , 1996 ) was an American musician and composer . After working as an arranger and composer for swing bands , he developed his own style of easy listening music , known as exotica .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Need You Now', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Need_You_Now_(1954_song)', 'summary': "I Need You Now is a popular song written by Al Jacobs and Jimmie Crane . The recorded version by Eddie Fisher , issued by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-5830 , reached # 1 on the Billboard and Cash Box charts in 1954 . The song was also performed by Russell Arms on several 1954 episodes of the popular TV series Your Hit Parade . A kinescope of one of these performances survives and can be viewed online . The song had been written for Joni James and recorded by her in April 1953 for M-G-M Records . The songhad also been offered to Eddie Fisher and he subsequently recorded a version of it for RCA Victor Records . Because M-G-M had already had three major songs scheduled in sequence for release ( My Love , My Love and I 'll Never Stand in Your Way and I Need You Now , all done at the same recording session ! ) when the Fisher version was released , it was not possible for M-G-M to market the James original at that point . Joni James was able to place her version eventually on the best-selling album Let There Be Love and then seven years later she recorded a new version of I Need You Now at Abbey Road Studios in London . This information from Wayne Brasler , president of the Joni James International Fan Club . Jacobs and Crane later gave James another song My Believing Heart , which became the followup to her million selling You Are My Love ."}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Fisher_(singer)', 'summary': "Edwin Jack Fisher ( August 10 , 1928 - September 22 , 2010 ) was an American singer and actor . He was one of the most popular artists during the first half of the 1950s , selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show . Fisher divorced his first wife , actress Debbie Reynolds , to marry Reynolds ' best friend , actress Elizabeth Taylor , after Taylor 's husband , film producer Mike Todd , was killed in a plane crash . The scandalous affair was widely reported , bringing unfavorable publicity to Fisher . He later married Connie Stevens . Fisher fathered Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher with Reynolds , and Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher with Stevens ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stranger in Paradise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stranger_in_Paradise_(song)', 'summary': "Stranger in Paradise is a popular song from the musical Kismet ( 1953 ) , and is credited to Robert Wright and George Forrest . Like almost all the music in that show , the melody was taken from music composed by Alexander Borodin ( 1833-1887 ) , in this case , the Gliding Dance of the Maidens , from the Polovtsian Dances in the opera Prince Igor ( 1890 ) . The song in the musical is a lovers ' duet and describes the transcendent feelings that love brings to their surroundings . Later versions were mostly edited to be sung by male solo artists ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Bennett', 'summary': 'Anthony Dominick Benedetto ( born August 3 , 1926 ) , known professionally as Tony Bennett , is an American singer of traditional pop standards , big band , show tunes , and jazz . He is also a painter , having created works under the name Anthony Benedetto that are on permanent public display in several institutions . He is the founder of the Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Astoria , Queens , New York . Born and raised in Astoria to an Italian-American family , Bennett began singing at an early age . He fought in the final stages of World War II as a U.S. Army infantryman in the European Theater . Afterward , he developed his singing technique , signed with Columbia Records and had his first number-one popular song with Because of You in 1951 . Several top hits such as Rags to Riches followed in early 1953 . He then refined his approach to encompass jazz singing . He reached an artistic peak in the late 1950s with albums such as The Beat of My Heart and Basie Swings , Bennett Sings . In 1962 , Bennett recorded his signature song , I Left My Heart in San Francisco . His career and personal life experienced an extended downturn during the height of the rock music era . Bennett staged a comeback in the late 1980s and 1990s , putting out gold record albums again and expanding his reach to the MTV generation while keeping his musical style intact .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mr. Sandman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Sandman', 'summary': "Mr. Sandman ( sometimes rendered as Mister Sandman ) is a popular song written by Pat Ballard which was published in 1954 and first recorded in May of that year by Vaughn Monroe & His Orchestra and later that same year by The Chordettes and The Four Aces . The song 's lyrics convey a request to Mr. Sandman to bring me a dream - the traditional association with the folkloric figure , the sandman . The pronoun used to refer to the desired dream is often changed depending on the sex of the singer or group performing the song , as the original sheet music publication , which includes male and female versions of the lyrics , intended . Emmylou Harris ' recording of the song was a hit in multiple countries in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Four Aces ; The Chordettes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Aces', 'summary': "The Four Aces are an American male traditional pop music quartet , popular since the 1950s . Over the last half-century , the group amassed many gold records . Its million-selling signature tunes include Love is a Many-Splendored Thing , Three Coins in the Fountain , Stranger in Paradise , Tell Me Why , and ( It 's No ) Sin . Other big sellers included Shangri-La , Perfidia , and Sincerely . The original members , responsible for every song made popular by the group , included Al Alberts , Dave Mahoney , Lou Silvestri , and Rosario Sod Vaccaro ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Chordettes', 'summary': 'The Chordettes were an American female popular singing quartet , usually singing a cappella , and specializing in traditional popular music . They are best known for their hit songs Mr. Sandman and Lollipop .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Let Me Go , Lover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Let_Me_Go,_Lover', 'summary': "Let Me Go , Lover ! , a popular song , was written by Jenny Lou Carson and Al Hill , a pseudonym used by Fred Wise , Kathleen Twomey , and Ben Weisman . It is based on an earlier song called Let Me Go , Devil , about alcoholism . Let Me Go , Lover was featured on the television program Studio One on November 15 , 1954 , and caught the fancy of the public . The episode was a murder mystery that revolved around a hit record and a disc jockey . Producer Felix Jackson asked Columbia Records ' Mitch Miller for a recording to use in the show , and Miller provided Joan Weber 's version of Let Me Go , Lover . Miller took advantage of the recording 's exposure on national television and sent copies of the record to 2,000 disc jockeys , who began to play it on their radio stations . Weber was pregnant when she recorded the song . A result of the program was to illustrate how efficiently a song could be promoted by introducing it to the public via radio or a TV production . The recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40366 . Mitch Miller stocked national record stores the week before the program and because of its availability the record sold over 100,000 the first week of its release . It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on December 4 , 1954 . By January 1955 , Weber 's record of the song had hit No ."}]}, {'value': 'Joan Weber ; Teresa Brewer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Weber', 'summary': 'Joan Weber ( December 12 , 1935 - May 13 , 1981 ) was an American popular music singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Teresa_Brewer', 'summary': 'Teresa Brewer ( born Theresa Veronica Breuer , May 7 , 1931 - October 17 , 2007 ) was an American singer whose style incorporated pop , country , jazz , R & B , musicals , and novelty songs . She was one of the most prolific and popular female singers of the 1950s , recording nearly 600 songs .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ballad of Davy Crockett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Davy_Crockett', 'summary': "The Ballad of Davy Crockett is a song with music by George Bruns and lyrics by Thomas W. Blackburn . It was introduced on ABC 's television series Disneyland , in the premiere episode of October 27 , 1954 . Fess Parker is shown performing the song on a log cabin set in frontiersman clothes , accompanied by similarly attired musicians . The song would later be heard throughout the Disneyland television miniseries Davy Crockett , first telecast on December 15 , 1954 . This version was sung by The Wellingtons . Parker played the role of Davy Crockett in the miniseries and continued in four other episodes made by Walt Disney Studios . Buddy Ebsen co-starred as George Georgie Russel , and Jeff York played legendary boatman Mike Fink . Archie Bleyer , the president of Cadence Records , heard the song on the ABC telecast ( December 15 , 1954 ) and called Bill Hayes that night to gauge his interest in recording it . The next day , Hayes ( vocals ) , Al Caiola ( guitar ) , and Art Ryerson ( guitar ) recorded it in one take at an RCA studio in Manhattan . Other versions by Fess Parker and Tennessee Ernie Ford ( recorded on February 7 , 1955 ) quickly followed . All three versions made the Billboard magazine charts in 1955 : Hayes ' version made # 1 on the weekly chart ( from March 26 through April 23 ) and # 7 for the year , Parker 's reached # 6 on the weekly charts and # 31 for the year , while Ford 's peaked at # 4 on the weekly country chart and # 5 on the weekly pop chart and charted at # 37 for the year . A fourth version , by bluegrass singer Mac Wiseman , reached # 10 on the radio charts in May 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Fess Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/"Tennessee"_Ernie_Ford', 'summary': 'Ernest Jennings Ford ( February 13 , 1919 - October 17 , 1991 ) , known professionally as Tennessee Ernie Ford , was an American singer and television host who enjoyed success in the country and Western , pop , and gospel musical genres . Noted for his rich bass-baritone voice and down-home humor , he is remembered for his hit recordings of The Shotgun Boogie and his version of Sixteen Tons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fess_Parker', 'summary': 'Fess Elisha Parker , Jr. ( born F.E . Parker ; August 16 , 1924 - March 18 , 2010 ) , was an American film and television actor best known for his portrayals of Davy Crockett in the Walt Disney 1954-1955 TV miniseries , which aired on ABC , and as Daniel Boone in an NBC television series from 1964 to 1970 . He was also known as a winemaker and resort owner-operator .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Pink_and_Apple_Blossom_White', 'summary': "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White or Cerezo Rosa or Ciliegi Rosa or Gummy Mambo , is the English version of Cerisiers Roses et Pommiers Blancs , a popular song with music by Louiguy written in 1950 . French lyrics to the song by Jacques Larue and English lyrics by Mack David both exist , and recordings of both have been quite popular . However , Pérez Prado 's recording of the song as an instrumental with his orchestra featuring trumpeter Billy Regis , whose trumpet sound would slide down and up before the melody would resume , was the most popular version in 1955 , reaching number one for 10 weeks on the Billboard chart . It became a gold record . Pérez had first recorded this title for the movie Underwater ! ( 1955 ) , where Jane Russell can be seen dancing to the song . Billboard ranked this version as the No . 1 song of 1955 . The most popular vocal version in the U.S. was by Alan Dale , reaching No . 14 on the chart in 1955 . In the United Kingdom , two versions of the song went to number one in 1955 . The first was the version by Prado , which reached number one for two weeks ."}]}, {'value': 'Les Baxter ; Perez Prado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Baxter', 'summary': 'Leslie Thompson Baxter ( March 14 , 1922 - January 15 , 1996 ) was an American musician and composer . After working as an arranger and composer for swing bands , he developed his own style of easy listening music , known as exotica .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perez_Prado', 'summary': 'Dámaso Pérez Prado ( Spanish : [ ˈpeɾes ˈpɾaðo ] ; December 11 , 1916 - September 14 , 1989 ) was a Cuban bandleader , pianist and composer who popularized the mambo in the late 1940s . He frequently made brief appearances in films , primarily of the rumberas genre . The success of his orchestra and hits such as Mambo No . 5 earned him the nickname King of the Mambo . His stage name was simply Pérez Prado , although his brother Pantaleón also used the same name in the 1970s , which led to confusion . Pérez Prado became a naturalized citizen of Mexico in 1980 , where he died in 1989 . His son , Pérez Jr. , continues to direct the Pérez Prado Orchestra in Mexico City to this day .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The High and the Mighty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_High_and_the_Mighty_(1954_song)', 'summary': "The High and the Mighty is a song by Ned Washington and Dimitri Tiomkin from the film of the same name . At the start of the film 's production late in 1953 , veteran film composer and musician Dimitri Tiomkin was commissioned to write the film 's score . The studio also urged Tiomkin to come up with a theme song for the film , to be released to radio and as a vinyl record . Tiomkin formed the basic melody to the song and enlisted songwriter Ned Washington to write the song 's lyrics . What resulted was a gentle ballad . Warner Bros. presented the song to Les Baxter and his orchestra , who recorded and released the song to coincide with the release of the film . When released in 1954 , The High and the Mighty peaked at # 4 on the Billboard Pop chart . Both the film score and the song were nominated for Academy Awards in 1955 . The song , which ultimately did not win an award , was sung by Johnny Desmond , accompanied by Muzzy Marcellino at the Awards Television show . Dimitri Tiomkin 's score won the Academy Award that year . Toward the end of the film , after John Wayne 's character convinced the captain to try to make it to San Francisco rather than ditch , the captain said Whistle me a tune , Dan . I like music when I work ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor Young ; Les Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Young', 'summary': 'Albert Victor Young ( August 8 , 1900 - November 10 , 1956 ) was an American composer , arranger , violinist and conductor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_Baxter', 'summary': 'Leslie Thompson Baxter ( March 14 , 1922 - January 15 , 1996 ) was an American musician and composer . After working as an arranger and composer for swing bands , he developed his own style of easy listening music , known as exotica .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Man Called Peter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Man_Called_Peter', 'summary': 'A Man Called Peter is a 1955 American drama film directed by Henry Koster , and starring Richard Todd . The film is based on the life of preacher Peter Marshall , who served as Chaplain of the United States Senate and pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington , D. C. , before his early death . It is adapted from the 1951 biography of the same name , written by his widow , Catherine Marshall . The film was a box-office hit in 1955 , and it was nominated for an Oscar in 1956 for its color cinematography . This was the final feature film of the actress Jean Peters , who played Catherine Marshall . Alfred Newman reused much of his score from his 1948 film The Walls of Jericho .'}]}, {'value': 'Darryl Stewart', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Softly , Softly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Softly,_Softly_(song)', 'summary': 'Softly , Softly is a popular song originally written in French as La tamise et mon jardin by Mark Paul and Pierre Dudan . The song was given English lyrics by Paddy Roberts . The most popular version of the song was recorded by Northern Irish singer Ruby Murray in January 1955 . Produced by Norrie Paramor , it reached No . 1 in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in February and March 1955 . Other recordings were made in 1955 by Jaye P. Morgan and by Alma Cogan .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruby Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruby_Murray', 'summary': 'Ruby Florence Murray ( 29 March 1935 - 17 December 1996 ) was a Northern Irish singer and actress . One of the most popular singers in the British Isles in the 1950s , she scored ten hits in the UK Singles Chart between 1954 and 1959 . She also made pop chart history in March 1955 by having five singles in the Top Twenty in a single week .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skokiaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skokiaan', 'summary': 'Skokiaan is a popular tune originally written by Zimbabwean musician August Musarurwa ( d. 1968 , usually identified as August Msarurgwa on record labels ) in the tsaba-tsaba big-band style that succeeded marabi . Skokiaan ( Chikokiyana in Shona ) refers to an illegal self-made alcoholic beverage typically brewed over one day that may contain ingredients such as maize meal , water and yeast , to speed up the fermentation process . The tune has also been recorded as Sikokiyana , Skokiana , and Skokian . Within a year of its 1954 release in South Africa , at least 19 cover versions of Skokiaan appeared . The Rhodesian version reached No 17 in the United States , while a cover version by Ralph Marterie climbed to No . 3 . All versions combined propelled the tune to No . 2 on the Cash Box charts that year . Its popularity extended outside of music , with several urban areas in the United States taking its name . Artists who produced their own interpretations include The Four Lads , Louis Armstrong , Bill Haley , Herb Alpert , Brave Combo , Hugh Masekela and Kermit Ruffins . The Wiggles also covered this song on their Furry Tales album . The music itself illustrates the mutual influences between Africa and the wider world .'}]}, {'value': 'The Four Lads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Lads', 'summary': "The Four Lads is a Canadian male singing quartet . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , the group earned many gold singles and albums . Its million-selling signature tunes include Moments to Remember , Standing on the Corner , No , Not Much , Who Needs You ? and Istanbul . The Four Lads made numerous television appearances including the award-winning PBS special , Moments to Remember . The current incarnation of the group features Don Farrar ( lead tenor ) , Aaron Bruce ( second tenor ) , and Alan Sokoloff ( baritone ) . The original quartet grew up together in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and were members of St. Michael 's Choir School , where they learned to sing . The founding members were Corrado Connie Codarini , bass ( died April 28 , 2010 ) ; John Bernard Bernie Toorish ( born March 2 , 1931 ) , tenor ; James F. Jimmy Arnold ( January 4 , 1932 - June 15 , 2004 ) , lead ; and Frank Busseri , baritone and group manager . Codarini and Toorish had formed a group with two other St. Michael 's students , Rudi Maugeri and John Perkins , who were later to become founding members of another group , The Crew-Cuts ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love is a Many Splendored Thing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Is_a_Many-Splendored_Thing_(song)', 'summary': "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing is a popular song with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Paul Francis Webster . The song was publicized first in the movie , Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing ( 1955 ) , winning the Academy Award for Best Original Song . From 1967 to 1973 , it was used as the theme song to Love is a Many Splendored Thing , the soap opera based on the movie . The song 's refrain is based on the aria Un bel dì vedremo from Giacomo Puccinis opera , Madama Butterfly . The music was commissioned for the movie Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing and initially included in the film 's Oscar-winning score , composed and conducted by Alfred Newman . Lyrics were subsequently added to make it eligible for the Best Original Song category of the Academy Awards . The original lyrics were rejected by the studio so new ones were written . The best-selling version of the song was recorded by The Four Aces backed by the Jack Pleis Orchestra and issued by Decca Records as catalog number 29625 . It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart , and number one on both Billboard and Cash Box in 1955 . The recording by The Four Aces is featured in the film Cookie ( 1989 ) . It became a gold record . [ citation needed ] This song has been a staple of Engelbert Humperdinck 's live show since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nat King Cole ; The Four Aces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nat_King_Cole', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Adams Coles ( March 17 , 1919 - February 15 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Nat King Cole , was an American vocalist and jazz pianist . He recorded over one hundred songs that became hits on the pop charts . His trio was the model for small jazz ensembles that followed . Cole also acted in films and on television and performed on Broadway . He was the first African-American man to host an American television series . He was the father of singer/songwriter Natalie Cole .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Aces', 'summary': "The Four Aces are an American male traditional pop music quartet , popular since the 1950s . Over the last half-century , the group amassed many gold records . Its million-selling signature tunes include Love is a Many-Splendored Thing , Three Coins in the Fountain , Stranger in Paradise , Tell Me Why , and ( It 's No ) Sin . Other big sellers included Shangri-La , Perfidia , and Sincerely . The original members , responsible for every song made popular by the group , included Al Alberts , Dave Mahoney , Lou Silvestri , and Rosario Sod Vaccaro ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serenade ( from The Student Prince )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Student_Prince_(film)', 'summary': "The Student Prince is a 1954 American musical film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Ann Blyth and Edmund Purdom , with John Ericson , Louis Calhern , Edmund Gwenn , S. Z. Sakall , and Betta St. John . The film is an adaptation of the 1924 operetta of the same name composed by Sigmund Romberg with lyrics by Dorothy Donnelly , with the screenplay by Sonya Levien and William Ludwig . Based on the stage play Old Heidelberg by Wilhelm Meyer-Förster ( itself an adaptation of his obscure 1898 novel Karl Heinrich ) , the film is about a brash young prince of a small German kingdom , who must choose between his romance with a barmaid and his impending royal duties . It was filmed and released in CinemaScope and Ansco Color . The film gained some infamy during production when original star Mario Lanza left the project before principal photography , necessitating his last-minute replacement by the lesser-known Purdom . Due to the contractual agreement between studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lanza , songs that the actor had already recorded were used in the film , dubbing over Purdom 's actual voice ."}]}, {'value': 'Mario Lanza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lanza', 'summary': "Mario Lanza ( US : /ˈlɑːnzə , ˈlænzə/ , Italian : [ ˈlantsa ] ; born Alfredo Arnold Cocozza [ koˈkɔttsa ] ; January 31 , 1921 - October 7 , 1959 ) was an American tenor of Italian ancestry , and an actor and Hollywood film star of the late 1940s and the 1950s . Lanza began studying to be a professional singer at the age of 16 . After appearing at the Hollywood Bowl in 1947 , Lanza signed a seven-year film contract with Louis B. Mayer , the head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , who saw his performance and was impressed by his singing . Prior to that , the adult Lanza had sung only two performances of an opera . The following year ( 1948 ) , however , he sang the role of Pinkerton in Puccini 's Madame Butterfly in New Orleans . His film début for MGM was in That Midnight Kiss ( 1949 ) with Kathryn Grayson and Ethel Barrymore . A year later , in The Toast of New Orleans , his featured popular song Be My Love became his first million-selling hit . In 1951 , he played the role of tenor Enrico Caruso , his idol , in the biopic The Great Caruso , which produced another million-seller with The Loveliest Night of the Year ( a song which used the melody of Sobre las Olas ) . The Great Caruso was the top-grossing film that year . The title song of his next film , Because You 're Mine , was his final million-selling hit song . The song went on to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song . After recording the soundtrack for his next film , The Student Prince , he embarked upon a protracted battle with studio head Dore Schary arising from artistic differences with director Curtis Bernhardt , and was eventually dismissed by MGM ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Naughty_Lady_of_Shady_Lane', 'summary': 'The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane is a popular song written by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett . The lyrics suggest that this naughty lady driving the whole town crazy is an attractive young woman who throws those come-hither glances at every Tom , Dick and Joe and when offered some liquid refreshment never says no ; but the last line reveals her to be an infant nine days old . Popular versions of the song were the 1954 recordings by The Ames Brothers and by Archie Bleyer . The recording by The Ames Brothers was made on September 8 , 1954 . It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-5897 . It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on November 20 , 1954 . On the Disk Jockey chart , it peaked at number 3 ; on the Best Seller chart , at number 3 ; on the Juke Box chart , at number 3 . This version sold over one million copies in the US , and also peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1955 . The Bleyer version was released by Cadence Records as catalog number 1254 . The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on November 24 , 1954 and lasted 5 weeks on the chart , peaking at number 26 . A contemporary review in Billboard compared the two versions by saying : The Bleyer record has the sound ; the Ames disk has the smoothness . Both have style .'}]}, {'value': 'Dean Martin ; The Ames Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Martin', 'summary': "Dean Paul Martin , born Dino Paul Crocetti , ( June 7 , 1917 - December 25 , 1995 ) was an American actor , singer and comedian . One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century , Martin was nicknamed The King of Cool for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance . Martin gained his career breakthrough together with fellow comedian Jerry Lewis , billed as Martin & Lewis , in 1946 . They performed in nightclubs and later had numerous appearances on radio , television and in films . Following an acrimonious ending of the partnership in 1956 , Martin pursued a solo career as a performer and actor . Martin established himself as a notable singer , recording numerous contemporary songs as well as standards from the Great American Songbook . He became one of the most popular acts in Las Vegas and was known for his friendship with fellow artists Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. , who together formed the Rat Pack . Starting in 1964 , Martin was the host of the television variety program The Dean Martin Show , which centred on Martin 's singing talents and was characterized by his relaxed , easy-going demeanour . From 1974 to 1984 he was roastmaster on the popular Dean Martin Celebrity Roast , which drew notable celebrities , comedians and politicians . Throughout his career , Martin performed in concert stages , nightclubs , audio recordings and appeared in 85 film and television productions . His relaxed , warbling , crooning voice earned him dozens of hit singles , including his signature songs Memories Are Made of This , That 's Amore , Everybody Loves Somebody , You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You , Sway , Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? and Volare ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Ames_Brothers', 'summary': 'The Ames Brothers were a singing quartet from Malden , Massachusetts , who were particularly famous in the 1950s for their traditional pop music hits .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'If I Give My Heart to You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/If_I_Give_My_Heart_to_You', 'summary': 'If I Give My Heart to You is a popular song written by Jimmy Brewster ( Milt Gabler ) , Jimmie Crane , and Al Jacobs . The most popular versions of the song were recorded by Doris Day and by Denise Lor ; both charted in 1954 . The recording by Doris Day was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40300 . It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on September 11 , 1954 . On the Disk Jockey chart , it peaked at # 4 ; on the Best Seller chart , at # 4 ; on the Juke Box chart , at # 3 . The recording by Denise Lor was released by Majar Records as catalog number 27 . It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on August 25 , 1954 and lasted 14 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 13 .'}]}, {'value': 'Doris Day ; Nat King Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doris_Day', 'summary': "Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 - May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 . Day 's film career began during the latter part of the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) , leading to a 20-year career as a motion picture actress . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcock 's The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959 's Pillow Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Richard Widmark , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968-1973 ) . Day became one of the biggest film stars in the early 1960s , and as of 2012 was one of eight performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times . In 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nat_King_Cole', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Adams Coles ( March 17 , 1919 - February 15 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Nat King Cole , was an American vocalist and jazz pianist . He recorded over one hundred songs that became hits on the pop charts . His trio was the model for small jazz ensembles that followed . Cole also acted in films and on television and performed on Broadway . He was the first African-American man to host an American television series . He was the father of singer/songwriter Natalie Cole .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Learnin ' the Blues", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Learnin'_the_Blues", 'summary': "Learnin ' the Blues is a big band popular song written by Dolores Vicki Silvers . The song was originally recorded by Philadelphia singer Joe Valino ; then , famously , by Frank Sinatra with Nelson Riddle & his Orchestra in 1955 . Initially published on the B side of the EP Session With Sinatra ( Capitol Records EAP 1-629 ) , Learnin ' the Blues was subsequently re-released in June 1955 as a single with Sinatra 's If I Had Three Wishes on the B side ( Capitol 3102 ) . In the weeks of 3-9 and 24-30 July 1955 , Sinatra 's rendition was briefly the most frequently played song on U.S. radio . The single 's sales peaked at # 2 on the NME British charts in August 1955 , and at # 1 on the Australian charts for the week of 13-19 November 1955 . In cumulative year-end charts for 1955 , Learnin ' the Blues ranked # 14 ( Billboard Year-End ) in the United States and # 17 ( NME Year-End ) in the United Kingdom . Sinatra re-recorded the song in 1962 for the album Sinatra-Basie . The song was covered by Cab Calloway 1955 ( Bell 1096 USA ) . Rosemary Clooney on her tour album On Stage ( 1955 ) , by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong on their album Ella and Louis Again ( 1957 ) , by Glen Campbell from his 1979 sessions but remained unreleased until his 1995 album The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Three , by Katie Melua on her debut album Call Off The Search ( 2003 ) , by Del McCoury on his 2001 album Del and the Boys , and by Laura Dickinson on her debut album One For My Baby - To Frank Sinatra With Love ( 2014 ) . During the 2008 Grammy Awards , the evening began with Alicia Keys singing Learnin ' the Blues alongside archival footage of Frank Sinatra , similar to Natalie Cole 's Unforgettable duet with her deceased father Nat King Cole ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Sinatra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Sinatra', 'summary': "Francis Albert Sinatra ( /sɪˈnɑːtrə/ ; December 12 , 1915 - May 14 , 1998 ) was an American singer , actor and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 150 million records worldwide . Born to Italian immigrants in Hoboken , New Jersey , Sinatra began his musical career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James and Tommy Dorsey . Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 , becoming the idol of the bobby soxers . He released his debut album , The Voice of Frank Sinatra , in 1946 . But by the early 1950s his professional career had stalled and he turned to Las Vegas , where he became one of its best known residency performers as part of the Rat Pack . His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity , with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor . Sinatra released several critically lauded albums , including In the Wee Small Hours ( 1955 ) , Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! ( 1956 ) , Come Fly with Me ( 1958 ) , Only the Lonely ( 1958 ) and Nice ' n ' Easy ( 1960 ) . Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own record label , Reprise Records , and released a string of successful albums . In 1965 , he recorded the retrospective album , September of My Years and starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra : A Man and His Music . After releasing Sinatra at the Sands , recorded at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Vegas with frequent collaborator Count Basie in early 1966 , the following year he recorded one of his most famous collaborations with Tom Jobim , the album Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Something 's Got ta Give", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Something's_Gotta_Give_(Johnny_Mercer_song)", 'summary': "Something 's Got ta Give is a popular song with words and music by Johnny Mercer in 1954 . It was published in 1955 . It was written for and first performed by Fred Astaire in the 1955 musical film Daddy Long Legs , and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 as Best Original Song , losing to Love is a Many Splendored Thing . The song playfully uses the irresistible force paradox - which asks what happens when an irresistible force meets an immovable object - as a metaphor for a relationship between a vivacious woman and an older , world-weary man . The man , it is implied , will give in to temptation and kiss the woman . The song 's lyrics echo the plot of Daddy Long Legs , in which a reserved man in his 50s ( Astaire ) falls in love with a woman in her early 20s ( Leslie Caron ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sammy Davis Jr ; The McGuire Sisters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr', 'summary': "Samuel George Davis Jr. ( December 8 , 1925 - May 16 , 1990 ) was an American singer , musician , dancer , actor , vaudevillian , comedian and activist known for his impressions of actors , musicians and other celebrities . At age three , Davis Jr. began his career in vaudeville with his father Sammy Davis Sr. and the Will Mastin Trio , which toured nationally . After military service , Davis Jr. returned to the trio and became an overnight sensation following a nightclub performance at Ciro 's ( in West Hollywood ) after the 1951 Academy Awards . With the trio , he became a recording artist . In 1954 , at the age of 29 , he lost his left eye in a car accident . Several years later , he converted to Judaism , finding commonalities between the oppression experienced by African-American and Jewish communities . After a starring role on Broadway in Mr Wonderful ( 1956 ) , he returned to the stage in 1964 's Golden Boy . Davis Jr. 's film career began as a child in 1933 . In 1960 , he appeared in the Rat Pack film Ocean 's 11 . In 1966 , he had his own TV variety show , titled The Sammy Davis Jr. Show . While Davis ' career slowed in the late 1960s , his biggest hit , The Candy Man , reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1972 , and he became a star in Las Vegas , earning him the nickname Mister Show Business . Davis had a complex relationship with the black community and drew criticism after publicly supporting President Richard Nixon in 1972 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_McGuire_Sisters', 'summary': 'The McGuire Sisters were a singing trio in American popular music . The group was composed of three sisters :'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Top 25 singles of 1955 < 19541956 > Other Australian top charts for 1955top 25 albumsAustralian number-one charts of 1955albumssingles', 'uid': 'List_of_Top_25_singles_for_1955_in_Australia_0', 'intro': 'The following lists the top 25 (end of year) charting singles on the Australian Singles Charts, for the year of 1955. These were the best charting singles in Australia for 1955. The source for this year is the Kent Music Report, known from 1987 onwards as the Australian Music Report.'} | null | null | What film was Sammy Davis , Jr. 's song written for ? | Daddy Long Legs |
06cb9318d19b8dad | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_throw', 'title': 'Discus throw', 'header': ['Year', 'Distance', 'Athlete', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'While the most notable story coming out of 1968 was Socio-Political , politics involved with the Olympics was not something unique to this year . However , the year marked the beginning of several emerging elements of contemporary Track and Field .'}]}, {'value': '68.40 m ( 224 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay Silvester ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Silvester', 'summary': 'L Jay Silvester ( born August 27 , 1937 ) is an American retired athlete who mainly competed in the discus throw . In this event he finished in fourth , fifth , second and eighth place at the 1964 , 1968 , 1972 Summer Olympics and 1976 Summer Olympics , respectively , and won a bronze medal at the 1975 Pan American Games . During his long career , Silvester won five AAU discus titles and set four world records , two in 1961 and two in 1968 . His personal bests were 70.38 m in the discus ( 1971 , unofficial world record ) and 20.01 m in the shot put . After retirement he worked as professor of physical education at Brigham Young University .'}]}, {'value': 'Reno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reno,_Nevada', 'summary': "Reno ( /ˈriːnoʊ/ REE-noh ) is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada , approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) from Lake Tahoe , known as The Biggest Little City in the World . Known for its casino & tourism industry , Reno is the county seat and largest city of Washoe County and sits in a high desert river valley at the foot of the Sierra Nevada and its downtown area ( along with Sparks ) occupies a valley informally known as the Truckee Meadows , which due to large-scale investments from Seattle & Bay Area companies such as Amazon , Tesla , Panasonic , Microsoft , Apple and Google has become a new major technology hub in the United States . The city is named after Union Major General Jesse L. Reno , who was killed in action during the American Civil War at the Battle of South Mountain on Fox 's Gap . Reno is part of the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area , 2nd most populous in Nevada after Las Vegas-Henderson , both of which are part of the Las Vegas Valley . Greater Reno , which consists of Washoe , Storey , and Lyon counties plus Carson City ( the capital of Nevada ) , is the second largest metropolitan area in Nevada ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68.06 m ( 223 ft 3 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rickard Bruch ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rickard_Bruch', 'summary': 'Björn Rickard Ricky Bruch ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbrʊɧː ] ; 2 July 1946 - 30 May 2011 ) was a Swedish discus thrower and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Malmo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmo,_Sweden', 'summary': 'Malmö ( /ˈmælmoʊ , ˈmɑːlmɜː/ ; Swedish : [ ˈmâlmøː ] ( listen ) ; Danish : Malmø [ ˈmælmˌøˀ ] ) is the largest city of the Swedish county of Skåne County , the third-largest city in Sweden , after Stockholm and Gothenburg , and the sixth-largest city in Scandinavia , with a population of 316,588 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 338,230 in 2018 . The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to over 700,000 people , and the Øresund Region , which includes Malmö , is home to 4 million people . Malmö was one of the earliest and most industrialized towns of Scandinavia , but it struggled with the adaptation to post-industrialism . Since the construction of the Öresund Bridge , Malmö has undergone a major transformation , producing new architectural developments , supporting new biotech and IT companies , and attracting students through Malmö University and other higher education facilities . The city contains many historic buildings and parks , and is also a commercial center for the western part of Scania .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67.14 m ( 220 ft 3 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rickard Bruch ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rickard_Bruch', 'summary': 'Björn Rickard Ricky Bruch ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbrʊɧː ] ; 2 July 1946 - 30 May 2011 ) was a Swedish discus thrower and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Malmo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmo,_Sweden', 'summary': 'Malmö ( /ˈmælmoʊ , ˈmɑːlmɜː/ ; Swedish : [ ˈmâlmøː ] ( listen ) ; Danish : Malmø [ ˈmælmˌøˀ ] ) is the largest city of the Swedish county of Skåne County , the third-largest city in Sweden , after Stockholm and Gothenburg , and the sixth-largest city in Scandinavia , with a population of 316,588 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 338,230 in 2018 . The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to over 700,000 people , and the Øresund Region , which includes Malmö , is home to 4 million people . Malmö was one of the earliest and most industrialized towns of Scandinavia , but it struggled with the adaptation to post-industrialism . Since the construction of the Öresund Bridge , Malmö has undergone a major transformation , producing new architectural developments , supporting new biotech and IT companies , and attracting students through Malmö University and other higher education facilities . The city contains many historic buildings and parks , and is also a commercial center for the western part of Scania .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.38 m ( 230 ft 10 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay Silvester ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Silvester', 'summary': 'L Jay Silvester ( born August 27 , 1937 ) is an American retired athlete who mainly competed in the discus throw . In this event he finished in fourth , fifth , second and eighth place at the 1964 , 1968 , 1972 Summer Olympics and 1976 Summer Olympics , respectively , and won a bronze medal at the 1975 Pan American Games . During his long career , Silvester won five AAU discus titles and set four world records , two in 1961 and two in 1968 . His personal bests were 70.38 m in the discus ( 1971 , unofficial world record ) and 20.01 m in the shot put . After retirement he worked as professor of physical education at Brigham Young University .'}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_California', 'summary': 'Lancaster /ˈlæn.kæstər/ is a charter city in northern Los Angeles County , in the Antelope Valley of the western Mojave Desert in Southern California . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 156,633 , and in 2018 the population was estimated at 159,053 , making Lancaster the 33rd largest city in California . Lancaster is part of a twin city complex with its southern neighbor Palmdale , and together they are the principal cities within the Antelope Valley region . Lancaster is located approximately 70 miles ( 110 km ) north ( via I-5 and SR 14 ) of downtown Los Angeles , and is near the Kern County line . It is separated from the Los Angeles Basin by the San Gabriel Mountains to the south , and from Bakersfield and the San Joaquin Valley by the Tehachapi Mountains to the north . The population of Lancaster has grown from 37,000 at the time of its incorporation in 1977 to over 159,000 as of 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68.40 m ( 224 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rickard Bruch ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rickard_Bruch', 'summary': 'Björn Rickard Ricky Bruch ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbrʊɧː ] ; 2 July 1946 - 30 May 2011 ) was a Swedish discus thrower and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67.58 m ( 221 ft 8 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rickard Bruch ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rickard_Bruch', 'summary': 'Björn Rickard Ricky Bruch ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbrʊɧː ] ; 2 July 1946 - 30 May 2011 ) was a Swedish discus thrower and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Skellefteå', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skellefteå', 'summary': 'Skellefteå ( Swedish : [ ɧɛˈlɛ̌ftɛɔ ] , locally [ ʂɛˈlɛ̌ftɛ ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the seat of Skellefteå Municipality in Västerbotten County , Sweden , with 32,775 inhabitants in 2010 . The municipality had approximately 72,000 inhabitants at the end of 2013 . The city is a historically industrial city with mining being a large industry , especially for gold - hence the nickname Gold Town . Politically it is a Social Democratic stronghold . The city is a well-known ice hockey town , with its main team Skellefteå AIK playing in the Swedish top division : the SHL , which they have won on several occasions . The city was incorporated in 1845 and grew to its current population size mostly in the 1950s and 1960s , growing only slowly since . It is the second largest city in Västerbotten after Umeå and is located roughly halfway between it and Luleå . The Skellefte River passes through the city and it is located around 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the Bothnian Bay open sea . Skellefteå is served by Skellefteå Airport , abbreviated as SKF locally known as Falmark because of the village nearby , also around 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the city centre to the south .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68.16 m ( 223 ft 7 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rickard Bruch ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rickard_Bruch', 'summary': 'Björn Rickard Ricky Bruch ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbrʊɧː ] ; 2 July 1946 - 30 May 2011 ) was a Swedish discus thrower and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Helsingborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsingborg', 'summary': "Helsingborg ( /ˈhɛlsɪŋbɔːrɡ/ , US also /-bɔːr ( jə ) , -bɔːri , ˌhɛlsɪŋˈbɔːri/ , Swedish : [ hɛlsɪŋˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) , Danish : [ hɛlseŋˈpɒˀ ] ; spelled Hälsingborg between 1912 and 1970 ) is a town and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality , Scania , Sweden . It had 108,334 inhabitants in 2017 . Helsingborg is the centre of the northern part of western Scania and Sweden 's closest point to Denmark : the Danish city Helsingør is clearly visible about 4 km ( 2 mi ) to the west on the other side of the Øresund . The HH Ferry route across the sound has more than 70 car ferry departures from each harbour every day . [ citation needed ] Following the Swedish orthography reform of 1906 the spelling of many place names in Sweden was modernized . In 1912 it was decided to use the form Hälsingborg . In preparation for the local government reform in 1971 , Hälsingborg city council proposed that the new , enlarged municipality should be spelled Helsingborg ; this form was adopted by the Government of Sweden from 1 January 1971 . Historic Helsingborg , with its many old buildings , is a scenic coastal city . The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress ( Kärnan ) in the city centre , and more modern commercial buildings . The streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways . Kullagatan , the main pedestrian shopping street in the city , was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69.08 m ( 226 ft 7 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Powell ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Powell_(athlete)', 'summary': 'John Gates Powell ( born June 25 , 1947 ) is an American track and field athlete who specialized in the discus throw . He set a world record at 69.08 meters in 1975 , and his personal best of 71.26 meters ties him for ninth place in the all-time performers list .'}]}, {'value': 'Long Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Beach,_California', 'summary': "Long Beach is a city in the US state of California located within the Los Angeles metropolitan area . It is the 39th most populous city in the United States with a population of 462,257 in 2010 . A charter city , Long Beach is the 7th most populous city in California . Incorporated in 1897 , Long Beach lies in Southern California in the southeastern corner of Los Angeles County . Long Beach is approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of downtown Los Angeles , and is part of the Gateway Cities region . The Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the world 's largest shipping ports . The city is over an oilfield with minor wells both directly beneath the city as well as offshore . The city is known for its waterfront attractions , including the permanently docked RMS Queen Mary and the Aquarium of the Pacific . Long Beach also hosts the Grand Prix of Long Beach , currently an IndyCar race . The California State University , Long Beach , one of the largest universities in California by enrollment , is located in the city ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.86 m ( 232 ft 5 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69.20 m ( 227 ft ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'Westwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': 'Westwood is a commercial and residential neighborhood in the northern central portion of the Westside region of Los Angeles , California . It is the home of the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71.16 m ( 233 ft 5 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Schmidt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmidt', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Schmidt ( born 16 January 1954 ) is a former German track and field athlete , who competed for East Germany at the 1976 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal in the discus throw . A former world record holder , he also won several medals at the European Athletics Championships . Schmidt made headlines in 1982 due to his failed attempt to escape from East Germany . He later competed for the Federal Republic of Germany and won third place in the 1990 European Athletics Championships . Born in Berlin , he competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung ( SV ) Dynamo .'}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1979 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '70.66 m ( 231 ft 9 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'Walnut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walnut', 'summary': 'A walnut is the nut of any tree of the genus Juglans ( Family Juglandaceae ) , particularly the Persian or English walnut , Juglans regia . A walnut is the edible seed of a drupe , and thus not a true botanical nut . It is commonly consumed as a nut . After full ripening for its edible seed when the shell has been discarded , it is used as a garnish or a snack . Nuts of the eastern black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and butternuts ( Juglans cinerea ) are less commonly consumed .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This page contains an overview of the year 1980 in athletics . The major athletics event of the year was the 1980 Moscow Olympics . A boycott of this competition meant many of world 's leading athletes did not face each other , with many of the boycotting athletes taking part in the rival Liberty Bell Classic competition . A further global event , the 1980 World Championships in Athletics , was held specifically for women athletes in the 400 metres hurdles and 3000 metres disciplines , as neither event featured on the Olympic programme in spite of IAAF approval ."}]}, {'value': '70.98 m ( 232 ft 10 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'Erfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt', 'summary': "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1981 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '69.98 m ( 229 ft 7 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Powell ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Powell_(athlete)', 'summary': 'John Gates Powell ( born June 25 , 1947 ) is an American track and field athlete who specialized in the discus throw . He set a world record at 69.08 meters in 1975 , and his personal best of 71.26 meters ties him for ninth place in the all-time performers list .'}]}, {'value': 'Modesto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modesto,_California', 'summary': "Modesto /məˈdɛstoʊ/ ( Spanish for modest ) , officially the City of Modesto , is the county seat and largest city of Stanislaus County , California , United States . With a population of approximately 201,165 at the 2010 census , it is the 18th largest city in the state of California and forms part of the Modesto-Merced combined statistical area . Modesto is located in the Central Valley , 68 miles ( 109 km ) south of Sacramento and 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Fresno . Its distance from other places include 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Merced , California , 92 miles ( 148 km ) east of San Francisco , 66 miles ( 106 km ) west of Yosemite National Park , and 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Stockton . Modesto has been honored as a Tree City USA numerous times . It is surrounded by rich farmland ; Stanislaus County ranks sixth among California counties in farm production . Led by milk , almonds , chickens , walnuts , and corn silage , the county grossed nearly $ 3.1 billion in agricultural production in 2011 . The farm-to-table movement plays a central role in Modesto living as in the Central Valley . Filmmaker George Lucas , who was born in Modesto , graduated from Thomas Downey High School in 1962 and attended Modesto Junior College , immortalized the city in his award-winning 1973 film American Graffiti . Although it was not actually shot in Modesto , the film portrayed the spirit of cruising and friendship on Modesto 's 10th and 11th Streets in 1962 , and inspired a revival of interest in 1950s pop culture , including the TV show Happy Days and its spin-offs . The city 's annual Architectural Festival honors Modesto 's history as a testing ground for mid-century modern architecture during the 1940s and '50s . Modesto 's mid-century buildings have been featured four times in Museum of Modern Art publications ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1982 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '70.58 m ( 231 ft 6 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Delís ( CUB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Delís', 'summary': 'Luis Mariano Delís Fournier ( born December 6 , 1957 in Guantánamo ) is a retired Cuban athlete who competed in discus throw and shot put . Specializing in discus throw on the international scene , he won an Olympic bronze medal in 1980 as well as medals at the two first World Championships . In 1990 he tested positive for banned substances and was disqualified from competition for two years . In light of the ban , Delís chose to retire from athletics . After retiring he became a coach , training 1992 Olympic champion Maritza Martén .'}]}, {'value': 'Salinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salinas,_California', 'summary': 'Salinas ( /səˈliːnəs/ ) is a city in Monterey County , California , United States . With a population of 156,259 ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) , Salinas is the most populous city in Monterey County , as well as its county seat . Salinas is an urban area located just outside the southern portion of the Greater Bay Area and 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of the mouth of the Salinas River . The city is located at the mouth of the Salinas Valley , roughly eight miles from the Pacific Ocean , and it has a climate more influenced by the ocean than the interior . Salinas serves as the main business , governmental and industrial center of the region . The marine climate is ideal for the floral industry , grape vineyards , and vegetable growers . Salinas is known as the Salad Bowl of the World for its large , vibrant agriculture industry . It was the hometown of writer and Nobel laureate John Steinbeck ( 1902-68 ) , who set many of his stories in the Salinas Valley and Monterey .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1983 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '71.86 m ( 235 ft 9 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuriy Dumchev ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuriy_Dumchev', 'summary': "Yuriy Eduardovich Dumchev ( Russian : Юрий Эдуардович Думчев ; 5 August 1958 - 10 February 2016 ) was a Russian track and field athlete for the Soviet Union , who set the world record in the men 's discus throw on 29 May 1983 with a distance of 71.86 metres . He was born in Rossosh . That mark , surpassed by current record-holder Jürgen Schult in July 1986 , is still the world record . A 1980 Olympian , Dumchev also represented the Soviet Union at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , finishing in fourth place ( 66.42 m ) . Since 1979 , he acted in films ( more than 50 films ) . Dumchev died in Adler , Sochi on 10 February 2016 , aged 57 . Khottabych"}]}, {'value': 'Moskva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1984 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '71.26 m ( 233 ft 9 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Powell ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Powell_(athlete)', 'summary': 'John Gates Powell ( born June 25 , 1947 ) is an American track and field athlete who specialized in the discus throw . He set a world record at 69.08 meters in 1975 , and his personal best of 71.26 meters ties him for ninth place in the all-time performers list .'}]}, {'value': 'San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1985 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '71.26 m ( 233 ft 9 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imrich Bugár ( TCH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imrich_Bugár', 'summary': 'Imrich Bugár ( born 14 April 1955 ) is a Czechoslovak discus thrower . An ethnic Hungarian who represented Czechoslovakia and then the Czech Republic , his career highlights include an Olympic silver medal from 1980 , a European Championship title from 1982 and a gold medal in the inaugural World Championships in 1983 . His personal best throw of 71.26 metres puts him tenth in the all-time performers list .'}]}, {'value': 'San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1986 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '74.08 m ( 243 ft ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jürgen Schult ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jürgen_Schult', 'summary': "Jürgen Schult ( born 11 May 1960 ) is a German former track and field athlete and as of 2019 , the world record holder in the discus throw . Holding the title since 1986 , it is the longest standing record in men 's track and field . Schult represented East Germany in the 1988 Olympic competition in the discus throw on 1 October 1988 , when he won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Neubrandenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neubrandenburg', 'summary': "Neubrandenburg ( lit . New Brandenburg , IPA : [ nɔʏˈbʁandn̩bʊʁk ] ) is a city in the southeast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany . It is located on the shore of a lake called Tollensesee and forms the urban centre of the Mecklenburg Lakeland . The city is famous for its rich medieval heritage of Brick Gothic , especially the world 's best preserved defensive wall of this style , and the Concert Church ( Saint Mary ) , home venue of the Neubrandenburg Philharmonic . Neubrandenburg is nicknamed for its four medieval city gates - Stadt der Vier Tore ( City of Four Gates ) . It is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic , a route which leads through seven countries along the Baltic Sea coast . Since 2011 , Neubrandenburg is the capital of the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district . It is the third-largest city and one of the main urban centres of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . The city is an economical node of northeastern Germany , featuring one of the highest national ranks in employment density and GDP per capita . The closest greater urban areas are the regiopolis of Rostock and the metropolises of Szczecin , Berlin and Hamburg . Since 1991 , Neubrandenburg hosts a University of Applied Sciences that also offers international exchanges , guest programs and studies ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1987 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '69.52 m ( 228 ft 1 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jürgen Schult ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jürgen_Schult', 'summary': "Jürgen Schult ( born 11 May 1960 ) is a German former track and field athlete and as of 2019 , the world record holder in the discus throw . Holding the title since 1986 , it is the longest standing record in men 's track and field . Schult represented East Germany in the 1988 Olympic competition in the discus throw on 1 October 1988 , when he won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Neubrandenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neubrandenburg', 'summary': "Neubrandenburg ( lit . New Brandenburg , IPA : [ nɔʏˈbʁandn̩bʊʁk ] ) is a city in the southeast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany . It is located on the shore of a lake called Tollensesee and forms the urban centre of the Mecklenburg Lakeland . The city is famous for its rich medieval heritage of Brick Gothic , especially the world 's best preserved defensive wall of this style , and the Concert Church ( Saint Mary ) , home venue of the Neubrandenburg Philharmonic . Neubrandenburg is nicknamed for its four medieval city gates - Stadt der Vier Tore ( City of Four Gates ) . It is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic , a route which leads through seven countries along the Baltic Sea coast . Since 2011 , Neubrandenburg is the capital of the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district . It is the third-largest city and one of the main urban centres of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . The city is an economical node of northeastern Germany , featuring one of the highest national ranks in employment density and GDP per capita . The closest greater urban areas are the regiopolis of Rostock and the metropolises of Szczecin , Berlin and Hamburg . Since 1991 , Neubrandenburg hosts a University of Applied Sciences that also offers international exchanges , guest programs and studies ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Discus_throw_2', 'intro': 'The discus throw (pronunciation), also known as disc throw, is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc - called a discus - in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors. It is an ancient sport, as demonstrated by the fifth-century-BC Myron statue Discobolus. Although not part of the modern pentathlon, it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon, which can be dated back to at least to 708 BC, and is part of the modern decathlon.'} | null | null | When did the athlete with the most recent throw in San Jose win an Olympic silver medal ? | 1980 |
06ced6d8035e9698 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Baldwin', 'title': 'William Baldwin', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Born on the Fourth of July', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Born_on_the_Fourth_of_July_(film)', 'summary': "Born on the Fourth of July is a 1989 American biographical war drama film based on the eponymous 1976 autobiography by Ron Kovic . Directed by Oliver Stone , and written by Stone and Kovic , it stars Tom Cruise , Kyra Sedgwick , Raymond J. Barry , Jerry Levine , Frank Whaley and Willem Dafoe . The film depicts the life of Kovic ( Cruise ) over a 20-year period , detailing his childhood , his military service and paralysis during the Vietnam War , and his transition to anti-war activism . It is the second installment in Stone 's trilogy of films about the Vietnam War , following Platoon ( 1986 ) and preceding Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) . Producer Martin Bregman acquired the film rights to the book in 1976 and hired Stone , also a Vietnam veteran , to co-write the screenplay with Kovic , who would be played by Al Pacino . When Stone optioned the book in 1978 , the film adaptation became mired in development hell after Pacino and Bregman left , which resulted in him and Kovic putting the film on hold . After the release of Platoon , the project was revived at Universal Pictures , with Stone attached to direct . Shot on locations in the Philippines , Texas and Inglewood , California , principal photography took place from October 1988 to December , lasting 65 days of filming . The film went over its initial $ 14 million production budget , and ended up costing $ 17.8 million after reshoots . Upon release , Born on the Fourth of July was praised by critics for its story , Cruise 's performance and Stone 's direction . The film was successful at the box office as it grossed over $ 161 million worldwide , becoming the tenth highest-grossing film of 1989 . At the 62nd Academy Awards , it received eight nominations , including Best Picture and Best Actor for Cruise , his first nomination , and the film won for Best Director , Stone 's second in that category , and Best Film Editing ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Marine - Vietnam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internal Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Internal_Affairs_(film)', 'summary': "Internal Affairs is a 1990 American crime thriller film film set in Los Angeles about the police department 's Internal Affairs Division . Directed by Mike Figgis , the film stars Richard Gere as Dennis Peck , a suave womanizer , clever manipulator , and corrupt policeman who uses his fellow officers as pawns for his own nefarious purposes while showing a tender side as a devoted father . Andy García plays Raymond Avila , the Internal Affairs agent who becomes obsessed with catching Peck when he suspects that Peck is not the poster boy police officer that the precinct has made him out to be ."}]}, {'value': 'Van Stretch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flatliners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flatliners', 'summary': 'Flatliners is a 1990 American science fiction psychological horror film directed by Joel Schumacher , produced by Michael Douglas and Rick Bieber , and written by Peter Filardi . It stars Kiefer Sutherland , Julia Roberts , William Baldwin , Oliver Platt , and Kevin Bacon . The film is about five medical students who attempt to find out what lies beyond death by conducting clandestine experiments that produce near-death experiences . The film was shot on the campus of Loyola University ( Chicago ) between October 1989 and January 1990 , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing in 1990 ( Charles L. Campbell and Richard C. Franklin ) . The film was theatrically released on August 10 , 1990 , by Columbia Pictures . It grossed $ 61 million at the box office . A remake directed by Danish filmmaker Niels Arden Oplev , was released in September 2017 , and also featured Kiefer Sutherland in a starring role ( albeit a different role ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Hurley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Backdraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Backdraft_(film)', 'summary': 'Backdraft is a 1991 American drama thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by Gregory Widen . The film stars Kurt Russell , William Baldwin , Scott Glenn , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Rebecca De Mornay , Donald Sutherland , Robert De Niro , Jason Gedrick and J. T. Walsh . It is about Chicago firefighters on the trail of a serial arsonist . The film grossed $ 77.9 million domestically and $ 74.5 million in foreign markets , for a total gross of $ 152.4 million . The film received three Oscar nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian McCaffrey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three of Hearts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_of_Hearts_(1993_film)', 'summary': 'Three of Hearts is a 1993 comedy-romance film directed by Yurek Bogayevicz and starring William Baldwin , Kelly Lynch , Sherilyn Fenn and Joe Pantoliano .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Casella', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sliver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sliver_(film)', 'summary': "Sliver is a 1993 American erotic thriller film based on the Ira Levin novel of the same name about the mysterious occurrences in a privately owned New York high-rise sliver building . Phillip Noyce directed the film , from a screenplay by Joe Eszterhas . Because of a major battle with the MPAA ( which originally gave the film an NC-17 rating ) , the filmmakers were forced to make extensive reshoots before release . These reshoots actually necessitated changing the killer 's identity . The film stars Sharon Stone , William Baldwin , and Tom Berenger . When he signed on to direct the film , Phillip Noyce remarked I liked the script a lot . Or at least , I liked the idea of jumping on the Joe Eszterhas bandwagon . The film was open to very poor reviews , but was a box office success , ranked as the # 1 movie in America ."}]}, {'value': 'Zeke Hawkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Pyromaniac 's Love Story", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/A_Pyromaniac's_Love_Story", 'summary': "A Pyromaniac 's Love Story is a 1995 American romantic comedy film directed by Joshua Brand and starring William Baldwin , John Leguizamo , Sadie Frost , and Erika Eleniak . The original screenplay is by Morgan Ward . It was filmed in Toronto ."}]}, {'value': 'Garet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fair Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fair_Game_(1995_film)', 'summary': "Fair Game is a 1995 American action film directed by Andrew Sipes . It stars Cindy Crawford as family law attorney Kate McQuean and William Baldwin as Max Kirkpatrick , a Florida police officer . Kirkpatrick ends up on the run to protect McQuean when she is targeted for murder by ex-members of the KGB with interests in a ship owned by a Cuban man who may lose it in a divorce case being pursued by McQuean . The film is based on Paula Gosling 's novel of the same title , which was previously adapted into the 1986 Sylvester Stallone film Cobra . Locations used for the film included Coral Gables , Florida , Miami Beach , and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary . Fair Game was panned by critics , and is a box office bomb ."}]}, {'value': 'Detective Max Kirkpatrick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curdled', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curdled_(film)', 'summary': 'Curdled is a 1996 black comedy crime film written and directed by Reb Braddock . The film stars Angela Jones as a Colombian immigrant who takes a crime scene cleanup job and discovers evidence about a local serial killer dubbed the Blue Blood Killer for his targeting of socialites . The film is a remake of a 1991 short film of the same name , which was also directed by Braddock and starred Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Guell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulworth', 'summary': 'Bulworth is a 1998 American political satire comedy film co-written , co-produced , directed by , and starring Warren Beatty . It co-stars Halle Berry , Oliver Platt , Don Cheadle , Paul Sorvino , Jack Warden , and Isaiah Washington . The film follows the title character , California Senator Jay Billington Bulworth ( Beatty ) , as he runs for re-election while trying to avoid a hired assassin . The film received generally positive reviews and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay yet narrowly failed to break even on a $ 30 million budget .'}]}, {'value': "Constance Bulworth 's Lover", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shattered Image', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shattered_Image', 'summary': "Shattered Image is a 1998 thriller film written by Duane Poole and directed by Chilean filmmaker Raúl Ruiz . It stars William Baldwin , Anne Parillaud and Lisanne Falk . According to academic Michael Goddard , this is a confusing and surreal film about complicated identities which parallel David Lynch 's moebius strip style films also dealing with parallel identities and realities that he was making at [ the same ] time , Lost Highway ( 1997 ) and Mulholland Dr. ( 2001 ) . In an interview with film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum , Ruiz calls Shattered Image an American accident . He explains some of his opinions and experiences of the top to down disconnected filmmaking process in America . Ruiz says , Shattered Image , I fought to make , and I now have a film about what it means to make a film in America - why American movies are the way they are . It 's a very strange film because I thought about it in the terms of American movies . In the American cinema there are good guys and bad guys . The good guys are the artists , let 's say the filmmakers , and the bad guys are the actors , sometimes the producers . I found new bad guys , who were the technicians , the workers , who were so obviously disconnected with the project , with the story of the movie . In France , you can get a good price from an electrician if he likes a script , if he finds it interesting and not very commercial he can , lets say , work Saturdays for free . And I thought that the relationship with the producer was ambiguous because he had the money coming from everywhere and he had to deal with those other producers , and everyone had a very precise idea about the movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virus_(1999_film)', 'summary': 'Virus is a 1999 American science fiction horror film directed by visual effects artist John Bruno and starring Jamie Lee Curtis , William Baldwin and Donald Sutherland . Based on the comic book of the same name by Chuck Pfarrer , it tells the story of a ship beset by a malevolent extraterrestrial entity that seeks to turn humanity into cyborg slaves . The film was promoted with a line of action figures and a tie-in video game . It turned out to be a critical and commercial flop , but over time gained a cult following .'}]}, {'value': 'Steve Baker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primary Suspect', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primary_Suspect', 'summary': 'Primary Suspect is a 2000 American action-thriller-mystery film written by D.Alvelo and Marc Bienstock and directed by Jeff Celentano . The film stars William Baldwin , Brigitte Bako , and Lee Majors .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Box', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Relative Values', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Relative_Values_(film)', 'summary': 'Relative Values is a 2000 British comedy film adaptation of the 1950s play of the same name by Noël Coward . It stars Julie Andrews , Colin Firth , William Baldwin , Edward Atterton , Stephen Fry and Jeanne Tripplehorn , and was directed by Eric Styles . It was filmed on location in the Isle of Man , mainly at The Nunnery , with scenes at Kirk Braddan .'}]}, {'value': 'Don Lucas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Double Bang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_Bang', 'summary': 'Double Bang is an American dramatic film starring William Baldwin , Jon Seda , Adam Baldwin and written and directed by Heywood Gould .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy Brennan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Eyed King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Eyed_King', 'summary': "One Eyed King is an ensemble crime drama detailing the trials and tribulations of several characters living together in the same Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood . Starring Armand Assante , William Baldwin , Jim Breuer , Bruno Kirby , Chazz Palminteri , and Jason Gedrick , the film had its premiere at the 2001 Boston Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Say Nothing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Say_Nothing_(film)', 'summary': 'Say Nothing is a 2001 drama , romance , and thriller film written by Madeline Sunshine and directed by Allan Moyle . The film stars William Baldwin , Nastassja Kinski , and Hart Bochner .'}]}, {'value': 'Julian Grant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'You Stupid Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/You_Stupid_Man', 'summary': 'You Stupid Man is a 2002 romantic comedy film written and directed by Brian Burns and starring Milla Jovovich , David Krumholtz , William Baldwin , Denise Richards , Dan Montgomery Jr. , and Jessica Cauffiel .'}]}, {'value': 'Brady', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Rover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Rover_(film)', 'summary': "Red Rover ( also known as The Haunting Within ) is a 2003 horror / thriller film directed by Marc S. Grenier . It is about two siblings played by William Baldwin and Jodi Lyn O'Keefe who travel to their families old , ancestral estate upon the death of their father . They soon find out the hard way about their family 's ancient secret of witchcraft and the occult . It was filmed on location on Ministers Island in St. Andrews , NB , Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Will Taylor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art Heist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Heist', 'summary': 'Art Heist is a 2004 action thriller film directed by Bryan Goeres and starring William Baldwin , Ellen Pompeo , and Abel Folk . Written by Diane Fine and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and produced by Manual Corbi , it was released on July 13 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Walker', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'William_Baldwin_0', 'intro': 'William Joseph Baldwin (born February 21, 1963) is an American actor, producer and writer. A member of the Baldwin family, he is the second-youngest of the four Baldwin brothers. He has starred in the films Flatliners (1990), Backdraft (1991), Sliver (1993), Virus (1999), The Squid and the Whale (2005), A Christmas Trade (2015), played himself in Forgetting Sarah Marshall, and currently stars in and produces the Netflix show Northern Rescue. Baldwin is married to singer Chynna Phillips.'} | null | null | What is the origin of the evil being in the 1999 movie in which William Baldwin played Steve Baker ? | extraterrestrial |
06cf456dee31d200 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Beltrami_County,_Minnesota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Beltrami County, Minnesota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beltrami County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beltrami_County_Courthouse', 'summary': 'The Beltrami County Courthouse is a historic government building in Bemidji , Minnesota , United States . It was built in 1902 as the seat of government for Beltrami County . District court functions relocated in 1974 to the newly completed Beltrami County Judicial Center immediately to the southwest , and the historic courthouse has been remodeled to house government offices . The old courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 for its state-level significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government . It was nominated for its status in Beltrami County as its long-serving center government and as its most prominent example of public architecture and Beaux-Arts style .'}]}, {'value': 'May 26 , 1988 ( # 88000665 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '619 Beltrami Ave. NW 47°28′27″N 94°52′55″W / 47.474208°N 94.882033°W / 47.474208 ; -94.882033 ( Beltrami County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemidji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Bemidji ( /bəˈmɪdʒiː/ bə-MIJ-ee ) is a city in ( and county seat of ) Beltrami County , in northern Minnesota , United States . According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates , the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2018 to be 15,404 , making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed The First City On The Mississippi . Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed curling capital of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan .'}]}, {'value': "1902 courthouse significant as Beltrami County 's long-serving seat of government , as well as its most prominent public architecture and expression of Beaux-Arts style", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemidji Carnegie Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji_Carnegie_Library', 'summary': "The Bemidji Carnegie Library is a former library building in Bemidji , Minnesota , United States . It was built as a Carnegie library in 1909 and housed the city 's public library until 1961 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its local significance in the themes of architecture and education . It was nominated for being a well-preserved example of a Carnegie library and of public Neoclassical architecture . The aging and deficient structure was threatened with demolition in the early 21st century , but received a $ 2.2 million restoration in 2019 . The city of Bemidji now rents out the main floor as an event venue while leasing space in the basement as offices ."}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 1980 ( # 80001936 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '426 Bemidji Ave. 47°28′22″N 94°52′46″W / 47.472668°N 94.879467°W / 47.472668 ; -94.879467 ( Bemidji Carnegie Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemidji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Bemidji ( /bəˈmɪdʒiː/ bə-MIJ-ee ) is a city in ( and county seat of ) Beltrami County , in northern Minnesota , United States . According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates , the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2018 to be 15,404 , making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed The First City On The Mississippi . Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed curling capital of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan .'}]}, {'value': 'Well-preserved local example of a Carnegie library and of public Neoclassical architecture , built in 1909', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_library', 'summary': 'A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929 , including some belonging to public and university library systems . 1,689 were built in the United States , 660 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , 125 in Canada , and others in Australia , South Africa , New Zealand , Serbia , Belgium , France , the Caribbean , Mauritius , Malaysia , and Fiji . At first , Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a personal connection - namely his birthplace in Scotland and the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania area , his adopted home-town . Yet , beginning in the middle of 1899 , Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside these areas . In later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused . By the time the last grant was made in 1919 , there were 3,500 libraries in the United States , nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buena Vista Archeological Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 7 , 1996 ( # 96001311 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off County Road 15 47°39′21″N 94°53′11″W / 47.655961°N 94.886312°W / 47.655961 ; -94.886312 ( Buena Vista Archeological Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turtle Lake Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turtle_Lake_Township,_Beltrami_County,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Turtle Lake Township is a township in Beltrami County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,195 as of the 2010 census . This township took its name from Turtle Lake .'}]}, {'value': 'Largely undisturbed site of a logging-era boomtown , established in 1896 and moribund by 1909 . District includes the site of a nearby sawmill and an intact 1898 schoolhouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Bunyan_and_Babe_the_Blue_Ox', 'summary': 'Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox are the names of a pair of large statues of the American folk hero Paul Bunyan and his ox , located in Bemidji , Minnesota . This roadside attraction has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1988 . Much like the architecture found in such structures as the Benewah Milk Bottle , the Teapot Dome Service Station or the comparably colossal Dinosaur Park sculptures in South Dakota , it served to attract the attention of motorists passing by and coincided with the dramatic rise in the popularity of automobiles . The statues have been hailed by the Kodak Company as the second most photographed statues in the United States , behind only Mount Rushmore in South Dakota .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 1988 ( # 88000204 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd St. and Bemidji Ave. 47°28′14″N 94°52′44″W / 47.470446°N 94.878895°W / 47.470446 ; -94.878895 ( Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemidji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Bemidji ( /bəˈmɪdʒiː/ bə-MIJ-ee ) is a city in ( and county seat of ) Beltrami County , in northern Minnesota , United States . According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates , the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2018 to be 15,404 , making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed The First City On The Mississippi . Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed curling capital of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan .'}]}, {'value': "The Midwest 's first colossal roadside statues , built in 1937 to promote automobile tourism in northern Minnesota", 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'District No . 132 School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debs_Consolidated_School', 'summary': 'Debs Consolidated School , also called District School No . 132 , is a historic rural schoolhouse in Debs , Beltrami County , Minnesota United States . Classes were held in the building from 1916 to 1940 . Its nomination to the National Register of Historic Places noted its unusual wooden Neoclassical façade .'}]}, {'value': 'October 27 , 1988 ( # 88002083 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Road 500 47°43′51″N 95°07′43″W / 47.730894°N 95.1287°W / 47.730894 ; -95.1287 ( District No . 132 School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Debs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debs,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Debs is a small town in Beltrami County , Minnesota . It has an estimated population of 3 . It is named after Eugene V. Debs , an American labor organizer , socialist leader and presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America . Debs Consolidated School held classes in the community from 1916 to 1940 .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1915 school building noted for its unusual wooden Neoclassical façade . Also known as Debs Consolidated School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Northern Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji_station', 'summary': "Bemidji station is a former Great Northern Railway depot in Bemidji , Minnesota , United States . It opened in 1913 , replacing a wooden structure built in 1898 . It was the last depot commissioned by railroad magnate James J. Hill . The depot served passengers until the late 1950s and continued as a freight depot until the mid-1980s , when it was closed , boarded up , and abandoned . In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Great Northern Depot for its local significance in the themes of exploration/settlement and transportation . It was nominated for being Bemidji 's only intact early-20th-century railroad building , symbolizing the rail access that transformed the settlement into a logging boomtown and regional trade center . Empty and deteriorating , the building was slated for demolition in the late 20th century . It was saved by a nearly $ 2 million adaptive reuse effort and now houses the Beltrami County History Center , operated by the Beltrami County Historical Society ."}]}, {'value': 'May 26 , 1988 ( # 88000673 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130 Minnesota Ave. SW 47°28′03″N 94°52′57″W / 47.467575°N 94.882471°W / 47.467575 ; -94.882471 ( Great Northern Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemidji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Bemidji ( /bəˈmɪdʒiː/ bə-MIJ-ee ) is a city in ( and county seat of ) Beltrami County , in northern Minnesota , United States . According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates , the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2018 to be 15,404 , making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed The First City On The Mississippi . Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed curling capital of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan .'}]}, {'value': '1913 train station symbolizing the rail access that transformed Bemidji into a logging boomtown and regional trade center . Now the Beltrami County History Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Bemidji State Park CCC/NYA/Rustic Style Historic Resources', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Bemidji_State_Park', 'summary': 'Lake Bemidji State Park is a state park of Minnesota , United States , on the north shore of 6,765-acre ( 27.38 km2 ) Lake Bemidji . The northern half of the park preserves a spruce-tamarack bog . A district of National Park Service rustic structures built by the Civilian Conservation Corps and National Youth Administration in the 1930s is on the National Register of Historic Places . The park is located 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) north of the city of Bemidji .'}]}, {'value': 'October 25 , 1989 ( # 89001674 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off County Highway 20 northeast of Bemidji 47°32′05″N 94°49′40″W / 47.534722°N 94.827778°W / 47.534722 ; -94.827778 ( Lake Bemidji State Park CCC/NYA/Rustic Style Historic Resources )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemidji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Bemidji ( /bəˈmɪdʒiː/ bə-MIJ-ee ) is a city in ( and county seat of ) Beltrami County , in northern Minnesota , United States . According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates , the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2018 to be 15,404 , making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed The First City On The Mississippi . Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed curling capital of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan .'}]}, {'value': "Minnesota 's only state park facilities constructed by the National Youth Administration ; also significant as examples of New Deal federal work relief and National Park Service rustic design , with two contributing properties built 1937-39", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Youth_Administration', 'summary': 'The National Youth Administration ( NYA ) was a New Deal agency sponsored by the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States that focused on providing work and education for Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 . It operated from June 26 , 1935 to 1939 as part of the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and included a Division of Negro Affairs headed by Mary McLeod Bethune who worked at the agency from 1936 to 1943 . Following the passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939 , the NYA was transferred from the WPA to the Federal Security Agency . In 1942 , the NYA was transferred to the War Manpower Commission ( WMC ) . The NYA was discontinued in 1943 . By 1938 , college youth were paid from $ 306 to $ 400 a month for work study projects at their schools . Another 155,000 boys and girls from relief families were paid $ 10 to $ 25 a month for part-time work that included job training . Unlike the Civilian Conservation Corps , it included young women . The youth normally lived at home , and worked on construction or repair projects . Its annual budget was approximately $ 580 million . The NYA was headed by Aubrey Willis Williams , a prominent liberal from Alabama who was close to Harry Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt . The head of the Texas division at one point was Lyndon B. Johnson , who was later to become president of the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Deal', 'summary': 'The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic', 'summary': 'National Park Service rustic - sometimes colloquially called Parkitecture - is a style of architecture that developed in the early and middle 20th century in the United States National Park Service ( NPS ) through its efforts to create buildings that harmonized with the natural environment . Since its founding in 1916 , the NPS sought to design and build visitor facilities without visually interrupting the natural or historic surroundings . The early results were characterized by intensive use of hand labor and a rejection of the regularity and symmetry of the industrial world , reflecting connections with the Arts and Crafts movement and American Picturesque architecture . Architects , landscape architects and engineers combined native wood and stone with convincingly native styles to create visually appealing structures that seemed to fit naturally within the majestic landscapes . Examples of the style can be found in numerous types of National Park structures , including entrance gateways , hotels and lodges , park roads and bridges , visitor centers , trail shelters , informational kiosks , and even mundane maintenance and support facilities . Many of these buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota and International Railway Trestle at Blackduck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_and_International_Railway_Trestle_at_Blackduck', 'summary': 'The Minnesota and International Railway Trestle at Blackduck in Beltrami County , Minnesota was the longest timber trestle in the state . It was built in 1901 and 1902 by the Minnesota and International Railway , a subsidiary of the Northern Pacific Railroad , on a line between Koochiching ( now International Falls ) and Bemidji , Minnesota , where it met a branch line of the parent railroad running north from Brainerd . The bridge carried the railroad over Coburn Creek and a difficult marsh in Blackduck and was noted for its considerable length and intact substructure when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places 2014 . The bridge was a low structure 701 feet ( 210 m ) long . After the railroad was abandoned the trestle became part of the Blue Ox Trail , a recreational trail used by hikers and snowmobilers . More than one-third of it was burned by arson in April 2015 . Efforts have been made to raise funds to rebuild the destroyed portion of the bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'February 5 , 2014 ( # 13001144 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) north of junction CSAH 39 47°43′34″N 94°32′52″W / 47.726166°N 94.547726°W / 47.726166 ; -94.547726 ( Minnesota and International Railway Trestle at Blackduck )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_state_aid_highway', 'summary': 'County roads in Minnesota are roads locally maintained by county highway departments in Minnesota . County roads span a wide variety of road types , varying from A-minor arterials that carry large volumes of traffic to an improved road . Most county roads in Minnesota are designated with numbers that are unique only within a county . Although most counties designate with only numbers , a few in Dodge County use letters instead , and two in Isanti County use a combination of a number and letter .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackduck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackduck,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Blackduck is a city in Beltrami County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 785 as of the 2010 census . It is located 24 mi ( 39 km ) northeast of Bemidji .'}]}, {'value': '701-foot-long ( 214 m ) timber trestle built 1901-02 to cross a difficult marsh , noted for its considerable length and intact substructure . Now carries the Blue Ox Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trestle', 'summary': 'A trestle ( sometimes tressel ) is a rigid frame used as a support , historically a tripod used both as stools and to support tables at banquets . A trestle bridge is a bridge composed of a number of short spans supported by such frames . Each supporting frame is a bent . Timber and iron trestles ( i.e . bridges ) were extensively used in the 19th century , the former making up from 1 to 3 per cent of the total length of the average railroad . In the 21st century , steel and sometimes concrete trestles are commonly used to bridge particularly deep valleys while timber trestles remain common in certain areas . Many timber trestles were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the expectation that they would be temporary . Timber trestles were used to get the railroad to its destination . Once the railroad was running , it was used to transport the material to replace trestles with more permanent works , transporting and dumping fill around some trestles and transporting stone or steel to replace others with more permanent bridges . In the later 20th century , tools such as the earthmover made it cheaper to construct a high fill directly instead of first constructing a trestle from which to dump the fill . Timber trestles remain common in some applications , most notably for bridge approaches crossing floodways , where earth fill would dangerously obstruct floodwater . For the purposes of discharging material below , a coal trestle carried a dead-end track , rather than a bridge .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nymore Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nymore_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Nymore Bridge is a reinforced concrete deck arch bridge spanning the Mississippi River in Bemidji , Minnesota . The bridge , built in 1916 , has three arch spans . It is significant for its use of a reinforcing system patented by George M. Cheney during a time when engineers were experimenting with reinforcing materials and systems . The bridge was originally built to carry U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) over the Mississippi River . The main city traffic is now carried by Minnesota State Highway 197 ( MN 197 ) , while US 2 now bypasses the city . The reinforcing system designed by George M. Cheney consists of an arched metal truss built of angles and gusset plates , separated into vertical panels , and then connected together . The metal truss was built first , then forms were constructed around it and concrete was poured around it . The steel truss becomes embedded in the concrete . The bridge is decorated with Classical Revival elements . The Classical Revival style was part of the City Beautiful movement popular at the time for civic structures . It connected Bemidji with the village of Nymore , which was later annexed into the city of Bemidji . The bridge is 168 feet ( 51 m ) long , 31 feet ( 9.4 m ) wide , and has a center span of 65 feet ( 20 m ) with two adjacent spans of 40 feet ( 12 m ) each .'}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 1989 ( # 89001849 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st St. over the Mississippi River 47°28′01″N 94°52′42″W / 47.466944°N 94.878333°W / 47.466944 ; -94.878333 ( Nymore Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_River', 'summary': "The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent , second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system . From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota , it flows generally south for 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico . With its many tributaries , the Mississippi 's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains . The main stem is entirely within the United States ; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi ( 2,980,000 km2 ) , of which only about one percent is in Canada . The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest river and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world . The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and Louisiana . Native Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years . Most were hunter-gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States . Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile regions of the United States ; steamboats were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to ship agricultural and industrial goods ."}]}, {'value': 'Bemidji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Bemidji ( /bəˈmɪdʒiː/ bə-MIJ-ee ) is a city in ( and county seat of ) Beltrami County , in northern Minnesota , United States . According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates , the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2018 to be 15,404 , making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed The First City On The Mississippi . Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed curling capital of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan .'}]}, {'value': 'Exemplary 1917 reinforced-concrete arch bridge , particularly noted for its large size , urban setting , barrel vault design , early date , and use of an early patented reinforcement system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arch_bridge', 'summary': 'An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch . Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side . A viaduct ( a long bridge ) may be made from a series of arches , although other more economical structures are typically used today .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barrel_vault', 'summary': 'A barrel vault , also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault , is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve ( or pair of curves , in the case of a pointed barrel vault ) along a given distance . The curves are typically circular in shape , lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design . The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault : effectively a series of arches placed side by side ( i.e. , one after another ) . It is a form of barrel roof . As with all arch-based constructions , there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault . There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust . One is to make the walls exceedingly thick and strong - this is a primitive and sometimes unacceptable method . A more elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to each other ; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other . This method was most often used in construction of churches , where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the building . However , the outer walls of the outermost vault would still have to be quite strong or reinforced by buttressing . The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles , thus forming a groin vault . Barrel vaults are known from Ancient Egypt , and were used extensively in Roman architecture .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Park House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Park_House', 'summary': "The David Park House is a historic house in Bemidji , Minnesota , United States . It was built from 1936 to 1937 in Streamline Moderne style . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 for its local significance in the theme of architecture . It was nominated for being one of Minnesota 's few outstanding examples of residential Streamline Moderne architecture . Since 1992 the David Park House has served as offices for the Bemidji State University Alumni & Foundation ."}]}, {'value': 'May 16 , 1988 ( # 88000566 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1501 Birchmont Dr. 47°29′00″N 94°52′33″W / 47.483286°N 94.875808°W / 47.483286 ; -94.875808 ( David Park House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemidji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Bemidji ( /bəˈmɪdʒiː/ bə-MIJ-ee ) is a city in ( and county seat of ) Beltrami County , in northern Minnesota , United States . According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates , the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2018 to be 15,404 , making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed The First City On The Mississippi . Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed curling capital of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan .'}]}, {'value': "One of Minnesota 's few outstanding examples of residential Streamline Moderne architecture , built in 1936", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Streamline_Moderne', 'summary': 'Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s . It was inspired by aerodynamic design . Streamline architecture emphasized curving forms , long horizontal lines , and sometimes nautical elements . In industrial design , it was used in railroad locomotives , telephones , toasters , buses , appliances , and other devices to give the impression of sleekness and modernity . In France , it was called the Style paquebot , or Ocean liner style , and was influenced by the design of the luxury ocean liner SS Normandie , launched in 1932 .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabideau CCC Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabideau_CCC_Camp', 'summary': "The Rabideau CCC Camp was a Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) camp in the Chippewa National Forest in northern Minnesota , United States . It is located off Beltrami County Highway 39 , in Taylor Township , and is one of the best-preserved of the nation 's many CCC camps . A National Historic Landmark , it now serves as an educational center ."}]}, {'value': 'June 16 , 1976 ( # 76001046 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off County Highway 39 in Chippewa National Forest 47°38′28″N 94°32′58″W / 47.641119°N 94.549466°W / 47.641119 ; -94.549466 ( Rabideau CCC Camp )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chippewa_National_Forest', 'summary': 'Chippewa National Forest is a National Forest located in northcentral Minnesota , United States , in the counties of Itasca , Cass and Beltrami . Forest headquarters are located in Cass Lake , Minnesota . There are local ranger district offices in Blackduck , Deer River and Walker .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackduck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackduck,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Blackduck is a city in Beltrami County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 785 as of the 2010 census . It is located 24 mi ( 39 km ) northeast of Bemidji .'}]}, {'value': "One of the nation 's few intact camps of the Civilian Conservation Corps , the most acclaimed New Deal program and a key influence on the conservation movement . Contains 17 contributing properties built 1935-1941", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps', 'summary': "The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed , unmarried men . Originally for young men ages 18-25 , it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28 . Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency , succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner 's death . The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal , state , and local governments . The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States . Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000 . Through the course of its nine years in operation , 3 million young men participated in the CCC , which provided them with shelter , clothing , and food , together with a wage of $ 30 ( equivalent to $ 590 in 2019 ) per month ( $ 25 of which had to be sent home to their families ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Deal', 'summary': 'The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Conservation_movement', 'summary': "The conservation movement , also known as nature conservation , is a political , environmental , and social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including animal and plant species as well as their habitat for the future . Evidence-based conservation seeks to use high quality scientific evidence to make conservation efforts more effective . The early conservation movement included fisheries and wildlife management , water , soil conservation , and sustainable forestry . The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement 's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include preservation of biodiversity . Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching environmental movement , while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice . Chiefly in the United States , conservation is seen as differing from environmentalism in that it aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued sustainable use by humans . Outside the U.S. the term conservation more broadly includes environmentalism ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saum Schools', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 27 , 1980 ( # 80001937 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Highway 23 47°58′35″N 94°40′34″W / 47.976318°N 94.676053°W / 47.976318 ; -94.676053 ( Saum Schools )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelliher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelliher,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Kelliher is a city in Beltrami County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 262 at the 2010 census . Highway 72 runs through Kelliher , and it 's 49 miles northeast of Bemidji . Kelliher was named for A. O. Kelliher , a businessman in the lumber industry ."}]}, {'value': "1903 log one-room school and 1912 school building - the state 's first purpose-built consolidated school - representing the early-20th-century development of education in northern Minnesota", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One-room_school', 'summary': 'One-room schools were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries , including Prussia , Norway , Sweden , the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Spain . In most rural and small town schools , all of the students met in a single room . There , a single teacher taught academic basics to several grade levels of elementary-age children . While in many areas one-room schools are no longer used , it is not uncommon for them to remain in developing nations and rural or remote areas . Examples include remote parts of the American West , the Falklands , and the Shetland Islands .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three Island Park Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 25 , 2012 ( # 12000427 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three Island Lake County Park 47°37′30″N 94°46′56″W / 47.625126°N 94.782245°W / 47.625126 ; -94.782245 ( Three Island Park Site )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Hope Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Hope_Township,_Beltrami_County,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Port Hope Township is a township in Beltrami County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 590 as of the 2000 census . Port Hope Township was likely named after Port Hope , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': 'Woodland period seasonal fishing camp chiefly associated with the Blackduck-Kathio Complex of 600-1100 CE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodland_period', 'summary': 'In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America , the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America , with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period , from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period . The term Woodland Period was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures . The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region , the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . This period is variously considered a developmental stage , a time period , a suite of technological adaptations or traits , and a family tree of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures . It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools , leather crafting , textile manufacture , cultivation , and shelter construction . Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period , when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however , Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ) , and the diversification of pottery forms , decorations , and manufacturing practices . The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation , also meant that groups became less mobile over time and , in some times and places , people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities . Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from c. 1000-1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact , around 500 years ago .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Beltrami_County,_Minnesota_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Beltrami County, Minnesota. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Beltrami County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark district.'} | null | null | What is the estimated population of the city that contains the historic structure that replaced a wooden structure built in 1898 ? | 15,404 |
06d160e5779c14a2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maltese_football_transfers_summer_2010', 'title': 'List of Maltese football transfers summer 2010', 'header': ['Name', 'Moving from', 'Moving to'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jesmond Zerafa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesmond_Zerafa', 'summary': 'Jesmond Zerafa ( born 3 August 1965 in Malta ) is a former professional footballer . During his career , he played primarily as a striker .'}]}, {'value': 'Qormi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qormi_F.C.', 'summary': 'Qormi Football Club is a Maltese football club from the city of Qormi , that currently plays in the Maltese Division one .'}]}, {'value': 'Valletta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valletta_F.C.', 'summary': "Valletta Football Club is a professional football club based in Valletta , the capital city of Malta , and competes in the Maltese Premier League , the top flight of Maltese football . The club was founded in 1943 after a merge of Valletta Prestons , Valletta St. Paul 's and Valletta United , the latter being a two-time league winner before the Second World War . Considered as one of the most supported and successful clubs in Maltese football , the club has won 25 league titles , 14 FA Trophies and a record 13 Super Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordi Cruyff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordi_Cruyff', 'summary': "Johan Jordi Cruijff ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈjoːɦɑn ˈjɔrdi krœyf ] , anglicised to Cruyff ; born 9 February 1974 ) is a Dutch football coach and former player . Cruyff is the son of former player and manager Johan Cruyff . He is the head coach of the Ecuador national football team . As a footballer , he played from 1992 through to 2010 , including periods with Barcelona and Manchester United . He earned nine caps for the Netherlands national football team , playing at UEFA Euro 1996 , and he won the Premier League title in 1997 while at United . Jordi played mainly as an attacking midfielder , although he could also perform as a second striker . In his later years , notably with Metalurh Donetsk , he also played as a centre back . After starting his career with Barcelona and playing for the Netherlands aged 22 , Cruyff 's career stalled while at Manchester United , as he appeared just 36 times in the league over four years largely because of injuries . His most successful period was arguably with Deportivo Alavés , which he led to the 2001 UEFA Cup Final . He also played for Celta Vigo , RCD Espanyol and finished his playing career with Valletta in the Maltese Premier League . Under his stewardship as Maccabi Tel Aviv 's sporting director , the club became a dominant force in Israeli football . The team won consecutive league titles from 2012-2015 , as well as regularly qualifying for the Europa League and Champions League ."}]}, {'value': 'Valletta assistant manager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valletta_F.C.', 'summary': "Valletta Football Club is a professional football club based in Valletta , the capital city of Malta , and competes in the Maltese Premier League , the top flight of Maltese football . The club was founded in 1943 after a merge of Valletta Prestons , Valletta St. Paul 's and Valletta United , the latter being a two-time league winner before the Second World War . Considered as one of the most supported and successful clubs in Maltese football , the club has won 25 league titles , 14 FA Trophies and a record 13 Super Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'AEK Larnaca technical director', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AEK_Larnaca', 'summary': "AEK Larnaca FC ( Greek : AEK ; for short Αθλητική Έvωση Κίτιον Λάρνακας , romanized : Athletiki Enosi Kition Larnakas , Athletic Union Kition of Larnaca ) is a Cypriot professional football club from Larnaca , Cyprus . Their home ground as from the 2016-2017 season is the brand new AEK Arena - Georgios Karapatakis stadium with a capacity of 7,400 spectators . The club was formed in 1994 after a merger of two Larnaca clubs , EPA Larnaca and Pezoporikos . The club has also basketball sections for men AEK Larnaca BC and a volleyball section for women . The club 's name comes from the ancient Greek city-kingdom of Cyprus Kition , located on the site of today 's Larnaca . The colours of the club are yellow and green and their emblem is admiral Kimon , who died at the seafront defending the city of Kition ( modern Larnaca ) in a major battle in Cyprus at about 450 BC , in a fight against the Persians . He had told his officers to keep the news of his possible death secret . The quote Και Νεκρος Ενικα ( Even in death he was victorious ) refers to Kimon . Greatest successes of the football club are the qualification to the 2011-12 UEFA Europa League group stage and the win of Cypriot Cup in 2004 and 2018 . The highest league performance is the 2nd place in three consecutive years . In 2019 AEK signed their biggest ever shirt sponsorship with Cypriot-based betting company Bet on Alfa Ltd. in a three-year deal . It was also the first time Bet on Alfa became a major sponsor of a Cypriot professional football club ."}]}, {'value': 'Ton Caanen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ton_Caanen', 'summary': 'Ton Caanen ( born March 18 , 1966 in Geleen , Netherlands ) is a Dutch football manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Valletta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valletta_F.C.', 'summary': "Valletta Football Club is a professional football club based in Valletta , the capital city of Malta , and competes in the Maltese Premier League , the top flight of Maltese football . The club was founded in 1943 after a merge of Valletta Prestons , Valletta St. Paul 's and Valletta United , the latter being a two-time league winner before the Second World War . Considered as one of the most supported and successful clubs in Maltese football , the club has won 25 league titles , 14 FA Trophies and a record 13 Super Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'AEK Larnaca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AEK_Larnaca', 'summary': "AEK Larnaca FC ( Greek : AEK ; for short Αθλητική Έvωση Κίτιον Λάρνακας , romanized : Athletiki Enosi Kition Larnakas , Athletic Union Kition of Larnaca ) is a Cypriot professional football club from Larnaca , Cyprus . Their home ground as from the 2016-2017 season is the brand new AEK Arena - Georgios Karapatakis stadium with a capacity of 7,400 spectators . The club was formed in 1994 after a merger of two Larnaca clubs , EPA Larnaca and Pezoporikos . The club has also basketball sections for men AEK Larnaca BC and a volleyball section for women . The club 's name comes from the ancient Greek city-kingdom of Cyprus Kition , located on the site of today 's Larnaca . The colours of the club are yellow and green and their emblem is admiral Kimon , who died at the seafront defending the city of Kition ( modern Larnaca ) in a major battle in Cyprus at about 450 BC , in a fight against the Persians . He had told his officers to keep the news of his possible death secret . The quote Και Νεκρος Ενικα ( Even in death he was victorious ) refers to Kimon . Greatest successes of the football club are the qualification to the 2011-12 UEFA Europa League group stage and the win of Cypriot Cup in 2004 and 2018 . The highest league performance is the 2nd place in three consecutive years . In 2019 AEK signed their biggest ever shirt sponsorship with Cypriot-based betting company Bet on Alfa Ltd. in a three-year deal . It was also the first time Bet on Alfa became a major sponsor of a Cypriot professional football club ."}]}, {'value': 'Jesmond Zammit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dingli Swallows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dingli_Swallows_F.C.', 'summary': 'Dingli Swallows Football Club is a Maltese football club from the small village of Ħad-Dingli , which currently plays in the Maltese Third Division . The club was founded in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesmond Zerafa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesmond_Zerafa', 'summary': 'Jesmond Zerafa ( born 3 August 1965 in Malta ) is a former professional footballer . During his career , he played primarily as a striker .'}]}, {'value': 'unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valletta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valletta_F.C.', 'summary': "Valletta Football Club is a professional football club based in Valletta , the capital city of Malta , and competes in the Maltese Premier League , the top flight of Maltese football . The club was founded in 1943 after a merge of Valletta Prestons , Valletta St. Paul 's and Valletta United , the latter being a two-time league winner before the Second World War . Considered as one of the most supported and successful clubs in Maltese football , the club has won 25 league titles , 14 FA Trophies and a record 13 Super Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'Jesmond Zammit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valletta team manager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valletta_F.C.', 'summary': "Valletta Football Club is a professional football club based in Valletta , the capital city of Malta , and competes in the Maltese Premier League , the top flight of Maltese football . The club was founded in 1943 after a merge of Valletta Prestons , Valletta St. Paul 's and Valletta United , the latter being a two-time league winner before the Second World War . Considered as one of the most supported and successful clubs in Maltese football , the club has won 25 league titles , 14 FA Trophies and a record 13 Super Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Azzopardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Azzopardi', 'summary': 'Stephen Azzopardi ( born 27 August 1967 ) is a Maltese football coach .'}]}, {'value': 'unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qormi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qormi_F.C.', 'summary': 'Qormi Football Club is a Maltese football club from the city of Qormi , that currently plays in the Maltese Division one .'}]}, {'value': 'Zoran Popovic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Popovic', 'summary': 'Zoran Popović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зоран Поповић ; born 28 May 1988 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serbian club Red Star Belgrade .'}]}, {'value': 'Floriana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floriana_F.C.', 'summary': 'Floriana Football Club is a Maltese football club in the town of Floriana that currently plays in the Maltese Premier League . In all , Floriana F.C . has won 25 national leagues and 20 FA Trophies . It is also the only team from Malta to have qualified from the qualifying rounds to the first round proper of the UEFA Champions League , in the 1993-94 season .'}]}, {'value': 'released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todor Raykov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floriana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floriana_F.C.', 'summary': 'Floriana Football Club is a Maltese football club in the town of Floriana that currently plays in the Maltese Premier League . In all , Floriana F.C . has won 25 national leagues and 20 FA Trophies . It is also the only team from Malta to have qualified from the qualifying rounds to the first round proper of the UEFA Champions League , in the 1993-94 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Magro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dingli Swallows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dingli_Swallows_F.C.', 'summary': 'Dingli Swallows Football Club is a Maltese football club from the small village of Ħad-Dingli , which currently plays in the Maltese Third Division . The club was founded in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'Keith Gouder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Msida Saint-Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Msida_Saint-Joseph_F.C.', 'summary': 'Msida Saint Joseph Football Club - usually referred to as Msida St. Joseph - is a Maltese football club from the town of Msida , which currently plays in the Maltese First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iro Curmi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Msida Saint-Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Msida_Saint-Joseph_F.C.', 'summary': 'Msida Saint Joseph Football Club - usually referred to as Msida St. Joseph - is a Maltese football club from the town of Msida , which currently plays in the Maltese First Division .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Manager Transfers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Maltese_football_transfers_summer_2010_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Maltese football transfers for the 2010-11 summer transfer window by club. Only transfers of clubs in the Maltese Premier League and Maltese First Division are included. The summer transfer window will open on 1 July 2010, although a few transfers may take place prior to that date. The window will close at midnight on 31 August 2010. Players without a club may join one at any time, either during or in between transfer windows.'} | null | null | What is the nationality of the person who went to Qormi ? | Maltese |
06d20fc84d33323d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'title': '1952 College Football All-America Team', 'header': ['Name', 'Position', 'School', 'Number', 'Official', 'Other'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jack Scarbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Scarbath', 'summary': 'John Carl Scarbath ( born August 12 , 1930 ) is a former professional American football quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and Pittsburgh Steelers . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team', 'summary': "The 1952 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college football in its 32nd season as a member of the Southern Conference . However , during the 1952 season , Maryland underwent sanctions by the Southern Conference that disallowed the team from playing any conference opponents . This was in response to Maryland 's violation of a newly instituted ban on postseason play the year prior by its participation in the 1952 Sugar Bowl . Jim Tatum served as the head coach for the sixth season of his nine-year tenure . The team compiled a 7-2 record The loss against 14th-ranked Mississippi ended Maryland 's school-record 22-game winning streak . After the season , Maryland left the Southern Conference in order to become a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) ."}]}, {'value': '8/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AFCA , AP , FWAA , INS , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Look', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)', 'summary': 'Look was a biweekly , general-interest magazine published in Des Moines , Iowa , from 1937 to 1971 , with more of an emphasis on photographs than articles . A large-sized magazine of 11 in × 14 in ( 280 mm × 360 mm ) , it was generally considered a competitor to Life , which began publication months earlier and ended in 1972 , a few months after Look ceased publication . It is known for helping launch the career of film director Stanley Kubrick , who was a staff photographer . Its January 24 , 1956 , article The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi , included murder confessions from J.W . Milam and Roy Bryant , who had been acquitted in 1955 of killing 14-year-old boy Emmett Till .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Lattner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Lattner', 'summary': 'John Joseph Lattner ( October 24 , 1932 - February 12 , 2016 ) was an American football player . While playing college football for the University of Notre Dame , he won the Heisman Trophy in 1953 . He also won the Maxwell Award twice , in 1952 and 1953 . Lattner played professionally for one season in the National Football League ( NFL ) , with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'Halfback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1952 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1952 college football season .'}]}, {'value': '8/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AFCA , AP , FWAA , INS , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Vessels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Vessels', 'summary': "Billy Dale Vessels ( March 22 , 1931 - November 17 , 2001 ) was a gridiron football player . He played college football at the University of Oklahoma and won the Heisman Trophy in 1952 . Vessels went on to play professional football with the National Football League 's Baltimore Colts and the Western Interprovincial Football Union 's Edmonton Eskimos ."}]}, {'value': 'Halfback', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1952 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1952 college football season . It was the 58th season of play for the Sooners . Led by head coach Bud Wilkinson , the Sooners offense scored 407 points , while the defense allowed only 141 .'}]}, {'value': '7/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AP , FWAA , INS , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Michels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Michels_(guard)', 'summary': 'John Joseph Michels ( February 15 , 1931 - January 10 , 2019 ) was an American football offensive lineman who played for the University of Tennessee ( 1950-1952 ) and in the National Football League ( 1953 ) . In 1952 , he was a consensus first-team All-American . In 1996 , Michels was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame . He is best known for coaching the offensive line of the Minnesota Vikings every year from 1967-1993 with the exception of 1984 when he coached the running backs .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1952 Tennessee Volunteers ( variously Tennessee , UT , or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1952 college football season . Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland , in his 21st and final year , and played their home games at Shields-Watkins Field in Knoxville , Tennessee . They finished the season with a record of eight wins , two losses and one tie ( 8-2-1 overall , 5-0-1 in the SEC ) . They concluded the season with a loss against Texas in the Cotton Bowl Classic .'}]}, {'value': '6/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AP , FWAA , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank McPhee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_McPhee_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Frank Melvin McPhee ( March 19 , 1931 - March 31 , 2011 ) was an American football defensive back who played one season with the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Cardinals in the thirteenth round of the 1953 NFL Draft . McPhee played college football at Princeton University and attended Chaney High School in Youngstown , Ohio . He was a Consensus All-American in 1952 . He also served in the United States Marines .'}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}]}, {'value': 'Princeton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Princeton Tigers football program represents Princeton University and competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level as a member of the Ivy League . Princetons football program - along with the football program at nearby Rutgers University - began in 1869 with a contest that is often regarded as the beginnings of American Football .'}]}, {'value': '5/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , INS , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Modzelewski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Modzelewski', 'summary': 'Richard Blair Modzelewski ( February 16 , 1931 - October 19 , 2018 ) was an American football defensive tackle in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins , Pittsburgh Steelers , New York Giants , and the Cleveland Browns . He also served as interim head coach of the Browns in the final game of the 1977 season . Modzelewski was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AFCA , AAB , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donn Moomaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donn_Moomaw', 'summary': 'Donn Moomaw ( born October 15 , 1931 ) is a retired American football player and Presbyterian minister . Moomaw played college football for the UCLA Bruins as the center and linebacker for the team . He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins football program represents the University of California , Los Angeles , in college football as members of the Pac-12 Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level . The Bruins have enjoyed several periods of success in their history , having been ranked in the top ten of the AP Poll at least once in every decade since the poll began in the 1930s . Their first major period of success came in the 1950s , under head coach Henry Russell Sanders . Sanders led the Bruins to the Coaches ' Poll national championship in 1954 , three conference championships , and an overall record of 66-19-1 in nine years . In the 1980s and 1990s , during the tenure of Terry Donahue , the Bruins compiled a 151-74-8 record , including 13 bowl games and an NCAA record eight straight bowl wins . The program has produced 28 first round picks in the NFL Draft , 30 consensus All-Americans , and multiple major award winners , including Heisman winner Gary Beban . The UCLA Bruins ' main rival is the USC Trojans . Chip Kelly became head coach in 2018 . The Bruins were the Pac-12 Conference South Division champions for two years in a row and played Pac-12 Football Championship Games in both 2011 and 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '5/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AFCA , AP , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernie Flowers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernie_Flowers', 'summary': 'Benjamin Bernard Bernie Flowers ( February 14 , 1930 - April 14 , 2011 ) was an American football player who played at the end position for the Purdue University where he became a consensus first-team All-American in 1952 . He was drafted by the Baltimore Colts in the second round ( 14th overall pick ) of the 1953 NFL Draft but chose to play in Canada with the Ottawa Rough Riders , where his 9 touchdowns scored made him an all-star . He played one game for the Colts in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1952 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1952 Big Ten Conference football season . In their sixth season under head coach Stu Holcomb , the Boilermakers compiled a 4-3-2 record , finished in a tie with Wisconsin for first place in the Big Ten Conference with a 4-1-1 record against conference opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 188 to 151. Notable players on the 1952 Purdue team included quarterback Dale Samuels , end Bernie Flowers , center Walter Cudzik , and tackle Fred Preziosio . Flowers was selected as a consensus first-team end on the 1952 College Football All-America Team .'}]}, {'value': '5/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , FWAA , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elmer Willhoite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elmer_Willhoite', 'summary': 'Elmer Ellsworth Wilhoite ( May 3 , 1930 - August 19 , 2008 ) was an American football player and boxer . He played college football for the USC Trojans and was a consensus selection at the guard position on the 1952 College Football All-America Team .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_USC_Trojans_football_team', 'summary': "The 1952 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1952 college football season . In their second year under head coach Jess Hill , the Trojans compiled a 10-1 record ( 6-0 against conference opponents ) , won the Pacific Coast Conference championship , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 254 to 47 . The Trojans finished the season ranked # 4 in the final United Press Coaches Poll and # 5 in the final AP Poll . They faced five ranked opponents during the 1952 season and won four of those games : a 10-0 victory over # 4 California on October 25 ; a 33-0 victory over # 17 Washington on November 15 ; a 14-12 victory over # 3 UCLA on November 22 ; a 9-0 loss to Notre Dame on November 29 ; and a 7-0 victory over Wisconsin in the 1953 Rose Bowl . USC 's victory in the Rose Bowl was the first for the Pacific Coast Conference after seven consecutive losses to the representatives of the Big Ten Conference . Jim Sears led the team in passing with 51 of 105 passes completed for 739 yards , eight touchdowns and eight interceptions . Leon Sellers led the team in rushing with 103 carries for 386 yards and two touchdowns . Leon Clarke was the leading receiver with 25 catches for 372 yards and three touchdowns . Eight Trojans received honors from the Associated Press ( AP ) , United Press ( UP ) , or International News Service ( INS ) on the 1952 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team : back Jim Sears ( AP-1 [ safety ] ; INS-1 ; UP-1 [ halfback ] ) ; back Lindon Crow ( AP-1 [ defensive back ] ) ; defensive end Bob Hooks , USC ( AP-1 ) ; tackle Robert Van Doren , USC ( AP-1 [ defensive tackle ] ; INS-1 ; UP-1 ) ; guard Elmer Willhoite , USC ( AP-1 [ defensive guard ] ; INS-1 ; UP-1 ) ; guard Marv Goux , USC ( INS-1 ) ; center Lou Welsh , USC ( AP-1 ) ; and linebacker George Timberlake , USC ( AP-1 ) ."}]}, {'value': '5/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AFCA , FWAA INS , NEA , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Catlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Catlin', 'summary': 'Thomas Allen Catlin ( September 8 , 1931 - June 7 , 2008 ) was an American football player and coach . He spent a total of 37 years in the National Football League , including stints as defensive coordinator with the Buffalo Bills ( 1978-1982 ) and Seattle Seahawks ( 1983-1992 ) . Earlier , he had been a pilot in the United States Air Force . He was born in Ponca City , Oklahoma and died in Seattle , Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , FWAA , INS , NEA , SN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '--', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Miller_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Harold Maurice Miller ( February 4 , 1930 - November 21 , 2011 ) was an American football player . He played professionally as a tackle for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League ( NFL ) in 1953 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1952 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 1952 NCAA football season . Led by head coach Bobby Dodd , the Yellow Jackets went undefeated including a victory in the 1953 Sugar Bowl . Coach Bobby Dodd and the Yellow Jackets were awarded a split National Championship , winning the 1952 INS National Championship poll , sharing the Championship with the Michigan State Spartans . The team was selected national champion by Berryman , Billingsley , INS , Poling , and Sagarin ( ELO-Chess ) .'}]}, {'value': '4/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FWAA , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Sears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Sears', 'summary': 'James Herbert Jimmy Sears ( March 20 , 1931 - January 4 , 2002 ) was a professional American football defensive back/halfback in the National Football League ( NFL ) and the American Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Halfback', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3/8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP , INS , NEA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WC', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Consensus All-Americans', 'section_text': "For the year 1952 , the NCAA recognizes eight published All-American teams as `` official '' designations for purposes of its consensus determinations . The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received .", 'uid': '1952_College_Football_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'The 1952 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1952. The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1952 season are (1) the Associated Press, (2) the United Press, (3) the All-America Board, (4) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (5) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (6) the International News Service (INS), (7) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), and (8) the Sporting News. Maryland quarterback Jack Scarbath and Notre Dame halfback Johnny Lattner were the only two players to be unanimously named first-team All-Americans by all eight official selectors. Lattner was awarded the 1952 Heisman Trophy.'} | null | null | What position is played by the player who was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996 ? | Guard |
06d2571e347531cf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nemaha_County,_Nebraska', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Nemaha County, Nebraska', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 14 , 2014 ( # 14000396 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Downtown Commercial District , Courthouse Sq . & Courthouse Ave. 40°23′28″N 95°50′22″W / 40.3911°N 95.8394°W / 40.3911 ; -95.8394 ( Auburn Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John W. Bennett House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_W._Bennett_House', 'summary': 'The John W. Bennett House is a historic two-story house in Brownville , Nebraska . It was built in 1868 as an I-house for John W. Bennett , a farmer from Kentucky . It is the oldest , dated example of the I-house in Nebraska . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 16 , 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 16 , 1983 ( # 83001099 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Nebraska Highway 67 40°23′31″N 95°40′30″W / 40.39183°N 95.67497°W / 40.39183 ; -95.67497 ( John W. Bennett House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_Highway_67', 'summary': 'Nebraska Highway 67 is a highway in southeastern Nebraska . Its southern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Highway 73 near Verdon . Its northern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Highway 34 near Nehawka . The segment between Nebraska Highway 2 and US 34 is one of four segments of road in the Nebraska highway system which is gravel .'}]}, {'value': 'Brownville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownville,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Brownville is a village in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 132 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brownville Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownville_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Brownville Bridge is a truss bridge over the Missouri River on U.S. Route 136 ( US 136 ) from Nemaha County , Nebraska , to Atchison County , Missouri , at Brownville , Nebraska . It was built in 1939 by Atchison County , at a cost of $ 700,000 and was originally run as a toll bridge . It is now run by the county as a free crossing . The bridge is extremely narrow , with no shoulders and only one 8-foot lane in each direction . The bridge has undergone extensive repairs in 2009-10 . The deck was replaced , along with pier and steel structure repair . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 . The bridge was indefinitely closed to all traffic in April 2019 as a result of the 2019 Midwestern U.S. floods . As of May 2019 the bridge remains closed , with no specific planned reopening date set .'}]}, {'value': 'June 17 , 1993 ( # 93000536 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 136 over the Missouri River 40°23′57″N 95°39′06″W / 40.399167°N 95.651667°W / 40.399167 ; -95.651667 ( Brownville Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_136', 'summary': 'U.S. Highway 136 is a spur of U.S. Highway 36 . It runs from Edison , Nebraska , at U.S. Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 34 to the Interstate 74/Interstate 465 interchange in Speedway , Indiana . This is a distance of 804 miles ( 1,294 km ) . US 136 never meets its parent , US 36 . However , it does come within 2 miles of it at its interchange with I-465/I-74 at its eastern terminus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Missouri_River', 'summary': "The Missouri River is the longest river in North America . Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana , the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles ( 3,767 km ) before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis , Missouri . The river drains a sparsely populated , semi-arid watershed of more than 500,000 square miles ( 1,300,000 km2 ) , which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . Although nominally considered a tributary of the Mississippi , the Missouri River above the confluence is much longer and carries a comparable volume of water . When combined with the lower Mississippi River , it forms the world 's fourth longest river system . For over 12,000 years , people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation . More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed , most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous bison herds that roamed through the Great Plains . The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century , and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase . The Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century . The growth of the fur trade in the early 19th century laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region and blazed trails . Pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the 1830s , first by covered wagon , then by the growing numbers of steamboats that entered service on the river . Settlers took over former Native American lands in the watershed , leading to some of the most longstanding and violent wars against indigenous peoples in American history ."}]}, {'value': 'Brownville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownville,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Brownville is a village in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 132 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brownville Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1970 ( # 70000374 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bounded by Allen , Richard , Nemaha , Nebraska , 7th , and 2nd Sts. , and the Missouri River 40°23′52″N 95°39′18″W / 40.397778°N 95.655°W / 40.397778 ; -95.655 ( Brownville Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_River', 'summary': "The Missouri River is the longest river in North America . Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana , the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles ( 3,767 km ) before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis , Missouri . The river drains a sparsely populated , semi-arid watershed of more than 500,000 square miles ( 1,300,000 km2 ) , which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . Although nominally considered a tributary of the Mississippi , the Missouri River above the confluence is much longer and carries a comparable volume of water . When combined with the lower Mississippi River , it forms the world 's fourth longest river system . For over 12,000 years , people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation . More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed , most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous bison herds that roamed through the Great Plains . The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century , and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase . The Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century . The growth of the fur trade in the early 19th century laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region and blazed trails . Pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the 1830s , first by covered wagon , then by the growing numbers of steamboats that entered service on the river . Settlers took over former Native American lands in the watershed , leading to some of the most longstanding and violent wars against indigenous peoples in American history ."}]}, {'value': 'Brownville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownville,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Brownville is a village in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 132 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CAPTAIN MERIWETHER LEWIS ( dredge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Meriwether_Lewis_(dustpan_dredge)', 'summary': "The dredge Captain Meriwether Lewis is a U.S. National Historic Landmark . The dredge is one of the few surviving examples of its type built to control flooding and improve navigation along the nation 's rivers ."}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 1977 ( # 77000833 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast of Brownville 40°23′41″N 95°39′02″W / 40.394722°N 95.650556°W / 40.394722 ; -95.650556 ( CAPTAIN MERIWETHER LEWIS ( dredge ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brownville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownville,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Brownville is a village in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 132 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First United Presbyterian Church of Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_United_Presbyterian_Church_(Auburn,_Nebraska)', 'summary': 'First United Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church now located at 1322 19th Street in Auburn , Nebraska , United States . The church was organized in 1887 as the Calvert Presbyterian Church . The building , built in 1906 , was designed by Eisenbrant , Pattenger and Colby in Late Gothic Revival style , with auditorium style seating and other features of an Akron Plan church . On July 15 , 1982 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . It now uses the name of First Presbyterian Church .'}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 1982 ( # 82003199 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1322 19th St. 40°23′08″N 95°50′37″W / 40.385556°N 95.843611°W / 40.385556 ; -95.843611 ( First United Presbyterian Church of Auburn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legion Memorial Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 29 , 2004 ( # 04001407 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Generally bounded by 10th St. , 11th St. , H St. , and J St. 40°23′39″N 95°50′14″W / 40.394167°N 95.837222°W / 40.394167 ; -95.837222 ( Legion Memorial Park )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas J. Majors Farmstead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_J._Majors_Farmstead', 'summary': "The Thomas J. Majors Farmstead is a historic estate with a two-story house in Peru , Nebraska . The house was built in 1898 for Thomas Jefferson Majors , after he had served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1878 to 1879 , and as Nebraska 's lieutenant governor from 1891 to 1895 . The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 15 , 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 15 , 1978 ( # 78001707 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Peru at 800 Mulberry St. 40°29′04″N 95°44′09″W / 40.484444°N 95.735833°W / 40.484444 ; -95.735833 ( Thomas J. Majors Farmstead )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Peru is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 865 at the 2010 census . Peru State College is located in Peru .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nemaha County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nemaha_County_Courthouse_(Nebraska)', 'summary': 'The Nemaha County Courthouse is a historic building in Auburn , Nebraska , and the courthouse of Nemaha County , Nebraska . It was built by W. M. Rowles & Company in 1899 , and designed in the Romanesque Revival style by German-born architect George A. Berlinghof . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 10 , 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 10 , 1990 ( # 89002243 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1824 N St. 40°23′08″N 95°50′40″W / 40.385556°N 95.844444°W / 40.385556 ; -95.844444 ( Nemaha County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Opera House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Opera_House_(Auburn,_Nebraska)', 'summary': 'The New Opera House is a historic building in Auburn , Nebraska . It was built by William Dorrum in 1894 for the Auburn Building and Improvement Association . Over the years , it hosted many performances and political events , including speeches by Congressman/Senator Elmer Burkett as well as Governor George L. Sheldon . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 28 , 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 1988 ( # 88000936 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '921 Central Ave. 40°23′34″N 95°50′19″W / 40.39265°N 95.83854°W / 40.39265 ; -95.83854 ( New Opera House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilber T. Reed House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilber_T._Reed_House', 'summary': 'The Wilbert T. Reed House is a historic house in Auburn , Nebraska . It was built in 1884 for Wilmer T. Reed , a settler from Ohio . Reed became a grocer in Auburn , then known as Sheridan , in 1875 , only seven years after the town had been established . His house was designed in the Italianate architectural style . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 24 , 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 24 , 1980 ( # 80002458 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1204 N St. 40°23′33″N 95°50′40″W / 40.39253°N 95.84433°W / 40.39253 ; -95.84433 ( Wilber T. Reed House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Lutheran Church Complex", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Lutheran_Church_Complex", 'summary': "St. John 's Lutheran Church Complex is a historic church complex , including two church buildings , a parsonage , and a cemetery , in Auburn , Nebraska . The Old Stone church was built in 1867-1868 , and designed by Christian Schwan , a German immigrant . Another church was built in 1903 , and designed in the Late Gothic Revival architectural style . A two-story parsonage was completed in 1925 . The complex includes a cemetery with over 500 tombstones . The church complex has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 25 , 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1979 ( # 79001452 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "63289 725 Rd . 40°20′00″N 95°57′26″W / 40.33341°N 95.95725°W / 40.33341 ; -95.95725 ( St. John 's Lutheran Church Complex )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US Post Office-Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_Post_Office-Auburn', 'summary': 'The Auburn United States Post Office is a historic building in Auburn , Nebraska . It was built in 1936-1937 , and designed in the Georgian Revival architectural style . Inside , there is a mural by Ethel Magafan , completed in June 1938 . The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 11 , 1992 . It was recorded in the NRIS database as US Post Office-Auburn .'}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1992 ( # 92000480 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1320 Courthouse Ave. 40°23′28″N 95°50′23″W / 40.39101°N 95.83974°W / 40.39101 ; -95.83974 ( US Post Office-Auburn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in Nemaha County , Nebraska , United States , and its county seat . The population was 3,460 at the 2010 census .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Listings county-wide', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nemaha_County,_Nebraska_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Nemaha County, Nebraska. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Nemaha County, Nebraska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'} | null | null | What is the Date Listed of the historic place that was originally run as a toll bridge ? | # 93000536 |
06d3e9d8127490c9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auto_racing_tracks_in_Canada', 'title': 'List of auto racing tracks in Canada', 'header': ['Track', 'City', 'Province', 'Opened ( closing date if defunct )', 'Major series', 'Length'], 'data': [{'value': 'Autodrome Chaudière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autodrome_Chaudière', 'summary': "Autodrome Chaudière is a 1/4 mile , high banked , asphalt short track located in Vallée-Jonction , Quebec , Canada , about 65 kilometres south of Quebec City . The circuit opened in 1992 as a dirt track ; in 2005 , the track underwent resurfacing to convert it into an asphalt track . Notable series which have competed at Autodrome Chaudiere include the ACT Castrol Series , PASS North Series , ISMA Racing Series and Sportsman Quebec . The track has also hosted a NASCAR Pinty 's Series race every year since June 2014 . The track record , 10.77 seconds , was established on 22 June 2013 by American driver Ben Seitz from the ISMA Racing Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Vallée-Jonction 46°22′20″N 70°56′34″W / 46.37222°N 70.94278°W / 46.37222 ; -70.94278 ( Autodrome Chaudière )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallée-Jonction,_Quebec', 'summary': "Vallée-Jonction is a municipality in the Municipalité régionale de comté de la Nouvelle-Beauce in Quebec , Canada . It is part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region and the population is 1,895 as of 2009 . In 1881 , the Lévis and Kennebec Railway opened a train station between Sainte-Marie and Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce named Beauce-Jonction . When the Quebec Central Railway bought it in 1882 , Beauce-Jonction became one of the most important train stations on the Lévis-Sherbrooke line . In 1900 , the parish of L'Enfant-Jésus was constituted and part of its territory was detached in 1924 to form a village of the same name , but known locally as Beauce-Junction , after the post office opened in 1883 . The village changed its name to Vallée-Jonction in 1949 . L'Enfant-Jésus and Vallée-Jonction amalgamated in 1989 to form the current municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NASCAR Pinty 's ACT", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/NASCAR_Pinty's_Series", 'summary': "The NASCAR Pinty 's Series ( French : Série NASCAR Pinty 's ) , commonly abbreviated as NPS , is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada , with one race in the United States , that is a continuation of the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Canadian_Tour', 'summary': "The American Canadian Tour ( ACT ) is a late model stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States , and Quebec , Canada . The current American-Canadian Tour Late Model Tour was founded in 1992 as a cost-cutting , regional touring division conducts races across New England and Quebec . The ACT Late Model Tour will open it 's 29th season in April 2020 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Autodrome Montmagny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autodrome_Montmagny', 'summary': "The Autodrome Montmagny is a multi-track motorsport venue located in Montmagny ( Canada ) , approximately 80 km east of Quebec City . The facility features a 3/8-mile-long oval track , a 2 km road course and a dragstrip . Inaugurated in 1994 , it was originally a one-half-mile oval dirt track ( about 0.8 km ) . In 1998 , it was paved and reduced to its present oval length . The road course was built for the 2014 season , using the oval track . The racetrack was the property of the American stock car driver Ralph Nason for a decade before being sold to local owners in 2010 . The track hosts stock car races ( Quebec 's ACT Series , PASS North , Sportsman Quebec ) and drift competition ( Drift Mania Canadian Championship ) . Road ( car and motorcycle ) and drag racing are planned for 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Montmagny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montmagny,_Quebec', 'summary': "Montmagny ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔ̃maɲi ] ) is a city in the Montmagny Regional County Municipality within the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec . It is the county seat and had a population , as of the Canada 2011 Census , of 11,491 . The city is on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River , east of Quebec City , and was founded more than 350 years ago . It is Canada 's Snow Goose Capital , and festivals include the International Accordion Festival in September and the Festival of the Snow Geese in October . The city was named after Charles de Montmagny , the first to have the title of governor of New France . ( Samuel de Champlain was commander in chief . ) Montmagny was the county seat of the former Montmagny County ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CASCAR ACT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Canadian_Tour', 'summary': "The American Canadian Tour ( ACT ) is a late model stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States , and Quebec , Canada . The current American-Canadian Tour Late Model Tour was founded in 1992 as a cost-cutting , regional touring division conducts races across New England and Quebec . The ACT Late Model Tour will open it 's 29th season in April 2020 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Autodrome Saguenay Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicoutimi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicoutimi,_Québec', 'summary': 'Chicoutimi /ʃɪˈkuːtɪmi/ is the most populous borough ( arrondissement ) of the city of Saguenay in Quebec , Canada . It is situated at the confluence of the Saguenay and Chicoutimi rivers . During the 20th century , it became the main administrative and commercial centre of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region . In 2002 it merged into the new city of Saguenay and forms the heart of the 5th-largest urban area of the province of Quebec . At the 2011 census , its population was 66,547 .'}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '1966-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CASCAR ACT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Canadian_Tour', 'summary': "The American Canadian Tour ( ACT ) is a late model stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States , and Quebec , Canada . The current American-Canadian Tour Late Model Tour was founded in 1992 as a cost-cutting , regional touring division conducts races across New England and Quebec . The ACT Late Model Tour will open it 's 29th season in April 2020 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire ."}]}, {'value': '0.333 miles ( 0.536 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Autodrome St-Eustache', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autodrome_St-Eustache', 'summary': "The Autodrome Saint-Eustache is a motor sport complex in Saint-Eustache , Quebec , Canada established in 1965 , which contains a .40-mile paved oval and a one-mile paved road course with hot pits , grandstands and services . The oval circuit hosts NASCAR Whelen All-American Series weekly racing , with drivers racing for both the province ( Quebec ) and the rest of North America . Its premier event is the NASCAR Pinty 's Series which has been coming since the creation of the series and it has formerly held CASCAR Super Series events ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Eustache', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Saint-Eustache is an off-island suburb of Montreal , in western Quebec , Canada , west of Montreal on the north shore of the Rivière des Mille Îles . It is located 35 km ( 22 mi ) northwest of Montreal .'}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serie ACT Castrol , NASCAR Canadian Tire Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Canadian_Tour', 'summary': "The American Canadian Tour ( ACT ) is a late model stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States , and Quebec , Canada . The current American-Canadian Tour Late Model Tour was founded in 1992 as a cost-cutting , regional touring division conducts races across New England and Quebec . The ACT Late Model Tour will open it 's 29th season in April 2020 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NASCAR_Canadian_Tire_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Pinty 's Series ( French : Série NASCAR Pinty 's ) , commonly abbreviated as NPS , is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada , with one race in the United States , that is a continuation of the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': '0.4 miles ( 0.64 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrie Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrie_Speedway', 'summary': 'Barrie Speedway was a 1/3-mile tri-oval racing track located in Oro-Medonte , Ontario , Canada , north of Barrie . It was a member of the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series for the Ontario Provincial and National ( Continental ) championships , and hosted a NASCAR Canadian Tire Series race .'}]}, {'value': 'Barrie 44°28′38″N 79°30′54″W / 44.47722°N 79.51500°W / 44.47722 ; -79.51500 ( Barrie Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrie,_Ontario', 'summary': "Barrie is a city , and manifesting regional centre in Central Ontario , Canada , positioned on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay , the western arm of Lake Simcoe . The city is located geographically within Simcoe County , however , it is a politically independent single-tier municipality . It is part of the historically significant Huronia region of Central Ontario and is within the northern part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe , a densely populated and industrialized region of Ontario . As of the 2016 census , the city 's population was 141,434 making it the 34th largest in Canada in terms of population proper . The Barrie census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as of the same census had a population of 197,059 residents , making the city the 21st largest CMA in Canada . The city itself has seen significant growth in recent decades due to its emergence as a bedroom community , and its relatively close proximity to the city of Toronto . Barrie is situated approximately 86.6 kilometres ( 53.8 mi ) from the Toronto Pearson International Airport and 109 kilometres ( 68 mi ) from Downtown Toronto , representing the city 's highly centralized and historically strategic geographical orientation and its ease of access to major centres and airports across the region . The Barrie area was first settled during the War of 1812 as a key supply depot for British forces . It would be named twenty years later for Sir Robert Barrie , who consistently commanded forces through the region . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Barrie 's emergence as a bedroom community for the city of Toronto grew in prominence , and its economy would be wrapped around the education , healthcare , information technology and service sectors . Being located in the climatically deterrent snowbelt region of southern Ontario , Barrie is notorious for its deluging snow squalls in the winter . In the summer , its position within a convergence of breezes originating from the surrounding Great Lakes can provoke intense thunderstorms ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1965-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NASCAR Pinty 's CASCAR", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/NASCAR_Pinty's_Series", 'summary': "The NASCAR Pinty 's Series ( French : Série NASCAR Pinty 's ) , commonly abbreviated as NPS , is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada , with one race in the United States , that is a continuation of the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}]}, {'value': '0.333 miles ( 0.536 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Motor Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Motor_Speedway', 'summary': "Canadian Motor Speedway is a motorsports park , currently stuck in development hell , that was planned to be built in Fort Erie , Ontario , Canada . The development would be located on an 821 acres ( 332 hectares ) adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Way highway . It consists of a 1.2 kilometer ( ¾ mile ) progressive bank oval and 3.2 kilometer ( 2 mile ) road course . With 65,000 seats and 40 suites , Canadian Motor Speedway would be the largest speedway in Canada and the second-largest sporting venue , in terms of seating capacity , in the country ( behind only Montreal 's Olympic Stadium ) . Its location provides it with a large market area , being 6.4 kilometers ( 4 miles ) from the Canada/USA border with Buffalo , N.Y. and 17 kilometers ( 11 miles ) from Niagara Falls . It is a hybrid development with aspects that would make it unique from other racetracks . It will have the two race courses as well as , Research and Development , Light Industrial and Commercial areas on the site . A specific objective is to develop relevance for motorsports through the initiatives of the Research and Development area , which concentrates on advancing fuels , materials and power train technologies , while augmenting environmental sustainability through a bio diversity initiative . Further benefits from the development include providing a strong employment base , with a projected 730 operational jobs for the Speedway , R & D , Light Industrial and Commercial zones and 1,200 construction jobs over 21 months for the speedway and road course . Events would draw patrons from areas outside of the Niagara region to increase the number of tourists to the area . The result is a proposed new dollar economic impact of $ 400 million annually . Daily activities would include R & D testing , road course track days ( for car and motorcycle clubs ) , driver experience sessions on the oval , corporate team-building seminars/track time , charity fundraiser events , motocross and kart practice sessions , and snowmobile sessions in season ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Erie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario', 'summary': "Fort Erie is a town on the Niagara River in the Niagara Region , Ontario , Canada . It is directly across the river from Buffalo , New York and is the site of Old Fort Erie which played a prominent role in the War of 1812 . Fort Erie is one of Niagara 's fastest growing communities , and has experienced a high level of residential and commercial development in the past few years . Garrison Road ( Niagara Regional Road 3 ) is the town 's commercial corridor , stretching east to west through Fort Erie . Fort Erie is also home to other commercial core areas ( Bridgeburg , Ridgeway , Stevensville and Crystal Beach ) as a result of the 1970 amalgamation of Bertie Township and the village of Crystal Beach with Fort Erie . Crystal Beach Amusement Park occupied waterfront land at Crystal Beach , Ontario from 1888 until the park 's closure in 1989 . The beach is part of Fort Erie ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'TBD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.75 miles ( 1.21 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital City Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_City_Speedway', 'summary': "Capital City Speedway was a racetrack in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , located 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) southwest of Stittsville , Ontario . The Speedway included a dragstrip and a 3/8th mile oval , and ran five different series including the 4 For Fun class , Mini Stock Class , Thunder Car Class , ACT Late Model Class and the Lentch Automotive Legends Class . The Speedway 's racing season ran from May until September annually . The Speedway has been closed since 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa 45°14′31″N 75°59′20″W / 45.242°N 75.989°W / 45.242 ; -75.989 ( Capital City Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1961-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CASCAR ACT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Canadian_Tour', 'summary': "The American Canadian Tour ( ACT ) is a late model stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States , and Quebec , Canada . The current American-Canadian Tour Late Model Tour was founded in 1992 as a cost-cutting , regional touring division conducts races across New England and Quebec . The ACT Late Model Tour will open it 's 29th season in April 2020 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre for Speed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shediac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shediac,_New_Brunswick', 'summary': "Shediac ( 2016 population : 6,664 ) is a Canadian town in Westmorland County , New Brunswick . The town is known as the Lobster Capital of the World and hosts an annual festival every July which promotes its ties to lobster fishing . At the western entrance to the town is a 90-tonne sculpture called The World 's Largest Lobster ."}]}, {'value': 'New Brunswick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Brunswick', 'summary': "New Brunswick is one of four Atlantic provinces on the east coast of Canada . According to the Constitution of Canada , New Brunswick is the only bilingual province . About two-thirds of the population declare themselves anglophones , and one third francophones . One-third of the population describes themselves as bilingual . Atypically for Canada , only about half of the population lives in urban areas , mostly in Greater Moncton , Greater Saint John and the capital Fredericton . Unlike the other Maritime provinces , New Brunswick 's terrain is mostly forested uplands , with much of the land further from the coast , giving it a harsher climate . New Brunswick is 83% forested and less densely-populated than the rest of the Maritimes . Being relatively close to Europe , New Brunswick was among the first places in North America to be explored and settled by Europeans , starting with the French in the early 1600s , who displaced the indigenous Mi'kmaq , Maliseet , and the Passamaquoddy peoples . The French settlers were later displaced when the area became part of the British Empire . In 1784 , after an influx of refugees from the American Revolutionary War , the province was partitioned from Nova Scotia . In 1785 Saint John became Canada 's first incorporated city . The province prospered in the early 1800s and the population grew rapidly , reaching about a quarter of a million by mid-century ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sportsman , Street Stock , Mini Stock , Four for Fun , Atlantic Open Wheel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Checker Flag Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windsor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario', 'summary': "Windsor is a city in southwestern Ontario , Canada , on the south bank of the Detroit River directly across from Detroit , Michigan . Located in Essex County , it is the southernmost city in Canada and marks the southwestern end of the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . The city 's population was 217,188 at the 2016 census , making it the third-most populated city in Southwestern Ontario , after London and Kitchener . The Detroit-Windsor urban area is North America 's most populous trans-border conurbation , and the Ambassador Bridge border crossing is the busiest commercial crossing on the Canada-United States border . Windsor is a major contributor to Canada 's automotive industry and is culturally diverse . Known as the Automotive Capital of Canada , Windsor 's industrial and manufacturing heritage is responsible for how the city has developed through the years ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1961-1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CASCAR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circuit Riverside Speedway Ste-Croix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circuit_Riverside_Speedway_Ste-Croix', 'summary': "The Circuit Riverside Speedway Ste-Croix is a multi-track motorsport venue located in Sainte-Croix , Quebec ( Canada ) , approximatively 60 km west of Quebec City , on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River . The facility features a 5/8-mile length oval speedway and a 1,7 km 9-turn road course . The configuration of the oval track , long straights with tight curves , reminiscent of the famous Martinsville Speedway in Virginia . The track opened in 1971 but closed just three years later in 1974 due to financial problems . The oval track was relaunched in 1985 thanks to a new promoter . The track hosted many races of the American Canadian Tour series , whether the ACT Pro Stock Tour , the ACT Late Model Tour or Quebec 's Série ACT . The original road course was of 2.5 km length , using the oval track and climbing the hill near Route 132 . A new shorter road course ( 1.7 km ) was laid out in 2000 , still using the oval track ."}]}, {'value': 'Sainte-Croix 46°37′55″N 71°47′17″W / 46.63194°N 71.78806°W / 46.63194 ; -71.78806 ( Circuit Riverside Speedway Ste-Croix )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sainte-Croix,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Sainte-Croix is a municipality in and the seat of the Municipalité régionale de comté de Lotbinière in Quebec , Canada . It is part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region and the population is 2,433 as of 2009 . The new constitution dates from 2001 , after the amalgamation of the parish and the village of Sainte-Croix .'}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CASCAR ACT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Canadian_Tour', 'summary': "The American Canadian Tour ( ACT ) is a late model stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States , and Quebec , Canada . The current American-Canadian Tour Late Model Tour was founded in 1992 as a cost-cutting , regional touring division conducts races across New England and Quebec . The ACT Late Model Tour will open it 's 29th season in April 2020 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire ."}]}, {'value': '0.625 miles ( 1.006 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware_Speedway', 'summary': 'Delaware Speedway is a half-mile paved race track that is one of the oldest continuously operating tracks in Canada . It is located a few minutes west of London , Ontario northeast of Delaware , Ontario . It hosts stock car racing every Friday night during the summer . The track opened in 1952 as a quarter-mile dirt track that was paved in 1960 . In August 1969 , the track was expanded to a 1/2 mile paved oval and continues today .'}]}, {'value': 'Delaware 42°55′49″N 81°25′4″W / 42.93028°N 81.41778°W / 42.93028 ; -81.41778 ( Delaware Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Delaware , Ontario is a community located about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) west of and outside of London , Ontario , within Middlesex County . Delaware straddles the Thames River . Delaware is accessed by the old highway ( Highway 2 ) linking London and Chatham and the freeway ( Highway 402 ) linking Sarnia along with Port Huron and Toronto .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NASCAR Pinty 's NASCAR Modified CASCAR ARCA", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/NASCAR_Pinty's_Series", 'summary': "The NASCAR Pinty 's Series ( French : Série NASCAR Pinty 's ) , commonly abbreviated as NPS , is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada , with one race in the United States , that is a continuation of the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whelen_Modified_Tour', 'summary': "The NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour ( NWMT ) ( previously the NASCAR Winston Modified Tour and NASCAR Featherlite Modified Series from 1985 until 2005 ) is a stock car racing series owned and operated by NASCAR in the Modified Division . The Modified Division is NASCAR 's oldest division , and is the only open-wheeled division that NASCAR sanctions . NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour events are mainly held in the northeastern United States , but the 2007 and 2008 tours expanded to the Midwest with the addition of a race in Mansfield , Ohio . The tour races primarily on short oval paved tracks , but the NWMT also has made appearances at larger ovals and road courses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ARCA_Racing_Series', 'summary': 'The ARCA Menards Series is an American stock car series , the premier division of the Automobile Racing Club of America ( ARCA ) . It is considered a minor , semi-professional league of stock car racing , used as a feeder series into the three national touring series of NASCAR , and hosts events at a variety of track types including superspeedways , road courses , and dirt tracks . The series has a longstanding relationship with NASCAR , including using former NASCAR Cup Series cars , hosting events in the same race weekend such as Daytona Speedweeks , and naming an award after NASCAR founder Bill France , Sr . The series was not officially affiliated with NASCAR until its buyout on April 27 , 2018 . The series was known as the ARCA Permatex SuperCar Series from 1986 until 1991 , the ARCA Hooters SuperCar Series from 1993 until 1995 , and as the ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series from 1996 to 2000 . The series was sponsored by real estate company RE/MAX as the ARCA RE/MAX Series from 2001 until 2009 . Midwest-based home improvement company Menards began sponsoring the series in 2010 jointly with RE/MAX , and became the lone presenting sponsor in 2011 , and from then until February 2019 the series was known as the ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards .'}]}, {'value': '0.5 miles ( 0.80 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton International Raceway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_International_Raceway', 'summary': "Edmonton International Raceway is a 1/4 mile paved oval auto racing facility , located outside Wetaskiwin , Alberta , Canada , approximately 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Edmonton . The track is the first in Alberta to be sanctioned by NASCAR , and hosts races in the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series . It hosted its first NASCAR Pinty 's Series race in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wetaskiwin 52°59′16″N 113°27′8″W / 52.98778°N 113.45222°W / 52.98778 ; -113.45222 ( Edmonton International Raceway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wetaskiwin', 'summary': "Wetaskiwin ( /wəˈtæskəwɪn , -kwɪn/ ) is a city in the province of Alberta , Canada . The city is located 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton . The city name comes from the Cree word wītaskiwinihk , meaning the hills where peace was made . Wetaskiwin is home to the Reynolds-Alberta Museum , a museum dedicated to celebrating the spirit of the machine as well as the Wetaskiwin and District Heritage Museum , which documents the pioneer arrival and lifestyle in Wetaskiwin 's early years . Southeast of Wetaskiwin , the Alberta Central Railway Museum acknowledges the impact that the railway had on Central Alberta . Canada 's Aviation Hall of Fame is also located a short walk away from the museum . The city is well known in Western Canada for the slogan and jingle Cars cost less in Wetaskiwin , from the Wetaskiwin Auto Dealers Association . Both have been in print , radio , and television advertisements since the mid-1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NASCAR Pinty 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/NASCAR_Pinty's_Series", 'summary': "The NASCAR Pinty 's Series ( French : Série NASCAR Pinty 's ) , commonly abbreviated as NPS , is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada , with one race in the United States , that is a continuation of the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exhibition Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exhibition_Stadium', 'summary': 'Canadian National Exhibition Stadium ( commonly known as Exhibition Stadium and CNE Stadium ) was a multi-purpose stadium that formerly stood on the Exhibition Place grounds , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Originally built for Canadian National Exhibition events , the stadium served as the home of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League , from 1959-1988 , the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball from 1977-1989 , and the Toronto Blizzard of the North American Soccer League from 1979-1983 . The stadium hosted the Grey Cup game 12 times over a 24-year period . In 1999 , the stadium was demolished and the site was used for parking until 2006 . BMO Field was built on the site in 2007 roughly where the northern end of the covered grandstand once stood . The grandstand ( known as CNE Grandstand ) was used extensively throughout the summer months for hosting concerts .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto 43°37′55″N 79°25′4″W / 43.63194°N 79.41778°W / 43.63194 ; -79.41778 ( Exhibition Stadium )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1952-1966 , 1990 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASCAR Sprint Cup CASCAR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Cup Series is the top racing series of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) . The series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Division , and from 1950 to 1970 it was known as the Grand National Division . In 1971 , when the series began leasing its naming rights to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company , it was referred to as the NASCAR Winston Cup Series ( 1971-2003 ) . A similar deal was made with Nextel in 2003 , and it became the NASCAR Nextel Cup Series ( 2004-2007 ) . Sprint acquired Nextel in 2005 , and in 2008 the series was renamed the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series ( 2008-2016 ) . In December 2016 , it was announced that Monster Energy would become the new title sponsor and the series was renamed the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 2017-2019 ) . In 2019 , NASCAR rejected Monster 's offer to extend the current naming rights deal beyond the end of the season . NASCAR subsequently announced its move to a new tiered sponsorship model beginning with the 2020 season similar to other US based professional sports leagues , where it was simply known as the NASCAR Cup Series . The four Premier Partners are Busch Beer , Coca-Cola , GEICO , and Xfinity . The championship is determined by a points system , with points being awarded according to finish placement and number of laps led . The season is divided into two segments . After the first 26 races , 16 drivers , selected primarily on the basis of wins during the first 26 races , are seeded based on their total number of wins ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}]}, {'value': '0.333 miles ( 0.536 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flamboro Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flamboro_Speedway', 'summary': 'Flamboro Speedway is a 1/3-mile semi-banked asphalt oval auto racing track in Millgrove , Ontario . The track was established in 1962 . It hosts stock car racing every Saturday night during the summer in five categories : Late Model , Mini Stocks , Thunder Cars , Pure Stocks and Pro 4 Modified . Flamboro speedway has a go-cart track contained with the oval ; which utilized by the Waterloo Region Karting Club . In 2011 , the speedway celebrated its 50th anniversary .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton 43°19′42″N 80°01′25″W / 43.328234°N 80.023583°W / 43.328234 ; -80.023583 ( Flamboro Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario . An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario , Hamilton has a population of 536,917 , and its census metropolitan area , which includes Burlington and Grimsby , has a population of 747,545 . The city is 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) southwest of Toronto , with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) is formed . On January 1 , 2001 , the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians . Since 1981 , the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario . Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens , the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum , the Bruce Trail , McMaster University , Redeemer University College and Mohawk College . McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018-19 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CASCAR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Full Throttle Motor Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Varney 44°07′31″N 80°48′06″W / 44.12520°N 80.80168°W / 44.12520 ; -80.80168 ( Full Throttle Motor Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varney,_Ontario', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Bend Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Bend_Motorplex', 'summary': "Grand Bend Motorplex is a dedicated multi-use motorsports facility located southeast of Grand Bend , Ontario , Canada . It features IHRA Championship Drag Racing on its 1/4 mile dragstrip as well as two competitive Motorcross tracks and is home of the annual IHRA Mopar Canadian Nationals , Canada 's longest running and largest National Event Drag race . Special features include concerts with some of Canada 's recording stars and an onsite motorhome area and camping compound . The park also includes a dedicated kid 's play area , multiple washroom and shower buildings , souvenir store and four separate concession buildings serving a variety of food ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Bend 43°17′28″N 81°43′06″W / 43.2911°N 81.7182°W / 43.2911 ; -81.7182 ( Grand Bend Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Bend,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Grand Bend is a community located on the shores of Lake Huron in Southwestern Ontario , Canada . It is part of the Municipality of Lambton Shores in Lambton County .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hythe Motor Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hythe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hythe,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Hythe is a village surrounded by the County of Grande Prairie No . 1 in northwestern Alberta , Canada . It is located on Highway 43 approximately 58 km ( 36 mi ) northwest of the City of Grande Prairie and 73 km ( 45 mi ) southeast of the City of Dawson Creek , British Columbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I.M.C.A Modifieds , I.M.C.A Stocks , Legends , Mini Stocks , Mini Sprints , Super Trucks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jukasa Motor Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jukasa_Motor_Speedway', 'summary': 'The Jukasa Motor Speedway , formerly known as Cayuga Speedway and the Cayuga 2000 Speedway , is an auto racing track located near Cayuga in Haldimand County , Ontario , Canada . Famous stock car drivers including Matt Kenseth , Bobby Allison , Benny Parsons , Luc Haukaas , Don Biederman and Dick Trickle have participated in racing events at Jukasa Motor Speedway on a professional level .'}]}, {'value': 'Cayuga 42°56′8″N 79°58′0″W / 42.93556°N 79.96667°W / 42.93556 ; -79.96667 ( Cayuga Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayuga,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Cayuga ( /keɪˈjuːɡə/ kay-YOO-gə ) is an unincorporated community and county seat of Haldimand County , Ontario , Canada located at the intersection of Highway 3 and Munsee Street and along the Grand River . Cayuga is about a 20-minute drive from Lake Erie and 30 minutes south of Hamilton and 115 minutes south of Toronto and consequently it has some cottages and recreational properties in the area . In the past , there was some light industry . It has the local district detachment for the Ontario Provincial Police . It is also uniquely located among larger communities on both the American and Canadian sides of the border boasting television reception from Toronto , Buffalo , New York , Hamilton , Kitchener and Erie , Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1966-2010 , 2017-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NASCAR Pinty 's NASCAR North CASCAR ARCA ASA", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/NASCAR_Pinty's_Series", 'summary': "The NASCAR Pinty 's Series ( French : Série NASCAR Pinty 's ) , commonly abbreviated as NPS , is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada , with one race in the United States , that is a continuation of the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NASCAR_North_Tour', 'summary': "The American Canadian Tour ( ACT ) is a late model stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States , and Quebec , Canada . The current American-Canadian Tour Late Model Tour was founded in 1992 as a cost-cutting , regional touring division conducts races across New England and Quebec . The ACT Late Model Tour will open it 's 29th season in April 2020 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ARCA_Racing_Series', 'summary': 'The ARCA Menards Series is an American stock car series , the premier division of the Automobile Racing Club of America ( ARCA ) . It is considered a minor , semi-professional league of stock car racing , used as a feeder series into the three national touring series of NASCAR , and hosts events at a variety of track types including superspeedways , road courses , and dirt tracks . The series has a longstanding relationship with NASCAR , including using former NASCAR Cup Series cars , hosting events in the same race weekend such as Daytona Speedweeks , and naming an award after NASCAR founder Bill France , Sr . The series was not officially affiliated with NASCAR until its buyout on April 27 , 2018 . The series was known as the ARCA Permatex SuperCar Series from 1986 until 1991 , the ARCA Hooters SuperCar Series from 1993 until 1995 , and as the ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series from 1996 to 2000 . The series was sponsored by real estate company RE/MAX as the ARCA RE/MAX Series from 2001 until 2009 . Midwest-based home improvement company Menards began sponsoring the series in 2010 jointly with RE/MAX , and became the lone presenting sponsor in 2011 , and from then until February 2019 the series was known as the ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Speed_Association', 'summary': 'The American Speed Association ( ASA ) was a sanctioning body of motorsports in the United States formed in 1968 . The Association was based in Pendleton , Indiana , and later in Daytona Beach , Florida . The ASA sanctioned asphalt and dirt tracks in their ASA Member Track program along with racing series in the United States and Canada . The organization has not been active since 2014 . ASA was most famous for a national touring series which began in 1973 but was discontinued in 2004 due to financial difficulties . In 2005 , ASA became primarily a short track sanctioning clearinghouse under the leadership of Dennis Huth . The cars from the ASA National tour also raced in England in the now-defunct Stock Car Speed Association ( formally ASCAR ) .'}]}, {'value': '0.625 miles ( 1.006 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawartha Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawartha_Speedway', 'summary': "Kawartha Speedway is a 3/8 mile paved oval located in Fraserville , Ontario , approximately 10 km southwest of Peterborough . The paved track is within the harness racing track , temporary grandstands are brought onto the harness racing tracks surface . In 2006 , Kawartha Speedway held the final CASCAR Super Series race before it became the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series in 2007 . Since 2004 , Kawartha was the host of the CASCAR Super Series finale . Kawartha Speedway held the finale of the inaugural NASCAR Canadian Tire Series Season which was won by Scott Steckly . The following year , Jason Hathaway picked up his first ever win , and in 2009 D.J . Kennington won . The facility is also host to a number of other racing venues . After some additional paving of the infield , Kawartha Durham Kart Club made the speedway its home track in 2009 . With a variety of track layouts it has proven to be a popular venue within the karting community . The Peterborough Motor Sports Club also hosts solo events as part of the club 's championship season , bringing in a wide variety of vehicles from stock to fully modified rally cars . Although hard to notice if you are not looking , there is also a specially constructed course for soap box cars ."}]}, {'value': 'Fraserville 44°12′32″N 78°23′30″W / 44.20889°N 78.39167°W / 44.20889 ; -78.39167 ( Kawartha Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fraserville,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Cavan Monaghan ( known as Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan until 2007 ) is a township in Peterborough County in central-eastern Ontario , Canada , 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) southwest of the city of Peterborough .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NASCAR Pinty 's CASCAR", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/NASCAR_Pinty's_Series", 'summary': "The NASCAR Pinty 's Series ( French : Série NASCAR Pinty 's ) , commonly abbreviated as NPS , is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada , with one race in the United States , that is a continuation of the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CASCAR', 'summary': 'The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( CASCAR ) was the governing body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kings Park Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_Park_Speedway', 'summary': 'Kings Park Speedway is an auto racing facility located north-east of Regina and north-west of Pilot Butte , Saskatchewan , Canada , operated by the Regina Auto Racing Club . The facility features a 1/3 mile high-banked paved oval with longer straights and tight turns , paper clip style track . It is primarily used for stock car racing . Originally opened in 1967 as a dirt oval , it was paved in 1970 and re-paved in 2007 . In 2010 it hosted events such has Pro Trucks , Baby Grand racing series , Legends of Alberta , Western Canada Super Late Model Racing Series & Evolution Mini Cup Car series , and numerous provincial racing divisions . In 2016 it held regular races in the Street Stock , Bomber and Mini stock classes . 2015 special events included Drifting , trailer racing , and wheelies . In 2017 Kings Park Speedway celebrated its 50th season .'}]}, {'value': 'Regina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Regina ( /rɪˈdʒaɪnə/ ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The city is the second-largest in the province , after Saskatoon , and a cultural and commercial centre for southern Saskatchewan . As of the 2016 census , Regina had a city population of 215,106 , and a Metropolitan Area population of 236,481 . It is governed by Regina City Council . The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No . 159 . Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories , of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part , and of the District of Assiniboia . The site was previously called Wascana ( Buffalo Bones in Cree ) , but was renamed to Regina ( Latin for Queen ) in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria . This decision was made by Queen Victoria 's daughter Princess Louise , who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada , the Marquess of Lorne . Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West , on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off , Wascana Creek . Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek to create a decorative lake to the south of the central business district with a dam a block and a half west of the later elaborate 260-metre ( 850 ft ) long Albert Street Bridge across the new lake . Regina 's importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.333 miles ( 0.536 km )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Paved ovals', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX', 'uid': 'List_of_auto_racing_tracks_in_Canada_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of auto racing tracks in Canada. The number of turns and track length are based on the standard, full courses for each track. The major series in bold listed are currently hold a race at the track.'} | null | null | As of July 2018 , what was the population of the Exhibition Stadium track ? | 2,954,024 |
06d4e239eb853ee4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_MLS_SuperDraft', 'title': '2002 MLS SuperDraft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Ludwig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutgers University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_University', 'summary': "Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey ( /ˈrʌtɡərz/ ) , commonly referred to as Rutgers University , or RU , is an American public research university in New Jersey . It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey . Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen 's College on November 10 , 1766 . It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers . For most of its existence , Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956 . Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey : New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway , the Newark campus , and the Camden campus . The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state . Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance , the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association . The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities ( 2001 ) as a Public Ivy ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Derek Potteiger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penn_State', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) is a state-related , land-grant , doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania . Founded in 1855 as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania , Penn State conducts teaching , research , and public service . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery . Its University Park campus , the flagship campus , lies within the Borough of State College and College Township . It has two law schools : Penn State Law , on the school 's University Park campus , and Dickinson Law , located in Carlisle , 90 miles south of State College . The College of Medicine is located in Hershey . Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state . Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the United States . It has the world 's largest dues-paying alumni association . The university 's total enrollment in 2015-16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus . The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Brennan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Brennan_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Robert Bobby Brennan is a retired American soccer defender who played professionally in the USL A-League . Brennan attended American University . He was a four-year starter . However , he was forced to redshirt the 2000 season after dislocating his shoulder early in the season . In February 2002 , D.C. United selected Brennan in the fourth round ( 42nd overall ) of the 2002 MLS SuperDraft . D.C. United released him during the pre-season and Brennan signed with the Milwaukee Rampage of the USL A-League . The Rampage won the 2002 A-League title . In 2004 , he played one game with the Long Island Rough Riders of the USL Premier Development League .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_University', 'summary': "The American University ( AU or American ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C. Its main campus spans 90 acres ( 36 ha ) at the former site of Fort Gaines on Ward Circle , in the Spring Valley neighborhood in the northwest of the District . AU was chartered by an Act of Congress in 1893 at the urging of Methodist bishop John Fletcher Hurst , who sought to create an institution that would promote public service , internationalism , and pragmatic idealism . AU broke ground in 1902 , opened in 1914 , and admitted its first undergraduates in 1925 . Although affiliated with the United Methodist Church , religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission . American University has eight schools and colleges : the School of International Service , College of Arts and Sciences , Kogod School of Business , School of Communication , School of Professional and Extended Studies , School of Public Affairs , School of Education , and the Washington College of Law ( WCL ) . It has over 160 programs , including 71 bachelor 's degrees , 87 master 's degrees , and 10 doctoral degrees , as well as JD , LLM , and SJD programs . AU 's student body numbers over 13,000 and represents all 50 U.S. states and 141 countries ; around a fifth of students are international . Its prominent alumni include numerous journalists , media personalities , ambassadors , and Congress members . American University is one of the top five feeder schools to the U.S. Foreign Service , Congressional staff , and other governmental agencies . In 2018 , The Princeton Review ranked American University 1st for Top Colleges with the Most Politically Active Students ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominic DaPra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Wisconsin-Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Burn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Burn', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Adauto Neto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adauto_Neto', 'summary': 'Adauto Neto Calheira ( born December 31 , 1980 ) is a Brazilian soccer player currently playing for Harrisburg Heat in the Major Arena Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Mobile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Mobile', 'summary': "The University of Mobile is a private , Baptist university in Prichard , Alabama . The master's-level university has an enrollment of 1,577 ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Marshall Leonard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Leonard', 'summary': 'Marshall Leonard ( born December 29 , 1980 in El Paso , Texas ) is an African American soccer defender and midfielder , who recently played for the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer . Leonard attended high school in Columbus , Georgia , earning letters at both Shaw High School and Brookstone School . He went on to play college soccer at the University of Virginia from 1998 to 2001 . Leonard started a total of 89 games at UVA , every one that he played in , while scoring one goal and 8 assists . Leonard was selected 45th overall in the 2002 MLS SuperDraft , and signed to a developmental contract . After spending his first year entirely on the bench , Leonard came on strong at the end of 2003 , appearing in ten games , including five starts . He developed into a consistent starter in 2004 , and when Joe Franchino went down with an injury , Leonard took his spot at left back ; he finished the year with one assist in 22 starts . In 2005 , while playing most of the year at the left wing spot , he scored a goal and an assist . He was waived by New England in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Virginia', 'summary': "The University of Virginia ( U.Va . or UVA ) is a public research university in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson . It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to Jefferson 's Academical Village , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . UVA is known for its historic foundations , student-run honor code and secret societies . The original governing Board of Visitors included Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe . Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation and earlier Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVA 's first two rectors . Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study and original architecture . UVA was the first university of the American South elected to the research-driven Association of American Universities in 1904 . More than a century later , the journal Science credited UVA faculty with two of the top ten global scientific breakthroughs of 2015 . The University of Virginia offers 121 majors across the eight undergraduate and three professional schools . Its alumni have founded many companies , such as Reddit and CNET , which together produce more than $ 1.6 trillion in annual revenue and have created 2.3 million jobs ."}]}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Nugent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Nugent_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Mike Nugent ( born February 10 , 1980 ) is an American retired professional soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princeton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Leitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Leitch', 'summary': 'Chris Leitch ( born April 1 , 1979 in Pickerington , Ohio ) is a retired American soccer player who is currently the technical coach and a former head coach for the San Jose Earthquakes .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC , UNC-Chapel Hill , North Carolina , Chapel Hill , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . The flagship of the University of North Carolina system , it is considered a Public Ivy , or a public institution which offers an academic experience equivalent to an Ivy League university . After being chartered in 1789 , the university first began enrolling students in 1795 , which also allows it to be one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States . Among the claimants , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the only one to have held classes and graduated students as a public university in the eighteenth century . The first public institution of higher education in North Carolina , the school opened its doors to students on February 12 , 1795 . Under the leadership of President Kemp Plummer Battle , in 1877 North Carolina became coeducational and began the process of desegregation in 1951 when African-American graduate students were admitted under Chancellor Robert Burton House . In 1952 , North Carolina opened its own hospital , UNC Health Care , for research and treatment , and has since specialized in cancer care . The school 's students , alumni , and sports teams are known as Tar Heels . The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study and is administratively divided into 13 separate professional schools and a primary unit , the College of Arts & Sciences . Five of the schools have been named : the UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School , the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media , the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health , the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , and the UNC Adams School of Dentistry . All undergraduates receive a liberal arts education and have the option to pursue a major within the professional schools of the university or within the College of Arts and Sciences from the time they obtain junior status . UNC 's faculty and alumni include 9 Nobel Prize laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 49 Rhodes Scholars ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Noah Delgado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noah_Delgado', 'summary': 'Noah Delgado ( born December 30 , 1979 in Fremont , California ) is a retired American-born Puerto Rican footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fresno State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresno_State', 'summary': "California State University , Fresno ( Fresno State ) is a public university in Fresno , California . It is one of 23 campuses in the California State University system . The university had a Fall 2018 enrollment of 24,995 students . It offers bachelor 's degrees in 60 areas of study , 45 master 's degrees , 3 doctoral degrees , 12 certificates of advanced study , and 2 different teaching credentials . The university 's unique facilities include an on-campus planetarium , on-campus raisin and wine grape vineyards , and a commercial winery , where student-made wines have won over 300 awards since 1997 . Members of Fresno State 's nationally ranked Top 10 Equestrian Team have the option of housing their horses on campus , next to indoor and outdoor arenas . Fresno State has a 50,000-square-foot ( 4,600 m2 ) Student Recreation Center and the third-largest library ( by square footage ) in the California State University system . The university is classified as a doctoral university with moderate research activity in the Carnegie Classification , as of the February 1 , 2016 update ."}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Erik Ozimek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davidson College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davidson_College', 'summary': 'Davidson College is a private liberal arts college in Davidson , North Carolina . Davidson enrolls 1,843 students from 48 states and 47 countries . Of those students , 95 percent live on campus , 73 percent study abroad and about 25 percent participate in 21 NCAA Division I sports . The college has graduated 23 Rhodes Scholars . Students may choose from 29 majors and 40 minors , as well as other interdisciplinary studies . The college is governed by an honor code .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Round Four', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_MLS_SuperDraft_3', 'intro': 'The 2002 Major League Soccer SuperDraft was held on February 10, 2002 in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. One month earlier, MLS had contracted two clubs: Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion. In conjunction with the contraction, the league conducted both an Allocation Draft and a Dispersal Draft in which the top 2002 SuperDraft picks of Tampa Bay and Miami, as well as players from those clubs, were made available to remaining MLS clubs.'} | null | null | How many enrolled in the university of the player picked 48th in the 2002 MLS SuperDraft in fall of 2018 ? | 24,995 |
06d517e608515f30 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Clamp_works', 'title': 'List of Clamp works', 'header': ['From', 'To', 'English Translated Title ( Japanese Title )', 'Publisher Serialized in', 'Volumes'], 'data': [{'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RG Veda ( 聖伝 , Sei-den RG Veda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RG_Veda', 'summary': "RG Veda ( 聖伝-RG VEDA- , Seiden : Rigu Vēda ) is a manga created by Clamp , consisting of ten volumes in all . It was first published in Japan in 1989 as Clamp 's debut manga . The story features elements of Vedic mythology ; the title itself is pronounced Rigveda , the name of one of the four Vedas . The series is known for its extravagant and richly detailed art . It inspired a 2-episode anime OVA that was released through 1991 to 1992 . The OVAs were licensed by Central Park Media , while Manga Entertainment licensed it in the UK and Australia , with a different English dub . The RG Veda manga has been translated and released in many different languages . Tokyopop has released English versions in the United States . However , they have since lost the rights , and Dark Horse Comics recently acquired the series , with plans to publish it in omnibus form in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shinshokan Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinshokan', 'summary': "Shinshokan ( 株式会社新書館 , Kabushiki-gaisha Shinshokan ) is a Japanese publishing company . It was established on June 14 , 1961 . In April 2009 , the US publisher Digital Manga Publishing announced a co-branding operation with Shinshokan , to license yaoi and shōjo manga from Shinshokan 's Wings , Dear and Dear+ anthologies under the DokiDoki imprint ( the name being Japanese onomatopoeia for a heartbeat ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wings_(manga_magazine)', 'summary': 'Wings ( ウィングス , Uingusu ) is a shōjo manga magazine published by Shinshokan . Published bi-monthly , it features articles on action and fiction aimed at women in the age group of 16-20 years . Headquartered in Japan , the magazine previously had the following editions namely Shinshokan South ( aka South ) , Phantom Club , Huckleberry , Un Poco and Wings : Story ; however , currently , only Un Poco and Wings : Story are still being published .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Man of Many Faces ( 20面相におねがい ! ! , 20 Mensō ni Onegai ! ! )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_of_Many_Faces', 'summary': 'Man of Many Faces ( 20面相におねがい ! ! , Nijū Mensō ni Onegai ! ! , lit . 20 Faces , Please ! ! ) is a manga by Clamp about a nine-year-old boy named Akira Ijyuin who steals beautiful and valuable objects to please his two mothers and is known to the public as the dashing , clever thief named the Man of 20 Faces . The manga took inspiration from the works of Edogawa Ranpo , most notably from The Fiend with Twenty Faces . The storyline of Man of Many Faces occurs simultaneously with both Clamp School Detectives and Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders , as demonstrated by a conversation between Nokoru and Suō which also takes place in Clamp School Detectives , while in Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders Akira and Utako appear at their age as they do in Man of Many Faces . The manga is published in English by Tokyopop ( formerly ) and Viz Media ( currently ) , retaining its right to left format .'}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Newtype', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo Babylon ( 東京BABYLON , Tōkyō BABYLON )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Babylon', 'summary': "Tokyo Babylon ( 東京 BABYLON , Tōkyō Babiron ) , also known as Tokyo Babylon : A Save Tokyo City Story , is a shōjo manga series created by Clamp , with story by Nanase Ohkawa and art by Mokona . The series follows Subaru Sumeragi , the head of the Sumeragi clan , and his sister Hokuto as they work to protect Tokyo from a myriad of supernatural perils . The series is based on a dōjinshi Clamp wrote but decided to add dark social themes in the serialization as a result of the chapters ' length . They were published by Shinshokan in Japan from 1990 to 1993 and collected total of seven tankōbon volumes . The English-language version of the manga was first distributed by Tokyopop and is now in possession of Dark Horse Comics . Between 1992 and 1994 Tokyo Babylon was adapted into a two-part original video animation series by the studio Madhouse . PDS also produced a live-action feature film sequel , Tokyo Babylon 1999 , which was released on August 21 , 1993 . The series has been well received for its focus on occultism and social themes , the latter which were reflected most notably in Subaru 's character development . The manga is also notorious for its open and tragic ending which is followed in Clamp 's manga X ."}]}, {'value': 'Shinshokan Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinshokan', 'summary': "Shinshokan ( 株式会社新書館 , Kabushiki-gaisha Shinshokan ) is a Japanese publishing company . It was established on June 14 , 1961 . In April 2009 , the US publisher Digital Manga Publishing announced a co-branding operation with Shinshokan , to license yaoi and shōjo manga from Shinshokan 's Wings , Dear and Dear+ anthologies under the DokiDoki imprint ( the name being Japanese onomatopoeia for a heartbeat ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clamp School Detectives ( CLAMP学園探偵団 , Clamp Gakuen Tanteidan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clamp_School_Detectives', 'summary': "Clamp School Detectives ( Japanese : CLAMP学園探偵団 , Hepburn : Kuranpu Gakuen Tanteidan ) a.k.a . CLAMP Campus Detectives is a manga series by Clamp , which was adapted into a 26-episode anime series , produced by Bandai Visual and Studio Pierrot . The manga series was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Monthly Asuka manga magazine between January 1992 and October 1993 , spanning three tankōbon , while the anime premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo between May 3 , 1997 and October 25 , 1997 . An early work of the all-female manga artist group Clamp , the series outlines the adventures of the Elementary School Student Board in their attempt to better the lives of the female population of Clamp School . Tokyopop have released the manga in English across North America in three volumes . Now it 's currently available on Kindle through Viz Media . Bandai Entertainment released the anime as one of their initial titles . It is now licensed by Maiden Japan . The anime series has been translated and dubbed into English by the anime television network , Animax , who have broadcast the series across its respective English-language networks in Southeast Asia and India ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders ( 学園特警デュカリオン , Gakuen Tokkei Dyukarion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duklyon:_Clamp_School_Defenders', 'summary': "Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders ( 学園特警デュカリオン , Gakuen Tokkei Dyukarion ) is a manga created by Clamp , a Japanese artistic group of four women . The story features two teenagers on Clamp Campus , Kentarou Higashikunimaru and Takeshi Shukaido , who are called upon occasion to become monster-battling superheroes while wearing armored outfits in this comic parody of typical superhero action based manga for boys . They are ordered about by Eri Chusonji , their team leader and informant who has a violent tendency to strike the heads of her subordinates with a mallet . Additional humor results from the story 's primary villain falling madly in love with Eri . Like Clamp School Detectives , Man of Many Faces and X/1999 , the story takes places on the pentagram shaped Clamp campus , founded by the Imonoyama family . Kentarou , Takeshi , and Eri all appear in a chapter of Tsubasa , another manga by Clamp . They also have cameos in a few episodes of Clamp School Detectives and appear in the Clamp in Wonderland anime video . Ashura-ou , the main character 's father from Clamp 's first manga RG Veda , makes a very brief appearance as a teacher in one of the later chapters of Duklyon"}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Newtype', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shirahime-Syo : Snow Goddess Tales ( 白姫抄 , Shirahime-Shō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirahime-Syo:_Snow_Goddess_Tales', 'summary': "Shirahime-Syo : Snow Goddess Tales ( Japanese : 白姫抄 , Hepburn : Shirahimeshō ) is a supernatural manga by Clamp , a creative team made up by Satsuki Igarashi , Nanase Ohkawa , Tsubaki Nekoi and Mokona . It consists of three short stories , framed by a man 's encounter with the titular character in the snow . The character design of the title character originated in a postcard in the team 's newsletters , and later appeared in a preview page in the March 1992 issue of Bar Pretty , when only the concept had been finalized . Completed on a tight schedule , the volume was published in June 1992 by Kobunsha , and re-released in August 2001 by Kadokawa Shoten . Tokyopop licensed Shirahime-Syo for an English-language translation , and published it in hardcover in December 2004 , with a softcover edition following it a half a year later . The collection was later digitally reprinted by Viz Media in January 2015 . It has also been translated into other languages , such as French and German ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legend of Chun Hyang ( 新・春香伝 , Shin Shunka-den )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legend_of_Chun_Hyang', 'summary': 'Legend of Chun Hyang ( Japanese : 新・春香伝 , Hepburn : Shin Shunka-den ) is a manga by Clamp . Its story and characters are loosely based on a well known Korean folktale of the same name Shin Shunkaden was first published in 1996 by Hakusensha in Japan . The project was dropped after three chapters , but Tokyopop licensed the manga in English as The Legend of Chun Hyang and released it in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hakusensha Serie Mystery-Special', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakusensha', 'summary': "Hakusensha , Inc. ( 株式会社白泉社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Hakusensha ) is a Japanese publishing company . It is headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The company mainly publishes manga magazines and is involved in series ' productions in their games , original video animation , music , and their animated TV series . Hakusensha , Inc. is currently publishing Hakusensha 's Weekly Shonen Jump Magazine ( HJM ) . It is headquartered in Yokohama , Japan . Around 27,200 issues of the magazine are printed monthly . The magazine is published in several languages including Japanese , English , Chinese , French , German , and Spanish . The company is a subsidiary of Shueisha , thus ; is also partly owned by Shogakukan ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magic Knight Rayearth ( 魔法騎士レイアース , Majikku Naito ( Mahō Kishi ) Reiāsu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic_Knight_Rayearth', 'summary': 'Magic Knight Rayearth is a Japanese manga series created by Clamp . Appearing as a serial in the manga magazine Nakayoshi from the November 1993 issue to the February 1995 issue , the chapters of Magic Knight Rayearth were collected into three bound volumes by Kodansha , and were published from July 1994 to March 1995 . A sequel was serialized in the same manga magazine from the March 1995 issue to the April 1996 issue , and was published by Kodansha in three bound volumes from to July 1995 to April 1996 . The series follows three eighth-grade girls who find themselves transported from modern-day Japan into a magical world , where they are tasked with rescuing a princess . Rayearth combines elements from the magical girl and mecha anime genres with parallel world fantasy . The manga was adapted into two anime series in 1994 and an original video animation ( OVA ) in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Nakayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nakayoshi', 'summary': 'Nakayoshi ( なかよし , Good Friends ) is a monthly shōjo manga magazine published by Kodansha in Japan . First published in December 1954 , it is a long-running magazine with over 60 years of manga publication history . The target demographic for Nakayoshi ( like Ribon and Ciao ) is girls of age 8-14 . Roughly the size of a phone book ( hence the term phone book manga ) , it generally comes with furoku , or small gifts , such as popout figures , games , small bags , posters , stickers , and so on . The furoku is an attempt to encourage girls to buy their own copies of the magazine rather than just share with a friend . It is one of the best-selling shōjo manga magazines , having sold over 400 million copies since 1978 . In the mid-1990s , Nakayoshi retailed for 400 yen and had an average of 448 pages . The estimated average circulation of Nakayoshi at this time was 1,800,000 . Its circulation peaked at 2,100,000 in 1993 . In 2007 , its circulation was 400,000 . During the 1990s , then editor-in-chief , Yoshio Irie attempted to move the magazine away from first love stories and introduced several fantasy manga such as Sailor Moon . During that period , Nakayoshi pursued a media-mix campaign , which involved close coordination of the magazine , anime productions based on the manga , and character merchandising .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miyuki-chan in Wonderland ( 不思議の国の美幸ちゃん , Fushigi no Kuni no Miyuki-chan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyuki-chan_in_Wonderland', 'summary': "Miyuki-chan in Wonderland ( Japanese : 不思議の国の美幸ちゃん , Hepburn : Fushigi no Kuni no Miyuki-chan ) is a comedy , yuri ( love between women ) manga written and illustrated by Clamp , an all-female manga artist team consisting of Satsuki Igarashi , Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi , and Nanase Ohkawa . The story focuses on the eponymous protagonist , a Japanese high-school girl who finds herself pulled into various worlds populated by women who consider her appealing . Miyuki-chan in Wonderland appeared as a serial in the manga magazine Newtype from 1993 to 1995 , based on the children 's novel Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll . Kadokawa Shoten collected the seven chapters into one bound volume and published it in September 1995 . While the concept of Miyuki-chan in Wonderland was initially imagined as the first chapter by writer Ohkawa , the team continued with it for the enjoyment it provided . An image album and an original video animation adaptation of the first two chapters were published in 1995 . In 2002 , Tokyopop announced that it had licensed Miyuki-chan in Wonderland for an English-language translation , and published it in October 2003 . It is now out of print . It received a range of critical reaction from reviewers , from praise as cute entertainment to criticism as the worst of Clamp 's works . The eponymous protagonist has made cameo appearances in other works by Clamp : the music video Clamp in Wonderland ( 1994 ) and the fantasy manga series Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle ( 2003-2009 ) . Viz Media acquired the rights to the manga and digitally published it on September 24 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Newtype', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The One I Love ( わたしのすきなひと , Watashi no Suki na Hito )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_One_I_Love_(manga)', 'summary': 'The One I Love ( Japanese : わたしのすきなひと , Hepburn : Watashi no Sukinahito ) is a romantic , slice-of-life shōjo ( targeted towards girls ) manga by Clamp , an all-female , manga artist team consisting of Satsuki Igarashi , Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi , and Nanase Ohkawa . Appearing as a monthly serial in the Japanese manga magazine Monthly Young Rose from December 1993 to June 1995 , the twelve stories were collected into a bound volume by Kadokawa Shoten and published in July 1995 . The One I Love contains twelve independent manga stories , each focusing on an aspect of love and accompanied by an essay . Ohkawa wrote the essays while Nekoi illustrated the manga ; it was the first time she primarily illustrated a manga by Clamp . Some of the stories draw on the life experiences of the women while others take inspiration from conversations they had with friends . In 2003 , Tokyopop licensed The One I Love for an English-language translation in North America , and published it in October 2004 . Viz Media republished the manga in February 2015 . The manga has also been translated into other languages . Reviewers have identified a few themes in the collection . They had a range of reactions to The One I Love : some considered it heartfelt entertainment , while others reviewed it less positively , as a badly done take on romance .'}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Young Rose Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardcaptor Sakura ( カードキャプター さくら , Kādokyaputā Sakura )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardcaptor_Sakura', 'summary': "Cardcaptor Sakura ( Japanese : カードキャプターさくら , Hepburn : Kādokyaputā Sakura ) is a Japanese shōjo manga series written and illustrated by the manga group Clamp . The manga was originally serialized in Nakayoshi from May 1996 to June 2000 , and published in 12 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from November 1996 to July 2000 . The story focuses on Sakura Kinomoto , an elementary school student who discovers magical powers after accidentally freeing a set of magical cards ; she must retrieve the cards to prevent catastrophe . A sequel by Clamp , Cardcaptor Sakura : Clear Card , focusing on Sakura in junior high school , began serialization in Nakayoshi in 2016 . The series was adapted into a 70-episode anime television series by Madhouse that aired on Japan 's satellite television channel NHK BS2 from April 1998 to March 2000 . Additional media include anime films , video games , art books , picture books , and film comics . Tokyopop released the manga in English in North America from March 2000 to August 2003 . After Tokyopop 's license expired , Dark Horse Manga released the series in omnibus editions from October 2010 to September 2012 . Nelvana licensed the TV series and first film for North America under the English title Cardcaptors , which first aired on Kids ' WB from June 2000 to December 2001 . All 70 episodes were dubbed ; while other English-speaking territories received the full run , the version aired on American television was heavily edited into 39 episodes . Cardcaptors also aired on Cartoon Network , Teletoon and Nickelodeon . The TV series and films were sub-licensed by Geneon , which released them unedited with English subtitles ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Nakayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wish_(manga)', 'summary': 'Wish ( Japanese : ウィッシュ , Hepburn : Wisshu ) is a Japanese shōjo manga series created by Clamp . It is published in English by Tokyopop . The American translation was imported to Australia by Madman Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelic Layer ( エンジェリック レイヤー , Enjerikku Reiyā )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelic_Layer', 'summary': "Angelic Layer ( Japanese : エンジェリックレイヤー , Hepburn : Enjerikku Reiyā ) is a manga series released by Clamp . The manga is published in Japan by Kadokawa Shoten , and in English originally by Tokyopop , but has since been re-licensed by Dark Horse Comics . It is the group 's first work to use a quite different art style unseen in any other CLAMP series , which uses a more distinctly pared down style . There is less emphasis on detail and more on accentuated posing and gestures . This kind of artwork would later be used in series like Chobits and Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle . The manga was adapted into a 26-episode anime series produced by Bones titled Angelic Layer : Battle Doll ( 機動天使エンジェリックレイヤー , Kidō Tenshi Enjerikku Reiyā , lit. , Angelic Layer : Mobile Angel ) which aired on TV Tokyo from April 1 , 2001 - September 23 , 2001 . Seven volumes of videos were released by ADV Films on VHS and DVD in 2003 . It was re-released in 2005 as a five volume box set . North American publisher Dark Horse Comics re-releases Angelic Layer in omnibus format in 2011 . Sentai Filmworks will re-release the series under their Sentai Selects label on November 24 , 2015 . Anime Limited announced they would release the series in the UK in 2018 . Angelic Layer takes place in the same universe as Clamp 's later work Chobits , which similarly deals with the relationship between humans , human-created devices , toys , and godlike power ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Monthly Shōnen Ace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monthly_Shōnen_Ace', 'summary': "Monthly Shōnen Ace ( 月刊少年エース , Gekkan Shōnen Ēsu ) is a monthly shōnen manga magazine in Japan published by Kadokawa Shoten , started in 1994 . Unlike the big shōnen weeklies with circulation figures in the millions , Ace is aimed at a less mainstream audience , and has a particular emphasis on anime tie-ins . There 's a fair amount of Ecchi featured in the magazine , while only a few series are action oriented ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suki ( ｢すき.だからすき｣ , Suki ; Dakara Suki )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suki_(manga)', 'summary': "Suki : A Like Story ( Japanese : すき。だからすき , Hepburn : Suki . Dakara Suki ) is a three-volume manga by Clamp . The title literally means I like you , that 's why I like you . It was published in English by Tokyopop ( although their license has since expired ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chobits ( ちょびっツ , Chobittsu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chobits', 'summary': "Chobits ( ちょびっツ , Chobittsu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the Japanese manga collective Clamp . It was published by Kodansha in Weekly Young Magazine from the 43rd issue for 2000 to the 48th issue for 2002 and collected in eight bound volumes . Chobits was adapted as a 26-episode-long anime television series broadcast on TBS from April to September 2002 . In addition , it has spawned two video games as well as various merchandise such as figurines , collectable cards , calendars , and artbooks . The series tells the story of Hideki Motosuwa , who finds an abandoned persocom ( パソコン , PasoKon ) , or personal computer ( パーソナルコンピュータ pāsonaru konpyūta ) with human form , which he names Chi after the only word it initially can speak . As the series progresses , they explore the mysteries of Chi 's origin together and questions about the relationship between human beings and computers . The manga is set in the same universe as Angelic Layer , taking place a few years after the events of that story , and like Angelic Layer , it explores the relationship between humans and electronic devices shaped like human beings . Chobits branches off as a crossover into many other stories in different ways , such as Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle , xxxHolic and Kobato . In North America , the manga was licensed for an English-language release by Tokyopop in 2002 and was re-released by Dark Horse Comics in 2009 . The anime series was licensed by Geneon in 2002 and re-licensed by Funimation in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Young Magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Young_Magazine', 'summary': 'Weekly Young Magazine ( Japanese : 週刊ヤングマガジン , Hepburn : Shūkan Yangu Magajin ) is a Japanese weekly seinen manga anthology magazine published in Tokyo each Monday by Kodansha . The magazine was started on June 23 , 1980 and is targeted at the adult male ( seinen ) demographic . The chapters of the series that run in Weekly Young Magazine are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the YoungKC imprint every four months . The magazine usually features color photos of pinup girl gravure idols ( グラビアアイドル , gurabia aidoru ) on the cover and first few pages of each issue . Since December 9 , 2009 , Kodansha has published a monthly sister magazine , Monthly Young Magazine , a retitled makeover of their previous publication Bessatsu Young Magazine , which had published a total of 36 bimonthly issues during its existence .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clamp no Kiseki ( CLAMPノキセキ , Clamp no Kiseki )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clamp_no_Kiseki', 'summary': "CLAMP no Kiseki ( CLAMPノキセキ , CLAMP 's track or CLAMP 's miracle ) is a twelve volume series of anime books celebrating the 15th anniversary of Clamp in 2004 . It is published in America by Tokyopop and in Spain by Norma Editorial . Each volume is a full-color , 32-page book that contains summaries of featured series , interviews with Clamp and friends of Clamp , artwork , and exclusive new short comics . In addition , each issue comes with three special chess pieces featuring characters from Clamp 's various series . All twelve volumes have been released in Japan , Spain , Germany , HongKong , Taiwan , and the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle ( ツバサ−RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE− , Tsubasa Rezaboa Kuronikuru )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsubasa:_Reservoir_Chronicle', 'summary': "Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle ( Japanese : ツバサ-RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE- , Hepburn : Tsubasa : Rezaboa Kuronikuru ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the manga artist group Clamp . It takes place in the same fictional universe as many of Clamp 's other manga series , most notably xxxHolic . The plot follows how Sakura , the princess of the Kingdom of Clow , loses all her memories and how Syaoran , a young archaeologist who is her childhood friend , goes on arduous adventures to save her , with two other companions . The Dimensional Witch Yūko Ichihara instructs him to go with two people , Kurogane and Fai D. Flowright . They search for Sakura 's memories , which were scattered in various worlds in the form of angelic-like feathers , as retrieving them will help save her very being . Tsubasa was conceived when four Clamp artists wanted to create a manga series that connected all their previous works . They took the designs for the main protagonists from their earlier manga called Cardcaptor Sakura . It was serialized in the Kodansha publication Weekly Shōnen Magazine from May 2003 until October 2009 , and was collected in twenty-eight tankōbon volumes , totalling 232 chapters - 18 to 20 pages each . The manga was adapted into an anime series , Tsubasa Chronicle ( ツバサ･クロニクル , Tsubasa Kuronikuru ) , animated by Bee Train , which aired 52 episodes over two seasons during 2005 and 2006 . Production I.G released an interlude film between the first two seasons titled Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle the Movie : The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom , as well as five original video animations ( OVAs ) between November 2007 and May 2009 , which acted as a sequel to the second season . The manga was licensed for English language release by Del Rey Manga , who has released all of its volumes since April 27 , 2004 . Funimation licensed the anime for English release ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Weekly Shōnen Magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Magazine', 'summary': 'Weekly Shōnen Magazine ( Japanese : 週刊少年マガジン , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Magajin ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published on Wednesdays in Japan by Kodansha , first published on March 17 , 1959 . The magazine is mainly read by an older audience , with a large portion of its readership falling under the male high school or college student demographic . According to circulation figures accumulated by the Japanese Magazine Publishers Association , circulation of the magazine has dropped in every quarter since records were first collected in April-June , 2008 . This is however , not an isolated occurrence as digital media continues to be on the rise . It is one of the best-selling manga magazines . By March 2008 , the magazine had 2,942 issues , having sold 4.55 billion copies , with an average weekly circulation of 1,546,567 . At an average issue price of ¥129 ( $ 1.29 ) , the magazine had generated approximately ¥590 billion ( $ 5.9 billion ) in sales revenue by March 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kobato . ( こばと . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kobato.', 'summary': "Kobato . ( Japanese : こばと。 ) is a manga series by Clamp which premiered in Monthly Sunday Gene-X in January 2005 . Seven chapters were released under the title of Kobato . ( Kari ) ( こばと。 ( 仮 ) , Kobato . ( Temporary title ) ) , but the series was put on hiatus in late 2005 . It returned to publication in Newtype magazine 's November 2007 Japanese edition ; the story has subsequently been restarted at an earlier point in the original timeline . The story features a mysterious young girl , Kobato Hanato , who works in a local kindergarten . The first volume of the manga was released by Kadokawa Shoten on December 26 , 2007 , and they have subsequently released the entire series in English ."}]}, {'value': 'Shogakukan / Kadokawa Shoten Monthly Sunday Gene-X ( seven chapters ) / Newtype ( rest of series )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shogakukan', 'summary': 'Shogakukan Inc. ( 株式会社小学館 , Kabushiki gaisha Shōgakukan ) is a Japanese publisher of dictionaries , literature , manga , non-fiction , DVDs , and other media in Japan . Shogakukan founded Shueisha , which also founded Hakusensha . These are three separate companies , but are together called the Hitotsubashi Group , one of the largest publishing groups in Japan . Shogakukan is headquartered in the Shogakukan Building in Hitotsubashi , part of Kanda , Chiyoda , Tokyo , near the Jimbocho book district . The corporation also has the other two companies located in the same ward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monthly_Sunday_Gene-X', 'summary': "Monthly Sunday Gene-X ( Japanese : 月刊サンデーGENE-X , Hepburn : Gekkan Sandē Jenekkusu ) , often abbreviated as Sunday GX ( サンデーGX ) , is a Seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan . Like many other manga magazines , it 's an anthology magazine with each issue featuring new chapters of several manga series . The series are also published in book form as Sunday GX Comics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newtype', 'summary': 'Newtype ( ニュータイプ , Nyūtaipu ) is a monthly magazine publication originating from Japan , covering anime ( and to a lesser extent , tokusatsu , manga , Japanese science fiction , seiyuu , and video games ) . It was launched by publishing company Kadokawa Shoten on March 8 , 1985 with its April issue , and has since seen regular release on the 10th of every month in its home country . Newtype Korea is published in Korea . Spin-off publications of Newtype also exist in Japan , such as Newtype Hero/Newtype the Live ( which are dedicated to tokusatsu ) and NewWORDS ( which is geared toward a more mature adult market ) , as well as numerous limited-run versions ( such as Clamp Newtype ) . The name of the magazine comes from the Newtypes in the Universal Century timeline of the Gundam series , specifically Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 ) and its sequel Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam ( 1985 ) . Newtype magazine launched a week after Zeta Gundam began airing on March 2 , 1985 . Newtype USA was an English language version that was published in North America between 2002 and 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Completed works', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Clamp_works_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of some of the works done by Clamp, an all-female Japanese manga artist group.'} | null | null | What years was the title released that features a mysterious young girl who works in a local kindergarten ? | 2005 |
06d5b471dc3471e8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Methodist churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Albion Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion_Methodist_Church', 'summary': "The Albion Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located at 102 North St. in Albion , Idaho . The church was built in 1888-89 for Albion 's Methodist congregation , which was established in 1878 . The church 's design is typical of vernacular rural churches built in Idaho at the time , featuring a gable front with a small belfry and a one-room interior . When the church opened , it became Albion 's first institutional building ; it remained one of the city 's few public buildings for much of its early history and hosted other churches ' services , public meetings , and classes at the Albion State Normal School . The church remained open through 1951 , when it closed due to its inability to maintain an active congregation in a small town with a majority Mormon population . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 4 , 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '1887 built 1986 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albion , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion,_Idaho', 'summary': 'Albion is a city in Cassia County , Idaho , United States . It is part of the Burley , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 267 at the 2010 census . Albion was the county seat of Cassia County from 1879 to 1918 . Albion is one of the few cities in the Magic Valley region of Idaho founded before 1900 . Beginning in 1893 it was home of the Albion State Normal School , which trained many Idaho teachers . The school was closed in 1951 and its teaching programs were transferred to Idaho State College ( now Idaho State University ) in Pocatello . By 2006 the campus had fallen into serious disrepair .'}]}, {'value': 'Immanuel Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Immanuel_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'The Immanuel Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church at 1406 Eastman in Boise , Idaho . It was started in 1910 and was added to the National Register in 1982 . It was designed by Tourtellotte & Hummel and is relatively unusual among their designs for its Romanesque flavor . It is described as architecturally mixed : architecturally significant as an ecclesiastical structure showing an interesting hybridization of traditional , medieval forms ( round arches and crenellation ) with classical elements ( eave returns ) and a horizontality and breadth of gable which may be attributed , as may a good deal of the architecture of this period , to the influence of the bungalow and related styles .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boise , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boise,_Idaho', 'summary': "Boise ( /ˈbɔɪsi/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Idaho , and is the county seat of Ada County . Located on the Boise River in southwestern Idaho , it is 41 miles ( 66 km ) east of the Oregon border , and 110 miles ( 177 km ) north of the Nevada border . The downtown area 's elevation is 2,704 feet ( 824 m ) above sea level . Its estimated population in 2018 was 228,790 ."}]}, {'value': 'First United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/First_United_Methodist_Church_(Coeur_d'Alene,_Idaho)", 'summary': "First United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church at 618 Wallace Avenue in Coeur d'Alene , Idaho . It was built in 1906 and was added to the National Register in 1979 . The church was designed by Coeur d'Alene architect George Williams , and it was built mostly by volunteer labor . It has stepped gables on its two street-facing facades , which are made of white pressed brick . The building has two towers of different heights ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Coeur d'Alene , Idaho", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Coeur_d'Alene,_Idaho", 'summary': "Coeur d'Alene ( /ˌkɔːr dəˈleɪn , ˌkɜːr dəˈleɪn/ ( listen ) KOR də-LAYN , KUR də-LAYN , French : Cœur d'Alène , lit . 'Heart of an Awl ' , pronounced [ kœʁ dalɛn ] ) is the largest city and county seat of Kootenai County , Idaho , United States . It is the principal city of the Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan Statistical Area . In 2018 , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 51,303 . The city is a satellite city of Spokane , which is located about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the west , in the state of Washington . The two cities are the key components of the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area , of which Coeur d'Alene is the third-largest city ( after Spokane and its largest suburb , Spokane Valley ) . Coeur d'Alene is the largest city in North Idaho . The city is situated on the north shore of Lake Coeur d'Alene , 25 miles ( 40 km ) in length . Locally , Coeur d'Alene is known as the Lake City , or simply called by its initials : CDA . The city of Coeur d'Alene has grown significantly in recent years , in part because of a substantial increase in tourism , encouraged by several resorts in the area . The Coeur d'Alene Resort and a 165-acre natural area called Tubbs Hill , Coeur d'Alene , Idaho take up a prominent portion of the city 's downtown . There are several ski areas nearby : Silver Mountain Resort to the east in Kellogg , Lookout Pass Ski and Recreation Area also to the east on Lookout Pass at the Montana border , and Schweitzer Mountain Ski Resort to the north in Sandpoint ."}]}, {'value': 'Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Emmett,_Idaho)', 'summary': "The Methodist Episcopal Church in Emmett , Idaho , was built in 1906 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . It has also been known as the United Methodist Church . It was located at 132 S. Washington Ave , at 1st St. , in Emmett . The building no longer exists ; a modern True Value Hardware store is now at that address . It was built in 1906 in a cross-shaped plan , and it was expanded in 1920 . Its original section was built of buff-colored brick , as was the later . The original section had more consistent use of Gothic Revival styling , in its sharply pointed arches for all openings . It is one of six churches within a two block area of Emmett , established there from 1906 to 1934 , which were together studied proposed for listing on the National Register . The six are : Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart ( Emmett , Idaho ) , Emmett Presbyterian Church , First Baptist Church of Emmett , Methodist Episcopal Church ( Emmett , Idaho ) , and St. Mary 's Episcopal Church ( Emmett , Idaho ) , which were all listed in 1980 , and the First Full Gospel/United Pentecostal Church , which was not listed ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emmett , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmett,_Idaho', 'summary': 'Emmett is a city in Gem County , Idaho , United States . The population was 6,557 at the 2010 census , up from 5,490 in 2000 . It is the county seat and the only city in the county . Emmett is part of the Boise−Nampa , Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Methodist_Church_(Idaho_Falls,_Idaho)', 'summary': 'Trinity Methodist Church is a historic church at 237 N. Water Avenue in Idaho Falls , Idaho . It was built during 1916 to 1917 and was added to the National Register in 1977 . It is a massive rusticated stone structure in the Tudor-Gothic style . It was built of stone quarried north of Heise . It was asserted in its NRHP nomination that it typifies the Tudor-Gothic style , with its lack of steeples and flattened arches over large stained glass windows with intricate tracery . Although the short towers , clerestory , and side aisles are symmetrically placed , a Sunday school wing on the north and an octagonal tower on the southwest corner create a feeling of picturesque irregularity . Stone buttresses and pilasters provide the vertical thrust in the design . A Sunday School wing was added in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idaho Falls , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_Falls,_Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho Falls is a city in and the county seat of Bonneville County , Idaho , United States , and the state 's largest city outside the Boise metropolitan area . As of the 2010 census , the population of Idaho Falls was 56,813 ( 2018 estimate : 61,535 ) , with a metro population of 133,265 . Idaho Falls serves as the commercial , cultural , and healthcare hub for eastern Idaho , as well as parts of western Wyoming and southern Montana . It is served by the Idaho Falls Regional Airport and is home to the College of Eastern Idaho , Museum of Idaho , and the Idaho Falls Chukars minor league baseball team . It is the principal city of the Idaho Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Idaho Falls-Blackfoot , Idaho Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Lewiston Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewiston , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho', 'summary': "Lewiston is a city and the county seat of Nez Perce County , Idaho , United States , in the state 's north central region . It is the second-largest city in the northern Idaho region , behind Coeur d'Alene , and ninth-largest in the state . Lewiston is the principal city of the Lewiston , ID-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Nez Perce County and Asotin County , Washington . As of the 2010 census , the population of Lewiston was 31,894 , up from 30,904 in 2000 . Lewiston is located at the confluence of the Snake River and Clearwater River , thirty miles ( 50 km ) upstream and southeast of the Lower Granite Dam . Because of dams ( and their locks ) on the Snake and Columbia River , Lewiston is reachable by some ocean-going vessels . The Port of Lewiston ( Idaho 's only seaport ) has the distinction of being the farthest inland port east of the West Coast . The Lewiston-Nez Perce County Airport serves the city by air . Lewiston was founded in 1862 in the wake of a gold rush which began the previous year near Pierce , northeast of Lewiston . In 1863 , Lewiston became the first capital of the newly created Idaho Territory . Its stint as seat of the new territory 's government was short-lived , as a resolution to have the capital moved south to Boise was passed by the Idaho Territorial Legislature on December 7 , 1864 . Lewistons main industries are agriculture , paper , and timber products , and light manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'Mackay Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackay_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': "The Mackay Methodist Episcopal Church , located at Custer Street ( U.S. Route 93 ) and Park Avenue in Mackay , Idaho , was built in 1901 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . It is a \u200b1 1⁄2-story wood frame building built for the Methodist Episcopal church of Mackay during Mackay 's boom year of 1901 . It was expanded with a rear ell in 1945 . It has also been known as Mackay Community Church or the community church , perhaps because the other two churches in Mackay ( the 1912 St. Barbara 's Catholic Church and the 1902 Mackay Episcopal Church ) were served by outside ministers ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mackay , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackay,_Idaho', 'summary': 'Mackay /mæˈkiː/ ( listen ) ) is a town in Custer County , Idaho , United States . The population was 517 at the 2010 census . The town is pronounced Mackie with the accent on the first syllable .'}]}, {'value': 'First Methodist Church ( Moscow , Idaho )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Methodist_Church_(Moscow,_Idaho)', 'summary': 'The First Methodist Church is a historic building in Moscow , Idaho . It was built in 1904 . The first minister was Reverend William Tell Euster , who authored The Philosophy of Church Building . The building was designed by architect H. N. Black in the Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival styles . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 5 , 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow,_Idaho', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ MOS-koh ) is a city in northern Idaho along the state border with Washington , with a population of 23,800 at the 2010 census . The county seat and largest city of Latah County , Moscow is the home of the University of Idaho , the state 's land grant institution and primary research university . It is the principal city in the Moscow , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Latah County . The city contains over 60% of the county 's population , and while the university is Moscow 's dominant employer , the city also serves as an agricultural and commercial hub for the Palouse region . Along with the rest of northern Idaho , Moscow is in the Pacific Time Zone . The elevation of its city center is 2,579 feet ( 786 m ) above sea level . Major highways serving the city are US-95 ( north-south ) and ID-8 ( east-west ) , both of which are routed through central Moscow . Limited commercial air service is four miles west ( 6 km ) at the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Nampa First Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nampa , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nampa,_Idaho', 'summary': "Nampa ( /ˈnæmpə/ ( listen ) ) is the largest city of Canyon County , Idaho . Its population was 81,557 at the 2010 census and estimated at 96,252 as of 2018 . It is Idaho 's third-most populous city . Nampa is about 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of Boise along Interstate 84 , and six miles ( 10 km ) west of Meridian . It is the second principal city of the Boise-Nampa metropolitan area . The name Nampa may have come from a Shoshoni word meaning either moccasin or footprint ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweet Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweet_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'The Sweet Methodist Episcopal Church , also known as Sweet United Methodist Church , is a historic church at 7200 Sweet-Ola Highway near Sweet , Idaho . The Late Gothic Revival style building was started in 1905 and was added to the National Register in 1997 . It is located across the road from the former Sweet School , about one half mile south of the Sweet townsite . It is a one-and-a-half-story gable-front building with a square belfry which has a hipped roof steeple . It is about 24 by 36 feet ( 7.3 m × 11.0 m ) in plan , with the entryway being about 8 by 8 feet ( 2.4 m × 2.4 m ) and the belfry about 6 by 6 feet ( 1.8 m × 1.8 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweet , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweet,_Idaho', 'summary': 'Sweet is an unincorporated community in Gem County , Idaho , United States . It is located in open countryside 10 mi ( 16 km ) northeast of Emmett , along a county highway 8 miles due north of its intersection with State Highway 52 . Founded in 1885 by Ezekiel Sweet , the community initially was a supply location and post office for farmers and ranchers in the nearby Lower Squaw Creek Valley . Sweet grew significantly as a result of the later Thunder Mountain Mines gold strike ; by 1900 , it supported three saloons , three hotels , several businesses , and a newspaper , which lasted until the gold mines petered out . Several subsequent fires destroyed most of the historic downtown . Today , a smaller Sweet is the location of a restaurant and post office . The Upper Brownlee School in Sweet , and the Sweet Methodist Episcopal Church , are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Shadow Butte , located northwest of Sweet , and is a notable landmark in the area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Selected salient ones -- Idaho', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States_11', 'intro': 'This is a list of Methodist churches in the United States. It includes notable churches either where a church means a congregation (in the New Testament definition) or where a church means a building (in the colloquial sense). It also includes campgrounds and conference centers and retreats that are significant Methodist gathering places, including a number of historic sites of camp meetings. This very limited list includes only historically or architecturally significant buildings, and omits many of the currently very largest and influential congregations which do not meet that standard. Methodism was founded with a large component being a rejection of past churches and was developed by John Wesley and others in large open-air gatherings in Great Britain. In the United States, Methodists (along with Baptists and other Protestants) were major participants in the Second Great Awakening wherein people would travel from a large area to a particular site to camp out, listen to itinerant preachers, and pray. The list also includes selected notable Methodist theological buildings. In the United States, numerous Methodist churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and on state and local historic registers, many reflecting the values of plainness, of Gothic architecture, of simple adornment. The Greek Revival style is also simple and came to be adopted for numerous American Methodist churches.'} | null | null | What church is located is located in the most populous city of the U.S. state of Idaho ? | Immanuel Methodist Episcopal Church |
06d6a6e78caa095d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sumter_County,_South_Carolina', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Sumter County, South Carolina', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borough House Plantation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borough_House_Plantation', 'summary': 'Borough House Plantation , also known as Borough House , Hillcrest Plantation and Anderson Place , is an historic plantation on South Carolina Highway 261 , 0.8 miles ( 1.3 km ) north of its intersection with U.S. Route 76/US Route 378 in Stateburg , in the High Hills of Santee near Sumter , South Carolina . A National Historic Landmark , the plantation is noted as the largest assemblage of high-style pisé ( rammed earth ) structures in the United States . The main house and six buildings on the plantation were built using this technique , beginning in 1821 . The plantation is also notable as the home of Confederate Army General Richard H. Anderson .'}]}, {'value': 'March 23 , 1972 ( # 72001224 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina Highway 261 , 0.8 miles north of its intersection with Secondary Road 76/3 78 33°57′14″N 80°32′16″W / 33.953889°N 80.537778°W / 33.953889 ; -80.537778 ( Borough House Plantation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_261', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 261 ( SC 261 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It runs 117 miles ( 188 km ) between Yauhannah in Georgetown County to Kershaw County . Although the route covers more east-west distance , it is signed north-south .'}]}, {'value': 'Stateburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stateburg,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Stateburg is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the High Hills of Santee in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 1,380 at the 2010 census . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area . Stateburg is located within the larger Stateburg Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Clinton Brogdon House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Clinton_Brogdon_House', 'summary': 'J. Clinton Brogdon House is a historic house located at 3755 Boots Branch Road near Sumter , Sumter County , South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1993 ( # 93000585 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3755 Boots Branch Rd . 33°48′34″N 80°15′52″W / 33.809444°N 80.264444°W / 33.809444 ; -80.264444 ( J. Clinton Brogdon House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carnegie Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_Public_Library_(Sumter,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Carnegie Public Library is a historic Carnegie library building located at Sumter , Sumter County , South Carolina . It was built in 1916-1917 , and is a two-story , brick Beaux-Arts style building . The front facade features four arched windows with limestone surrounds and the main entryway flanked by two Ionic order columns . It was one of the 1,679 public libraries built in the United States with funding from the Carnegie Corporation . The Sumter library was constructed with $ 10,000 provided by the Carnegie Corporation . It housed the public library until 1968 , and afterwards housed a local genealogical society . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 5 , 1994 ( # 94000814 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '219 W. Liberty St. 33°55′14″N 80°20′47″W / 33.920556°N 80.346389°W / 33.920556 ; -80.346389 ( Carnegie Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ellerbe 's Mill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ellerbe's_Mill", 'summary': "Ellerbe 's Mill , also known as Millvale , is a historic grist mill complex located near Rembert , Sumter County , South Carolina . The mill was built about 1830 , and is a 2 1/2-story pine clapboard building mounted on wooden pilings situated on a 90-acre millpond . Also located on the property is the associated store ( 1910 ) ; the two-story , frame Victorian style main house ( c. 1890 ) ; several tenant houses ; and a dovecote . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 1974 ( # 74001880 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "About 3 miles south of Rembert off U.S. Route 521 on Rafting Creek 34°04′10″N 80°31′50″W / 34.06944444444445°N 80.53055555555555°W / 34.06944444444445 ; -80.53055555555555 ( Ellerbe 's Mill )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_521', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 521 ( US 521 ) is a north-south United States highway that traverses 177.3 miles ( 285.3 km ) , from Georgetown , South Carolina to Charlotte , North Carolina . Though numbered as a daughter route of U.S. Route 21 , it does not actually intersect its parent or any of its sibling routes , though it is in the same general part of the U.S. as other routes from its family . Historically , it once connected to U.S. 21 in Pineville , North Carolina , but various changes have left it terminating a few miles short of the current U.S. 21 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rembert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rembert,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Rembert is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 306 at the 2010 census , a decline from 406 in 2000 . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goodwill Parochial School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goodwill_Parochial_School', 'summary': 'Goodwill Parochial School , also known as Goodwill Day School , is a historic parochial school for African American children located near Mayesville , Sumter County , South Carolina . It was built about 1890 , and is a vernacular two-story , frame building . It is sheathed in weatherboard and set upon a brick pier foundation . The school was sponsored and supported by the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. until 1933 . From 1933 to 1960 , it was supported by Goodwill Presbyterian Church , when it was consolidated with the public schools . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1997 ( # 97000523 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '295 N. Brick Church Rd . 33°54′44″N 80°08′19″W / 33.912222°N 80.138611°W / 33.912222 ; -80.138611 ( Goodwill Parochial School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayesville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Mayesville is a town in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 731 at the 2010 census , this was a decline from 1,001 in 2000 . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heriot-Moise House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heriot-Moise_House', 'summary': 'The Heriot-Moise House , also known as Ingleside , is an historic plantation house located on Brewington Road at Oswego Highway U.S Highway 401 north of Sumter in Sumter County , South Carolina . It is significant for its illustration of evolving architectural forms and influences from ca . 1790 into the twentieth century , as altered from an essentially vernacular hall-and-parlor house to a residence with Early Classical revival and Greek revival influences . Extant features from the original house and the ca . 1800 , ca . 1830 , ca . 1850 , and later alterations show how succeeding owners adapted the house to their changing needs and circumstances . It is also significant as a basically intact nineteenth and early twentieth century farm complex . The earliest part of the main house was built around 1790 by a man named Pleasant Tisdale , who had taken title to the surrounding 340 acres ( 140 ha ) in 1787 . Around 1850 , John Ouldfield Heriot substantially expanded the house to its present appearance . In 1920 , the property was acquired by Francis Marion Moise ( 1893-1968 ) who adapted it to the needs of his family . In 1986 Air Force Lt. Col. Eric McConnell and his wife Jeannie McConnell acquired the property from the Moise family , but waited for two years before they started renovations to the house so they could make it their home .'}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1989 ( # 89002149 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of U.S. Route 401 and Brewington Rd . 33°57′36″N 80°18′28″W / 33.96°N 80.307778°W / 33.96 ; -80.307778 ( Heriot-Moise House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_401', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 401 ( US 401 ) is a north-south United States highway , a spur of U.S. Route 1 , that travels along the Fall Line from Sumter , South Carolina to Interstate 85 near Wise , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Stateburg,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'The Church of the Holy Cross is an historic Anglican church at 335 North Kings Highway in Stateburg , South Carolina . Built in 1850-52 to a design by noted South Carolina architect Edward C. Jones , it is a notable example of rammed earth construction with relatively high style Gothic Revival styling . It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 1973 . The current rector is Fr . Michael E. Ridgill , priest . Church of the Holy Cross is not a member of , or affiliated with , the Episcopal Church .'}]}, {'value': 'November 7 , 1973 ( # 73001732 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina Highway 261 33°57′45″N 80°31′55″W / 33.9625°N 80.531944°W / 33.9625 ; -80.531944 ( Holy Cross Episcopal Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_261', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 261 ( SC 261 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It runs 117 miles ( 188 km ) between Yauhannah in Georgetown County to Kershaw County . Although the route covers more east-west distance , it is signed north-south .'}]}, {'value': 'Stateburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stateburg,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Stateburg is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the High Hills of Santee in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 1,380 at the 2010 census . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area . Stateburg is located within the larger Stateburg Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lenoir Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenoir_Store', 'summary': "The Lenoir Store built in 1869 is an historic general store building located at 3240 Horatio Road in the High Hills of Santee community of Horatio , South Carolina . It stands on the same site where the Lenoir family has operated a general store since before 1808 and is the oldest business establishment in Sumter County . Since 1900 it has served as the post office for Horatio Zip Code 29062 . On July 3 , 1997 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . As of that date , it was still being operated by members of the Lenoir family . Lenoir is pronounced le-nore or len-wa by some of its more northern members . In 2019 , Sherry and William Drawdy of Salt Creek Antiques , helped the Lenoir family restore the store to its former glory . On August 31 , 2019 , a re-grand opening was held , bringing the community of Horatio , and surrounding area 's together to celebrate the history of the store and to ensure it will continue on for year 's to come ."}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1997 ( # 97000744 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3240 Horatio Rd . 34°01′17″N 80°34′05″W / 34.021389°N 80.568056°W / 34.021389 ; -80.568056 ( Lenoir Store )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horatio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horatio,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Horatio is an unincorporated community in the High Hills of Santee area in western Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . It lies on Horatio Road west of South Carolina Highway 261 north of Stateburg and is the location of the Lenoir Store , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Horatio post office , zip code 29168 , is located inside the Lenoir Store at 3240 Horatio Road . The community was originally called Louellen , but was renamed Horatio for Horatio Lenoir .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_High_School_(Sumter,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': "Lincoln High School is a historic school building at 20-26 Council Street in Sumter , South Carolina . A relatively modern structure , it was built in 1937 to serve the community 's African-American student population , which it did until the schools were integrated in 1969 . The school also served as a focal point for the African American community as a place for civic meetings and social events . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 . As of 2018 it is the Historical Lincoln Center ."}]}, {'value': 'January 27 , 2015 ( # 14001221 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20-26 Council St. 33°55′08″N 80°20′49″W / 33.9190°N 80.3469°W / 33.9190 ; -80.3469 ( Lincoln High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia_Hall_(Hagood,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': "Magnolia Hall is an historic plantation located in the High Hills of Santee at 2025 Horatio-Hagood Road , Hagood , South Carolina . Its Greek Revival plantation house was built in 1821 by its owner Isaac Barnes . After Dr. Swepson Saunders bought the property in 1853 , he added onto it in 1855 and 1860 . Magnolia Hall was threatened with destruction by Union troops in April 1865 , under the command of Brigadier General Edward E. Potter , but was reportedly saved by the actions of Dr. Saunder 's slave cook in feeding the troops when they appeared . Dr. Saunders , who took refuge somewhere between Magnolia Hall and Stateburg , wrote to his wife that he had seen the burning houses in Stateburg and had expected to see their own house burning . On September 2 , 1999 , Magnolia Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places . It is also known as the Dr. Swepson Saunders House ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1999 ( # 99000101 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2025 Horatio-Hagood Rd . 34°03′13″N 80°34′08″W / 34.053651°N 80.568779°W / 34.053651 ; -80.568779 ( Magnolia Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hagood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hagood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Hagood is an unincorporated community in the High Hills of Santee area in western Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . It lies west of South Carolina Highway 261 , north of Stateburg and is the location of Magnolia Hall , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Its mail now comes from Rembert zip code 29128 . The community was originally called Sander 's Station by the South Carolina Railway , apparently for Dr. Swepson Saunders , the owner of Magnolia Hall plantation , on which it was located , but was renamed Hagood for Johnson Hagood , brigadier general in the Confederate States Army and later governor of South Carolina ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles T. Mason House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_T._Mason_House', 'summary': 'Charles T. Mason House , also known as Mason Croft , is a historic home located at Sumter , Sumter County , South Carolina . It was built about 1904 , and is a two-story , brick Neo-Classical style dwelling . It features a full height portico supported by six fluted columns with Corinthian order capitals . Also on the property are a contributing playhouse and garage . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1997 ( # 97000745 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '111 Mason Croft 33°55′50″N 80°21′39″W / 33.930487°N 80.360791°W / 33.930487 ; -80.360791 ( Charles T. Mason House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayesville Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayesville_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Mayesville Historic District is a national historic district located at Mayesville , Sumter County , South Carolina . It encompasses 62 contributing buildings in the western half of the town of Mayesville . It includes a broad range of late-19th and early-20th century vernacular architectural design , including commercial , residential ( majority ) , and religious buildings . The district includes representative examples of the Neo-Classical , Victorian , Queen Anne , Colonial Revival , Greek Revival , and Bungalow . Notable buildings include the Town Hall , Kineen Hotel , Bland Stables , Granit Building , Davis Store , J. W. Rhodes House , and R. J. Mayes House . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 16 , 1979 ( # 79002395 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irregular pattern along Lafayette St. 33°59′08″N 80°12′26″W / 33.98555555555556°N 80.20722222222223°W / 33.98555555555556 ; -80.20722222222223 ( Mayesville Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayesville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Mayesville is a town in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 731 at the 2010 census , this was a decline from 1,001 in 2000 . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millford Plantation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millford_Plantation', 'summary': "Millford Plantation ( also spelled Milford ) is a historic place located on SC 261 west of Pinewood , South Carolina . It was sometimes called Manning 's Folly , because of its remote location in the High Hills of Santee section of the state and its elaborate details . Designated as a National Historic Landmark , it is regarded as one of the finest examples of Greek Revival residential architecture in the United States . The house has been restored and preserved along with many of its original Duncan Phyfe furnishings . Historian Heidi Amelia-Anne Weber writes about the Millford Plantation architecture : In essence , the house was symbolic of the ancient Greek temples . It stood as a reminder of the power of slaveocracy ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1971 ( # 71000808 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Pinewood on South Carolina Highway 261 33°44′54″N 80°32′15″W / 33.7484°N 80.53745°W / 33.7484 ; -80.53745 ( Millford Plantation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_261', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 261 ( SC 261 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It runs 117 miles ( 188 km ) between Yauhannah in Georgetown County to Kershaw County . Although the route covers more east-west distance , it is signed north-south .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinewood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Pinewood is a town located on South Carolina Highway 261 at the southern entrance to the High Hills of Santee in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 459 at the 2000 census . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myrtle Moor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrtle_Moor', 'summary': "Myrtle Moor is a historic plantation house located near Sumter , Sumter County , South Carolina . It was built about 1825-1840 , and is a large , two-story , L-shaped frame farmhouse embellished with vernacular interpretations of the Federal and Greek Revival styles . The front façade features a one-story full shed roof porch supported by six chamfered wooden posts . Also on the property are the contributing commissary , a barn , and a speculated servant 's quarters/kitchen . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 13 , 1983 ( # 83002210 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'Donnell House", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'Donnell_House_(Sumter,_South_Carolina)", 'summary': "The O'Donnell House in Sumter , South Carolina , also known as Haynsworth-Bogin-O'Donnell House or as Shelley-Brunson Funeral Home , was built in 1840 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 25 , 1996 ( # 96000407 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "120 E. Liberty St. 33°55′10″N 80°20′21″W / 33.919444°N 80.339167°W / 33.919444 ; -80.339167 ( O'Donnell House )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Grove_(Dalzell,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': "Orange Grove , also known as the Gaillard-Colclough House , is an historic 39.9-acre ( 161,000 m2 ) plantation and its plantation house at Gaillard 's Crossroads , ( intersection of Peach Orchard Road and Black River Road ) , north of Dalzell , South Carolina . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19 , 1993 . Originally built in 1851 in a South Carolina Lowcountry vernacular style of architecture , the house was seriously damaged by a tornado on April 30 , 1924 , and was rebuilt so that it now appears as a raised cottage with a Prairie or Craftsman roof . The plantation house 's main axis runs NW-SE , with the façade on the SE face ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19 , 1993 ( # 93000845 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of South Carolina Highways 43 ( Black River Rd . ) and 441 34°02′42″N 80°26′10″W / 34.045°N 80.436111°W / 34.045 ; -80.436111 ( Orange Grove )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_43', 'summary': "U.S. Route 378 ( US 378 ) is a spur of US 78 in the U.S. states of Georgia and South Carolina . The U.S. Highway runs 234.30 miles ( 377.07 km ) from US 78 , Georgia State Route 10 ( SR 10 ) , SR 17 , and SR 47 in Washington , Georgia , east to US 501 Business in Conway , South Carolina . US 378 connects the Central Savannah River Area in both states with the Midlands and Pee Dee regions of South Carolina . The U.S. Highway 's western portion , which connects Washington and Lincolnton in Georgia and McCormick , Saluda , and Lexington in South Carolina , is mainly a rural highway . US 378 is a major suburban and urban highway through Lexington and the South Carolina state capital , Columbia . The highway has a lengthy concurrency with US 76 between Columbia and Sumter and serves as a major route between the Midlands and the Myrtle Beach area , between which the highway has a business route through Lake City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_441', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 441 ( SC 441 ) is a 26.3-mile-long ( 42.3 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway connects the Sumter area in Sumter County with rural areas of Lee County .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalzell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalzell,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Dalzell is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 2,260 at the 2000 census . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinewood Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinewood_Depot', 'summary': 'Pinewood Depot is an historic railway station located at the junction of East Avenue and Clarke Street in the town of Pinewood , at the southern entrance of the High Hills of Santee , South Carolina . It is the only railroad station left in Sumter County , but is not longer used by CSX , the current owner of the railroad right-of-way . On June 10 , 1997 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'June 10 , 1997 ( # 97000535 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of East Ave. and Clarke St. 33°44′25″N 80°27′47″W / 33.740278°N 80.463056°W / 33.740278 ; -80.463056 ( Pinewood Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinewood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Pinewood is a town located on South Carolina Highway 261 at the southern entrance to the High Hills of Santee in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 459 at the 2000 census . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poinsett State Park Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poinsett_State_Park_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Poinsett State Park is located in Sumter County in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The park is best known for its botanical oddities , combining the flora of the Blue Ridge Mountains foothills and Piedmont of Upstate South Carolina , the xeric Sandhills and the Atlantic coastal plain . In Poinsett State Park one can see mountain laurels draped with Spanish moss . The park , which has been called weird and beautiful , is named after amateur botanist and South Carolina native Joel Roberts Poinsett , the first American ambassador to Mexico and popularizer of the poinsettia . There is no charge for admission to Poinsett State Park , but there are small fees for overnight camping and cabin rentals . The park is surrounded by the Manchester State Forest , and both provide access to the Palmetto Trail , linked hiking and mountain bike trails , and Manchester State Forest offers equestrian trails .'}]}, {'value': 'May 31 , 2016 ( # 16000311 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6660 Poinsett Park Rd . 33°48′24″N 80°32′22″W / 33.806667°N 80.539444°W / 33.806667 ; -80.539444 ( Poinsett State Park Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wedgefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wedgefield,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Wedgefield is an unincorporated community in the High Hills of Santee area in western Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Wedgefield is also a Census Designated Place ( CDP ) . Wedgefield was so named because its location was likened to a wedge into the High Hills of Santee . In the 18th and 19th centuries it was the location of many plantations , notably those of the Singleton family , which produced First Lady of the United States , Angelica Singleton Van Buren . Today the plantations are gone except for their cemeteries and Wedgefield is today noted as the location of a state park , a state forest and other recreational places . When the railroad came through in the 19th century , the commercial center of Wedgefield developed at the intersection of the railroad , Kings Highway ( South Carolina Highway 261 ) and Wedgefield Road ( South Carolina Highway 763 ) . It has its own post office with the Zip Code of 29168 . Wedgefield had a population of 3,376 in 2000 on a Zip Code-based estimate . Housing units were 1,343 . Land area is 71.9 square miles ( 186 km2 ) while water area is 0.33 square miles .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rip Raps Plantation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rip_Raps_Plantation', 'summary': 'Rip Raps Plantation , also known as the James McBride Dabbs House , is a historic plantation house and national historic district located near Sumter , Sumter County , South Carolina . It was the home of James McBride Dabbs , author and leading advocate for social justice and civil rights ( 1896-1970 ) . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 1978 ( # 78002532 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East of Sumter on South Carolina Highway 378 33°53′57″N 80°09′03″W / 33.8990339°N 80.150945°W / 33.8990339 ; -80.150945 ( Rip Raps Plantation )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mark 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mark's_Episcopal_Church_(Pinewood,_South_Carolina)", 'summary': "St. Mark 's Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located in the High Hills of Santee west of Pinewood , South Carolina . On January 20 , 1978 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mark 's Church ."}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1978 ( # 78002530 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "West of Pinewood on South Carolina Highway 51 33°44′50″N 80°30′40″W / 33.747222°N 80.511111°W / 33.747222 ; -80.511111 ( St. Mark 's Church )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_51', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 51 ( SC 51 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It is unique for having two segments , which are separated by over one hundred miles ( 160 km ) from each other . The first segment , traveling north-south , connects the cities of Georgetown and Florence , via the towns of Hemingway , Johnsonville and Pamplico . The second segment , near Fort Mill , is a reciprocated continuation of North Carolina Highway 51 ( NC 51 ) from the North Carolina state line to U.S. Route 21 ( US 21 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinewood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Pinewood is a town located on South Carolina Highway 261 at the southern entrance to the High Hills of Santee in Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 459 at the 2000 census . It is included in the Sumter , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sumter_County,_South_Carolina_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Sumter County, South Carolina. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Sumter County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 3 National Historic Landmarks.'} | null | null | Who was the confederate army general in the plantation located at South Carolina Highway 261 ? | General Richard H. Anderson |
06d7512866dd7a16 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_17)', 'title': 'Dancing with the Stars (American season 17)', 'header': ['Dance', 'Highest scored dancer ( s )', 'Highest score', 'Lowest scored dancer ( s )', 'Lowest score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cha-cha-cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Berkley Lauren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley', 'summary': "Elizabeth Berkley ( born July 28 , 1972 ) [ a ] is an American actress and reality show personality . Berkley 's most notable roles were as Jessie Spano in the television series Saved by the Bell , and as Nomi Malone in the 1995 Paul Verhoeven film Showgirls ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Nye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Nye', 'summary': "William Sanford Nye ( born November 27 , 1955 ) , popularly known as Bill Nye the Science Guy , is an American science communicator , television presenter , and mechanical engineer . He is best known as the host of the PBS and syndicated children 's science show Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993-1998 ) , the Netflix show Bill Nye Saves the World ( 2017-2018 ) , and for his many subsequent appearances in popular media as a science educator . Nye began his career as a mechanical engineer for Boeing Corporation in Seattle , where he invented a hydraulic resonance suppressor tube used on 747 airplanes . In 1986 , Nye left Boeing to pursue comedy , writing and performing jokes and bits for the local sketch television show Almost Live ! , where he regularly conducted wacky science experiments . Nye aspired to become the next Mr. Wizard , and with the help of several producers , successfully pitched the children 's television program Bill Nye the Science Guy to KCTS-TV , Seattle 's public television station . The show - which proudly proclaimed in its theme song that science rules ! - ran from 1993 to 1998 in national TV syndication . Known for its high-energy presentation and MTV-paced segments , the program became a hit among kids and adults , was critically acclaimed and was nominated for 23 Emmy Awards , winning 19 . Following the success of his show , Nye continued to advocate for science , becoming the CEO of the Planetary Society and helping develop sundials for the Mars Exploration Rover missions . He has written two bestselling science books on science books : Undeniable : Evolution and the Science of Creation ( 2014 ) and Unstoppable : Harnessing Science to Change the World ( 2015 ) . He has appeared frequently on other TV shows , including Dancing with the Stars , The Big Bang Theory , and Inside Amy Schumer . He starred in a documentary about his life and science advocacy , Bill Nye : Science Guy , which premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival in March 2017 ; and , in October 2017 , was named a NYT Critic 's Pick ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': 'Corbin Bleu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corbin_Bleu', 'summary': "Corbin Bleu Reivers ( /bluː/ ; born February 21 , 1989 ) , known professionally as Corbin Bleu , is an American actor , model , dancer , film producer and singer-songwriter . He performed in the High School Musical film series ( 2006-2008 ) . Songs from the films also charted worldwide , with the song I Do n't Dance peaking inside the Top 70 of the Billboard Hot 100 . During this time , he also starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Jump In ! ( 2007 ) . His first lead role was in the film Catch That Kid ( 2004 ) . He has since appeared in the Discovery Kids drama series Flight 29 Down ( 2005-2007 ) , as well as the film To Write Love on Her Arms ( 2015 ) . He competed in the 17th season of Dancing with the Stars , partnered with professional dancer Karina Smirnoff . He has also pursued a music career , and released his debut album Another Side on May 1 , 2007 , which included the single Push It to the Limit . The album debuted at number thirty-six on the U.S . Billboard 200 , selling 18,000 copies in its first week . Bleu released his second album , Speed of Light , on March 10 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Engvall', 'summary': "William Ray Engvall Jr. ( born July 27 , 1957 ) is an American comedian and actor best known for his work as a stand-up comic , his signature Here 's Your Sign bit , and as a member of the Blue Collar Comedy group ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contemporary_dance', 'summary': 'Contemporary dance is a genre of dance performance that developed during the mid-twentieth century and has since grown to become one of the dominant genres for formally trained dancers throughout the world , with particularly strong popularity in the U.S. and Europe . Although originally informed by and borrowing from classical , modern , and jazz styles , it has since come to incorporate elements from many styles of dance . Due to its technical similarities , it is often perceived to be closely related to modern dance , ballet , and other classical concert dance styles . In terms of the focus of its technique , contemporary dance tends to combine the strong but controlled legwork of ballet with modern that stresses on torso . It also employs contract-release , floor work , fall and recovery , and improvisation characteristics of modern dance . Unpredictable changes in rhythm , speed , and direction are often used , as well . Additionally , contemporary dance sometimes incorporates elements of non-western dance cultures , such as elements from African dance including bent knees , or movements from the Japanese contemporary dance , Butoh .'}]}, {'value': 'Brant Daugherty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brant_Daugherty', 'summary': 'Brant David Daugherty ( born August 20 , 1985 ) is an American actor , known for his recurring role as Noel Kahn on the teen drama television series Pretty Little Liars . In 2013 , he had a recurring role as Brian in the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christina Milian Leah Remini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christina_Milian', 'summary': "Christine Flores ( born September 26 , 1981 ) , better known as Christina Milian ( /ˌmɪliˈɑːn/ ) , is an American actress , singer and songwriter of Cuban origin . Born in Jersey City , New Jersey , and raised in Maryland , Milian signed a contract with Def Jam at the age of 19 . In 2001 , Milian released her self-titled debut album , which featured the singles AM to PM and When You Look at Me ; AM to PM charted within the Top 40 of the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 and both peaked in the top three on the UK Singles Chart . In 2004 , Milian released her second studio album It 's About Time , which provided her first major U.S. hit , Dip It Low , which reached number five on the U.S . Billboard chart . Whatever U Want was released as the album 's second single . Both singles charted within the Top 10 of the UK chart . In 2006 , Milian released her third studio album So Amazin ' . The album produced one single , Say I , which peaked in the Top 30 of the US Billboard chart . A month after the release of So Amazin ' , Milian 's representative confirmed that she had left Island Records due to creative differences . Milian signed with Interscope Records in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leah_Remini', 'summary': "Leah Marie Remini ( /ˈrɛmɪni/ ; born June 15 , 1970 ) is an American actress , author , former Scientologist , Scientology critic , and activist . She starred as Carrie Heffernan on the long-running CBS comedy series The King of Queens ( 1998-2007 ) and later co-hosted The Talk in 2010-11 . Since 2016 , she has co-produced and hosted the Emmy Award-winning A & E documentary series Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath . Raised as a member of the Church of Scientology from childhood , Remini left the organization in 2013 and began public criticism of Scientology . Two years later , she released Troublemaker : Surviving Hollywood and Scientology , her memoir about her experience with Scientology and reasons for leaving it . She followed up the book with the aforementioned series to highlight other former Scientologists ' experiences . After a successful first season , the series was renewed by A & E , and the second season debuted in late summer 2017 . On March 14 , 2018 , A & E announced that the series would return for a third season . From May 2017 until May 2018 , Remini also starred in Kevin Can Wait as Vanessa Cellucci , alongside Kevin James , her former co-star on The King of Queens ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)', 'summary': 'The international ballroom version of samba is a lively , rhythmical dance with elements from Brazilian samba . It differs considerably from the original samba styles of Brazil ; in particular , it differs from Samba de Gafieira , a partner type of Samba in that country .'}]}, {'value': 'Amber Riley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amber_Riley', 'summary': 'Amber Patrice Riley ( born February 15 , 1986 ) is an American actress , singer and author . She is best known for her portrayal of Mercedes Jones on the Fox comedy-drama series Glee ( 2009-2015 ) . For her performance on the series , she won a Screen Actors Guild Award , and has been nominated for three Teen Choice Awards , three NAACP Image Awards , and a Grammy Award . In November 2016 , Riley led the West End debut of Dreamgirls , playing the lead role of Effie White . She won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 2017 for her role in Dreamgirls . Riley won season 17 of Dancing with the Stars in 2013 . In 2017 , Riley appeared as a judge on BBC One musical theatre talent show Let It Shine and formed a musical theatre supergroup with Beverley Knight and Cassidy Janson , known collectively as Leading Ladies and signed to East West Records/Warner . Their debut album , Songs from the Stage , was released on November 17 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keyshawn Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keyshawn_Johnson', 'summary': 'Joseph Keyshawn Johnson ( born July 22 , 1972 ) is a former American football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League ( NFL ) for eleven seasons . He played college football for the University of Southern California , and earned All-American honors . The first pick in the 1996 NFL Draft , he played professionally for the New York Jets , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Dallas Cowboys and Carolina Panthers . He retired from football following the 2006 season , and spent seven years as a television broadcaster for the sports channel ESPN . Keyshawn Johnson was a contestant on the 17th season of Dancing with the Stars , in which he was the first contestant eliminated .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': 'Amber Riley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Nye', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Brant Daugherty Jack Osbourne Leah Remini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Osbourne', 'summary': "Jack Joseph Osbourne ( born 8 November 1985 ) is an English media personality with dual American and British citizenship . As the son of heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne , he starred on MTV 's reality series The Osbournes ( 2002-05 ) , along with his father , mother Sharon , and sister Kelly . Osbourne has since pursued a career as a fitness and travel reporter , presenting shows such as Jack Osbourne : Adrenaline Junkie ( 2005-09 ) and BBC 's Saving Planet Earth ( 2007 ) . He was diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in 2012 . In 2016 , he and his father Ozzy travelled the world in the History Channel reality series Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Corbin Bleu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicole Snooki Polizzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snooki', 'summary': 'Nicole Elizabeth LaValle ( née Polizzi ; born November 23 , 1987 ) , best known by her nickname Snooki , is a Chilean-American reality television personality , television host , author , professional wrestler , and dancer who is best known for being a cast member of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore and starring in Snooki & Jwoww and Jersey Shore : Family Vacation . Since appearing on Jersey Shore in 2009 , Snooki has gained popularity , leading to numerous talk show appearances , web and television series participation and hosting , and a large social media following . She reportedly earned $ 150,000 per Jersey Shore episode by the last season . She also appeared as the guest hostess for WWE Raw in 2011 and competed at WrestleMania XXVII that same year .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Brant Daugherty Leah Remini Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Corbin Bleu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston_(dance)', 'summary': "The Charleston is a dance named for the harbor city of Charleston , South Carolina . The rhythm was popularized in mainstream dance music in the United States by a 1923 tune called The Charleston by composer/pianist James P. Johnson which originated in the Broadway show Runnin ' Wild and became one of the most popular hits of the decade . Runnin ' Wild ran from 29 October 1923 through 28 June 1924 . The peak year for the Charleston as a dance by the public was mid-1926 to 1927"}]}, {'value': 'Amber Riley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz_dance', 'summary': "Jazz dance is a performance dance technique and style that first emerged in the United States in the early twentieth century . Jazz dance may refer to vernacular jazz or to Broadway or theatrical jazz . Both genres build on African American vernacular styles of dancing that emerged with jazz music . Vernacular jazz dance includes ragtime dances , Charleston , Lindy hop , and mambo . Popular vernacular jazz dance performers include The Whitman Sisters , Florence Mills , Ethel Waters , Al & Leon , Frankie Manning , Norma Miller , Dawn Hampton , and Katherine Dunham . Theatrical jazz dance performed on the concert stage was popularized by Jack Cole , Bob Fosse , Eugene Louis Faccuito , and Gus Giordano . The term 'jazz dance ' has been used in ways that have little or nothing to do with jazz music . Since the 1940s , Hollywood movies and Broadway shows have used the term to describe the choreographies of Bob Fosse and Jerome Robbins . In the 1990s , colleges and universities applied to the term to classes offered by physical education departments in which students dance to various forms of pop music , rarely jazz ."}]}, {'value': 'Corbin Bleu Amber Riley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Nye', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentine tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentine_tango', 'summary': "Argentine tango is a musical genre and accompanying social dance originating at the end of the 19th century in the suburbs of Buenos Aires and Montevideo . It typically has a 24 or 44 rhythmic time signature , and two or three parts repeating in patterns such as ABAB or ABCAC . Its lyrics are marked by nostalgia , sadness , and laments for lost love . The typical orchestra has several melodic instruments and is given a distinctive air by the small button accordion called the bandoneon . It has continued to grow in popularity and spread internationally , adding modern elements without replacing the older ones . Among its leading figures are the singer and songwriter Carlos Gardel and composers/performers Francisco Canaro , Juan D'Arienzo , Carlos Di Sarli , Osvaldo Pugliese , and Ástor Piazzolla ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Osbourne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salsa_(dance)', 'summary': 'Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City . Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of Havana by the end of the 1950s ( e.g . casino , mambo and pachanga ) , as well as American jazz dances . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans living in New York ( Nuyoricans ) in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own , such as Cuban , Puerto Rican , Cali Colombia , L.A. and New York styles . Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs , bars , ballrooms , restaurants , and outside , especially when part of an outdoor festival . In many styles of salsa dancing , as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping , the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes . Weight shifts cause the hips to move . Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated . Salsa generally uses music ranging from about 150 bpm ( beats per minute ) to around 250 bpm , although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160-220 bpm . The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music . The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to Salsa dancing and ensures that it takes 8 beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps .'}]}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Berkley Lauren', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brant Daugherty Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Amber Riley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valerie Harper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerie_Harper', 'summary': 'Valerie Kathryn Harper ( August 22 , 1939 - August 30 , 2019 ) was an American actress . She began her career as a dancer on Broadway , making her debut in the musical Take Me Along in 1959 . Harper is best remembered for her role as Rhoda Morgenstern on The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1970-1977 ) and its spin-off Rhoda ( 1974-1978 ) . For her work on Mary Tyler Moore , she thrice received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and later received the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on Rhoda . From 1986 to 1987 , Harper appeared as Valerie Hogan on the sitcom Valerie . Her film appearances include roles in Freebie and the Bean ( 1974 ) and Chapter Two ( 1979 ) , both of which garnered her Golden Globe Award nominations . Harper returned to stage work in her later career , appearing in several Broadway productions . In 2010 , she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Tallulah Bankhead in the play Looped .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(dance)', 'summary': 'Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists .'}]}, {'value': 'Brant Daugherty', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waltz', 'summary': 'The waltz ( from German Walzer [ ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ] ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help·info ) time , performed primarily in closed position .'}]}, {'value': 'Corbin Bleu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Osbourne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corbin Bleu Brant Daugherty Jack Osbourne Amber Riley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Bill Engvall Nicole Snooki Polizzi Leah Remini', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Disco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disco_dance', 'summary': "Disco is a genre of dance music and a subculture that emerged in the 1970s from the United States ' urban nightlife scene . The disco sound is typified by four-on-the-floor beats , syncopated basslines , and string sections , horns , electric piano , synthesizers , and electric rhythm guitars . Lead guitar features less frequently in disco than in rock . Well-known disco artists include Donna Summer , Gloria Gaynor , the Bee Gees , Chic , KC and the Sunshine Band , Thelma Houston , Sister Sledge , the Trammps , Village People and Michael Jackson . While performers and singers garnered public attention , record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the genre . Films such as Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) and Thank God It 's Friday ( 1978 ) contributed to disco 's mainstream popularity . Disco started as a mixture of music from venues popular with African Americans and also Hispanic and Latino Americans , and LGBT peoplein Philadelphia and New York City during the late 1960s and early 1970s . Disco can be seen as a reaction by the counterculture during this period to both the dominance of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music at the time . Several dance styles were developed during the period of disco 's popularity in the United States , including the Bump and the Hustle . By the late 70s , most major U.S. cities had thriving disco club scenes , and DJs would mix dance records at clubs such as Studio 54 in New York City , a venue popular among celebrities . Discothèque-goers often wore expensive , extravagant and sexy fashions . There was also a thriving drug subculture in the disco scene , particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights , such as cocaine and Quaaludes , the latter being so common in disco subculture that they were nicknamed disco biscuits ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freestyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_dance', 'summary': 'A street dance is a dance style that evolved outside dance studios in any available open space such as streets , dance parties , block parties , parks , school yards , raves , and nightclubs . A street dance is a vernacular dance in an urban context . Vernacular dances are often improvisational and social in nature , encouraging interaction and contact with spectators and other dancers . These dances are a part of the vernacular culture of the geographical area that they come from . Examples of street dance include b-boying ( or breakdancing ) , which originated in New York City . Clogging is a very early form of street dance , since it evolved in the streets and factories of Northern England in the mid-19th century . Various street dances have lent themselves to the style of urban dance , which arose from the collegiate dance scene . Urban dance is choreography-oriented but is inspired by different street dance styles and fundamental moves , such as house , locking , and popping . Urban dance should not be mistaken with hip hop , the culture and art movement that began in the Bronx in New York City during the late 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Corbin Bleu Jack Osbourne Amber Riley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Engvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fusion dance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fusion_dance', 'summary': 'Fusion dance is a type of contemporary partner dance that combines different dance styles to create a new aesthetic . It is typically an improvised , lead-follow approach to dancing that does not conform to any particular defined dance styles . Fusion dancing may involve creating a new dance style , combining existing styles , or both .'}]}, {'value': 'Amber Riley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corbin Bleu Jack Osbourne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Scoring charts -- Highest and lowest scoring performances', 'section_text': "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30-point scale are as follows ( Maksim 's scores from week 10 are not counted ) :", 'uid': 'Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_17)_3', 'intro': "Season seventeen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 16, 2013 and ended on November 26, 2013. Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts and Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers also returned to provide the music throughout the season (which turned out to be their last). This was also Brooke Burke-Charvet's last season as co-host. The cast was announced on September 4, 2013, during Good Morning America. This is the first season since season one to not have a results show. Another change was the elimination of the sky-box area where host Brooke Burke-Charvet interviewed dancers after their performances. Instead, the couples were accommodated in a new seating area near the judges' table which had been shifted to the opposite side of the ballroom. A make-up room and rehearsal room were added where Charvet could chat with the couples before and after their performances. This season also introduced a new format of voting. Each week the couples will perform, and the judges will give each couple a score based on several factors, including technical execution. Since there is no results show, those scores will be added to the public votes from the previous week, and the couple with the lowest combined score from judges and viewer votes will be eliminated from the competition toward the end of that week's episode."} | null | null | Who were the two athletes that appeared on this list of dancers ? | Keyshawn Johnson |
06d755a314c83daa | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium', 'title': 'Soccer-specific stadium', 'header': ['Stadium', 'Team ( s )', 'Division', 'City', 'Capacity', 'Opened'], 'data': [{'value': 'City Park Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Park_Stadium', 'summary': 'City Park Stadium is a soccer specific-stadium located in New Rochelle , New York . The official name of the stadium is Skidelsky Field at City Park Stadium . Its main tenant is the Westchester Flames FC soccer club , who play in the USL League Two , the 4th Tier of American soccer . The team plays in the leagues Northeast Division . The stadiums capacity is 1,845 .'}]}, {'value': 'Westchester Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westchester_Flames', 'summary': "Westchester Flames is an American soccer team based in New Rochelle , New York , United States . Founded in 1999 , the team plays in USL League Two , the fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid . The team plays its home games at City Park Stadium , where they have played since 2001 . The team 's colors are blue and white . The team also fields a team in the USLs Super-20 League , a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella ."}]}, {'value': 'USL2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_League_Two', 'summary': 'USL League Two ( USL2 ) , formerly the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , is a development soccer league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada , forming part of the United States soccer league system . The league featured 72 teams in 2019 , split into eleven regional divisions within four conferences . Unofficially , it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition , behind Major League Soccer , USL Championship , and USL League One . USL League Two is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . Flint City Bucks are the current champions having defeated Reading United AC 1-0 in extra time in the 2019 USL League Two Championship game on August 3 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Rochelle , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York', 'summary': "New Rochelle /rəˈʃɛl/ is a city in Westchester County , New York , United States , in the southeastern portion of the state . In 2007 , the city had a population of 73,260 , making it the seventh-largest in the state of New York . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population had increased to 77,062 . In November 2008 Business Week magazine listed New Rochelle as the best city in New York State , and one of the best places nationally , to raise children . In 2014 , based on analysis of 550 U.S. cities , New Rochelle was voted the 13th best city to live in ."}]}, {'value': '1,845', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King George V Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_George_V_Park', 'summary': "King George V Park is a soccer-specific stadium in St. John 's , Newfoundland , located at the head of Quidi Vidi Lake in downtown St. John 's . The stadium was built in 1925 as the National stadium of Newfoundland . The stadium played host to the 1987 FIFA U-16 World Championship . It is the oldest surviving soccer specific stadium in North America . In 2005 construction began on a major renovation involving widening and lengthening the field surface , installing an underground irrigation system , constructing new locker room facilities as well as expanding the bleacher seating . In 2006 , the natural grass playing surface was replaced with a FieldTurf pitch and additional seating was added to bring the total capacity at King George V Park to 10,000 . The most famous game played at King George V was on September 14 , 1985 when over 13,000 people witnessed Canada 's 2-1 victory over Honduras to win the 1985 CONCACAF Championship ; the match also qualified Canada for their first World Cup ( Mexico , 1986 ) . It was a momentous occasion and is considered to be the high point of Canadian soccer history . In 2008 , KGV played host to the Challenge Cup and the Jubilee Trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'National Stadium Memorial Sea-Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Stadium', 'summary': "Many countries have a national sport stadium , which typically serves as the primary or exclusive home for one or more of a country 's national representative sports teams . The term is most often used in reference to an association football stadium . Usually , a national stadium will be in or very near a country 's capital city or largest city . It is generally ( but not always ) the country 's largest and most lavish sports venue with a rich history of hosting a major moment in sports ( i.e . FIFA World Cup , Olympics , etc. ) . In many , but not all cases , it is also used by a local team . Many countries , including Spain and the United States , do not have a national stadium designated as such ; instead matches are rotated throughout the country . The lack of a national stadium can be seen as advantageous as designating a single stadium would limit the fan base capable of realistically attending matches as well as the concern of the cost of transportation , especially in the case of the United States due to its geographical size and high population . A list of national stadiums follows :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland', 'summary': "Memorial University of Newfoundland , also known as Memorial University or MUN ( /mʌn/ ) , is a university based in St. John 's , with four satellite campuses . Memorial University offers certificate , diploma , undergraduate , graduate , and post-graduate programmes , as well as online courses and degrees . Memorial 's five campuses include St. John 's , Corner Brook , and Harlow , Essex , United Kingdom . Founded in September 1925 as a living memorial to Newfoundlanders and Labradoreans who died in the First World War , Memorial is one of the largest universities in Atlantic Canada , and Newfoundland and Labrador 's only university . As of 2018 , there were a reported 1,330 faculty and 2,474 staff , supporting 18,000 students from nearly 100 countries . . A large part of Memorial 's research and development is related to oceans , [ failed verification ] much of which overlaps with teaching and learning initiatives , and public engagement opportunities ."}]}, {'value': 'CONCACAF CIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CONCACAF', 'summary': "The Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF /ˈkɒnkəkæf/ KON-kə-kaf ; typeset for branding purposes since 2018 as Concacaf ) is one of FIFA 's six continental governing bodies for association football . Its 41 members include nations and territories in North America , including Central America and the Caribbean . Three geographically South American entities are also members - Guyana , Suriname , and the French overseas department of French Guiana . CONCACAF 's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs , and to conduct World Cup and Women 's World Cup qualifying tournaments . CONCACAF was founded in its current form on 18 September 1961 in Mexico City , Mexico , with the merger of the NAFC and the CCCF , which made it one of the then five , now six continental confederations affiliated with FIFA . Canada , Costa Rica , Cuba , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Netherlands Antilles ( Curaçao ) , Nicaragua , Panama , Suriname and United States were founding members . CONCACAF is the third-most successful FIFA confederation . Mexico dominated CONCACAF men 's competition early on and has since won the most Gold Cups since the beginning of the tournament in its current format . The Mexico national football team is the only CONCACAF team to win an official FIFA tournament by winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . Mexico and the U.S. have won all but one of the editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . In recent years Costa Rica and Panama have become powers in the region ; in 2014 , Costa Rica became the 4th CONCACAF country after the United States , Cuba , and Mexico to make the World Cup quarterfinals , while Panama became the eleventh country from the confederation to participate in the World Cup in 2018 . The United States has been very successful in the women 's game , being the only CONCACAF member to win all three major worldwide competitions in women 's football - the World Cup ( 4 ) , the Olympics ( 4 ) , and the Algarve Cup ( 10 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Interuniversity_Sport', 'summary': "U Sports ( stylized as U SPORTS ) is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada , comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country . Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . Some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports . Its name until October 20 , 2016 , was Canadian Interuniversity Sport ( CIS ; French : Sport interuniversitaire canadien , SIC ) . On that date , the organization rebranded as U Sports in both official languages . The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union ( CIAU ) Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955 , composed only of universities from Ontario and Quebec . With the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s , calls for a new , national governing body for university sport accelerated . Once the Royal Military College of Canada became a degree granting institution , Major W.J . ( Danny ) McLeod , athletic director at the RMC directed the establishment of the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union ( CIAU ) in 1961 . Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer . In the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary , autonomous , educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast . In 1978 , the Canadian Women 's Interuniversity Athletic Union ( CWIAU ) , which had formed in 1970 , merged with the CIAU ; the expanded CIAU reinforced its university focus by adjusting its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union ."}]}, {'value': "St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lusitano Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lusitano_Stadium', 'summary': 'Lusitano Stadium , located in Ludlow , Massachusetts , is a 3,000-seat stadium built in 1918 currently used for soccer . Currently its tenants are the Western Mass Pioneers of the USL League Two , the Western United Pioneers USL Super-20 teams , and various Gremio Lusitano teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Mass Pioneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Mass_Pioneers', 'summary': "Western Mass Pioneers is an American soccer team based in Ludlow , Massachusetts , United States . Founded in 1998 , the team plays in USL League Two , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The team plays its home games at Lusitano Stadium , where they have played since 1998 . The team 's colors are red , black and white ."}]}, {'value': 'USL2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_League_Two', 'summary': 'USL League Two ( USL2 ) , formerly the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , is a development soccer league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada , forming part of the United States soccer league system . The league featured 72 teams in 2019 , split into eleven regional divisions within four conferences . Unofficially , it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition , behind Major League Soccer , USL Championship , and USL League One . USL League Two is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . Flint City Bucks are the current champions having defeated Reading United AC 1-0 in extra time in the 2019 USL League Two Championship game on August 3 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ludlow , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludlow,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Ludlow is a New England town in Hampden County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 21,103 as of the 2010 census , and it is considered part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area . Located just northeast of Springfield across the Chicopee River , it is one of the city 's suburbs . It has a sizable and visible Portuguese and Polish community . [ note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macpherson Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macpherson_Stadium,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Macpherson Stadium , located in Browns Summit , North Carolina 's Bryan Park ( Browns Summit is a suburb of Greensboro ) , is a USL League Two stadium that seats 7,000 and is the home to PDL club North Carolina Fusion U23 and the Greensboro College men 's soccer team . Prior to the opening of Macpherson Stadium , the team played at UNCG Soccer Stadium . The stadium hosted the soccer events for the 2007 State Games of North Carolina . On February 12 , 2008 the Dynamo announced plans to expand the stadium to 7,000 seats after the 2008 season from its previous capacity of 3000 all seated . [ permanent dead link ]"}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina Fusion U23', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Fusion_U23', 'summary': "North Carolina Fusion U-23 , formerly known as Carolina Dynamo , is an American soccer team based in Greensboro , North Carolina , United States . Founded in 1993 , the team plays in USL League Two , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The team plays its home games at Macpherson Stadium in nearby Browns Summit , North Carolina , where they have played since 2003 . The team 's colors are white and red . The team has a sister organization , the U23 NCFusion Women , who play in the women 's USL W-League , and also fields a team in the USL 's Super-20 League , a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella ."}]}, {'value': 'USL2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_League_Two', 'summary': 'USL League Two ( USL2 ) , formerly the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , is a development soccer league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada , forming part of the United States soccer league system . The league featured 72 teams in 2019 , split into eleven regional divisions within four conferences . Unofficially , it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition , behind Major League Soccer , USL Championship , and USL League One . USL League Two is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . Flint City Bucks are the current champions having defeated Reading United AC 1-0 in extra time in the 2019 USL League Two Championship game on August 3 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Browns Summit , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Browns_Summit,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Browns Summit ( sometimes called Brown Summit ) is a small unincorporated community in Guilford County , North Carolina , United States . It lies just northeast of Greensboro , near the intersection of North Carolina Highway 150 and U.S. Route 29 along the future Interstate 785 in Guilford County , Latitude 36.212°N & Longitude -79.713°W . The elevation is 801 feet ( 244 m ) above sea level . The single public elementary school is a part of the Guilford County school system . The ZIP Code for Browns Summit is 27214 , and it is in the 336 area code . It is a fast-growing area due to the proximity to Greensboro and Reidsville , North Carolina , with many new housing developments in progress , particularly on the NC Hwy 150 corridor . Once the Greensboro Urban Loop is completed , part of Browns Summit will be within the loop .'}]}, {'value': '7,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitan Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Oval', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Oval , also known as Met Oval , is a soccer complex located in Maspeth , Queens in New York City . Village Voice named the complex , which takes up 4.2 acres ( 17,000 m2 ) , the Best full soccer field in the middle of a residential neighborhood in 2004 , for its pristine playing surface and the view of the Manhattan skyline . In addition , the Metropolitan Oval is a U.S. Soccer Development Academy member . The Metropolitan Oval Academy and facility is led by an all-volunteer Board of Directors . Filippo Giovagnoli serves as Technical Director of the Academy .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queens , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queens,_New_York', 'summary': "Queens is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Queens County , in the U.S. state of New York . It is the largest borough geographically and is adjacent to the borough of Brooklyn , at the western end of Long Island . To its east is Nassau County . Queens also shares water borders with the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx . The borough of Queens is the second-largest in population , the first being Brooklyn ; with an estimated population of 2,278,906 residents in 2018 , approximately 47.5 percent of them foreign-born . Queens County also is the second most populous county in the U.S. state of New York , behind Brooklyn , which is coterminous with Kings County . Queens is the fourth most densely populated county among New York City 's boroughs , as well as in the United States . If each of New York City 's boroughs were an independent city , Queens would be the nation 's fourth most populous , after Los Angeles , Chicago , and Brooklyn . Queens is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States , as well as the most diverse among highly populated counties and the most linguistically diverse place on Earth . Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York . The settlement was presumably named for the English queen Catherine of Braganza ( 1638-1705 ) . From 1683 until 1899 , the County of Queens included what is now Nassau County ."}]}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925 ( 2001 renovation )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange Beach Sportsplex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Beach_Sportsplex', 'summary': "The Orange Beach Sportsplex is a sports complex in Orange Beach , Alabama that was built in 2001 . The focus of the complex is the 1,500-seat stadium . The stadium has hosted the SEC Women 's Soccer Tournament and has completed negotiations to host the tournament through 2020 . The facility also hosts the NCAA Division II men 's and women 's soccer tournaments . Currently the stadium hosts the Alabama Lightning of the North American Football League . Aside from the stadium , the sportsplex is home to baseball , softball , and youth sports leagues . The city of Orange Beach has announced plans to upgrade lighting on the championship field as part of the tournament contract ."}]}, {'value': 'Local teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange Beach , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Beach,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Orange Beach is a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 5,441 .'}]}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starfire Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Starfire_Sports', 'summary': 'Starfire Sports is a sporting facility in Tukwila , Washington , on the banks of the Green River , near Seattle . It is operated by the non-profit corporation Starfire Sports and is home to several soccer and rugby teams . At the time of its opening , CEO Chris Slatt believed it to be the largest synthetic-turf soccer complex in the U.S. Seattle Sounders FC has offices and training facilities at the complex , and stages Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup matches at the main stadium . Their affiliate team , Seattle Sounders FC 2 , played at Starfire from 2015 to 2017 . The Seattle affiliate of Major League Rugby , the Seattle Seawolves , began play at Starfire Sports in Spring 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tukwila , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tukwila,_Washington', 'summary': 'Tukwila ( /tʌkˈwɪlə/ tuk-WIL-ə ) is a suburban city in King County , Washington , United States , bordering on Seattle at its northern edge . The population was 19,107 at the 2010 census and an estimated 20,294 in 2018 . Tukwila is a community of communities , with residents of many diverse origins living in the city . A large commercial center draws workers and consumers to the city daily ; industry thrives with the confluence of rivers , freeways , railroads , and Seattle-Tacoma International Airport .'}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uihlein Soccer Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uihlein_Soccer_Park', 'summary': "Uihlein Soccer Park is a 4,000-seat stadium in Milwaukee , Wisconsin built in 1994 . This stadium was originally home to the Milwaukee Rampage , then became the home to the Milwaukee Wave United . The park has been host to many teams , including the US Women 's National Team , and national teams from South Korea , the Netherlands , and Australia . In addition , the University of Wisconsin Badgers men 's team has also utilized the park . The WIAA boys and girls state soccer championships have been played at Uihlein Soccer Park since 2003 . The surrounding pitches include 1 alternate stadium ( Pat Jones Stadium ) , and as many as 11 full sided and 3 small sided fields . These pitches are used for tournaments and games for Milwaukee area soccer clubs . Uihlein Soccer Park was built as a joint venture between the city and the Milwaukee Kickers Soccer Club . Uihlein Soccer Park has also been used for Lacrosse tournaments ( Hot 4 Lax ) , Ultimate Frisbee games ( Milwaukee Ultimate ) , and Hurling matches ( Milwaukee Hurling Club ) . The indoor building holds three indoor soccer fields measuring 182 feet by 84 feet each ."}]}, {'value': 'MSOE Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MSOE_Raiders', 'summary': "The Milwaukee School of Engineering ( MSOE ) is a private university in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The university has one of the smallest campuses in Milwaukee , at only 22 acres ( 0.089 km2 ) . The school 's enrollment of 2,820 includes 224 graduate students . As of Fall 2018 , the university has a total of 138 full-faculty with over 33% who are women . The student-to-faculty ratio is 16-to-1 . Through the eight academic departments the university offers 16 bachelor 's degrees , 10 of those being in engineering . Despite being undergraduate focused , the university also offers 11 master 's degrees in business , engineering , and nursing . The academic calendar functions on a quarter system year-round , with four ten-week terms : fall , winter , spring , and summer , although the majority of the students do not attend the summer quarter . MSOE fields 19 varsity teams known as the Raiders and most teams play in the NCAA Division III as part of the Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference ( NACC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Milwaukee , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s ."}]}, {'value': '7,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Beach Sportsplex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach_Sportsplex', 'summary': "The Virginia Beach Sportsplex is a sports complex in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The name is most commonly attached to the main stadium within the complex , which opened in 1999 . It has a permanent seating capacity of 6,000 , on two decks of seating , though it can be expanded upwards to 17,000 for American football games . It was the first soccer-specific stadium built from the ground up in the United States . The Sportsplex is located across the street from the Princess Anne Athletic Complex and near the Veterans United Home Loans Amphitheater . The main stadium was the home field of the Hampton Roads Piranhas , a women 's team in the W-League , which became the de facto top women 's league in the country after the demise of the Women 's United Soccer Association . It was originally their home from 1999 to 2002 . In 2003 the Piranhas moved their home games to a smaller stadium on the campus of Virginia Wesleyan College near the city 's border with Norfolk . It was also the home field for the Virginia Beach Mariners ( USL-I ) and the Virginia Beach Submariners ( PDL ) . In 2007 , the franchise was terminated , and as a result the Piranhas acquired the Submariners and renamed them as the Piranhas , a reflection of their women 's team . Both teams played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex for the 2010 season of the W-League and the Premier Development League . The stadium is now the home office for the Virginia Rush Organization as well as the home venue for its U16 and U18 U.S. Soccer Development Academy teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Beach United FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach_United_FC', 'summary': 'Virginia Beach United FC are an American soccer club competing in the USL League Two , that started play in 2019 . The team is a joint effort of local youth organizations Beach FC and Virginia Rush .'}]}, {'value': 'USL2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_League_Two', 'summary': 'USL League Two ( USL2 ) , formerly the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , is a development soccer league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada , forming part of the United States soccer league system . The league featured 72 teams in 2019 , split into eleven regional divisions within four conferences . Unofficially , it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition , behind Major League Soccer , USL Championship , and USL League One . USL League Two is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . Flint City Bucks are the current champions having defeated Reading United AC 1-0 in extra time in the 2019 USL League Two Championship game on August 3 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Beach , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 437,994 ; in 2018 , it was estimated to be 450,138 . Although mostly suburban in character , it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 44th most populous city in the nation . Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . This area , known as America 's First Region , also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , and Suffolk , as well as other smaller cities , counties , and towns of Hampton Roads . Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels , motels , and restaurants along its oceanfront . Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship , a beach soccer tournament . It is also home to several state parks , several long-protected beach areas , three military bases , a number of large corporations , Virginia Wesleyan University and Regent University , International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson 's Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , Edgar Cayce 's Association for Research and Enlightenment , and numerous historic sites . Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet , Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists , who eventually settled in Jamestown , on April 26 , 1607 . The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world . It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel , the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world ."}]}, {'value': '10,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WRAL Soccer Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WRAL_Soccer_Center', 'summary': 'The WRAL Soccer Center is a soccer complex featuring a 3,200-seat , lighted soccer-specific stadium located on Perry Creek Road in Raleigh , North Carolina . It is situated between Capital Boulevard ( US Route 1 ) and Louisburg Road ( NC Route 401 ) , and just north of Interstate 540 . The complex features a total of 25 soccer pitches . Two of the 25 fields are configurable into smaller pitches and are composed of FieldTurf . The stadium is located in the middle of the park . The site is the home field for the North Carolina FC Youth , which is one of the largest youth soccer organizations in North Carolina . The central stadium is home to the Wake Technical Community College soccer team . It is also the site for several large youth soccer tournaments , including four weekends in November and December every year when the North Carolina FC Youth Shootout and the North Carolina FC Yough Showcase events are hosted .'}]}, {'value': 'CASL teams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raleigh_CASL_Elite', 'summary': "North Carolina FC U23 is an American soccer team based in Cary , North Carolina . It was founded in 2002 as the Raleigh Elite , and the current affiliate of North Carolina FC , a second division club in the United Soccer League . The team plays in USL League Two ( the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid ) , and previously in the National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) . The team was known as the Cary Clarets in 2008 and 2009 ; and went dormant for a year in 2010 . As a member of the USASA League , the then-Carolina RailHawks U23 's took the Men 's Region III Championship in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 and won the U-23 's National Championship in 2011 and 2013 . The team 's colors are navy blue , gold , and cardinal red ."}]}, {'value': 'CASL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raleigh_CASL_Elite', 'summary': "North Carolina FC U23 is an American soccer team based in Cary , North Carolina . It was founded in 2002 as the Raleigh Elite , and the current affiliate of North Carolina FC , a second division club in the United Soccer League . The team plays in USL League Two ( the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid ) , and previously in the National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) . The team was known as the Cary Clarets in 2008 and 2009 ; and went dormant for a year in 2010 . As a member of the USASA League , the then-Carolina RailHawks U23 's took the Men 's Region III Championship in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 and won the U-23 's National Championship in 2011 and 2013 . The team 's colors are navy blue , gold , and cardinal red ."}]}, {'value': 'Raleigh , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Raleigh ( /ˈrɑːli/ ; RAH-lee ) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States . Raleigh is the second-largest city in the state , after Charlotte . Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its many oak trees , which line the streets in the heart of the city . The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles ( 370 km2 ) . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population as 469,298 as of July 1 , 2018 . It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the country . The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County . Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University ( NCSU ) and is part of Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) , together with Durham ( home of Duke University and North Carolina Central University ) and Chapel Hill ( home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . The Triangle nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , located in Durham and Wake counties , among the three cities and their universities . The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau 's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013 . The Raleigh metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013 . Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County , with a very small portion extending into Durham County ."}]}, {'value': '3,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other soccer-specific stadiums', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Soccer-specific_stadium_6', 'intro': "Soccer-specific stadium is a term used mainly in the United States and Canada to refer to a sports stadium either purpose-built or fundamentally redesigned for soccer and whose primary function is to host soccer matches, as opposed to a multi-purpose stadium which is for a variety of sports. A soccer-specific stadium may host other sporting events (such as lacrosse, American football and rugby) and concerts, but the design and purpose of a soccer-specific stadium is primarily for soccer. Some facilities (for example Toyota Park, Toyota Stadium and Mapfre Stadium) have a permanent stage at one end of the stadium used for staging concerts. A soccer-specific stadium typically has amenities, dimensions and scale suitable for soccer in North America, including a scoreboard, video screen, luxury suites and possibly a roof. The field dimensions are within the range found optimal by FIFA: 110-120 yards (100-110 m) long by 70-80 yards (64-73 m) wide. These soccer field dimensions are wider than the regulation American football field width of 53 1⁄3 yards (48.8 m), or the 65-yard (59 m) width of a Canadian football field. The playing surface typically consists of grass as opposed to artificial turf, as the latter is generally disfavored for soccer matches since players are more susceptible to injuries. However, some soccer specific stadiums, such as Portland's Providence Park and Creighton University's Morrison Stadium, do have artificial turf. The seating capacity is generally between 18,000 and 30,000 for a Major League Soccer franchise, or smaller for college or minor league soccer teams. This is in comparison to the much larger American football stadiums that mostly range between 60,000 and 80,000 in which the original North American Soccer League teams played and most MLS teams occupied during the league's inception. As opposed to gridiron-style football stadiums, where the front row of seats is elevated several feet above the field of play to allow spectators to see over the heads of substitute players and coaches on the sidelines, soccer-specific venues typically have the front row closer to the level of the pitch."} | null | null | Which area has the lower seating capacity ? The place home to the Hampton Roads Piranhas until 2003 , or the stadium which has an affiliate team known as the Seattle Sounders FC 2 ? | Starfire Sports |
06d7efa8ca4ac10b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'title': 'Yugoslavia at the 1963 Mediterranean Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Lešek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Lešek', 'summary': 'Roman Lešek ( born 7 August 1937 in Celje ) is a Slovenian former pole vaulter who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Pole vault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1963 Mediterranean Games were held in Naples , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dako Radošević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dako_Radošević', 'summary': 'Dako Radošević ( born 17 August 1934 in Bosanska Krupa ) is a Bosnian former discus thrower who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1963 Mediterranean Games were held in Naples , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zvonko Bezjak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zvonko_Bezjak', 'summary': 'Zvonko Bezjak ( born Antun Petar Bezjak on 29 June 1935 ) is a retired Croatian hammer thrower of Slovenian origin . He competed for Yugoslavia at the 1960 Summer Olympics and finished in sixth place . He won a gold medal at the 1963 Mediterranean Games . As a teenager Bezjak tried fencing and wrestling before changing to athletics . In 1953 he won the Yugoslav junior pentathlon championships , where he performed well not only in throwing , but also in sprint events , running 100 m in 11.3 and 200 m in 23.2 seconds . Next year he moved from his native Varaždin to Zagreb , and received a degree in economics there in 1960 . During his hammer throwing career Bezjak had a strong rivalry with Krešimir Račić , with Bezjak winning the Yugoslav title in 1956 , 1958 , 1960 and 1963 and Račić in 1954 , 1955 , 1957 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 and 1964 . Bezjak retired in 1965 . He did not pursue a coaching career , and instead worked for the catering company Ključice in Novi Marof until 1991 . He had a sister Vida , whose son Zlatko Bezjak became a competitive javelin thrower .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1963 Mediterranean Games were held in Naples , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miroslav Cerar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar', 'summary': 'Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics', 'summary': 'Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines ( ranging from about 30 to 90 seconds ) on different apparatuses , with less time for vaulting . The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) , which designs the code of points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition . Within individual countries , gymnastics is regulated by national federations , such as Gymnastics Canada , British Gymnastics , and USA Gymnastics . Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions , including the Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'All-around', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miroslav Cerar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar', 'summary': 'Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics', 'summary': 'Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines ( ranging from about 30 to 90 seconds ) on different apparatuses , with less time for vaulting . The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) , which designs the code of points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition . Within individual countries , gymnastics is regulated by national federations , such as Gymnastics Canada , British Gymnastics , and USA Gymnastics . Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions , including the Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Pommel horse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirko Štagljar , Ante Guberina , Mladen Valčić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ante_Guberina', 'summary': "Ante Guberina ( born 24 February 1940 ) is a Croatian rower . He competed in the men 's coxed pair event at the 1964 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_(sport)', 'summary': 'Rowing , sometimes referred to as crew in the United States , is a sport whose origins reach back to Ancient Egyptian times . It involves propelling a boat ( racing shell ) on water using oars . By pushing against the water with an oar , a force is generated to move the boat . The sport can be either recreational for enjoyment or fitness , or competitive , when athletes race against each other in boats . There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete , ranging from an individual shell ( called a single scull ) to an eight-person shell with a coxswain ( called a coxed eight ) . Modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when races ( regattas ) were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London , United Kingdom . Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies . Amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College , Shrewsbury School , Durham School , and Westminster School . Similarly , clubs were formed at the University of Oxford , with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815 . At the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827 . Public rowing clubs were beginning at the same time ; in England Leander Club was founded in 1818 , in Germany Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club was founded in 1836 and in the United States Narragansett Boat Club was founded in 1838 and Detroit Boat Club was founded in 1839 . In 1843 , the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University .'}]}, {'value': 'Coxed pair', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boro Jovanović , Nikola Pilić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boro_Jovanović', 'summary': 'Boro Jovanović ( born 21 October 1939 ) is a former Yugoslav tennis player . Jovanović was runner-up in the 1962 Wimbledon doubles tournament with Nikola Pilić , and quarter-finalist in the 1968 Wimbledon doubles tournament . In singles , Jovanović reached the final of the 1963 Italian Open and the quarterfinals of the 1968 French Open . In 1972 , Boro Jovanović joined the World Championship Tennis Tour . He was ranked World No . 8 for 1963 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nikola_Pilić', 'summary': 'Nikola Niki Pilić ( born 27 August 1939 ) is a Croatian former professional tennis player who competed for SFR Yugoslavia . He was one of the Handsome Eight . Pilić was ranked world No . 6 in January 1968 and world No . 7 for 1967 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volleyball team Petar Bojić Branislav Bulatović Gordan Janković Vladimir Janković Mladen Kos Nikola Miković Stevan Pališaški Zoran Petrović Uroš Ribarić Zdenko Špet Josip Tomljanović Adolf Urnaut', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Yugoslavia_men's_national_volleyball_team", 'summary': "The Yugoslavia men 's national volleyball team was the national team of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Petar_Bojić', 'summary': 'Petar Bojić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Петар Бојић ; born 4 September 1991 in Čačak ) is a Serbian football midfielder who currently plays for Vojvodina .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball', 'summary': "Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net . Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team 's court under organized rules . It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964 . The complete set of rules are extensive , but play essentially proceeds as follows : a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally ' by serving the ball ( tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm ) , from behind the back boundary line of the court , over the net , and into the receiving team 's court . The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court . The team may touch the ball up to 3 times , but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively . Typically , the first two touches are used to set up for an attack , an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court . The rally continues , with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches , until either ( 1 ) : a team makes a kill , grounding the ball on the opponent 's court and winning the rally ; or ( 2 ) : a team commits a fault and loses the rally . The team that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally . A few of the most common faults include :"}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': "In the 1963 Mediterranean Games , one of the games played was volleyball . Yugoslavia won the men 's division ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branislav Martinović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branislav_Martinović', 'summary': 'Branko Martinović ( 29 November 1937 - 26 February 2015 ) was a Serbian wrestler who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics . He was born in Belgrade .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Greco-Roman 70kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petar Cucić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petar_Cucić', 'summary': "Petar Cucić ( born 18 March 1935 ) is a Yugoslav wrestler . He competed in the men 's Greco-Roman light heavyweight at the 1964 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Greco-Roman 87kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franc Červan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franc_Červan', 'summary': "Franc Červan ( 14 October 1936 - 7 November 1991 ) was a Yugoslav long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 5000 metres and men 's 10000 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '10.000m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1963 Mediterranean Games were held in Naples , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragan Anđelković', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1963 Mediterranean Games were held in Naples , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boško Tomasović', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1963 Mediterranean Games were held in Naples , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branislav Mirković', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amateur_boxing', 'summary': 'Amateur boxing is a variant of boxing practised at the collegiate level , at the Olympic Games , Pan American Games and Commonwealth Games , as well as many associations .'}]}, {'value': 'Flyweight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Vranješević', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amateur_boxing', 'summary': 'Amateur boxing is a variant of boxing practised at the collegiate level , at the Olympic Games , Pan American Games and Commonwealth Games , as well as many associations .'}]}, {'value': 'Light Middleweight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerar , Petrović , Šrot , Menčik , Čaklec , Anić', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics', 'summary': 'Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines ( ranging from about 30 to 90 seconds ) on different apparatuses , with less time for vaulting . The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) , which designs the code of points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition . Within individual countries , gymnastics is regulated by national federations , such as Gymnastics Canada , British Gymnastics , and USA Gymnastics . Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions , including the Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Team all-around', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miroslav Cerar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar', 'summary': 'Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics', 'summary': 'Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines ( ranging from about 30 to 90 seconds ) on different apparatuses , with less time for vaulting . The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) , which designs the code of points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition . Within individual countries , gymnastics is regulated by national federations , such as Gymnastics Canada , British Gymnastics , and USA Gymnastics . Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions , including the Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Floor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miroslav Cerar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar', 'summary': 'Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics', 'summary': 'Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines ( ranging from about 30 to 90 seconds ) on different apparatuses , with less time for vaulting . The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) , which designs the code of points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition . Within individual countries , gymnastics is regulated by national federations , such as Gymnastics Canada , British Gymnastics , and USA Gymnastics . Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions , including the Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Parallel bars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miroslav Cerar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar', 'summary': 'Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics', 'summary': 'Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines ( ranging from about 30 to 90 seconds ) on different apparatuses , with less time for vaulting . The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) , which designs the code of points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition . Within individual countries , gymnastics is regulated by national federations , such as Gymnastics Canada , British Gymnastics , and USA Gymnastics . Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions , including the Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Vault', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miroslav Cerar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar', 'summary': 'Miroslav Cerar ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar ] , born 28 October 1939 ) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics . He also won three world and nine European championships . Domestically , Cerar won 13 national titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavias Athlete of the Year . He was awarded the Olympic Order in Silver by the International Olympic Committee . He was member of the Slovenian Olympic Academy , the Fair Play Commission of the Slovenian Olympic Committee , and the Executive Committee of the European Fair Play Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics', 'summary': 'Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines ( ranging from about 30 to 90 seconds ) on different apparatuses , with less time for vaulting . The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) , which designs the code of points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition . Within individual countries , gymnastics is regulated by national federations , such as Gymnastics Canada , British Gymnastics , and USA Gymnastics . Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions , including the Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Horizontal bar', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Yugoslavia_at_the_1963_Mediterranean_Games_0', 'intro': 'Yugoslavia competed at the 1963 Mediterranean Games held in Naples, Italy.'} | null | null | Which athletics athlete is youngest ? | Roman Lešek |
06d884d39d60bc4a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card_bibliography', 'title': 'Orson Scott Card bibliography', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Notes from a Guardian Angel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'LDS fiction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eye for Eye / Tunesmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eye_for_Eye', 'summary': "Eye for Eye ( 1987 ) is a science fiction novella by Orson Scott Card . It first appeared in the March 1987 issue of Asimov 's Science Fiction magazine . In 1990 it appeared in Card 's short story collection Maps in a Mirror and also as a Tor double novel , with The Tunesmith by Lloyd Biggle , Jr . It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tor double novel with Lloyd Biggle , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tor_Books', 'summary': 'Tor Books is the primary imprint of Tom Doherty Associates , a publishing company based in New York City . It primarily publishes science fiction and fantasy titles , and publishes the online science fiction magazine Tor.com .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Biggle,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Lloyd Biggle Jr. ( April 17 , 1923 - September 12 , 2002 ) , was an American musician , author , and internationally known oral historian .'}]}, {'value': 'Magic Mirror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic_Mirror_(book)', 'summary': "Magic Mirror ( 1999 ) is a children 's picture book by Orson Scott Card and illustrator Nathan Pinnock ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': "Children 's book", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robota', 'summary': 'Robota ( 2003 ) is an illustrated book by Doug Chiang and Orson Scott Card about a mysterious fourth planet of the solar system named Orpheus . In a time before the events of the book , an alien race known as the Olm came to Orpheus and warned the people , explaining that their planet will crash into Earth in several thousand years . The Olm gave humans very advanced technology and the ability to create robots with artificial intelligence . But over the centuries , entropy and mismanagement have taken their toll . The humans have reverted to a preindustrial existence in a world populated with chimerical beasts such as the saurian jodphurs , relying on bio-sciences for whatever support they can derive . With their mysterious leader , Font Prime , silenced , the robots have fallen under the baneful influence of Kaantur-Set , who directs a program of human extermination . But the robots themselves are on the point of extinction , as their technologies of reproduction no longer work . In this dire end of times , the story follows the adventures of Caps , a human who wakes up inside a metal capsule with no memory of his past .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Illustrated book', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An Open Book', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_Open_Book_(poems)', 'summary': 'An Open Book ( 2004 ) is a collection of poems by Orson Scott Card .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Collection of poems', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ultimate Iron Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Iron_Man', 'summary': 'Ultimate Iron Man is the name of two comic book miniseries written by Orson Scott Card and published by Marvel Comics . The stories tell the origins of the Ultimate Marvel version of Iron Man , who appears in The Ultimates .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comic book series', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Prophet : The Tales Of Alvin Maker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Prophet:_The_Tales_Of_Alvin_Maker', 'summary': 'Red Prophet : The Tales of Alvin Maker is a twelve-issue comic book limited series by Orson Scott Card , based on The Tales of Alvin Maker series by author Orson Scott Card . Publication started in March 2006 by Dabel Brothers Productions and was finished in 2008 by Marvel Comics .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comic book series', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyrms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wyrms_(comics)', 'summary': 'Wyrms is a six-issue comic book mini-series by Orson Scott Card and Jake Black , based on the novel Wyrms by author Orson Scott Card . Publication started in April 2006 by Dabel Brothers Productions and was finished in February 2008 by Marvel Comics .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comic book series', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Space Boy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Young adult novel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_adult_novel', 'summary': "Young adult fiction ( YA ) is a category of fiction written for readers from 12 to 18 years of age . While the genre is targeted to teenagers , approximately half of YA readers are adults . The subject matter and genres of YA correlate with the age and experience of the protagonist . The genres available in YA are expansive and include most of those found in adult fiction . Common themes related to YA include friendship , first love , relationships , and identity . Stories that focus on the specific challenges of youth are sometimes referred to as problem novels or coming-of-age novels . Young adult fiction was developed to soften the transition between children 's novels and adult literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Bully and the Beast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Planned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Young adult novel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_adult_novel', 'summary': "Young adult fiction ( YA ) is a category of fiction written for readers from 12 to 18 years of age . While the genre is targeted to teenagers , approximately half of YA readers are adults . The subject matter and genres of YA correlate with the age and experience of the protagonist . The genres available in YA are expansive and include most of those found in adult fiction . Common themes related to YA include friendship , first love , relationships , and identity . Stories that focus on the specific challenges of youth are sometimes referred to as problem novels or coming-of-age novels . Young adult fiction was developed to soften the transition between children 's novels and adult literature ."}]}, {'value': "Hamlet 's Father", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hamlet's_Father", 'summary': "Hamlet 's Father is a 2008 novella by Orson Scott Card , which retells the story of Shakespeare 's Hamlet in modernist prose , and which makes several changes to the characters ' motivations and backstory . It has drawn substantial criticism for its portrayal of King Hamlet as a pedophile who molested Laertes , Horatio , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , and implication that this in turn made them homosexuals ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other works', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Orson_Scott_Card_bibliography_14', 'intro': 'This is a list of the works of Orson Scott Card. This list does not include criticisms, reviews, or related material written by Card. Orson Scott Card is the author of The Ender saga and Homecoming Saga among many other works.'} | null | null | How many issues are in the Orson Scott Card 2006 comic book series published in March by Dabel Brothers Productions ? | twelve-issue |
06d88d6c5fa0448d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_Korea', 'title': 'List of tallest buildings in South Korea', 'header': ['Name', 'Height m ( ft )', 'Floors', 'Period', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Central Government Complex Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Government_Complex_(Seoul)', 'summary': 'The Central Government Complex , Sejong-no Seoul , Korea , is an area of office developments which are home to several Korean government agencies . The building was renamed from January 1 , 2013 from Central Government Complex ( 정부중앙청사 ) to Government Seoul Complex ( 정부서울청사 ) .'}]}, {'value': '94 m ( 308 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969-1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': '31 Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/31_Building', 'summary': "31 Building ( Also known as Samil Building , Korean : 31빌딩 ) is an office building in Seoul , South Korea . Completed in 1970 , the 31 Building was the tallest building in Seoul until 1979 , when Lotte Hotel Seoul was completed . The architect of the 31 Building was Kim Joong-up , a famous architect in South Korea . It was selected as 'Seoul Future Heritage ' because it is considered a valuable building in the history of architecture in Seoul ."}]}, {'value': '114 m ( 374 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Lotte Hotel Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotte_Hotel_Seoul', 'summary': 'Lotte Hotels and Resorts is a South Korean luxury hotel chain operated by Lotte Hotel Co. , Ltd. , the hospitality arm of Lotte Corporation . The company was founded in May 1973 . Starting with the opening of Lotte Hotel Seoul in 1979 , luxury chain hotels opened in Jamsil , Busan , Jeju , and Ulsan . The first business hotel , Lotte City Hotel Mapo , opened in April 2009 , and the first overseas chain , Lotte Hotel Moscow , opened in June 2010 . On December 8 , 2011 , the second business hotel , Lotte City Hotel Gimpo Airport opened within the Lotte Mall Gimpo Airport complex .'}]}, {'value': '138 m ( 453 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978-1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': '63 Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/63_Building', 'summary': "The 63 Building ( Korean : 63 빌딩 or 육삼 빌딩 ) , officially called 63 SQUARE ( formerly Hanwha 63 City ) , is a skyscraper on Yeouido island , overlooking the Han River in Seoul , South Korea . It was designed by Harry D Som and Helen W Som , principals of Som and Associates of San Francisco . ( The building has been falsely attributed to the SOM design firm , which is inaccurate . ) At 250 meters ( 819 ft ) high , it was the tallest building outside North America when it opened in July 1985 , and remains the tallest gold-clad structure in the world . It stood as South Korea 's tallest building until the Hyperion Tower surpassed it in 2003 , but remained the country 's tallest commercial building until the Northeast Asia Trade Tower was topped-out in 2009 . The 63 Building was built as a landmark for the 1988 Summer Olympics . 63 is something of a misnomer since only 60 floors are above ground level . Floors 61-63 are restricted areas . The skyscraper is the headquarters of Korea Life Insurance , Industrial Bank of Korea Securities , and other major financial companies . The design of the structure is based on the Hanja character for person or human being ( 人 or in ) in a subtle reference by the designers to the business of Daehan Life , the insurance company that constructed the building ."}]}, {'value': '249 m ( 817 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Mok-dong Hyperion I Tower A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyperion_Tower', 'summary': "The Hyperion Tower ( Korean : 하이페리온 타워 ) , also known as the Mok-dong Hyperion Towers , is a group of three buildings located in the Yangcheon-gu district of Seoul , South Korea , completed in 2003 . The tallest of which , Tower A , is 69 storeys and 256 metres ( 840 feet ) high , making it the second tallest building in Seoul and the world 's 214th tallest building . The towers are used as residential housing . Tower A is the world 's 19th tallest residential building . Below the building is the Hyundai Department store , a chain of high end department stores in South Korea . At the time of its completion , the building was the tallest in the country but was surpassed by Samsung Tower Palace 3 - Tower G in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '256 m ( 840 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Samsung Tower Palace 3 Tower G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samsung_Tower_Palace', 'summary': "The Samsung Tower Palace is a group of seven towers , lettered A-G . They are located in Dogok-dong , Gangnam-gu , Seoul , South Korea . They range from 42-72 floors , all built between 2002 and 2004 , and all used as luxury residential complexes . Tower Palace G , which is 73 floors and 264 metres ( 866 feet ) high , was the tallest building in Korea since 2004 but was surpassed by the Northeast Asia Trade Tower in 2009 . Its shape is formed by three oval lobes joined together . The builders of the Tower Palace installed high-tech security measures . Card keys issued to residents are required at all entrances and elevators . Each residence 's entrance is accessed by either a key code or fingerprint identification . Much within the buildings is highly automated . Everything from lighting , curtains , home networks and even washing machines can be pre-set to perform certain actions at a defined time or when a mode is activated from the control panels . The entire home can be controlled through the owner 's mobile phone . A helipad is located on the roof of all buildings ."}]}, {'value': '264 m ( 866 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': "Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith Tower A", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Haeundae_Doosan_We've_the_Zenith", 'summary': "Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith is a complex of three residential towers in the Haeundae District of Busan , South Korea , which was completed in 2011 . With 80 floors and a height of 301 m , Tower A is the 13th tallest residential building in the world , and has been officially announced as the second tallest building in Korea , according to the Ministry of Land , Transport and Maritime Affairs . The Haeundae Doosan Weve the Zenith consists of three residential buildings , with 70 , 75 and 80 stories respectively , comprising 1,788 households in total , and one office building on its 42,500 square metres ( 457,000 sq ft ) site . The total construction work took 48 months from November 2007 to November 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '300 m ( 980 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan', 'summary': "Busan ( Korean pronunciation : [ pusan ] ) , formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially Busan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's second most-populous city after Seoul , with a population of over 3.5 million inhabitants . It is the economic , cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea , with its port - Korea 's busiest and the fifth-busiest in the world [ a ] - only about 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) from the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Honshu . The surrounding Southeast Economic Zone ( including Ulsan and South Gyeongsang ) is South Korea 's largest industrial area . Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county , together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million . The full metropolitan area , the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region , has a population of approximately 8 million . The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers , with mountains separating most of the districts . The Nakdong is Korea 's longest river and Busan 's Haeundae Beach is also the country 's largest . Busan is a center for international conventions , hosting APEC in 2005 . It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea , having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup . It is home to the world 's largest department store , the Shinsegae Centum City . Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Film in December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast Asia Trade Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Trade_Tower', 'summary': "The Posco Tower-Songdo or Northeast Asia Trade Tower ( Korean : 포스코타워-송도 ) is a skyscraper in Songdo International City , the world 's most expensive private real estate project in the Incheon Free Economic Zone , South Korea . The 305-metre ( 1,001 ft ) building is currently South Korea 's fourth tallest , and has 68 floors . It surpassed the previous record-holder , Samsung Tower Palace 3 - Tower G in Seoul , when it topped-out in 2009 . Although finished in 2011 , the completion of its interior had been delayed due to financial complications during a recession . The building was intended to be a landmark of the Songdo International Business District which was constructed on unused land along the waterfront near Incheon . It features 19 floors of class A office space , South Korea 's tallest observatory on the 65th-floor , a luxury hotel , serviced residences , and retail stores . The column-free floors include an office lobby at ground level with French limestone floors and Vermont slate stone walls ."}]}, {'value': '305 m ( 1,001 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incheon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon', 'summary': "Incheon ( Korean : 인천 ; Hanja : 仁川 ; Korean pronunciation : [ intɕʰʌn ] ; McCune-Reischauer romanization Inchŏn ; literally kind river ) , officially the Incheon Metropolitan City ( 인천광역시 ) , is a city located in northwestern South Korea , bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east . Inhabited since the Neolithic , Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883 . Today , about 3 million people live in the city , making it South Korea 's third most-populous city after Seoul and Busan . The city 's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province , forming the world 's fourth largest metropolitan area by population . Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world , ushering in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization . In 2003 , the city was designated as Korea 's first free economic zone . Since then , large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone , including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry . As an international city , Incheon has held numerous large scale international conferences , such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009 . The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014 . Incheon has established itself as a major transportation hub in northeast Asia with the Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port . The city is also home to the Green Climate Fund , an international organization addressing environmental issues ."}]}, {'value': 'Lotte World Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower', 'summary': 'Lotte World Tower ( Korean : 롯데월드타워 ) is a 123-floor , 555.7-metre ( 1,823 ft ) supertall skyscraper located in Seoul , South Korea . It opened to the public on April 11 , 2017 and is currently the tallest building in South Korea , and is the 5th tallest building in the world .'}]}, {'value': '555 m ( 1,821 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '123', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Timeline of tallest buildings in South Korea', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_Korea_1', 'intro': "This list of tallest buildings in South Korea ranks skyscrapers in South Korea by height. The tallest building in South Korea is currently the 123-story Lotte World Tower, which rises 555 metres (1,821 ft) and was completed in 22 December 2016. It is also the world's 5th tallest building. There are currently three buildings over 300m under construction in South Korea. The three-building complex Haeundae LCT The Sharp in also under construction in Busan, and will reach 412 metres (1,352 ft). There are various other projects planned over 300 meters, including the 338 metres (1,109 ft) tall Parc1, scheduled to be completed in 2020, the 510 metres (1,673 ft) tall Busan Lotte Tower currently on hold, as well as the 569 metres (1,867 ft) tall Hyundai Global Business Center, which will break ground in 2019."} | null | null | What UNESCO list includes the city where the Haeundae Doosan tall building is located ? | UNESCO Creative Cities Network |
06d942ad96c1f1a5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Spirit_Award', 'title': 'Golden Spirit Award', 'header': ['Year', 'Player', 'Team', 'League'], 'data': [{'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1999 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 50th season of operation for the league .'}]}, {'value': 'Hideki Matsui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hideki_Matsui', 'summary': "Hideki Matsui ( 松井 秀喜 , Matsui Hideki , born June 12 , 1974 ) , nicknamed Godzilla , is a Japanese former professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter who played baseball in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He batted left-handed and threw right-handed . Matsui played the first ten seasons of his career in Japan for NPB 's Yomiuri Giants . During that span , he was a nine-time All-Star , three-time Japan Series champion , and three-time Central League Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . In 2003 , Matsui transitioned to playing in MLB in North America , and spent his first seven seasons there with the New York Yankees . As a Yankee , he was a two-time All-Star and 2009 World Series champion , for which he was named the World Series MVP . After becoming a free agent , Matsui had one-year stints with three other MLB teams : the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , Oakland Athletics , and Tampa Bay Rays . On July 28 , 2013 , Matsui signed a one-day minor league contract with the Yankees in order to officially retire with the team . During his 20-year playing career , Matsui hit 507 home runs - 332 in NPB and 175 in MLB . In 2018 , Matsui was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Yomiuri Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yomiuri_Giants', 'summary': "The Yomiuri Giants ( 読売ジャイアンツ , Yomiuri Jaiantsu ) are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan . The team competes in the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball . They play their home games in the Tokyo Dome , opened in 1988 . The team 's owner is the Yomiuri Group , a media conglomerate which includes two newspapers and a television network . The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams . Their main rivalry is with the Hanshin Tigers , a team especially popular in the Kansai region . The Yomiuri Giants are regarded as The New York Yankees of Japan due to their widespread popularity , past dominance of the league , and polarizing effect on fans . ( Baseball fans who are indifferent about teams other than their local team often have an intense dislike for the Giants ; on the other hand , the Giants have a large fan base even in areas with a local team . ) The English-language press occasionally calls the team the Tokyo Giants , but that name has not been in use in Japan for decades . ( Lefty O'Doul , a former Major League Baseball player , named the team Tokyo Giants in the mid-1930s . ) Instead , the team is officially known by the name of its corporate owner , just like the Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes . The team is often referred by fans and in news headlines and tables simply as Kyojin ( 巨人 , the Japanese word for giant ( s ) ) , instead of the usual corporate owner 's name or the English nickname ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2000 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 51st season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Atsushi Kataoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atsushi_Kataoka', 'summary': 'Atsushi Kataoka ( 片岡 篤史 , Kataoka Atsushi , born June 27 , 1969 in Kumiyama , Kyoto , Japan ) is a former Nippon Professional Baseball infielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Nippon-Ham Fighters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nippon-Ham_Fighters', 'summary': "The Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters ( 北海道日本ハムファイターズ , Hokkaidō Nippon-Hamu Faitāzu ) are a Japanese professional baseball team based in Sapporo , Hokkaidō . They compete in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball , playing the majority of their home games at the Sapporo Dome . The Fighters also host a select number of regional home games in cities across Hokkaidō , including Hakodate , Asahikawa , Kushiro , and Obihiro . The team 's name comes from its parent organization , Nippon Ham , a major Japanese food processing company . Founded in 1946 , the Fighters called Tokyo home for 58 years , as co-tenants of the Tokyo Dome with the Central League 's Yomiuri Giants near the end of their tenure in the capital city . The franchise has won three Japan Series titles , in 1962 , 2006 , and , most recently , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2001 Nippon Professional Baseball season ended with the Yakult Swallows defeating the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes in the 2001 Japan Series 4 games to 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norihiro Nakamura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norihiro_Nakamura', 'summary': 'Norihiro Nakamura ( 中村 紀洋 , Nakamura Norihiko , born July 24 , 1973 in Osaka , Japan ) is a Japanese former professional baseball third baseman . Nakamura spent almost all of his professional career in Japan with the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes . Nakamura had a .266 career batting average , 404 home runs and 1338 RBI , and was an eight-time All-Star and four-time Golden Glove winner . Nakamura is one of only 16 players to have hit 400 or more home runs in NPB .'}]}, {'value': 'Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osaka_Kintetsu_Buffaloes', 'summary': "The Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes ( 大阪近鉄バファローズ , Ōsaka Kintetsu Bafarōzu ) were a Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) team based in Osaka , Japan , which was in the Pacific League . In 2005 the team was merged with the Orix BlueWave to become the team now known as the Orix Buffaloes . The team played in Fujiidera Stadium , and later in Osaka Dome . Although the team won four Pacific League championships , they lost all four Japan Series in which they played . The team 's batting lineup was known as Itemae Dasen ( いてまえ打線 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2002 Nippon Professional Baseball season ended with the Yomiuri Giants defeating the Seibu Lions in the 2002 Japan Series 4 games to 0 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tetsuya Iida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetsuya_Iida', 'summary': 'Tetsuya Iida ( 飯田 哲也 , born May 18 , 1968 in Chōfu , Tokyo , Japan ) is a former Nippon Professional Baseball outfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Yakult Swallows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakult_Swallows', 'summary': "The Tokyo Yakult Swallows are a professional baseball team in Nippon Professional Baseball 's Central League . The Swallows are named after their corporate owners , the Yakult Corporation . From 1950 to 1965 , the team was owned by the former Japanese National Railways ( known as Kokutetsu ( 国鉄 ) in Japanese ) and called the Kokutetsu Swallows ; the team was then owned by the newspaper Sankei Shimbun from 1965 to 1968 and called the Sankei Atoms . Yakult purchased the team in 1970 and restored its original Swallows name in 1974 . Then it was renamed the Tokyo Yakult Swallows in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2003 Nippon Professional Baseball season ended with the Daiei Hawks defeating the Hanshin Tigers in the 2003 Japan Series 4 games to 3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kazuki Inoue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuki_Inoue', 'summary': 'Kazuki Inoue ( 井上 一樹 , Inoue Kazuki , born July 25 , 1971 in Mizobe , Kagoshima , Japan ) is a former Nippon Professional Baseball outfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Chunichi Dragons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chunichi_Dragons', 'summary': 'The Chunichi Dragons ( 中日ドラゴンズ , Chūnichi Doragonzu ) are a professional baseball team based in Nagoya , the chief city in the Chūbu region of Japan . The team plays in the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball . They have won the Central League pennant 9 times ( most recently in 2011 ) and the Japan Series twice in 1954 and 2007 . They were also champions in the 2007 Asia Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2004 Nippon Professional Baseball season ended with the Seibu Lions defeating the Chunichi Dragons in the 2004 Japan Series . This season also saw the first and only players strike in Japanese professional baseball history . Players went on strike for two days in September because of the potential mergers and realignment .'}]}, {'value': 'Norihiro Akahoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norihiro_Akahoshi', 'summary': 'Norihiro Akahoshi ( 赤星 憲広 , Akahoshi Norihiro , born April 10 , 1976 ) is a retired Nippon Professional Baseball player from Kariya , Aichi , Japan . He played as an outfielder for the Hanshin Tigers . Akahoshi announced his retirement on December 9 , 2009 . During the 2009 season , he was first deactivated in early July after sustaining a neck injury . Then , on September 12 , his last game , Akahoshi aggravated a spinal disc herniation when he dove headfirst in an attempt to catch a ball . He was diagnosed with spinal damage and has experienced pain in his neck and lower back as well as numbness in his hands and feet since .'}]}, {'value': 'Hanshin Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanshin_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Hanshin Tigers ( Japanese : 阪神タイガース Hanshin Taigāsu ) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team playing in the Central League . The team is based in Nishinomiya , Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan , and are owned by Hanshin Electric Railway Co. , Ltd. , a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc . The Hanshin Tigers are one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan . They played their first season in 1936 as the Osaka Tigers and assumed their current team name in 1961 .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'In 2005 the Nippon Professional Baseball season ended with the Chiba Lotte Marines of the Pacific League defeating the Hanshin Tigers of the Central League in a four-game sweep in the Nippon Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Valentine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Valentine', 'summary': 'Robert John Valentine ( born May 13 , 1950 ) , nicknamed Bobby V , is a former American professional baseball player and manager . He is currently the athletic director at Sacred Heart University . Valentine played for the Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1969 , 1971-72 ) , California Angels ( 1973-75 ) , New York Mets ( 1977-78 ) , and Seattle Mariners ( 1979 ) in MLB . He managed the Texas Rangers ( 1985-92 ) , the New York Mets ( 1996-2002 ) , and the Boston Red Sox ( 2012 ) of MLB , as well as the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball ( 1995 , 2004-09 ) . Valentine has also served as the Director of Public Safety & Health for the city of Stamford , Connecticut and an analyst for ESPN Sunday Night Baseball . In February 2013 , CBSSports.com hired Valentine to represent its Fantasy Sports business , including running a viral marketing campaign in which he made fun of the many times he was fired in his career and gave fans a chance to Hire or Fire Bobby V one more time .'}]}, {'value': 'Chiba Lotte Marines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiba_Lotte_Marines', 'summary': "The Chiba Lotte Marines ( 千葉ロッテマリーンズ , Chiba Rotte Marīnzu ) is a professional baseball team in Japan 's Pacific League based in Chiba City , Chiba Prefecture , in the Kantō region , and owned by Lotte Holdings Co. , Ltd ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'In 2006 the Nippon Professional Baseball season ended with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters of the Pacific League defeating the Chunichi Dragons of the Central League in the Japan Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Tsuyoshi Wada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Wada', 'summary': 'Tsuyoshi Wada ( 和田 毅 , Wada Tsuyoshi , born February 21 , 1981 ) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of the Nippon Professional Baseball League ( NPB ) . Wada pitched in the 2004 Athens and 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as the 2006 World Baseball Classic for the Japanese national team . He set a Tokyo Big6 Baseball League record with 476 strikeouts during his college career at Waseda University and was the Pacific League Most Valuable Rookie in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks', 'summary': "The Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks ( 福岡ソフトバンクホークス , Fukuoka Sofutobanku Hōkusu ) are a Japanese baseball team based in Fukuoka , Fukuoka Prefecture . The team was bought on January 28 , 2005 by the SoftBank Corporation . The team was formerly known as the Nankai Hawks and was based in Osaka . In 1988 , Daiei bought the team from Osaka 's Nankai Electric Railway Co. , and its headquarters were moved to Fukuoka ( which had been without NPB baseball since the Lions departed in 1979 ) . The Fukuoka Daiei Hawks won the Pacific League championship in 1999 , 2000 and 2003 and won the Japan Series in 1999 and 2003 , and as the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks won the Japan Series in 2011 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2007 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 58th season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Daisuke Miura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daisuke_Miura', 'summary': 'Daisuke Miura ( 三浦 大輔 , born December 25 , 1973 ) is a Japanese former professional baseball player from Kashihara , Nara , Japan . He was a starting pitcher for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars from 1992 through 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama BayStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokohama_BayStars', 'summary': 'The Yokohama DeNA BayStars ( 横浜DeNAベイスターズ , Yokohama Dī-Enu-Ē Beisutāzu ) are a professional baseball team in the Japanese Central League . Their home field is Yokohama Stadium , located in central Yokohama . The team has been known by several names since becoming a professional team in 1950 . It adopted its current name in 2011 when the club was purchased by software company DeNA . The minor league team shares the same name and uniform as the parent team and plays in the Eastern League . The minor league home field is Yokosuka Stadium , located in Yokosuka , Kanagawa .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 59th season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 . The regular season started on March 20 with the Pacific League opener , and on March 28 with the Central League opener . On March 25 and 26 , the Boston Red Sox and Oakland Athletics played 2 regular season Major League Baseball games at Tokyo Dome . During their visit , they also played exhibition games against the Hanshin Tigers and Yomiuri Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'Hisashi Iwakuma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hisashi_Iwakuma', 'summary': "Hisashi Iwakuma ( 岩隈 久志 , Iwakuma Hisashi , born April 12 , 1981 ) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . He has played in NPB for the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes and Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles and in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Seattle Mariners . Iwakuma made his professional debut with the Buffaloes in 2000 . He was named a NPB All-Star in 2003 and 2004 , and played in the 2004 Athens Olympics . He joined the Eagles in 2005 . As the Eagles ' reigning staff ace , Iwakuma won the Eiji Sawamura Award in 2008 , and was also a NPB All-Star that year . He appeared in the 2009 World Baseball Classic for the Japanese national team . Iwakuma was posted to Major League Baseball after the 2010 season , but he failed to come to an agreement with the winning bidder . After the 2011 season , Iwakuma signed with the Mariners . He was an MLB All-Star in 2013 , as well as the third-place finisher for the 2013 American League Cy Young Award . On August 12 , 2015 , Iwakuma became the second Japanese player ever to pitch a no-hitter in Major League Baseball ( joining Hideo Nomo , who threw two ) , throwing a three-walk , seven-strikeout 3-0 win over the Baltimore Orioles at Safeco Field . It was also his first MLB complete game , and the Mariners ' fifth no-hitter in team history ."}]}, {'value': 'Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles', 'summary': "The Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles ( 東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス , Tōhoku Rakuten Gōruden Īgurusu ) , often shortened as the Rakuten Eagles ( 楽天イーグルス , Rakuten Īgurusu ) , are a baseball team based in Sendai , in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . It has played in Nippon Professional Baseball 's Pacific League since the team 's formation in 2005 . The team is owned by the Internet shopping company Rakuten ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 60th season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950'}]}, {'value': 'Michihiro Ogasawara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michihiro_Ogasawara', 'summary': "Michihiro Ogasawara ( 小笠原 道大 , born October 25 , 1973 in Mihama-ku , Chiba , Chiba Prefecture , Japan ) is a Japanese former professional baseball player . He is currently the second team coach for Chunichi Dragons in Japan 's Central League . He had an illustrious career spanning 18 years with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters , Yomiuri Giants , and the Chunichi Dragons where he won two Japan Series , two MVP awards in both the Pacific and Central leagues ; only one of two people to do so and the first to do it in consecutive seasons . He was an NPB All-Star 11 times . He was also a part of the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classic winning Japan sides ."}]}, {'value': 'Yomiuri Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yomiuri_Giants', 'summary': "The Yomiuri Giants ( 読売ジャイアンツ , Yomiuri Jaiantsu ) are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan . The team competes in the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball . They play their home games in the Tokyo Dome , opened in 1988 . The team 's owner is the Yomiuri Group , a media conglomerate which includes two newspapers and a television network . The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams . Their main rivalry is with the Hanshin Tigers , a team especially popular in the Kansai region . The Yomiuri Giants are regarded as The New York Yankees of Japan due to their widespread popularity , past dominance of the league , and polarizing effect on fans . ( Baseball fans who are indifferent about teams other than their local team often have an intense dislike for the Giants ; on the other hand , the Giants have a large fan base even in areas with a local team . ) The English-language press occasionally calls the team the Tokyo Giants , but that name has not been in use in Japan for decades . ( Lefty O'Doul , a former Major League Baseball player , named the team Tokyo Giants in the mid-1930s . ) Instead , the team is officially known by the name of its corporate owner , just like the Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes . The team is often referred by fans and in news headlines and tables simply as Kyojin ( 巨人 , the Japanese word for giant ( s ) ) , instead of the usual corporate owner 's name or the English nickname ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2010 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 61st season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yu Darvish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yu_Darvish', 'summary': 'Farid Yu Darvishsefat ( ダルビッシュ・セファット・ファリード・有 , Darubisshu Sefatto Farīdo Yū , born 16 August 1986 ) , popularly known as Yu Darvish , is a Japanese professional baseball starting pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball . Darvish previously played in MLB for the Texas Rangers and the Los Angeles Dodgers and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters . In international play , Darvish pitched in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2009 World Baseball Classic as a member of the Japanese national team . He was considered by many to be the best pitcher in Japanese professional baseball prior to his arrival in Major League Baseball in 2012 . In his first MLB season , Darvish finished third in the American League ( AL ) Rookie of the Year balloting . The next season , he finished second in the AL Cy Young Award vote as he led the Major Leagues in strikeouts with 277 and finished fourth in the AL in earned run average ( ERA ) at 2.83 . On 6 April 2014 , Darvish reached the 500 strikeout mark in fewer innings pitched than any starting pitcher in MLB history .'}]}, {'value': 'Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaido_Nippon-Ham_Fighters', 'summary': "The Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters ( 北海道日本ハムファイターズ , Hokkaidō Nippon-Hamu Faitāzu ) are a Japanese professional baseball team based in Sapporo , Hokkaidō . They compete in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball , playing the majority of their home games at the Sapporo Dome . The Fighters also host a select number of regional home games in cities across Hokkaidō , including Hakodate , Asahikawa , Kushiro , and Obihiro . The team 's name comes from its parent organization , Nippon Ham , a major Japanese food processing company . Founded in 1946 , the Fighters called Tokyo home for 58 years , as co-tenants of the Tokyo Dome with the Central League 's Yomiuri Giants near the end of their tenure in the capital city . The franchise has won three Japan Series titles , in 1962 , 2006 , and , most recently , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2011 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 62nd season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 . The season was delayed by the Tohoku earthquake . The Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles , based in northern Japan , and coached by Senichi Hoshino , were particularly affected by the quake , as the Miyagi Baseball Stadium was badly damaged . [ citation needed ] Because of energy concerns following the earthquake , NPB also imposed restrictions on games during the regular season . A three-hour-thirty-minute rule was imposed . If a game went past the 3:30 mark , regardless of inning , the inning in question would be the last inning . A game would be called should any blackout occur during the game . The 3:30 clock starts at the first pitch of the game and continues in case of any delay . As the season ends , the Yokohama BayStars was renamed as Yokohama DeNA BayStars as the owner changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Takeshi Yamasaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takeshi_Yamasaki', 'summary': 'Takeshi Yamasaki ( 山﨑 武司 , Yamasaki Takeshi , born November 7 , 1968 , in Chita , Aichi , Japan ) is a retired Japanese professional baseball player . During his 24 seasons in Nippon Professional Baseball , he played for the Chunichi Dragons , the Orix BlueWave , and the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles .'}]}, {'value': 'Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles', 'summary': "The Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles ( 東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス , Tōhoku Rakuten Gōruden Īgurusu ) , often shortened as the Rakuten Eagles ( 楽天イーグルス , Rakuten Īgurusu ) , are a baseball team based in Sendai , in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . It has played in Nippon Professional Baseball 's Pacific League since the team 's formation in 2005 . The team is owned by the Internet shopping company Rakuten ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2012 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 63rd season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyuji Fujikawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyuji_Fujikawa', 'summary': "Kyuji Fujikawa ( 藤川 球児 , Fujikawa Kyūji , born July 21 , 1980 ) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball . He previously pitched for the Chicago Cubs and Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Fujikawa pitched in the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics as well as the 2008 Beijing Olympics . A prototypical power pitcher , Fujikawa is said to have one of the most explosive fastballs in all of Japanese professional baseball and is one of Japan 's premier relievers ."}]}, {'value': 'Hanshin Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanshin_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Hanshin Tigers ( Japanese : 阪神タイガース Hanshin Taigāsu ) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team playing in the Central League . The team is based in Nishinomiya , Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan , and are owned by Hanshin Electric Railway Co. , Ltd. , a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc . The Hanshin Tigers are one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan . They played their first season in 1936 as the Osaka Tigers and assumed their current team name in 1961 .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 64th season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shinya Miyamoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinya_Miyamoto', 'summary': "Shinya Miyamoto ( 宮本 慎也 , Miyamoto Shin'ya , born November 5 , 1970 ) is a former professional baseball player from Suita , Osaka , Japan . He played shortstop . He was chosen as the captain of the Japanese olympic baseball team for the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics , and won a bronze medal in 2004 . He was also part of the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese baseball team ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Yakult Swallows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows', 'summary': "The Tokyo Yakult Swallows are a professional baseball team in Nippon Professional Baseball 's Central League . The Swallows are named after their corporate owners , the Yakult Corporation . From 1950 to 1965 , the team was owned by the former Japanese National Railways ( known as Kokutetsu ( 国鉄 ) in Japanese ) and called the Kokutetsu Swallows ; the team was then owned by the newspaper Sankei Shimbun from 1965 to 1968 and called the Sankei Atoms . Yakult purchased the team in 1970 and restored its original Swallows name in 1974 . Then it was renamed the Tokyo Yakult Swallows in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2014 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 65th season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Takumi Kuriyama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takumi_Kuriyama', 'summary': "Takumi Kuriyama ( 栗山 巧 , Kuriyama Takumi , born September 3 , 1983 in Kobe , Hyōgo , Japan ) is a Nippon Professional Baseball player for the Saitama Seibu Lions in Japan 's Pacific League ."}]}, {'value': 'Saitama Seibu Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions', 'summary': "The Saitama Seibu Lions ( 埼玉西武ライオンズ , Saitama Seibu Raionzu ) are a professional baseball team in Japan 's Pacific League based north of Tokyo in Tokorozawa , Saitama . Before 1979 , they were based in Fukuoka in Kyushu . The team is owned by a subsidiary of Prince Hotels , which in turn is owned by the Seibu Group . The team experienced a recent period of financial difficulty , but the situation brightened when the team received a record ¥6 billion ( about $ 51.11 million ) posting fee from the Boston Red Sox for the right to negotiate a contract with Daisuke Matsuzaka . Between 1978 and 2008 , the team logo and mascot were based on the adult version of Kimba the White Lion , a classic Japanese anime series by Osamu Tezuka . [ a ] [ b ] In 2004 , former Seibu Lions player Kazuo Matsui became the first Japanese infielder to play in Major League Baseball ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2015 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 66th season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 . In the Central League , the Yakult Swallows claimed the pennant and defeated the Yomiuri Giants in the final stage of the Climax Series . In the Pacific League , the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks won the penant and defeated the Chiba Lotte Marines in the final stage of the Climax Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Toshiaki Imae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toshiaki_Imae', 'summary': "Toshiaki Imae ( 今江敏晃 , Imae Toshiaki , born August 26 , 1983 in Kyoto , Japan ) is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Japan 's Nippon Professional Baseball . Imae won the Most Valuable Player award in both the 2005 and 2010 Japan Series . He selected 2018 NPB All-Star game [ jp ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiba Lotte Marines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiba_Lotte_Marines', 'summary': "The Chiba Lotte Marines ( 千葉ロッテマリーンズ , Chiba Rotte Marīnzu ) is a professional baseball team in Japan 's Pacific League based in Chiba City , Chiba Prefecture , in the Kantō region , and owned by Lotte Holdings Co. , Ltd ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_League', 'summary': 'The Pacific League ( パシフィック・リーグ , Pashifikku Rīgu ) or Pa League ( パリーグ , Pa Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2016 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 67th season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tetsuya Utsumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetsuya_Utsumi', 'summary': 'Tetsuya Utsumi ( 内海 哲也 , Utsumi Tetsuya , born April 29 , 1982 in Kyoto , Japan ) is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . He previously played for the Yomiuri Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'Yomiuri Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yomiuri_Giants', 'summary': "The Yomiuri Giants ( 読売ジャイアンツ , Yomiuri Jaiantsu ) are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan . The team competes in the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball . They play their home games in the Tokyo Dome , opened in 1988 . The team 's owner is the Yomiuri Group , a media conglomerate which includes two newspapers and a television network . The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams . Their main rivalry is with the Hanshin Tigers , a team especially popular in the Kansai region . The Yomiuri Giants are regarded as The New York Yankees of Japan due to their widespread popularity , past dominance of the league , and polarizing effect on fans . ( Baseball fans who are indifferent about teams other than their local team often have an intense dislike for the Giants ; on the other hand , the Giants have a large fan base even in areas with a local team . ) The English-language press occasionally calls the team the Tokyo Giants , but that name has not been in use in Japan for decades . ( Lefty O'Doul , a former Major League Baseball player , named the team Tokyo Giants in the mid-1930s . ) Instead , the team is officially known by the name of its corporate owner , just like the Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes . The team is often referred by fans and in news headlines and tables simply as Kyojin ( 巨人 , the Japanese word for giant ( s ) ) , instead of the usual corporate owner 's name or the English nickname ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_League', 'summary': 'The Central League ( セントラル・リーグ , Sentoraru Rīgu ) or Ce League ( セリーグ , Se Rīgu ) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan . The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series . It currently consists of six teams from around the country . Unlike the Pacific League , designated hitters are not used during Central League home games .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Award winners', 'section_text': 'Year Links to the corresponding Nippon Professional Baseball season 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman C Catcher DH Designated hitter OF Outfielder P Pitcher SS Shortstop', 'uid': 'Golden_Spirit_Award_0', 'intro': "The Golden Spirit Award is given annually to the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) player who best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team, as voted on by members of the media."} | null | null | What team did the player who served as the Director of Public Safety & Health for the city of Stamford , Connecticut play for ? | Chiba Lotte Marines |
06db406987af103e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games', 'title': 'Aksys Games', 'header': ['Title', 'First release', 'Developer ( s )', 'Platform ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Guilty Gear XX Accent Core Plus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guilty_Gear_XX_Accent_Core_Plus', 'summary': 'Guilty Gear X2 ( released as Guilty Gear XX : The Midnight Carnival in Japan ) is a 2D fighting video game developed by Arc System Works , and published by Sammy Studios . First released on May 23 , 2002 , for the arcades , in Japan , it was later ported to the PlayStation 2 , and published in North America in 2003 . The game received updated versions for several platforms : Guilty Gear X2 # Reload ( 2003 ) , Guilty Gear XX Slash ( 2005 ) , Guilty Gear XX Accent Core ( 2006 ) , Guilty Gear XX Accent Core Plus ( 2008 ) , and Guilty Gear XX Accent Core Plus R ( 2012 ) . Each update served to the company to perform adjustments comparing to the previous versions and was published in different platforms and regions . Although each installment has received both praise and criticism for its particularities , all the Guilty Gear X2 updated versions have generally been well received by critics . Graphics , online option and its price were the aspects most praised for the first update , while Accent Core divided opinions about its innovations and was panned by its Wii controls . Core Plus was the source of much praise , although it was not totally satisfying for reviewers ; Plus R , however , is the one that has the lowest average scores from GameRankings and Metacritic . Sales-wise , there is a decline from # Reload to Core Plus .'}]}, {'value': 'April 7 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Calamity_Trigger_Portable', 'summary': "BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā ) is a fighting game developed by Arc System Works in 2008 . The game 's name is a portmanteau of blaze and blue , with the z sound omitted in the Japanese pronunciation , rendering it similar to the word bray in pronunciation . Originally released for the arcades , it was also released for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Windows . A port for the PlayStation Portable , titled BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger Portable ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー ポータブル , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā Pōtaburu ) , was released in 2010 . It was the first title in the BlazBlue game series and extended franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'February 25 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cho Aniki Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cho_Aniki_Zero', 'summary': "Cho Aniki Zero ( 零・超兄貴 , Zero Chō Aniki , lit . Zero Super Big Brother ) is a horizontally scrolling shoot 'em up , the latest game in the Cho Aniki series . It was published in Japan by GungHo Works on 19 March 2009 for the PlayStation Portable . The game was published in North America by Aksys Games on 25 March 2010 as a digital download exclusive for the PSP , with the full title of Cho Aniki Zero : Muscle Brothers . This makes it the second Cho Aniki title to be released in North America , following the Virtual Console port of the original game . It is the first Cho Aniki title developed by extreme Co. , Ltd. , who had obtained the rights of original developers NCS Corp. and Masaya products . The graphics followed the 3D appearance of the PS2 game . A limited edition was released in Japan , which includes a soundtrack CD . Also released was a demo that included the first stage of the game ."}]}, {'value': 'March 25 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extreme Co. , Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Mimana Iyar Chronicle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mimana_Iyar_Chronicle', 'summary': 'Mimana Iyar Chronicle ( ミマナ イアルクロニクル , Mimana Iaru Kuronikuru ) is a role-playing video game developed by Kogado Studio and Premium Agency . It was published in Japan by GungHo Works on February 26 , 2009 and in North America by Aksys Games on March 30 , 2010 for the PlayStation Portable .'}]}, {'value': 'March 30 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kogado Studio , Premium Agency', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kogado_Studio', 'summary': 'Kogado Studio ( 株式会社工画堂スタジオ ) is a Japanese video game studio which has released adventure , strategy , and bishōjo games for the MSX , MSX2 , PlayStation 2 and PC , including such titles as Symphonic Rain , Gadget Trial , Little Witch Parfait , Tristia of the Deep-Blue Sea ( which has been made an original video animation ) , and Power Dolls . The studio has a number of teams working together .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Premium_Agency', 'summary': "Noriyoshi Ohba ( 大場 規勝 , Ōba Noriyoshi , born February 20 , 1963 ) is a Japanese video game designer , director and producer best known for his association with Sega , having joined the company in 1987 and helmed the CS2/AM7 division of the company in the 1990s . In his earliest years he worked as a planner for Master System titles such as Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Poseidon Wars 3D , and American Pro Football . He then directed the Super Shinobi series , Streets of Rage series , and the two Clockwork Knight games . In the Sega Saturn era , he mostly focused on Japanese-aimed titles where he produced the Sakura Taisen series , Let 's Make ! ! series and Advanced World War : Last of the Millennium . In 2000 , he headed Overworks where he worked with another producer and with six game directors . In 2003 , his Overworks studio was merged with WOW Entertainment . He left Sega the following year . He later became executive of Premium Agency , a CGI company which provides development support for various games and was founded by former Sega employees . At Sega , he was succeeded by Akira Nishino ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gladiator Begins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladiator_Begins', 'summary': 'Gladiator Begins ( 剣闘士 グラディエータービギンズ , Kentōshi Guradiētā Biginzu ) is a fighting game developed by Japanese studio GOSHOW and published in Japan by Acquire on January 14 , 2010 , and in North America by Aksys Games on September 15 , 2010 . It is the prequel to the 2005 video game Colosseum : Road to Freedom , which was originally released for the PlayStation 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goshow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Blazing Souls Accelate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blazing_Souls_Accelate', 'summary': 'Blazing Souls ( ブレイジングソウルズ , Bureijin Souruzu ) is a tactical role-playing game developed by Idea Factory and released for the PlayStation 2 in 2006 . It was ported to the Xbox 360 in 2007 as Absolute : Blazing Infinity ( アブソリュート ブレイジング インフィニティ , Abusoryūto Burejin Infiniti ) and to the PlayStation Portable in 2009 as Blazing Souls Accelate ( ブレイジングソウルズ アクセレイト , Bureijin Souruzu Akusereito ) . The latter version was published in North America by Aksys Games in 2010 and 2012 in Europe by Rising Star Games .'}]}, {'value': 'October 19 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neverland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neverland_(company)', 'summary': 'Neverland Company Inc. ( 株式会社ネバーランドカンパニー , Kabushiki-gaisha Nabārando Kanpanī ) was a Japanese video game developer founded on May 7 , 1993 . It has developed games for Super NES , Dreamcast , GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Game Boy Color , Nintendo DS , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3 and the Wii . The most notable games this company developed were part of the Lufia and Rune Factory series of video games . On November 29 , 2013 , the company announced that it would cease operations and file for bankruptcy . The very next day , Rune Factory producer Yoshifumi Hashimoto of Marvelous AQL , the series publisher , said that while what their next project was a secret , the staff members are still doing great . In February 2014 , it was revealed that the Rune Factory development team had been hired by Marvelous AQL , and that they were developing the Nintendo 3DS simulation role-playing video game Lord of Magna : Maiden Heaven .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jikandia : The Timeless Land', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jikandia:_The_Timeless_Land', 'summary': 'Jikandia : The Timeless Land ( ジカンデファンタジア , Jikan De Fantasia ) is an action role-playing game developed by Opus Studio Inc. and Idea Factory for the PlayStation Portable and published in Japan by Idea Factory on July 8 , 2010 , and in North America by Aksys Games on March 15 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 15 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opus Studio Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Continuum_Shift_II', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto ) is a 2009 fighting game developed by Arc System Works as an official sequel to BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger . As with the previous game , the game first came to arcades before both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions as the game was currently released for the Taito Type X2 arcade system board , with a 16:9 ratio and 768p resolution . Revisions entitled BlazBlue : Continuum Shift II ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト ツウ , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Tsū ) and BlazBlue : Continuum Shift Extend ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Ekusutendo ) were released in arcades in 2010-2011 . They were later ported to the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo 3DS , and Windows .'}]}, {'value': 'May 31 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fate/Extra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fate/Extra', 'summary': "Fate/Extra ( Japanese : フェイト/エクストラ , Hepburn : Feito/Ekusutora ) is a dungeon crawler role-playing game developed by Type-Moon and Image Epoch and published by Marvelous Entertainment for the PlayStation Portable . The game takes place in a parallel universe to the visual novel Fate/stay night . The game was released in Japan on July 22 , 2010 . Aksys Games localized the game for North America , and released it on November 21 , 2011 . Three editions of the game were released in North America : a Limited Edition , a retail standard edition , and a PlayStation Network downloadable version . On January 19 , 2012 , Ghostlight announced their plans to release the game in PAL territories . Fate/Extra was followed up by a companion game , Fate/Extra CCC . Instead of being a straight sequel , CCC is described as an alternate route of the Extra storyline 's development . The opening movie is directed by Akiyuki Shinbo and produced by Shaft . The series was followed by Fate/Extella in 2016 . An anime adaptation of the first game was produced by Shaft and aired on Tokyo MX and affiliate stations from January 28 , 2018 to July 29 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Type-Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Type-Moon', 'summary': "Type-Moon ( タイプムーン , Taipu Mūn , stylized as TYPE-MOON ) is a Japanese game company , best known for their visual novels , co-founded by author Kinoko Nasu and illustrator Takashi Takeuchi . It is also known under the name Notes Co. , Ltd. ( 有限会社ノーツ , Yūgen-kaisha Nōtsu ) for its publishing and corporate operations , as it 's the company official name , while Type-Moon is a brand name as a homage to the original doujin group . After creating the popular visual novel Tsukihime as a doujin soft circle , Type-Moon has since incorporated and produced the also popular visual novel Fate/stay night . The latter has also been adapted into anime and manga series that have amassed a global fanbase ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hakuoki : Demon of the Fleeting Blossom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakuōki', 'summary': 'Hakuoki ( 薄桜鬼 〜新選組奇譚〜 , Hakuoki ~Shinsengumi Kitan~ , Demon of the Fleeting Blossom : The Mysterious Tale of the Shinsengumi ) is an otome video game series by Idea Factory , released for the PlayStation 2 and ported to PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable ( VITA ) , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . It has been adapted into an anime series by Studio Deen ; the first season began airing in Japan on the TV Kanagawa and UHF stations on April 4 , 2010 . The second season began airing on October 10 , 2010 and ended on December 12 , 2010 . The series has been adapted as two different manga series . A third series based on the prequel , Hakuoki Reimeiroku aired in summer of 2012 . Two films were released in 2013 and 2014 . The first was released in August 2013 and was released on DVD February 2014 . The film is a retelling of both seasons in greater detail and with a slightly different ending . The second film was released on March 8 , 2014 . The anime television series and films have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'February 14 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idea Factory , Otomate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idea_Factory', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Otomate', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hakuoki : Warriors of the Shinsengumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakuōki', 'summary': 'Hakuoki ( 薄桜鬼 〜新選組奇譚〜 , Hakuoki ~Shinsengumi Kitan~ , Demon of the Fleeting Blossom : The Mysterious Tale of the Shinsengumi ) is an otome video game series by Idea Factory , released for the PlayStation 2 and ported to PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable ( VITA ) , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . It has been adapted into an anime series by Studio Deen ; the first season began airing in Japan on the TV Kanagawa and UHF stations on April 4 , 2010 . The second season began airing on October 10 , 2010 and ended on December 12 , 2010 . The series has been adapted as two different manga series . A third series based on the prequel , Hakuoki Reimeiroku aired in summer of 2012 . Two films were released in 2013 and 2014 . The first was released in August 2013 and was released on DVD February 2014 . The film is a retelling of both seasons in greater detail and with a slightly different ending . The second film was released on March 8 , 2014 . The anime television series and films have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idea Factory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idea_Factory', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ragnarok Tactics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ragnarok_Tactics', 'summary': 'Ragnarok Tactics ( ラグナロク ～光と闇の皇女～ , Ragnarok : Hikari to Yami no Kōjo ) is a tactical role-playing game for the PlayStation Portable . It is a spin-off to Ragnarok Online . The game was released in North America on November 6 , 2012 , making it one of the last releases for the platform in the region . Reception for the game was mixed , with critics citing that the gameplay and presentation was solid , but not revolutionary .'}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GungHo Online Entertainment , Apollosoft , Chime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GungHo_Online_Entertainment', 'summary': "GungHo Online Entertainment , Inc. ( Japanese : ガンホー・オンライン・エンターテイメント株式会社 , Hepburn : Ganhō Onrain Entāteimento Kabushiki-gaisha , TYO : 3765 ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher . They are primarily known for hosting the Japanese server of Ragnarok Online , as well as their development of Ragnarok DS for the Nintendo DS . More recently , the company has reported huge financial success thanks to its mobile game Puzzle & Dragons , which , in 2013 , was reportedly responsible for 91% of the company 's $ 1.6 billion revenues for the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chime_(company)', 'summary': 'Chime is an American technology company which provides financial services through a mobile app , without charging overdraft or maintenance bank fees . It was founded by Christopher Slattery and Jeffrey Immanuel in 2013 as an alternative to traditional banks and is considered the leader in the US challenger bank space .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweet Fuse : At Your Side', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweet_Fuse:_At_Your_Side', 'summary': 'Sweet Fuse : At Your Side , released in Japan as Bomb Decision ( バクダン★ハンダン , Bakudan Handan ) , is an otome game visual novel for the PlayStation Portable . The game can also be played on the PlayStation Vita by being downloaded from the PlayStation Store . It was released in the PAL region and North America in August 2013 by Aksys Games .'}]}, {'value': 'August 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idea Factory , Otomate , Comcept', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idea_Factory', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Otomate', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Comcept', 'summary': 'Level-5 Comcept , formerly known as Comcept Inc. , is a Japanese video game developer based in Osaka . It was founded as Comcept on December 1 , 2010 by former Capcom employee Keiji Inafune . Their projects include Soul Sacrifice , Mighty No . 9 , ReCore and Red Ash : The Indelible Legend . In addition to games on handheld and home consoles , the studio has developed multiple mobile games . In 2017 , Level-5 acquired Comcept to become a subsidiary of theirs , adopting the name Level-5 Comcept .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Video games -- Portable games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_video_games_published_by_Aksys_Games_8', 'intro': "Aksys Games Localization, Inc. is a video game publisher that specializes in translating and localizing Japanese video games for English-speaking markets. It was founded by Akibo Shieh in 2006. Some of its clients include Namco Bandai Games, Xseed Games, and Atlus USA. Aksys Games is best known for its involvement in the Guilty Gear series. It has become a full-fledged game publisher with the announcement of Eagle Eye Golf for PlayStation 2, and has expressed a desire to publish for all current platforms from Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony. The company's name is coincidentally similar to Arc System Works, with whom it has a partnership. Despite their similar names, and the partnership between them, neither company owns the other. Aksys Games publishes many games for Arc System Works in North America, and has even assisted the latter in releasing the Bit.Trip series in Japan. Aksys is also the North American distributor for the European publisher Rising Star Games."} | null | null | Who is the founder of the company that developed the game Guilty Gear XX Accent Core Plus ? | Minoru Kidooka |
06df84ecd8f78950 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Perlman', 'title': 'Ron Perlman', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Adventures of Batman & Robin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Batman_&_Robin_(video_game)', 'summary': 'The Adventures of Batman & Robin is a series of video game adaptations released between 1994 and 1995 featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Robin based on Batman : The Animated Series ( which had been retitled The Adventures of Batman and Robin for its second season ) . The games were released for numerous platforms , with the Genesis , Game Gear , and Sega CD versions published by Sega while the Super NES version was published by Konami ( who also produced an earlier Game Boy video game based on the show ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Clayface', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayface', 'summary': "Clayface is an alias used by several fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Most incarnations of the character possess clay-like bodies and shape-shifting abilities , and all of them have been depicted as adversaries of the superhero Batman . In 2009 , Clayface was ranked as IGN 's 73rd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chronomaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chronomaster', 'summary': "Chronomaster is an MS-DOS-based adventure game developed by DreamForge Intertainment and published by IntraCorp on 20 December 1995 . Its main plot was written by novelist Roger Zelazny and was his last known work , as he died during the development of the game . Due to Roger 's passing , Dreamforge used in-house puzzle and game designers John McGirk and Aaron Kreader to complete a majority of the game puzzles , while leaving the overall game plot and concept intact as per Roger 's vision . Chronomaster narrates the story of Rene Korda ( voiced by Ron Perlman ) , a retired and formerly renowned designer of pocket universes - self-contained worlds developed according to the tastes of the person who finances their construction . Korda is hired by a representative of the Terran Regional government to restore two pocket universes from a state of temporal stasis and to find out who is responsible for the situation ."}]}, {'value': 'Rene Korda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fallout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)', 'summary': "Fallout : A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game is an open-world turn-based role-playing video game developed and published by Interplay Productions in 1997 . The game has a post-apocalyptic and retro-futuristic setting , in the aftermath of a global nuclear war in an alternate history timeline mid-22nd century . The protagonist of Fallout is an inhabitant of a Vault , long-term shelters , who is tasked to find a replacement Water Chip and save their Vault . Fallout is considered to be the spiritual successor to the 1988 role-playing video game Wasteland . It was initially intended to use Steve Jackson Games ' system GURPS , but Interplay eventually used an internally developed system SPECIAL . The game was critically acclaimed and a financial success . It was followed by a number of sequels and spin-off games , the Fallout series ."}]}, {'value': 'Butch Harris , Narrator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fallout 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fallout_2', 'summary': "Fallout 2 : A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game is a turn-based role-playing open world video game developed by Black Isle Studios and published by Interplay Productions in October 1998 . While featuring a considerably larger game world and a far more extensive storyline , it mostly uses similar graphics and game mechanics to those of Fallout . The game 's story takes place in 2241 , 80 years after the events of Fallout and 164 years after the war . It tells the story of the original hero 's descendant and their quest to save their primitive tribe from starvation by finding an ancient environmental restoration machine known as the Garden of Eden Creation Kit ( GECK ) . The game was well-received , and praised for its gameplay , storyline , and as a worthy successor to the original Fallout , while the frequent bugs and lack of improvement over the first game attracted criticism ."}]}, {'value': 'Narrator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Icewind Dale : Heart of Winter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Icewind_Dale:_Heart_of_Winter', 'summary': 'Icewind Dale : Heart of Winter is an expansion pack to the role-playing video game Icewind Dale developed by Black Isle Studios . It introduced many changes and additions to the original game , and included a new campaign . A downloadable add-on to this expansion pack , titled Trials of the Luremaster , was released for free . Both the expansion and add-on were included in the Icewind Dale : Enhanced Edition .'}]}, {'value': 'Wylfdene', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fallout_Tactics:_Brotherhood_of_Steel', 'summary': 'Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel is a turn-based real-time tactical role-playing game set in the post-apocalyptic Fallout universe . Developed by Micro Forté and published by 14 Degrees East , Fallout Tactics was released on 14 March 2001 for Microsoft Windows . It sold above 300,000 units worldwide by 2008 . The game follows a squad of the Brotherhood of Steel as it becomes engaged in a desperate war . Although the game takes place in the Fallout universe , it does not follow or continue the story of either Fallout or Fallout 2 . Fallout Tactics shipped with a bonus CD when it was pre-ordered . The bonus CD included Fallout : Warfare , a table-top miniatures game based on the Fallout universe , as well as a bonus mission for the main game .'}]}, {'value': 'Narrator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman:_Rise_of_Sin_Tzu', 'summary': "Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu is a 2003 beat 'em up video game released for the Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Game Boy Advance and GameCube consoles . It was developed and published by Ubi Soft in conjunction with Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and DC Comics . It is based on the television series The New Batman Adventures and is a sequel to the game Batman : Vengeance ."}]}, {'value': 'Clayface , Matt Hagen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'True Crime : Streets of LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/True_Crime:_Streets_of_LA', 'summary': "True Crime : Streets of LA is a 2003 open world action-adventure video game developed by Luxoflux for PlayStation 2 , Xbox and GameCube . It was ported to Windows by LTI Gray Matter , to mobile by MFORMA , and to macOS by Aspyr . It was published for all systems by Activision , except the macOS version , which was published by Aspyr . The PlayStation 2 , Xbox and GameCube versions were released in November 2003 , the PC version in May 2004 , the mobile version in November 2004 and the macOS version in March 2005 . The game tells the story of Nicholas Kang , an uncompromising Los Angeles police officer who is recruited into the Elite Operations Division in order to investigate a series of bombings in Chinatown . As he delves further into the case , he discovers it may be connected to the disappearance of his police-officer father twenty years previously . The game features a 240-square-mile ( 622 km2 ) re-creation of a large part of Los Angeles , including most of Beverly Hills and Santa Monica , with most street names , landmarks and highways reproduced accurately . True Crime received mixed to positive reviews . Common criticisms were graphical and technical problems , an unlikable protagonist , and poorly implemented gameplay . Many critics , however , praised the ambitious nature of the game , the differentiation between itself and Grand Theft Auto III , the branching storyline system and the overall 'feel ' . The game was a commercial success , selling over three million units worldwide across all platforms , and the True Crime franchise continued in 2005 , with the release of True Crime : New York City for PlayStation 2 , Xbox and GameCube ."}]}, {'value': 'Misha , Additional voices', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lords of EverQuest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lords_of_EverQuest', 'summary': 'Lords of EverQuest is a 3D fantasy real-time strategy game released in December 2003 . It was developed by the short-lived startup company Rapid Eye Entertainment and published by Sony Online Entertainment ( SOE ) . SOE distributes Lords of EverQuest . Unlike the original EverQuest , Lords of EverQuest is fundamentally a single player game , and after the initial payment for the software , does not require a recurring monthly fee in order to play .'}]}, {'value': 'Lord Skass', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Riddick:_Escape_from_Butcher_Bay', 'summary': "The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay is a first-person action and stealth video game developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by Vivendi Universal Games . Released for the Xbox and Windows in 2004 , the game is a tie-in prequel to the futuristic science fiction film The Chronicles of Riddick . Actor Vin Diesel - who was involved in the game 's development - reprises his role as that film 's protagonist , Richard B. Riddick . The game follows Riddick , the anti-hero of the two films Pitch Black and The Chronicles of Riddick , as he attempts to escape from a maximum-security prison called Butcher Bay . Escape from Butcher Bay 's designers focused on exploring Riddick 's character in a prison break setting to differentiate the game from the film . The game 's influences include the film Escape from Alcatraz , and video games such as Half-Life and Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell . Escape from Butcher Bay was praised by critics , who lauded its graphics and its implementation of stealth , action and adventure elements . However , they commonly lamented its brevity and lack of multiplayer components . The game has garnered a cult following and went on to win several accolades , including the Golden Joystick Award for Unsung Hero Game of the Year and the Spike Video Game Award for Best Game Based on a Movie . In 2009 , the game was included in The Chronicles of Riddick : Assault on Dark Athena , but with enhanced visuals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jagger Valance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halo 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halo_2', 'summary': "Halo 2 is a 2004 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios . Released for the Xbox , the game is the second installment in the Halo franchise and the sequel to 2001 's critically acclaimed Halo : Combat Evolved . The game features a new game engine , added weapons and vehicles , and new multiplayer maps . The game shipped with global multiplayer matchmaking via Microsoft 's Xbox Live service . In Halo 2 's campaign story , the player assumes the roles of either the human Master Chief or the alien Arbiter in a 26th-century conflict between the human United Nations Space Command , the genocidal Covenant , and the parasitic Flood . After the success of Combat Evolved , a sequel was expected and highly anticipated . Bungie found inspiration in plot points and gameplay elements that had been left out of their first game , including online multiplayer . A troubled development and time constraints forced cuts to the scope of the game , including the wholesale removal of a more ambitious multiplayer mode , and a cliffhanger ending to the game 's campaign mode . Among Halo 2 's marketing was an early alternate reality game called I Love Bees that involved players solving real-world puzzles . Bungie supported the game after release with new multiplayer maps and updates to address cheating and glitches . It was released in November 2004 Halo 2 was a commercial and critical success . The game became the most popular title on Xbox Live , holding that rank until the release of Gears of War for the Xbox 360 nearly two years later ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Hood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fleet_Admiral_Lord_Terrence_Hood', 'summary': "Major recurring characters of the Halo multimedia franchise are organized below by their respective affiliations within the series ' fictional universe . The original trilogy 's central story revolved around conflict between humanity under the auspices of the United Nations Space Command or UNSC , and an alien alliance known as the Covenant . The artifacts left behind by an ancient race known as the Forerunner play a central role - particularly the ringworlds known as Halos , built to contain the threat of the parasitic Flood . Bungie founder Jason Jones noted that bringing together the elements of a video game is unmistakably art , but character designers and artists had to make a living , breathing world and populate it with interesting characters and places . The first Halo game 's development brought numerous evolutions and revisions to the character 's designs and personalities . Characters were also updated to take full advantage of new graphics technologies ; for instance , the Master Chief 's armor was redesigned in a lengthy conceptual process and the final model was bump mapped . Subsequent games offered opportunities to refine the character 's appearances and design . Halo 's commercial and critical success has led to large amounts of merchandise featuring the franchise 's characters to be produced . The Master Chief , the most visible symbol of the series , has been heavily marketed , with the character 's visage appearing on soda bottles , T-shirts , and Xbox controllers . Other merchandise produced includes several sets of action figures . Halo 's characters have received varying reception , with characters such as the Chief , Cortana , and the Arbiter being well received by critics ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narc_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Narc is a 1988 run and gun arcade game designed by Eugene Jarvis for Williams Electronics and programmed by George Petro . It was one of the first ultra-violent video games and a frequent target of parental criticism of the video game industry . The object is to arrest and kill drug offenders , confiscate their money and drugs , and defeat Mr. Big . It was the first game in the newly restarted Williams Electronics coin-op division , after being acquired by Midway . Narc was ported to the Commodore 64 , Atari ST , Amiga , ZX Spectrum , Amstrad CPC , and NES . In 2005 , the franchise was re-launched with a new game for the Xbox and PS2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain Joe Kowalski', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gun_(video_game)', 'summary': "Gun is a Revisionist Western-themed action-adventure video game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , and Xbox 360 ( as a launch title ) in 2005 . The PlayStation Portable version was released a year later under the title Gun : Showdown , this version features new side-missions , a multiplayer mode , and other additions that were not available in the console versions . During its first month , the game sold 225,000 copies across the four console systems for which it was initially released . The game had sold over 1.4 million units in the United States as of October 2008 . It was well received by game critics and won several awards , including GameSpy 's Xbox 360 Action Game of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor Hoodoo Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoodoo_Brown', 'summary': 'Hyman G. Neill , better known as Hoodoo Brown , was the leader of the Dodge City Gang in Las Vegas , New Mexico in 1879 and early 1880 . According to Harold Thatcher , curator of the Rough Rider Museum in Las Vegas , Hoodoo was the baddest cowboy of them all . He was described as tall and thin , with light hair , a rakish look , and a small moustache .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk:_Ultimate_Destruction', 'summary': "The Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction is an open world action-adventure beat 'em up video game developed by Radical Entertainment and based on Marvel Comics ' Hulk . The game was released on August 24 , 2005 in the United States and on September 9 , 2005 in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Emil Blonsky / The Abomination', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abomination_(comics)', 'summary': "The Abomination ( Emil Blonsky ) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character first appeared in Tales to Astonish # 90 ( April 1967 ) , and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Gil Kane , to be the rival of the Hulk . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the Abomination has been featured in other Marvel-endorsed products such as arcade and video games , animated television series , merchandise such as action figures and trading cards , and the Marvel Cinematic Universe film The Incredible Hulk , where he was portrayed by Tim Roth . In 2009 , the Abomination was ranked as IGN 's 54th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Outfit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Outfit_(video_game)', 'summary': "The Outfit is a third-person shooter , developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ for Xbox 360 , set within war ravaged Europe during World War II . The game combines squad-based combat and easy to use strategic gameplay elements with cinematic interludes . The Outfit gives players the option to control three different squad leaders ( voiced by Robert Patrick , Ron Perlman , and Terrence C. Carson ) , each with their own specific skills and abilities . Via the squad leaders , players are able to control a squad of battle-forged soldiers on missions based in highly destructible battlefields . By engaging in combat with the enemy , players earn Field Units ( FUs ) that can be used to order in Destruction on Demand to upgrade their arsenal , order in tanks and many other vehicles , build machine gun nests and anti-tank emplacements , or call for air or artillery strikes . The game includes 12 single-player missions and Cooperative missions , and it supports online play with Microsoft 's Xbox Live service . The Outfit is designed to play in high-definition ( 16:9 ratio ) with Dolby Digital surround sound ."}]}, {'value': 'Tommy Mac', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teen Titans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Titans_(console_game)', 'summary': "Teen Titans is a video game released in 2006 for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox . The game features the Teen Titans ( Robin , Raven , Cyborg , Starfire , and Beast Boy ) as playable characters in story mode . Players are able to switch between any of the five Titans in real time , each with unique fighting abilities , and the game allows up to four players simultaneously . Aside from the game 's story mode , players can fight against each other in a versus battle mode , known as Master of Games , with 31 unlockable characters . Many of the characters from the animated series appear within the game , all of whom ( with the exception of Mad Mod ) retain their voice actors from the show ."}]}, {'value': 'Slade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deathstroke', 'summary': "Deathstroke ( Slade Joseph Wilson ) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . He is a mercenary and assassin who serves as the archenemy of the Teen Titans , specifically Dick Grayson . Over the years , writers have developed him as an adversary of other superheroes in the DC Universe as well , such as Batman and Green Arrow . Deathstroke has been ranked as the 24th Greatest Villain of All Time by Wizard magazine , and as the 32nd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time by IGN . The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into other media , including several Batman-related projects and the Teen Titans animated series , voiced by Ron Perlman in the latter and his solo animated series , Deathstroke : Knights & Dragons , with his voice provided by Michael Chiklis . In live action , he has been portrayed by Manu Bennett on The CW 's television series Arrow and Esai Morales in the second season of DC Universe series Titans . Joe Manganiello portrayed the character in the DC Extended Universe , beginning with a cameo in the 2017 film Justice League ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice League Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_Heroes', 'summary': "Justice League Heroes is a 2006 console video game for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 platforms . It was developed by Snowblind Studios , published by Warner Bros. Games in conjunction with DC Comics and was distributed in Europe by Eidos Interactive . Based on the long-running comic book series Justice League and was written by comic book writer Dwayne McDuffie . It uses the Dark Alliance Engine . Three handheld Justice League Heroes games were released at the same time for the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable . Planned GameCube And Wii Versions Were Cancelled . The Nintendo DS game shares a similar visual style and gameplay mechanics to the console game , but serves as a prequel to its story . This version was developed by Sensory Sweep Studios . The GBA version is titled Justice League Heroes : The Flash and focused primarily on The Flash . The game featured 2D sidescrolling action gameplay and a sidestory to the console game 's plot . This version was developed by WayForward Technologies ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Wayne / Batman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman', 'summary': "Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger , and first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 in 1939 . Originally named the Bat-Man , the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader , the Dark Knight , and the World 's Greatest Detective . Batman 's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , a wealthy American playboy , philanthropist , and owner of Wayne Enterprises . Batman originated from an incident in Bruce 's childhood ; after witnessing the murder of his parents Dr. Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne , he swore vengeance against criminals , an oath tempered by a sense of justice . Bruce trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime . Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City with assistance from various supporting characters , including his butler Alfred , police commissioner Jim Gordon , and vigilante allies such as Robin . Unlike most superheroes , Batman does not possess any inhuman superpowers . He does , however , possess a genius-level intellect , is a peerless martial artist , and his vast wealth affords him an extraordinary arsenal of weaponry and equipment . A large assortment of villains make up Batman 's rogues gallery , including his nemesis , the Joker . The character became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title , Batman , the following year . As the decades went on , different interpretations of the character emerged ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halo 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halo_3', 'summary': "Halo 3 is a 2007 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie for the Xbox 360 console . The third installment in the Halo franchise , the game concludes the story arc begun in 2001 's Halo : Combat Evolved and continued in 2004 's Halo 2 . Halo 3 's story centers on the interstellar war between twenty-sixth century humanity , a collection of alien races known as the Covenant , and the alien parasite Flood . The player assumes the role of the Master Chief , a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier , as he battles the Covenant and the Flood . The game features vehicles , weapons , and gameplay elements not present in previous titles of the series , as well as the addition of saved gameplay films , file sharing , and the Forge map editor - a utility which allows the player to perform modifications to multiplayer levels . Bungie began developing Halo 3 shortly after Halo 2 shipped . The game was officially announced at E3 2006 , and its release was preceded by a multiplayer beta open to select players who purchased the Xbox 360 game Crackdown . Microsoft spent $ 40 million on marketing the game , in an effort to sell more game consoles and broaden the appeal of the game beyond the established Halo fanbase . Marketing included cross-promotions and an alternate reality game . The game was released in September 2007 . Halo 3 grossed US $ 170 million in its first day of release , and $ 300 million its first week . More than one million people played Halo 3 on Xbox Live in the first twenty hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Hood', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conan_(2007_video_game)', 'summary': "Conan is a 2007 action-adventure game developed by Nihilistic Software and published by THQ for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Players take control of the titular hero , Conan the Barbarian , from Robert E. Howard 's fantasy literature . Its Nihilistic Software was inspired by the God of War and Ninja Gaiden video games to create an experience featuring gore and nudity . In Conan , the hero is on a quest to recover his lost armor and defeat an evil wizard . Conan can fight with sword and shield , two-handed weapons , or a weapon in each hand . Starting with several basic attacks , the barbarian gains experience points by killing enemies . By exchanging these points for additional attacks , players improve the hero 's fighting abilities . Magic powers complement Conan 's arsenal , including the abilities to turn enemies into stone and conjure firestorms . The game also features context-sensitive action sequences in which players press a sequence of buttons displayed on the screen to complete actions such as killing powerful enemies and interacting with the environment . Critics enjoyed Conan 's combat system and gory kills , but said the game failed to match the experience offered in God of War . Reactions varied on the game 's depiction of the Conan universe ; several critics praised the emulation of Frank Frazetta 's famous artwork , but others found the game 's graphics drab and of low resolution . Regarding the audio , Golden Globe-winning actor Ron Perlman was both praised and criticized for his voice work as Conan ."}]}, {'value': 'Conan the Barbarian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian', 'summary': 'Conan the Barbarian ( also known as Conan the Cimmerian ) is a fictional sword and sorcery hero who originated in pulp magazines and has since been adapted to books , comics , several films ( including Conan the Barbarian and Conan the Destroyer ) , television programs ( animated and live-action ) , video games , role-playing games , and other media . The character was created by writer Robert E. Howard in 1932 for a series of fantasy stories published in Weird Tales magazine .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turok_(video_game)', 'summary': "Turok is a first-person shooter video game developed by Propaganda Games , and published by Disney Interactive Studios ( through its Touchstone Games banner ) for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in February 2008 . It was ported on to Microsoft Windows in April 2008 . The game is loosely based on the comic book series of the same title and is unrelated to the story and setting of previous Turok video games . Players assume the role of Native American space marine Joseph Turok , who is part of a team sent to a remote planet to apprehend General Roland Kane , Turok 's former commanding officer , who is now a wanted war criminal . After crash landing , Turok discovers that the planet is home to all manner of dinosaurs , and must fight both the predatory creatures and Kane 's private army on his mission to take down his former mentor ."}]}, {'value': 'Slade', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Video games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ron_Perlman_2', 'intro': "Ronald Perlman (born April 13, 1950) is an American actor and voice actor. He played the role of Vincent on the television series Beauty and the Beast (1987-1990), for which he won a Golden Globe Award, the comic book character Hellboy in both Hellboy (2004) and its sequel Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008), and Clay Morrow on the television series Sons of Anarchy (2008-2013). Perlman is also known as a collaborator of Hellboy director Guillermo del Toro, having roles in the del Toro films Cronos (1993), Blade II (2002), and Pacific Rim (2013). He is also known for his voice-over work as the narrator of the post-apocalyptic game series Fallout, Clayface in the DC Animated Universe, Slade on the animated series Teen Titans, The Lich on Adventure Time, and the Stabbington brothers in Disney's animated film Tangled (2010)."} | null | null | What causes an apocalypse in the 1997 video game in which Ron Perlman voice acted Butch Harris ? | global nuclear war |
06e17095904ac5d3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling', 'title': 'Stampede Wrestling', 'header': ['#', 'Year', 'Ring name ( Real name )', 'Inducted by', 'Inducted for'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stu Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stu_Hart', 'summary': "Stewart Edward Hart , CM ( May 3 , 1915 - October 16 , 2003 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler , wrestling booker , promoter , coach and trainer , football player , amateur wrestler , and sailor . He is best known for founding and handling Stampede Wrestling , a professional wrestling promotion based in Calgary , Alberta , teaching many individuals at its associated wrestling school The Dungeon and establishing a professional wrestling dynasty consisting of his relatives and close trainees . As the patriarch of the Hart wrestling family , Hart is the ancestor of many wrestlers , most notably being the father of Bret and Owen Hart as well as the grandfather of Natalya Neidhart , Teddy Hart and David Hart Smith . Hart was born to a poor Saskatchewan family but became a successful amateur wrestler during the 1930s and early 1940s , holding many national championships , as well as engaging in many other sports . He began wrestling for show in 1943 with the Royal Canadian Navy while serving in World War II as he could not go to the 1940 Summer Olympics due to the war . After leaving the service he travelled to America and debuted professionally for the New York wrestling territory [ d ] in 1946 . Hart was considered very handsome and a good in-ring performer , focusing on a submission-like and technical style of wrestling , but despite this and being popular in general he was not given a major spotlight by the writers , and soon after marrying Helen Smith , whom he met in New York City , he created his own promotion in Edmonton , Alberta which would be known as Stampede Wrestling [ e ] and took over the surrounding wrestling territory which covered most of western Canada and the US state of Montana . The territory would go on to become known as the Stampede territory thenceforth . In 1949 , Stu and Helen moved to Great Falls , Montana . Hart 's promotion featured a large variety of outside stars from the wrestling industry as well as homegrown talent for whom he booked storylines . Beginning from the 1950s Hart helped train a large number of people for his company and gained a reputation as one of the best teachers in the wrestling business . In October 1951 , Stu and Helen moved to Calgary , Alberta , into what would become the famous Hart House ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling and Promoting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion', 'summary': 'A professional wrestling promotion ( also federation or fed ) is a company or business that regularly performs shows involving professional wrestling . Promotion also describes a role which entails management , advertising and logistics of running a wrestling event ( see promoter ) . Within the convention of the show , the company is a sports governing body which sanctions wrestling matches and gives authority to the championships and is responsible for determining the divisions , rankings , etc . of wrestlers . In truth , the company serves as a touring theatre troupe , as well as event promotion body for its own events . Currently , the major national wrestling organizations in the United States are World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , All Elite Wrestling ( AEW ) , Impact Wrestling ( Impact ! ) , Ring of Honor ( ROH ) , Major League Wrestling ( MLW ) and National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The major Mexican lucha libre promotions are Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) and Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) . The top Japanese puroresu promotions are New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) , Pro Wrestling Noah , DDT Pro-Wrestling , and Dragon Gate . Additionally , there are smaller Independent promotions or territories around the world .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Taylor_(Canadian_wrestler)', 'summary': "Jack Taylor ( 1887 - May 19 , 1956 ) was a Canadian successful amateur and professional wrestler . Considered to be Canada 's first great wrestling superstar in his time he was the childhood idol of wrestling icon Stu Hart and trained Toots Mondt ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Mr . Murder Mills ( Adolph Mittlestadt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Thesz ( Aloysius Thesz )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Thesz', 'summary': "Aloysius Martin Lou Thesz ( April 24 , 1916 - April 28 , 2002 ) was an American professional wrestler . A fifteen-time world champion , he held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship three times for a combined total of 10 years , three months and nine days ( 3,749 days ) - longer than anyone else in history . Thesz is widely regarded as one of the greatest wrestlers of all time . In Japan , Thesz was known as a 'God of Wrestling ' and was called Tetsujin , which means 'Ironman ' , in respect for his speed , conditioning and expertise in catch wrestling . In addition to being a member of its inaugural class , he helped establish the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and is a charter member of several other halls of fame , including : WCW , Wrestling Observer Newsletter , Professional Wrestling and WWE 's Legacy Wing ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Riot Call Wright ( James Wright )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rube Wright ( Reuben Wright )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat McGill ( Patrick McGill )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sky Hi Lee ( Robert Leedy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sky_Hi_Lee', 'summary': 'Robert E. Leedy ( 9 February 1921 - 1974 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler , boxer and actor , better known by his ring name , Ski Hi Lee ( also spelled Sky Hi Lee , Sky High Lee , and Sky Hy Lee ) . Known for his great height and strength , he was described as the tallest professional wrestler of his era and as among the roughest in the business .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luther Lindsay ( Luther Goodall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luther_Lindsay', 'summary': "Luther Jacob Goodall ( December 30 , 1924 - February 21 , 1972 ) was an American professional football player and wrestler , known by his ringname Luther Lindsay or Lindsey , who competed throughout the United States with the National Wrestling Alliance as well as international promotions such as All Japan Pro Wrestling , Joint Promotions and Stampede Wrestling . One of the first African American wrestlers to become a major star , he was extremely popular in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlantic territory . A frequent rival and tag team partner of Shag Thomas , he also teamed with Bearcat Wright , Nick Bockwinkel , Pepper Gomez and was involved in feuds with Iron Mike DiBiase , Mad Dog Vachon , Beauregarde , Moondog Mayne , Tony Borne and Pat Patterson & The Hangman . For much of the early 1950s and '60s , Lindsay was billed as the U.S . Colored ( or Negro ) Heavyweight Champion and took part in the first interracial professional wrestling matches held in the United States . Between 1953 and 1956 , he faced NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz in a series of matches . Although largely resulting in time limit draws , he was the first African-American to make a challenge to the title and earned Thesz 's respect during these bouts publicly praising his wrestling ability . He was considered one of the top submission wrestlers of his day working with Don Leo Jonathan and Stu Hart . Lindsay was one of the few men who bested him in the infamous Hart Dungeon and later became one of Hart 's best friends . Hart reportedly carried a picture of him in his wallet until his death . He was held in high regard by his fellow wrestlers such as Lou Thesz , J.J. Dillon , Rip Hawk and Les Thatcher ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Bill Miller ( William Miller )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Bill_Miller', 'summary': 'William M. Miller ( June 5 , 1927 - March 24 , 1997 ) was an American professional wrestler . He is a one time American Wrestling Association World champion and also wrestled in the National Wrestling Alliance , the World Wrestling Association in Indianapolis and the World Wide Wrestling Federation . He was a Nine-letterman at Ohio State University , in Football , Wrestling , and Track . He was an All-American Heavyweight wrestler , a two-time Big Ten heavyweight champion , and Conference MVP his Sr. year . He was an All-American shot-put and discus track star , also . He was voted into the Ohio State University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997 for both Wrestling and Track .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whipper Billy Watson ( William Potts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whipper_Billy_Watson', 'summary': 'William John Potts , OOnt ( June 25 , 1915 - February 4 , 1990 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler best known by his ring name Whipper Billy Watson , and was a two-time world heavyweight wrestling champion .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Thunderbird ( Jean Baptiste Paul )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl McCready', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_McCready', 'summary': 'Earl Gray McCready ( June 5 , 1905 - December 9 , 1983 ) was a Canadian amateur wrestler . McCready competed in the U.S. for Oklahoma State University in folkstyle , and as a freestyle sport wrestler who competed for Canada in the 1928 Summer Olympics . Later in life he became a pro wrestler .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pat O'Connor ( Patrick O'Connor )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pat_O'Connor_(wrestler)", 'summary': "Patrick John O'Connor ( 22 August 1924 - 16 August 1990 ) , was a New Zealand professional wrestler . Regarded as one of the premier workers of his era , O'Connor held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship and NWA World Heavyweight Championship simultaneously , the latter of which he held for approximately two years . He was also the inaugural AWA World Heavyweight Champion ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilio DiPaolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilio_DiPaolo', 'summary': 'Ilio DiPaolo ( November 7 , 1926 - May 10 , 1995 ) , was an Italian professional wrestler and restaurateur who lived in the Buffalo , New York area .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Édouard Carpentier ( Édouard Weiczorkiewicz )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Édouard_Carpentier', 'summary': 'Édouard Ignacz Weiczorkiewicz ( Russian : Эдуард Виецз ; July 17 , 1926 - October 30 , 2010 ) was a French-born Canadian professional wrestler better known by his ring name Édouard Carpentier . In a career that spanned from the 1950s into the 1970s , he garnered several world championships .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorgeous George ( George Wagner )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorgeous_George', 'summary': 'George Raymond Wagner ( March 24 , 1915 - December 26 , 1963 ) was an American professional wrestler best known by his ring name Gorgeous George . In the United States , during the First Golden Age of Professional Wrestling in the 1940s-1950s , Gorgeous George became one of the biggest stars of the sport , gaining media attention for his outrageous character , which was described as flamboyant and charismatic . He was posthumously inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2002 and the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina Rocca ( Antonino Biasetton )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina_Rocca', 'summary': 'Antonino Rocca ( born Antonino Biasetton , 13 April 1921 - 15 March 1977 ) was an Italian Argentinian professional wrestler . He tag teamed with partner Miguel Pérez . He was posthumously inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame as a member of the class of 1995 and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Killer Kowalski ( Edward Spulnik )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killer_Kowalski', 'summary': 'Walter Kowalski ( born Edward Władysław Spulnik ; October 13 , 1926 - August 30 , 2008 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler . Kowalski wrestled for numerous promotions during his career , including the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) and World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF , now WWE ) , and was a known villain professional wrestler . He held numerous championships including the WWWF World Tag Team Championship with Big John Studd billed as The Executioners and managed by Lou Albano . After retiring in 1977 , Kowalski started a professional wrestling school in Malden , Massachusetts and trained many professional wrestlers , including Studd , Triple H , Chyna , Eddie Edwards , Kofi Kingston , Damien Sandow , Fandango , Brittany Brown , April Hunter , John Kronus , Perry Saturn , and Tommaso Ciampa .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czaya Nandor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}], 'section_title': 'Hall of Fame', 'section_text': "The Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame list professional wrestlers and others who have competed in Stampede Wrestling , from Stu Hart 's Klondike Wrestling to the original Stampede Wrestling promotion which closed in 1990 . [ 19 ]", 'uid': 'Stampede_Wrestling_2', 'intro': "Stampede Wrestling was a Canadian professional wrestling promotion based in Calgary, Alberta. For nearly 50 years, it was one of the main promotions in western Canada and the Canadian Prairies. Originally established by Stu Hart in 1948, the promotion competed with other promotions such as NWA All-Star Wrestling and Pacific Northwest Wrestling and regularly ran events in Calgary's Victoria Pavilion, Ogden Auditorium and the Stampede Corral between 1948 and 1984. Bought out by promoter Vince McMahon, the company was briefly run by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) before being sold back to the Hart family the following year. Run by Bruce Hart until January 1990, he and Ross Hart reopened the promotion in 1999 and began running events in the Alberta area. Along with its wrestling school known as The Dungeon, many of the promotion's former alumni becoming some of the most popular stars in the World Wrestling Federation and other American promotions during the 1980s and 1990s, the promotion produced one of the earliest televised professional wrestling programs (today considered the forerunner of today's WWE) that remained one of Calgary's most popular sports programs eventually airing in over 50 countries."} | null | null | What was the rank of the wrestler who held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship three times for a combined total of 10 years ? | 4 |
06e330ede4db2dca | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress', 'title': '36th United States Congress', 'header': ['District', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Illinois 6th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Illinois's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The 6th congressional district of Illinois covers parts of Cook , DuPage , Lake , Kane and McHenry counties , as of the 2011 redistricting which followed the 2010 census . All or parts of Algonquin , Barrington , Barrington Hills , Bartlett , Burr Ridge , Carol Stream , Carpentersville , Cary , Clarendon Hills , Crystal Lake , Darien , Deer Park , Downers Grove , Elgin , East Dundee , Forest Lake , Fox River Grove , Gilberts , Glen Ellyn , Hawthorn Woods , Hinsdale , Hoffman Estates , Inverness , Kildeer , Lake Barrington , Lake in the Hills , Lake Zurich , Lakewood , Lisle , Lombard , Long Grove , Naperville , North Barrington , Oak Brook , Oakbrook Terrace , Oakwood Hills , Palatine , Port Barrington , Rolling Meadows , Sleepy Hollow , South Barrington , South Elgin , St. Charles , Tower Lakes , Trout Valley , Warrenville , Wayne , West Chicago , West Dundee , Westmont , Wheaton , Willowbrook and Winfield are included . It is represented by Democrat Sean Casten .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacancy in term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John A. McClernand ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand', 'summary': "John Alexander McClernand ( May 30 , 1812 - September 20 , 1900 ) was an American lawyer and politician , and a Union general in the American Civil War . He was a prominent Democratic politician in Illinois and a member of the United States House of Representatives before the war . McClernand was firmly dedicated to the principles of Jacksonian democracy and supported the Compromise of 1850 . McClernand was commissioned a brigadier general of volunteers in 1861 . His was a classic case of the politician-in-uniform coming into conflict with career Army officers , graduates of the United States Military Academy . He served as a subordinate commander under Ulysses S. Grant in the Western Theater , fighting in the battles of Belmont , Fort Donelson , and Shiloh in 1861-62 . A close friend and political ally of Abraham Lincoln , McClernand was given permission to recruit a force to conduct an operation against Vicksburg , Mississippi , which would rival the effort of Grant , his department commander . Grant was able to neutralize McClernand 's independent effort after it conducted an expedition to win the Battle of Arkansas Post , and McClernand became the senior corps commander in Grant 's army for the Vicksburg Campaign in 1863 . During the Siege of Vicksburg , Grant relieved McClernand of his command by citing his intemperate and unauthorized communication with the press , finally putting an end to a rivalry that had caused Grant discomfort since the beginning of the war . McClernand left the Army in 1864 and served as a judge and a politician in the postbellum era ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 8 , 1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky 5th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kentucky's_5th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Kentucky 's 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Kentucky . Located in the heart of Appalachia in Southeastern Kentucky , the rural district is the second most impoverished district in the nation and , as of the 2010 U.S. Census , has the highest percentage of White Americans in the nation . Within the district are the economic leading cities of Pikeville , Prestonsburg , Middlesboro , Hazard , Jackson , Morehead , London , and Somerset . The 5th congressional district is one of the few ancestrally Republican regions south of the Ohio River . Much of the region now in the district strongly supported the Union in the Civil War , and identified with the Republicans after hostilities ceased . Much of the eastern portion of the district was once part of the disbanded 7th congressional district , long a Democratic stronghold . The 7th was disbanded in 1992 after the 1990 census showed that the state 's population no longer merited seven districts . Geographically , the district consists of flat land areas to the west , to Appalachia highland mountains to the east and southeast . To the north to northeast of the district are rolling hills that end at the Ohio River . The district is represented by Republican Harold D. Hal Rogers , the dean of the Kentucky delegation . Rogers serves in various leadership positions in the U.S. House of Representatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown could not take seat because he had not yet attained age required by the US Constitution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_Constitution', 'summary': 'The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America . The Constitution , originally comprising seven articles , delineates the national frame of government . Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers , whereby the federal government is divided into three branches : the legislative , consisting of the bicameral Congress ( Article One ) ; the executive , consisting of the president ( Article Two ) ; and the judicial , consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts ( Article Three ) . Articles Four , Five and Six embody concepts of federalism , describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments , the states in relationship to the federal government , and the shared process of constitutional amendment . Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it . It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force . Since the Constitution came into force in 1789 , it has been amended 27 times , including one amendment that repealed a previous one , in order to meet the needs of a nation that has profoundly changed since the eighteenth century . In general , the first ten amendments , known collectively as the Bill of Rights , offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government . The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections . Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures . Amendments to the United States Constitution , unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide , are appended to the document . All four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on parchment .'}]}, {'value': 'John Y . Brown ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Y._Brown_(1835–1904)', 'summary': "John Young Brown ( June 28 , 1835 - January 11 , 1904 ) was a politician from the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky . He represented the state in the United States House of Representatives and served as its 31st governor . Brown was elected to the House of Representatives for three non-consecutive terms , each of which was marred by controversy . He was first elected in 1859 , despite his own protests that he was not yet twenty-five years old ; the minimum age set by the Constitution for serving in the legislature . The voters of his district elected him anyway , but he was not allowed to take his seat until the Congress ' second session , after he was of legal age to serve . After moving to Henderson , Kentucky , Brown was elected from that district in 1866 . On this occasion , he was denied his seat because of alleged disloyalty to the Union during the Civil War . Voters in his district refused to elect another representative , and the seat remained vacant throughout the term to which Brown was elected . After an unsuccessful gubernatorial bid in 1871 , Brown was again elected to the House in 1872 and served three consecutive terms . During his final term , he was officially censured for delivering a speech excoriating Massachusetts Representative Benjamin F. Butler . The censure was later expunged from the congressional record . After his service in the House , Brown took a break from politics , but re-entered the political arena as a candidate for governor of Kentucky in 1891 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 3 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio 14th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_14th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 14th congressional district of Ohio 's Representative is Dave Joyce . This district in the far northeast corner of the state , bordering Lake Erie and Pennsylvania . As defined in January 2013 , it contains all of Ashtabula , Lake , and Geauga counties , in addition to eastern Cuyahoga County , northern Trumbull County , northern Portage County , and northeastern Summit County ."}]}, {'value': 'Cyrus Spink ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyrus_Spink', 'summary': "Cyrus Spink ( March 24 , 1793 - May 31 , 1859 ) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio . Born in Berkshire County , Massachusetts , Spink moved to Stark County , Ohio , in 1815 . He taught school for several years in Kendal , Ohio . He was appointed deputy surveyor of Wayne County in October 1815 and served until December 1816 . County surveyor from 1816 to 1821 , serving also for a time as district surveyor . County auditor in 1820 and 1821 . He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1821 and 1822 . He was employed in the register 's office at Wooster 1822-1824 . He was appointed register by President Monroe in 1824 . Reappointed by President Adams in 1828 and served until 1832 . He engaged in mercantile pursuits in Wooster . Presidential elector in 1844 for Clay/Frelinghuysen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Died May 31 , 1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harrison G. O. Blake ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrison_G._O._Blake', 'summary': "Harrison Gray Otis Blake ( March 17 , 1818 - April 16 , 1876 ) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio . Born in Newfane , Vermont , Blake moved to Salem , New York , and in 1830 to Guilford , Ohio . He received his education at public schools , later studying medicine at Seville for one year . In 1836 , he moved to Medina , where he engaged in mercantile pursuits and studied law . He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Medina . From 1846 to 1847 , he served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives , and was elected to the Ohio State Senate in 1848 , serving as that chamber 's president . Blake was elected as a Republican to the 36th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Cyrus Spink , formerly Representative for Ohio 's 14th congressional district . He was reelected to that Congress , serving from October 11 , 1859 to March 3 , 1863 . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1862 to the Thirty-eighth Congress , but instead , with the Civil War raging , entered the United States Army in 1864 . He served as colonel of the 166th Ohio Infantry , a Hundred Days Regiment . After the war , he declined the appointment of Governor of Idaho Territory , resuming the practice of law and maintaining an interest in banking and mercantile pursuits . He served as delegate to the Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866 , and died ten years later in Medina , Ohio , on April 16 , 1876 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated October 11 , 1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia 4th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Virginia's_4th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Virginia 's fourth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the state of Virginia . Taking in most of the area between Richmond and Hampton Roads , it covers all or part of the counties of Charles City , Chesterfield , Dinwiddie , Greensville , Henrico , Prince George , Southampton , Surry , and Sussex , and all or part of the independent cities of Chesapeake , Colonial Heights , Emporia , Hopewell , Petersburg , Richmond and Suffolk . The current representative is Donald McEachin ( D ) ."}]}, {'value': 'William Goode ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Goode_(politician)', 'summary': 'William Osborne Goode ( September 16 , 1798 - July 3 , 1859 ) was a nineteenth-century American politician and lawyer from Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Died July 3 , 1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger A. Pryor ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Atkinson_Pryor', 'summary': 'Roger Atkinson Pryor ( July 19 , 1828 - March 14 , 1919 ) was a Virginian newspaper editor and politician who became known for his fiery oratory in favor of secession ; he was elected both to national and Confederate office , and served as a general for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . In 1865 he moved to New York City to remake his life , and in 1868 brought up his family . He was among a number of influential southerners in the North who became known as Confederate carpetbaggers . He became a law partner with Benjamin F. Butler ( based in Boston ) , noted in the South as a hated Union general during the war . Their partnership was financially successful , and Pryor became active in the Democratic Party in the North . In 1877 he was chosen to give a Decoration Day address , in which , according to one interpretation , he vilified Reconstruction and promoted the Lost Cause , while reconciling the noble soldiers as victims of politicians . In 1890 he joined the Sons of the American Revolution , one of the new heritage societies that was created following celebration of the United States Centennial . He was appointed as judge of the New York Court of Common Pleas from 1890 to 1894 , and justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1894 to his retirement in 1899 . On April 10 , 1912 , he was appointed official referee by the appellate division of the state Supreme Court , where he served until his death . He and his wife Sara Agnes Rice Pryor , also a Virginian , had seven children together , the last born in 1868 . Active in founding several heritage societies , she organized fundraising for historic preservation . She was a writer and had several works : histories , memoirs , and novels , published by the Macmillan Company in the first decade of the twentieth century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 7 , 1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Michigan 's 1st congressional district is a United States Congressional district containing the entire Upper Peninsula of Michigan and 16 counties of Northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula . The district is currently represented by Republican Jack Bergman ."}]}, {'value': 'George B. Cooper ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_B._Cooper', 'summary': "George Bryan Cooper ( June 6 , 1808 - August 29 , 1866 ) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan . Cooper was born in Long Hill Township , New Jersey , where he attended the public schools . He moved to Ann Arbor , Michigan in 1830 , and later to Jackson in 1835 . In Jackson he engaged in mercantile pursuits and became postmaster of Jackson from 1836 to 1846 . He was a member of the Michigan State Senate 4th District , 1837-1838 . He established an iron foundry at Jackson in 1840 and served in the Michigan State House of Representatives in 1842 . He served as State Treasurer of Michigan from March 17 , 1846 to March 13 , 1850 . He engaged in banking at Jackson in 1851 . In 1858 he defeated incumbent Republican William Alanson Howard to be elected as a Democrat from Michigan 's 1st congressional district to the Thirty-sixth Congress , serving from March 4 , 1859 , until May 15 , 1860 . Howard contested the results in the U.S. House , alleging voting irregularities in several wards . Following its investigation , the House Committee on Elections reported that the sitting member , Cooper , was not entitled to his seat and that the contestant Howard was . The House passed resolutions to that effect on May 15 , 1860 , at which time Howard took the oath of office ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election May 15 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis P. Blair , Jr. ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair,_Jr.', 'summary': "Francis Preston Blair Jr. ( February 19 , 1821 - July 8 , 1875 ) was an American jurist , politician and soldier . He represented Missouri in both the House of Representatives and the Senate , and was active in preventing the state of Missouri from being absorbed into the Confederacy at the beginning of the Civil War . Blair was instrumental in appointing Nathaniel Lyon as the new military commander of the Western Department of the U.S. Army . He assisted Lyon in securing help of the St. Louis ' Home Guard in moving over 20,000 rifles and muskets from the St. Louis Arsenal to Illinois . Missouri secessionists considered this event as breaking of informal truce established in the state . This set the scene for the Camp Jackson Affair and continuing guerrilla activity by outraged pro-slavery elements . In 1862 , Blair joined the Missouri volunteers , being promoted major general , commanded a division at Vicksburg under Sherman , took part in Sherman 's March to the Sea and ended the war as a corps commander . In 1868 , he was Horatio Seymour 's vice-presidential candidate , but his dramatic speeches about the dangers of black emancipation were believed by some to have cost the Democrats the election . Blair suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1872 , but continued to be active in state politics until his death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated May 15 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska Territory At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Nebraska_Territory's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'Voters from Nebraska Territory elected delegates to the United States Congress from January 5 , 1855 until statehood was achieved in 1867'}]}, {'value': 'Experience Estabrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Experience_Estabrook', 'summary': 'Experience Estabrook ( April 30 , 1813 - March 26 , 1894 ) was an American attorney and legal administrator . He was the 3rd Attorney General of Wisconsin and the 1st United States Attorney for the Nebraska Territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election May 18 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel G. Daily ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Gordon_Daily', 'summary': 'Samuel Gordon Daily ( 1823 - August 15 , 1866 ) was a Congressional Delegate from the Territory of Nebraska . He was born in Trimble County , Kentucky . Daily moved with his parents to Jefferson County , Indiana in 1824 , where he attended the common schools and Hanover College in Hanover , Indiana . Daily then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Indianapolis , Indiana and commenced practice in Madison , Indiana . He was an unsuccessful candidate of the Free Soil Party for election to the Indiana General Assembly ; he then moved to Indianapolis and was engaged in the cooperage business . In 1857 , he moved to Nebraska Territory , and settled in Peru , Nebraska , in Nemaha County , Nebraska . Daily built a sawmill on the Missouri River and in 1858 became a member of the Nebraska Territorial House of Representatives . In this position , he was one of the first in Nebraska to declare himself a Republican . Daily was a radical and outspoken abolitionist . He also introduced the first bill to abolish slavery in the Territory . The bill failed . Samuel Daily successfully contested as a Republican the election of Experience Estabrook to the Thirty-sixth United States Congress , .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated May 18 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 31st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_31st_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The 31st Congressional District of New York was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York . It was eliminated as a result of the 2000 Census . It was last represented by Amo Houghton who was redistricted into the 29th District .'}]}, {'value': 'Silas M. Burroughs ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silas_Mainville_Burroughs,_Sr.', 'summary': 'Silas Mainville Burroughs ( July 16 , 1810 - June 3 , 1860 ) was a U.S. Representative from New York .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Died June 3 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edwin R. Reynolds ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_R._Reynolds', 'summary': 'Edwin Ruthvin Reynolds ( February 16 , 1816 - July 4 , 1908 ) was a U.S. Representative from New York .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 5 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Missouri's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Missouri 's first congressional district is in the eastern portion of the state . It includes all of St. Louis City and much of northern St. Louis County . Its current representative is Democrat William Lacy Clay Jr. , who was elected in 2001 . Clay 's father , Bill Clay , had previously represented the district for over thirty years ."}]}, {'value': 'John R. Barret ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Richard_Barret', 'summary': "John Richard Barret ( August 21 , 1825 - November 2 , 1903 ) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri . Born in Greensburg , Kentucky , Barret attended the common schools and then went to Centre College in Danville , Kentucky . He moved to St. Louis , Missouri in 1839 and graduated from St. Louis University in 1843 . He thereafter studied and then practiced law . Barret was elected to the State house of representatives in 1852 and served four terms . He became identified with the St. Louis Agricultural Society and organized its exhibitions . After defeating the incumbent Francis P. Blair , Jr. in 1858 , he presented his credentials as a Democratic member-elect to the 36th Congress . He served from March 4 , 1859 to June 8 , 1860 , when he was succeeded by Blair , who had contested the election . In a special election against Blair , Barret was subsequently sent again to the same Congress to fill the vacancy caused by Blair 's resignation on June 25 . Barret then served from December 3 , 1860 to March 4 , 1861 . Blair successfully ran against him in the general election in 1860 for a seat in the 37th Congress . Barret moved to New York City and engaged in numerous occupations , eventually dying there on November 2 , 1903 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election June 8 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William A. Howard ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard', 'summary': 'William Alanson Howard ( April 8 , 1813 - April 10 , 1880 ) served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan from March 4 , 1855 to March 3 , 1859 and from May 15 , 1860 to March 3 , 1861 . Howard was the sixth Governor of the Dakota Territory from 1878 to 1880 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated June 8 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania 8th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pennsylvania's_8th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Pennsylvania 's 8th congressional district is located in the northeastern region of the state . It encompasses all of Wayne County , Pike County , and Lackawanna County , along with portions of Luzerne County and Monroe County . The district was primarily based in Bucks County from the 1940s until 2018 , even as most other districts in Pennsylvania changed drastically during that time frame due to population shifts and Pennsylvania 's loss of seats in the House . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania redrew the district in February 2018 after ruling the previous map unconstitutional due to gerrymandering . The 8th district was reassigned to the northeastern part of the state for the 2018 elections and representation thereafter . Parts of the new 8th come from the old 17th district , including the ancestrally Democratic cities of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre in the Wyoming Valley , and other parts come from the old 10th district , including the more conservative counties of Pike and Wayne . The district is rated slightly Republican with a Cook PVI of R+1 ; however , the Democratic incumbent of the old 17th district , Matthew Cartwright , won in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Schwartz ( ALD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Schwartz', 'summary': 'John Schwartz ( October 27 , 1793 - June 20 , 1860 ) was an Anti-Lecompton Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . Schwartz was born in Northumberland County , Pennsylvania to Philip Schwartz and Maria Magdalena Schlosser , and was apprenticed to a merchant in Reading , Pennsylvania . He became a partner at the expiration of his apprenticeship . Schwartz served in the War of 1812 as a major , and was engaged in the manufacture of iron products . His father , Philip , served in the Revolutionary War and was in Valley Forge Schwartz was elected as an Anti-Lecompton Democrat to the Thirty-sixth Congress and served until his death in Washington , D.C. in 1860 . He was interred in Charles Evans Cemetery in Reading , Pennsylvania . Cenotaph at Congressional Cemetery . He married Elizabeth Wood , daughter of Michael Wood .'}]}, {'value': 'Died June 20 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob K. McKenty ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Kerlin_McKenty', 'summary': 'Jacob Kerlin McKenty ( January 19 , 1827 - January 3 , 1866 ) was an American attorney and politician . A Democrat , he was most notable for his service as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 3 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Missouri's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Missouri 's first congressional district is in the eastern portion of the state . It includes all of St. Louis City and much of northern St. Louis County . Its current representative is Democrat William Lacy Clay Jr. , who was elected in 2001 . Clay 's father , Bill Clay , had previously represented the district for over thirty years ."}]}, {'value': 'William A. Howard ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard', 'summary': 'William Alanson Howard ( April 8 , 1813 - April 10 , 1880 ) served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan from March 4 , 1855 to March 3 , 1859 and from May 15 , 1860 to March 3 , 1861 . Howard was the sixth Governor of the Dakota Territory from 1878 to 1880 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned June 25 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John R. Barret ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Richard_Barret', 'summary': "John Richard Barret ( August 21 , 1825 - November 2 , 1903 ) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri . Born in Greensburg , Kentucky , Barret attended the common schools and then went to Centre College in Danville , Kentucky . He moved to St. Louis , Missouri in 1839 and graduated from St. Louis University in 1843 . He thereafter studied and then practiced law . Barret was elected to the State house of representatives in 1852 and served four terms . He became identified with the St. Louis Agricultural Society and organized its exhibitions . After defeating the incumbent Francis P. Blair , Jr. in 1858 , he presented his credentials as a Democratic member-elect to the 36th Congress . He served from March 4 , 1859 to June 8 , 1860 , when he was succeeded by Blair , who had contested the election . In a special election against Blair , Barret was subsequently sent again to the same Congress to fill the vacancy caused by Blair 's resignation on June 25 . Barret then served from December 3 , 1860 to March 4 , 1861 . Blair successfully ran against him in the general election in 1860 for a seat in the 37th Congress . Barret moved to New York City and engaged in numerous occupations , eventually dying there on November 2 , 1903 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 3 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mississippi's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Mississippi 's 1st congressional district is in the northeast corner of the state . It includes much of the northern portion of the state including Columbus , Oxford , Southaven , and Tupelo . One of the state 's major universities , the University of Mississippi ( Ole Miss ) , is located within the district at Oxford . The district includes Alcorn , Benton , Calhoun , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Clay , DeSoto , Itawamba , Lafayette , Lee , Lowndes , Marshall , Monroe , Pontotoc , Prentiss , Tate , Tippah , Tishomingo , Union , Webster , and Winston counties and a portion of Oktibbeha County . From statehood to the election of 1846 , Mississippi elected representatives at-large statewide on a general ticket . The congressional seat has been held by Republican Trent Kelly who won a June , 2015 special election to fill the vacant seat previously held by Republican Alan Nunnelee who died February 6 , 2015 . In the November 2010 election , Nunnelee had defeated Democratic incumbent Travis Childers , Constitutionalist Gail Giaramita , Independent Conservative Party candidate Wally Pang of Batesville , Libertarian Harold Taylor , and Reformist Barbara Dale Washer ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucius Q. C. Lamar II ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar_II', 'summary': "Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( September 17 , 1825 - January 23 , 1893 ) was an American politician , diplomat , and jurist . A member of the Democratic Party , he represented Mississippi in both houses of Congress , served as the United States Secretary of the Interior , and was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . He also served as an official in the Confederate States of America . Born and educated in Georgia , he moved to Oxford , Mississippi to establish a legal practice . He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1856 and served until December 1860 , when he helped draft Mississippi 's Ordinance of Secession . He helped raise the 19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment and worked on the staff of his cousin , General James Longstreet . In 1862 , Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed Lamar to the position of Confederate minister to Russia . Following the Civil War , Lamar taught at the University of Mississippi and was a delegate to several state constitutional conventions . Lamar returned to the United States House of Representatives in 1873 , becoming the first Mississippi Democrat elected to the House since the end of the Civil War . He remained in the House until 1877 , and represented Mississippi in the Senate from 1877 to 1885 . He opposed Reconstruction and voting rights for African Americans . In 1885 , he accepted appointment as Grover Cleveland 's Secretary of the Interior ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired December ? ? ? , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina 3rd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina's_3rd_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The 3rd Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in western South Carolina bordering both Georgia and North Carolina . It includes all of Abbeville , Anderson , Edgefield , Greenwood , Laurens , McCormick , Oconee , Pickens and Saluda counties and portions of Greenville and Newberry counties . The district is mostly rural , but much of the economy revolves around the manufacturing centers of Anderson and Greenwood .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurence M. Keitt ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurence_M._Keitt', 'summary': "Laurence Massillon Keitt ( October 4 , 1824 - June 2 , 1864 ) was an American planter , lawyer , politician , and soldier from South Carolina . During his tenure in the United States House of Representatives , he was included in several lists of Fire-Eaters - men who adamantly urged the secession of southern states from the United States , and who resisted measures of compromise and reconciliation , leading to the American Civil War . Keitt is notable for being involved in two separate acts of legislative violence in the Congressional chambers . In the first , Keitt assisted Representative Preston Brooks ( D-SC ) in his 1856 attack on Senator Charles Sumner ( R-MA ) in the Senate chamber by brandishing a pistol and cane to prevent other Senators from coming to Sumner 's aid . The second was in 1858 , when he attacked and attempted to choke Representative Galusha Grow ( R-PA ) during an argument on the floor of the U.S. House . When the Civil War began , he served as a deputy of the Provisional Confederate States Congress and later as a colonel in the Confederate States Army , until he was mortally wounded at the Battle of Cold Harbor in June 1864 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired December ? ? ? , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 1st Congressional District of South Carolina is a coastal congressional district in South Carolina , represented by Democrat Joe Cunningham since January 3 , 2019 . He succeeded Republican Mark Sanford , who was defeated by Katie Arrington in the Republican primary . Cunningham is the first Democrat to represent the district since the 1980s . The district has historically been based in Charleston . It has included Myrtle Beach , which became a major tourist destination in the late 20th century , as well as other coastal areas that have attracted retirees and seasonal visitors . From 1993 to 2013 , the district boundaries extended from Seabrook Island in the south to the North Carolina border and included parts of Charleston , Dorchester , Berkeley and Georgetown counties and all of Horry County to the North Carolina line . In 2010 , the state received another seat in Congressional apportionment due to an increase in population . The state 's districts had to be redrawn , which was completed in 2013 . In the final plan , the 1st congressional district was redrawn to reach from Hilton Head to mid-coast South Carolina , ending at the Santee River and comprising parts of Charleston , Berkeley , Dorchester and Beaufort counties . This configuration is similar to the one it had for most of the 20th century . Horry County was included in the new 7th congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'John McQueen ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McQueen', 'summary': 'John McQueen ( February 9 , 1804 - August 30 , 1867 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He was U.S. Representative from South Carolina and a member of the Confederate States Congress during the American Civil War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired December 21 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina 2nd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina's_2nd_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 2nd Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in central and southwestern South Carolina . The district spans from Columbia to the South Carolina side of the Augusta , Georgia metropolitan area . From 1993 through 2012 , it included all of Lexington , Jasper , Hampton , Allendale and Barnwell counties ; most of Richland and Beaufort counties and parts of Aiken , Calhoun and Orangeburg counties . It was made more compact in the 2010 round of redistricting , and now comprises all of Lexington , Aiken and Barnwell counties , most of Richland County , and part of Orangeburg County . Besides Columbia ( 60 percent of which is in the district ) , other major cities in the district include Aiken and North Augusta . The district 's current configuration dates from 1933 , following South Carolina losing a seat in apportionment as a result of the 1930 Census showing that the state 's population had declined . Before that time , much of its territory had been within the 6th district . As a Columbia-based district from 1933 to the early 1990s , it was a fairly compact district in the central part of the state , which was largely coextensive with the Columbia metropolitan area . As a result of the 1990 census , the state legislature was required to draw a black-majority district . In a deal between Republicans and Democrats , the 6th District , previously located in the northeastern portion of the state , was redefined to incorporate most of the old 2nd 's black residents . To make up for the loss in population , the 2nd was pushed as far west as the fringes of the Augusta suburbs and as far south as Beaufort/Hilton Head . Since 1965 the 2nd district has been held by the Republican Party , made up of white conservatives in the late 20th-century realignment of political parties in the South ."}]}, {'value': 'William P. Miles ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Porcher_Miles', 'summary': "William Porcher Miles ( July 4 , 1822 - May 11 , 1899 ) was among the ardent states ' rights advocates , supporters of slavery , and Southern secessionists who came to be known as the Fire-Eaters . He is notable for having designed the most popular variant of the Confederate flag , originally rejected as the national flag in 1861 but adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee before it was reincorporated . Born in South Carolina , he showed little early interest in politics , and his early career included the study of law and a tenure as a mathematics professor at the Charleston College from 1843 to 1855 . In the late 1840s , as sectional issues roiled South Carolina politics , Miles began to speak up on sectional issues . He opposed both the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850 . From then on , Miles would look at any northern efforts to restrict slavery as justification for secession . Miles was elected as mayor of Charleston in 1855 and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 until South Carolina seceded , in December 1860 . He was a member of the state secession convention and a representative from South Carolina at the Confederate Convention in Montgomery , Alabama , which established the provisional government and constitution for the Confederate States . He represented his state in the Confederate House of Representatives during the American Civil War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired December 21 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina 4th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina's_4th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 4th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in upstate South Carolina bordering North Carolina . It includes parts of Greenville and Spartanburg counties . The district is characterized by the two major cities of Greenville and Spartanburg . The district is the state 's wealthiest district and one of its most conservative . In the late 20th century , it has been in Republican hands since 1979 , aside from a six-year stint by Democrat Liz J. Patterson , the daughter of former Senator Olin Johnston . Even before the Republicans finally took control of the seat , the 4th had been a rather conservative district . Like in most of the state , the old-line Southern Democrats began splitting their tickets as early as the 1940s . However , this area 's white conservatives became increasingly willing to support Republicans at the state and local level as early as the 1970s , well before the rest of the state swung Republican . The district is a major destination for presidential candidates in election years , as South Carolina is one of the first states to hold a presidential primary . Republican William Timmons has represented the district since January 3 , 2019 . He succeeded Republican Trey Gowdy who did not seek reelection ."}]}, {'value': 'Milledge L. Bonham ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milledge_Luke_Bonham', 'summary': 'Milledge Luke Bonham ( December 25 , 1813 - August 27 , 1890 ) was an American politician and Congressman who served as the 70th Governor of South Carolina from 1862 until 1864 . He was a Confederate General during the American Civil War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired December 21 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina 5th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina's_5th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 5th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in northern South Carolina bordering North Carolina . The district includes all of Cherokee , Chester , Fairfield , Kershaw , Lancaster , Lee , Union and York counties and parts of Newberry , Spartanburg and Sumter counties . Outside the rapidly growing cities of Rock Hill , Fort Mill , and Lake Wylie the district is mostly rural and agricultural . The district borders were contracted from some of the easternmost counties in the 2012 redistricting . The district 's character is very similar to other mostly rural districts in the South . Democrats still hold most offices outside Republican-dominated York County . However , few of the area 's Democrats can be described as liberal by national standards ; most are fairly conservative on social issues , but less so on economics . The largest blocs of Republican voters are in the fast-growing suburbs of Charlotte , North Carolina and Cherokee County , which shares the Republican tilt of most of the rest of the Upstate . York County is by far the largest county in the district , with almost one-third of its population , and its Republican bent has pushed the district as a whole into the Republican column in recent years . In November 2010 , the Republican Mick Mulvaney defeated longtime Congressman John Spratt and became the first Republican since Robert Smalls and the end of Reconstruction to represent the district . Following Mulvaney 's confirmation as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget , a special election was held in 2017 to determine his successor . Republican Ralph Norman narrowly won the special election against Archie Parnell ."}]}, {'value': 'John D. Ashmore ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_D._Ashmore', 'summary': 'John Durant Ashmore ( August 18 , 1819 - December 5 , 1871 ) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina , and a cousin of Robert T. Ashmore .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired December 21 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina 6th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 6th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in central and eastern South Carolina . It includes all of Allendale , Bamberg , Clarendon , Colleton , Hampton , Jasper and Williamsburg counties and parts of Beaufort , Berkeley , Calhoun , Charleston , Dorchester , Orangeburg , Richland and Sumter counties . The district borders were shifted south in the 2012 redistricting . It lost its share of the North Carolina border , and now takes in part of the area near the South Carolina-Georgia border . The district 's current configuration dates from a deal struck in the early 1990s between state Republicans and Democrats in the South Carolina General Assembly to create a majority-black district . The rural counties of the historical black belt in South Carolina make up much of the district , but it sweeps south to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Charleston , and sweeps west to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Columbia . In all of its configurations , its politics have been dominated by black voters in the Columbia and Charleston areas . Following the Reconstruction era , the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed Jim Crow laws , as well as a new constitution in 1895 that effectively disfranchised blacks , crippling the Republican Party in the state . For most of the next 60 years , South Carolina was essentially a one-party state dominated by the Democrats , and blacks were nearly excluded from the political system . Demographic and political changes have included the Great Migration of blacks out of the state during the Jim Crow era in the first half of the 20th century . At the same time , many white Democrats felt chagrin at the national party 's greater support of civil rights for blacks from the 1940s onward , and began splitting their tickets in federal elections . After successes of the Civil Rights Movement in gaining passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s to enforce their constitutional rights and ability to vote , blacks in South Carolina supported national Democratic candidates ."}]}, {'value': 'William W. Boyce ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Waters_Boyce', 'summary': 'William Waters Boyce ( October 24 , 1818 - February 3 , 1890 ) was an attorney , South Carolina state politician , and a U.S . Congressman . He was also a prominent Confederate States of America politician during the American Civil War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired December 21 , 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine 5th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Maine's_5th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Maine 's 5th congressional district was a congressional district in Maine . It was created in 1821 after Maine achieved statehood in 1820 . It was eliminated in 1883 . Its last congressman was Thompson Henry Murch ."}]}, {'value': 'Israel Washburn , Jr. ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel_Washburn,_Jr.', 'summary': "Israel Washburn Jr. ( June 6 , 1813 - May 12 , 1883 ) was a United States political figure . Originally a member of the Whig Party , he later became a founding member of the Republican Party . In 1842 , Washburn served in the Maine House of Representatives . In 1854 , angry over the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , Washburn called a meeting of 30 members of the US House of Representatives to discuss forming what became the Republican Party . Republican gatherings had taken place in Wisconsin and Michigan earlier in the year , but Washburn 's meeting was the first in the U.S. Capital , and among U.S . Congressmen . He was probably also the first politician of his rank to use the term Republican , in a speech at Bangor , Maine on June 2 , 1854 . Washburn represented the district which included Bangor and the neighboring town of Orono , Maine , where he had his home and law office ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned January 1 , 1861 , after being elected Governor of Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine . Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820 , Maine was part of Massachusetts and the Governor of Massachusetts was chief executive . The current Governor of Maine is Janet Mills , a Democrat , who took office January 2 , 2019 . The governor of Maine receives a salary of $ 70,000 , which as of 2016 [ update ] is the lowest by $ 20,000 of the 50 state governors .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Coburn ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Coburn', 'summary': 'Stephen Coburn ( November 11 , 1817 - July 4 , 1882 ) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Maine . He was brother to Maine Governor Abner Coburn and the father of Louise Helen Coburn , the founder of Sigma Kappa sorority and a prominent Maine writer . Coburn was born in Bloomfield , now known as Skowhegan . He graduated from Colby College in Waterville in 1839 and after teaching at a plantation school for two years , he attended Harvard Law School and became a prominent lawyer in his native state . He was elected to the 36th Congress in a special election on November 6 , 1860 and served from January 2 to March 3 , 1861 . The election for the 37th Congress had actually been held in September of the previous year , so he could not be re-elected . Coburn served as a delegate from Maine to the peace convention in 1861 in Washington , D.C. Coburn resumed his law practice , eventually becoming postmaster of Skowhegan . He died in the Kennebec River in 1882 . He is interred in South Cemetery in Skowhegan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated January 2 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi 2nd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mississippi's_2nd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Mississippi 's 2nd congressional district ( MS-2 ) covers much of Western Mississippi . It includes most of Jackson , the riverfront cities of Greenville and Vicksburg and the interior market cities of Clarksdale , Greenwood and Clinton . The district is approximately 275 miles ( 443 km ) long , 180 miles ( 290 km ) wide and borders the Mississippi River ; it encompasses much of the Mississippi Delta , and a total of 15 counties and parts of several others . It is the only majority-black district in the state . The district is home to four of Mississippi 's eight public four-year colleges and universities : Alcorn State University in Lorman ; Delta State University in Cleveland ; Jackson State University in Jackson ; and Mississippi Valley State University in Itta Bena , a few miles west of Greenwood . All except Delta State are HBCUs and are members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . From statehood to the election of 1846 , Mississippi elected representatives at-large statewide on a general ticket . This favored candidates who could command a majority of the voters , then consisting mostly of white men of property . Following Reconstruction , the Democratic Party regained control of the state legislature and worked to reduce Republican voting strength in the state . It redefined congressional districts , creating a 'shoestring ' congressional district running the length of the Mississippi River and taking in the black-majority ( then Republican ) areas of the Mississippi Delta . By this gerrymandering , they created five other districts with white majorities . Election campaigns were often accompanied by fraud and violence as Democrats tried to reduce black Republican voting ."}]}, {'value': 'Reuben Davis ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reuben_Davis_(representative)', 'summary': 'Reuben O. Davis ( January 18 , 1813 - October 14 , 1890 ) was a United States Representative from Mississippi . Born in Winchester , Tennessee into a family of Welsh origin , he moved with his parents to Alabama about 1818 . His grandfather Joseph Davis was born in Wales in 1763 and emigrated to Virginia . Reuben Davis attended the public schools . Later , he studied medicine , but practiced only a few years , when he abandoned the profession . He then studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1834 , and commenced practice in Aberdeen , Mississippi . Davis became one of the most successful criminal lawyers in the South , and was elected prosecuting attorney for the sixth judicial district 1835-1839 . He was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for the Twenty-sixth Congress in 1838 . He was then appointed by Governor Tucker as a judge of the high court of appeals in 1842 , but after four months service resigned . Davis served as colonel of the Second Regiment of Mississippi Volunteers in the Mexican-American War . After the war , he was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives 1855-1857 . He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses and served from March 4 , 1857 , to January 12 , 1861 , when he withdrew .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Withdrew January 12 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi 3rd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mississippi's_3rd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Mississippi 's 3rd congressional district ( MS-3 ) covers central portions of state and stretches from the Louisiana border in the west to the Alabama border in the east . Large cities in the district include Meridian , Starkville , Pearl , and Natchez . It also includes most of the wealthier portions of Jackson , including the portion of the city located in Rankin County . The district includes the state 's largest college and land-grant university , Mississippi State University in Starkville . From statehood to the election of 1846 , Mississippi elected representatives at-large statewide on a general ticket . This district has been redefined based on changes in statewide population . Its current representative is Republican Michael Guest ."}]}, {'value': 'William Barksdale ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Barksdale', 'summary': "William Barksdale ( August 21 , 1821 - July 3 , 1863 ) was a lawyer , newspaper editor , U.S . Congressman , slaveholder and a Confederate general in the American Civil War . A staunch secessionist , he was mortally wounded during the Battle of Gettysburg while leading his brigade 's attack on Union forces not far from Cemetery Ridge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Withdrew January 12 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- House of Representatives', 'section_text': 'Replacements : 7 Democrats ( D ) : no net change Republicans ( R ) : 1 seat net loss Anti-Lecompton Democrats ( LD ) : 1 seat net gain Deaths : 4 Resignations : 3 Contested election : 1 Withdrawals : 28 Total seats with changes : 41 Main article : List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives', 'uid': '36th_United_States_Congress_1', 'intro': "The Thirty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1859, to March 4, 1861, during the third and fourth years of James Buchanan's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Seventh Census of the United States in 1850. The Senate had a Democratic majority, and the House had a Republican plurality."} | null | null | How many vacators died after 1870 ? | 10 |
06e38d1c30bb08f1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1992 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxana Kostina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxana_Kostina', 'summary': 'Oksana Alexandrovna Kostina ( Russian : Оксана Александровна Костина ; 15 April 1972 - 11 February 1993 ) was a Soviet and Russian individual rhythmic gymnast . She was the 1992 World All-around champion and 1992 European All-around bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '38.975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Petrova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Petrova_(rhythmic_gymnast)', 'summary': 'Maria Petrova ( Bulgarian : Мария Петрова ) ( born November 13 , 1975 in Plovdiv , Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast . She is a three-time ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) World All-around champion and a three-time ( 1992 , 1993 , 1994 ) European All-around champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '38.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larissa Lukianenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa_Lukianenko', 'summary': "Larissa Loukianenko ( Russian : Лариса Геннадьевна Лукьяненко , Larisa Luk'yanenko ; born 7 August 1973 in Krasnoyarsk , Soviet Union ) was a Belarusian individual rhythmic gymnast ."}]}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': '38.300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmen Acedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Acedo', 'summary': 'Carmen Acedo Jorge ( born February 10 , 1975 in Lérida , Spain ) is a retired individual rhythmic gymnast from Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '38.125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Serebrianskaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Serebrianskaya', 'summary': 'Kateryna Serebrianska [ a ] ( born 25 October 1977 in Simferopol ) is a Ukrainian former individual rhythmic gymnast . She is the 1996 Olympics gold medalist , the 1995 World All-around champion , a two time ( 1995,1996 ) European All-around champion and three time Grand Prix Final All-around champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '38.075', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana Popova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Popova', 'summary': 'Diana Popova ( born December 10 , 1976 in Sofia , Bulgaria ) is an Individual Rhythmic Gymnast .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '38.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irina Deleanu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irina_Deleanu', 'summary': 'Irina Deleanu ( born November 12 , 1975 ) is a former individual rhythmic gymnast from Romania .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '37.950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christiane Klumpp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christiane_Klumpp', 'summary': 'Christiane Klumpp ( now Wagner ; born November 22 , 1976 in Freudenstadt , West Germany ) is a retired German rhythmic gymnast . She competed for Germany in the rhythmic gymnastics all-around competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , placing 10th overall . Later in the same year , in November , she was 8th in the individual all-around at the World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships in Brussels .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '37.525', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lenka Oulehlova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czechoslovakia', 'summary': 'Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .'}]}, {'value': '37.475', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria Yani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '37.425', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliza Bialkowska', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '37.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdalena Brzeska', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '37.250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sasha Guo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '37.125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanna Laiho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '37.100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktoria Frater', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '37.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yukari Kawamoto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '36.900', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Individual -- All-Around', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The XVI World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Brussels, Belgium, on November 20-22, 1992.'} | null | null | What is the rank for the gymnast from the country with a population of 5.52 million as of July 2019 ? | 14 |
06e3d8269706267c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Citrus_County,_Florida', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Citrus County, Florida', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal River Indian Mounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park', 'summary': 'Crystal River State Archaeological Site is a 61-acre ( 250,000 m2 ) Florida State Park located on the Crystal River and within the Crystal River Preserve State Park . The park is located two miles ( 3 km ) northwest of the city of Crystal River , on Museum Point off U.S. 19/98 . Under the title of Crystal River Indian Mounds , it is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark ( designated as such on September 29 , 1970 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 1970 ( # 70000178 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 miles northwest of Crystal River on U.S . Routes 19 / 98 28°55′01″N 82°36′33″W / 28.916944°N 82.609167°W / 28.916944 ; -82.609167 ( Crystal River Indian Mounds )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Florida', 'summary': "U.S. Route 19 ( US 19 ) runs 264 miles ( 425 km ) along Florida 's west coast from an interchange with U.S. Route 41 in Memphis , Florida , south of Tampa , and continues to the Georgia border north of Monticello , Florida . As is the case with all Florida roads with federal designations , the entirety of US 19 has a hidden Florida Department of Transportation designation :"}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_98_in_Florida', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 98 ( US 98 ) is an east-west United States highway that runs 671 miles ( 1,080 km ) from the Alabama-Florida state line to southern Florida . It is the longest US road in Florida . It was established in 1933 as a route between Pensacola and Apalachicola , and has since been extended eastward across the Florida Peninsula and westward into Mississippi . [ citation needed ] It runs along much of the Gulf Coast between Mobile , Alabama and Crystal River , Florida , including extensive sections closely following the coast eastward from the Alabama-Florida state line to St. Marks . At a length of 671 miles , US 98 is the longest numbered route in the state of Florida . Within Florida , US 98 is marked as an east-west road from the Alabama-Florida border to Perry . Throughout most of the Florida Peninsula , the road is marked as a north-south road , but directions return to east-west on the northeast shore of Lake Okeechobee . As is the case with all Florida roads with federal designations , the entirety of US 98 has a hidden Florida Department of Transportation designation :'}]}, {'value': 'Crystal River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida', 'summary': "Crystal River is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census . According to the U.S Census estimates of 2018 , the city had a population of 3,162 . The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed Home of the Manatee . Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby , and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city 's northwest side . Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida . The city is situated around Kings Bay , which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant 72 °F ( 22 °C ) temperature year round . A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay . A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second , which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day . Because of this discharge amount , the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida , the first being Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County near Tallahassee . Kings Bay can be home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in the Gulf of Mexico cools , and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies . Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal River Old City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River_Old_City_Hall', 'summary': 'The Crystal River Old City Hall is a historic building in Crystal River , Florida , in the United States . It is located at 532 North Citrus Avenue , off U.S. 19/98 . On May 29 , 1998 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . The building now houses the Coastal Heritage Museum , operated by the Citrus County Historical Society . Exhibits focus on the early history of the west side of Citrus County , Florida and include a 1929 diorama of downtown Citrus Avenue , a fish house facade , and an original jail cell . Admission is free .'}]}, {'value': 'May 29 , 1998 ( # 98000588 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '532 North Citrus Avenue 28°53′55″N 82°35′36″W / 28.898611°N 82.593333°W / 28.898611 ; -82.593333 ( Crystal River Old City Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida', 'summary': "Crystal River is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census . According to the U.S Census estimates of 2018 , the city had a population of 3,162 . The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed Home of the Manatee . Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby , and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city 's northwest side . Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida . The city is situated around Kings Bay , which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant 72 °F ( 22 °C ) temperature year round . A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay . A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second , which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day . Because of this discharge amount , the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida , the first being Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County near Tallahassee . Kings Bay can be home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in the Gulf of Mexico cools , and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies . Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Etna Turpentine Camp Archeological Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etna_Turpentine_Camp_Archeological_Site', 'summary': 'The Etna Turpentine Camp Archeological Site is an abandoned turpentine camp near Inverness , Florida . Records indicate it was built in the early 1900s . It was discovered by accident when the Florida Gas Transmission Company was exploring a route for a possible pipeline . The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10 , 2009 . The site is within territory held by the Citrus Tract of the Withlacoochee State Forest . In mid-2018 , construction of an extension of the Suncoast Parkway which was to go through this site was stopped abruptly due to lawsuits filed . The injunction halting construction was lifted less than a month later , allowing construction to proceed .'}]}, {'value': 'December 10 , 2009 ( # 09001055 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floral City Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floral_City_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Floral City Historic District is a U.S . Historic District ( designated as such on December 1 , 1993 ) located in Floral City , Florida . The district runs roughly along Orange Avenue from South Old Floral City Road to South Annie Terrace and South Aroostook Way from Orange to Tsala Apopka Lake . It contains 26 historic buildings and 2 structures .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1993 ( # 93001357 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly Orange Avenue from South Old Floral City Road to South Annie Terrace and South Aroostook Way from Orange to Lake Tsala Apopka 28°45′02″N 82°17′27″W / 28.750556°N 82.290833°W / 28.750556 ; -82.290833 ( Floral City Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floral City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floral_City,_Florida', 'summary': 'Floral City is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 5,216 at the 2010 census . The community is home to the Floral City Heritage Hall Museum and hosts the Floral City Heritage Days the first weekend in December . The area has a history of phosphate mining and includes historic homes .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Cooper_State_Park', 'summary': 'Fort Cooper State Park is a 710-acre historic site in Inverness , Florida , United States . It is located two miles ( 3 km ) south of Inverness , off of U.S. Hwy . 41 on South Old Floral City Road . On June 13 , 1972 , it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places . It is also a Florida State Park .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1972 ( # 72000304 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted 28°48′36″N 82°18′19″W / 28.81°N 82.305278°W / 28.81 ; -82.305278 ( Fort Cooper )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masonic Temple of Citrus Lodge No . 18 , F. and A.M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masonic_Temple_of_Citrus_Lodge_No._18,_F._and_A.M.', 'summary': "The Masonic Temple of Citrus Lodge No . 118 , F. and A.M. refers to a historic 3-story building designed by prominent Florida architect Wilbur B. Talley and built in 1910 at the corner of West Main Street ( now Old Main Street ) and South Pine Avenue in Inverness , Citrus County , Florida . It is also known as Inverness Masonic Temple . As was common with American Masonic buildings of the time , the first floor was used for retail stores , while the second floor was used for professional offices and the third floor was used for the lodge hall and other Masonic uses . Over the years , the second floor also housed the city hall and a movie theater . After repairing the fire damage from a lightning strike in 1963 , Citrus Lodge decided to build a new building at 301 Hendrix Avenue and vacated the premises in 1965 . The building was then sold to a series of private owners . In 1990 the Board of County Commissioners rented the third floor for a few years . Recent uses include the building management office on the ground floor , bookkeepers , attorneys , insurance agents , therapists , tutor services and an AA Intergroup office on the other floors . In 1989 , the Masonic Temple was listed in A Guide to Florida 's Historic Architecture , published by the University of Florida Press . On October 20 , 2000 , the City of Inverness placed a commemorative plaque on the building . The building was purchased by the Drywell Group , LLC in 2006 and they proceeded to renovate and restore the interior and exterior ."}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2010 ( # 10000387 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '111 West Main St 28°50′09″N 82°19′53″W / 28.835833°N 82.331389°W / 28.835833 ; -82.331389 ( Masonic Temple of Citrus Lodge No . 18 , F. and A.M . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mullet Key', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mullet_Key', 'summary': 'Mullet Key is a historic island near Crystal River , Florida . It is located 3 miles south of the main mouth of the Crystal River , and was inhabited by Native Americans in pre-Columbian times . The island was occupied from roughly 500 to 1500 and was inhabited by the Deptford and Safety Harbor cultures . Oyster shell middens have been found at the site . On July 3 , 1986 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1986 ( # 86001409 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Crystal Bay , within Crystal River Preserve State Park 28°52′52″N 82°41′32″W / 28.8811°N 82.6922°W / 28.8811 ; -82.6922 ( Mullet Key )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River_Preserve_State_Park', 'summary': 'Crystal River Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park , originally known as the Crystal River Buffer Preserve . The Preserve comprises 27,500 acres of salt marsh , tidal creeks , mangrove islands , hardwood forests , coastal scrub and pine flat woods . The Crystal River Preserve is a remnant of the Florida coastline that has changed little since Europeans more than 500 years ago . It is located in a transitional area from a temperate and sub-tropical climate zone and contains plants and animals from both regions . The preserve follows 20 miles ( 30 km ) of coastline along the Gulf of Mexico from Crystal River though Ozello to Homosassa . The Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located within the park boundary and managed by the Crystal River Preserve State Park . The primary recreational opportunities at the Preserve are hiking , biking , birding , kayaking , fishing and nature observation . Crystal River , which provides refuge to wintering manatees , [ citation needed ] is located 3 miles southeast of the main park entrance .'}]}, {'value': 'Crystal River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida', 'summary': "Crystal River is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census . According to the U.S Census estimates of 2018 , the city had a population of 3,162 . The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed Home of the Manatee . Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby , and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city 's northwest side . Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida . The city is situated around Kings Bay , which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant 72 °F ( 22 °C ) temperature year round . A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay . A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second , which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day . Because of this discharge amount , the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida , the first being Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County near Tallahassee . Kings Bay can be home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in the Gulf of Mexico cools , and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies . Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Citrus County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Citrus_County_Courthouse', 'summary': 'The Old Citrus County Courthouse ( constructed in 1912 ) is a historic site in Inverness , Florida located at 1 Courthouse Square . On April 17 , 1992 it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . The building was designed by J. R. MacEachron and Willis R. Biggers . The Old Courthouse Heritage Museum opened in the building in 2000 , and is operated by the Citrus County Historical Society . Exhibits focus on local county history . The second floor of the courthouse was restored to its original appearance in 2000 . In 1961 , scenes from the movie Follow That Dream , starring Elvis Presley , were filmed in the courtroom .'}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 1992 ( # 92000340 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Courthouse Square 28°50′08″N 82°19′49″W / 28.835556°N 82.330278°W / 28.835556 ; -82.330278 ( Old Citrus County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Hernando Elementary School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Hernando_Elementary_School', 'summary': 'The Old Hernando Elementary School ( also known as the Lakeview School ) is a historic site in Hernando , Florida , United States . It is located at 2435 North Florida Avenue . On May 4 , 2001 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'May 4 , 2001 ( # 00001129 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2435 North Florida Avenue 28°53′53″N 82°22′22″W / 28.898056°N 82.372778°W / 28.898056 ; -82.372778 ( Old Hernando Elementary School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Florida', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 41 ( US 41 ) in the U.S. state of Florida is a north-south United States Highway . It runs 479 miles ( 771 km ) from Miami in South Florida northwest to the Georgia border north of the Lake City area . Within the state , US 41 is paralleled by Interstate 75 ( I-75 ) all the way from Miami to Georgia ( on the northern border ) , and I-75 has largely supplanted US 41 as a major highway . Like all AASHTO designated highways in Florida , US 41 always carries a FDOT designated hidden state road number :'}]}, {'value': 'Hernando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hernando,_Florida', 'summary': 'Hernando is a census-designated place in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 9,054 at the 2010 census . At one time it was a city but it was disincorporated in the 1970s .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yulee_Sugar_Mill_Ruins_State_Historic_Site', 'summary': "Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park is a Florida State Park located in Homosassa , off U.S. 19 . It contains the ruins of a sugar plantation owned by David Levy Yulee . Yulee was a delegate of the Florida Territorial Legislative Council . After Florida became a state , he was elected by the legislature in 1845 to the United States Senate , becoming the first American of Jewish heritage to serve there . After Florida seceded from the Union , Yulee served in the Confederate Congress . He is credited with having developed a network of railroads that tremendously boosted the state 's economy . At Homosassa , Yulee established a sugarcane plantation , which was destroyed during the American Civil War . The original plantation covered more than 5,000 acres ( 2,000 ha ) , and was worked by approximately 1,000 enslaved African Americans . They raised sugarcane , citrus , and cotton . The large mill ( which was steam-driven ) ran from 1851 to 1864 . It produced sugar , syrup and molasses , the latter used in making rum . At the park , the stonework ( foundation , well and 40-foot chimney ) of the mill , iron gears , a cane press , and some of the other machinery remain ."}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 1970 ( # 70000179 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Road 490 west of U.S. Route 19 28°47′01″N 82°36′28″W / 28.783611°N 82.607778°W / 28.783611 ; -82.607778 ( Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Road_490_(Citrus_County,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The following is a list of county roads in Citrus County , Florida . All county roads are maintained by the county in which they reside .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Florida', 'summary': "U.S. Route 19 ( US 19 ) runs 264 miles ( 425 km ) along Florida 's west coast from an interchange with U.S. Route 41 in Memphis , Florida , south of Tampa , and continues to the Georgia border north of Monticello , Florida . As is the case with all Florida roads with federal designations , the entirety of US 19 has a hidden Florida Department of Transportation designation :"}]}, {'value': 'Homosassa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homosassa,_Florida', 'summary': 'Homosassa is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 2,578 at the 2010 census .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Citrus_County,_Florida_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Citrus County, Florida. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'} | null | null | In 2010 , what was the population of the town where the indian mounds are located ? | 3,108 |
06e4b5b9508b6c97 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auto_racing_tracks_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of auto racing tracks in the United States', 'header': ['Track Name', 'Location', 'Length', 'Shape/Banking', 'Classes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anderson Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Speedway', 'summary': "Anderson Speedway is a quarter mile ( 400 m ) high-banked paved short track in Anderson , Indiana . Weekly racing includes several stock car divisions , Including : Minicups ( also known as Supercups ) , Legends , Asphalt Late Models , Super Late Models , Street Stocks , Asphalt Sprint cars , & Winged Asphalt Sprint Cars . The corners are banked at 17 degrees . The 2010 track record of 10.28 seconds in a winged sprint car was the world record for quarter-mile paved ovals until a sprint car driver qualified at Slinger Speedway in 9.909 seconds in August 2010 . The track holds a USAC national midget race and it held national American Speed Association ( ASA ) races before the original tour ended . The quote , It 's like racing jet fighters in a gym , is attributed to noted short track driver Dick Trickle concerning racing late model stock cars at the track ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anderson,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Anderson is a city in and the county seat of Madison County , Indiana , United States . It is the principal city of the Anderson , Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Madison County . Anderson is the headquarters of the Church of God ( Anderson ) and home of Anderson University , which is affiliated with Christian denomination . Highlights of the city include the historic Paramount Theatre and the Gruenewald Historic House . The population was 56,129 at the 2010 census . This is down from 70,000 in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High-banked Oval & Figure 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': "CRA series , Front Wheel Drive , Front Wheel Drive Figure 8 's , Late Model Figure 8 's , Legends , Asphalt Midgets , Kenyon Midgets , Minicups ( also known as Supercups ) , Bandoleros , Modifieds , Asphalt Late Models , Street Stocks , School bus Figure 8 's , Super Trucks , Thunder Cars , Thunder Roadster , Asphalt Sprint cars , & Winged Asphalt Sprint Cars", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunny South Raceway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunny_South_Raceway', 'summary': "Sunny South Raceway originally opened in 1989 as a 1/8 mile dirt go-kart track in Grand Bay , Alabama . Full-size cars started running on the track in 1993 . In 1996 , the track was expanded to 1/4 mile and later paved in 2002 . Sunny South Raceway has previously been operated under the names Big Oaks Speedway and J & J Speedway . Today 's version of the track is a high-banked 1/4 mile D-shaped paved oval . It has eighteen degree banking in the corners , twelve degrees on the backstretch , and six degrees on the frontstretch . The track has previously held races for the Southern All Star Supertruck Series . Sunny South Raceway holds races for Pro Challenge , INEX Legends and Bandoleros , Go-Karts , Stingers , Bombers , and other types of race cars . On September 21 , 2012 , Sunny South Raceway held the INEX Bandolero Nationals , a race that draws over fifty bandolero drivers every year . The track also hosts the Memorial Day Classic , a two-day race event held every year at Sunny South Raceway . The Sunny South Criterium , a professional bicycle race , was held on April 6 , 2013 at Sunny South Raceway . Sunny South Raceway hosted 2013 Pro Challenge National Championship Race on October 4 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama Grand Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama', 'summary': "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_Bay,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Grand Bay is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Mobile County , Alabama , United States . It is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area . The population was 3,672 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Go-Karts , INEX Bandoleros , INEX Legends , Stingers , Bombers , Pro Challenge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huntsville Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntsville_Speedway', 'summary': 'Huntsville Speedway is a quarter-mile ( .402 km ) oval race track in Huntsville , Alabama . It opened in 1959 as a dirt track , and was paved in 1962 . It held one NASCAR Grand National Series event in 1962 , won by Richard Petty . Today the track hosts weekly racing with a variety of stock car and modified classes . It shut down early in 2013 and has reopened on April 2 , 2016 . It is hosted for race events for other racing types .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama Huntsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama', 'summary': "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama', 'summary': "Huntsville is a city in the Appalachian region of northern Alabama . It is the county seat of Madison County but extends west into neighboring Limestone County and south into Morgan County . It was founded in 1805 and became an incorporated town in 1811 . The city grew across nearby hills north of the Tennessee River , adding textile mills , then munitions factories , NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center and the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command nearby at the Redstone Arsenal . The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Huntsville to its America 's Dozen Distinctive Destinations for 2010 list . The city 's population was 180,105 in 2010 , making it Alabama 's fourth-largest city . Huntsville is the largest city in the five-county Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville , AL Combined Statistical Area . The Huntsville metropolitan area 's population was 417,593 in 2010 , making it the second most populous metropolitan area in the state . The Huntsville metro 's population reached 462,693 by 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Models , Super Modifieds , Super streets , Mini Stocks , Hobby Cups , Trucks , Hot Shots , American Buzz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sayre Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama Sayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama', 'summary': "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sayre,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Sayre is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County , Alabama , United States . Sayre is 16.5 miles ( 26.6 km ) northwest of downtown Birmingham . Sayre had a post office from October 4 , 1904 , to November 5 , 2011 ; it still has its own ZIP code , 35139 .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Open-Wheen Modifieds , Limited Modifieds , Sportsman , Modified -Lites , Pure Streets , Renegades , Pony Stocks , American Buzz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Pole Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alaska North Pole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska', 'summary': "Alaska ( /əˈlæskə/ ( listen ) ; Aleut : Alax̂sxax̂ ; Inupiaq : Alaasikaq ; Alutiiq : Alas'kaaq ; Tlingit : Anáaski ; Russian : Аляска , romanized : Alyaska ) is a state located in the northwest extremity of the North American West Coast , just across the Bering Strait from Asia . An exclave of the U.S. , it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and southeast has a maritime border with Russia 's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean , while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest . Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area and the seventh largest subnational division in the world . It is the third least populous and the most sparsely populated state , but by far the continent 's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel , with an estimated population of 738,432 as 2015 - more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . Approximately half of Alaska 's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . The state capital of Juneau is the second largest city in the United States by area , comprising more territory than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware . Alaska was occupied by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans . The state is considered the entry point for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge . The Russians were the first non-native people to settle the area beginning in the 18th century , eventually establishing the colony of Alaska that spanned most of the current state . The expense and difficulty of maintaining this distant possession prompted its sale to the U.S. in 1867 for $ 7.2 million , or approximately two cents per acre ( $ 4.74/km2 ) . The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11 , 1912 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Pole,_Alaska', 'summary': "North Pole is a small city in the Fairbanks North Star Borough , Alaska , United States . It is part of the Fairbanks metropolitan statistical area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 2,117 , up from 1,570 in 2000 . Despite its name , the city is about 1,700 miles ( 2,700 km ) south of Earth 's geographic North Pole and 125 miles ( 200 km ) south of the Arctic Circle ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legend Cars , Bandoleros , Karts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alaska State Fairgrounds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alaska Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska', 'summary': "Alaska ( /əˈlæskə/ ( listen ) ; Aleut : Alax̂sxax̂ ; Inupiaq : Alaasikaq ; Alutiiq : Alas'kaaq ; Tlingit : Anáaski ; Russian : Аляска , romanized : Alyaska ) is a state located in the northwest extremity of the North American West Coast , just across the Bering Strait from Asia . An exclave of the U.S. , it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and southeast has a maritime border with Russia 's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean , while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest . Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area and the seventh largest subnational division in the world . It is the third least populous and the most sparsely populated state , but by far the continent 's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel , with an estimated population of 738,432 as 2015 - more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . Approximately half of Alaska 's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . The state capital of Juneau is the second largest city in the United States by area , comprising more territory than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware . Alaska was occupied by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans . The state is considered the entry point for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge . The Russians were the first non-native people to settle the area beginning in the 18th century , eventually establishing the colony of Alaska that spanned most of the current state . The expense and difficulty of maintaining this distant possession prompted its sale to the U.S. in 1867 for $ 7.2 million , or approximately two cents per acre ( $ 4.74/km2 ) . The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11 , 1912 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sprints , Late Models , Legends', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Star Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alaska Wasilla ( Palmer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska', 'summary': "Alaska ( /əˈlæskə/ ( listen ) ; Aleut : Alax̂sxax̂ ; Inupiaq : Alaasikaq ; Alutiiq : Alas'kaaq ; Tlingit : Anáaski ; Russian : Аляска , romanized : Alyaska ) is a state located in the northwest extremity of the North American West Coast , just across the Bering Strait from Asia . An exclave of the U.S. , it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and southeast has a maritime border with Russia 's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean , while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest . Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area and the seventh largest subnational division in the world . It is the third least populous and the most sparsely populated state , but by far the continent 's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel , with an estimated population of 738,432 as 2015 - more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . Approximately half of Alaska 's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . The state capital of Juneau is the second largest city in the United States by area , comprising more territory than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware . Alaska was occupied by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans . The state is considered the entry point for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge . The Russians were the first non-native people to settle the area beginning in the 18th century , eventually establishing the colony of Alaska that spanned most of the current state . The expense and difficulty of maintaining this distant possession prompted its sale to the U.S. in 1867 for $ 7.2 million , or approximately two cents per acre ( $ 4.74/km2 ) . The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11 , 1912 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wasilla,_Alaska', 'summary': "Wasilla is a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , United States and the sixth-largest city in Alaska . It is located on the northern point of Cook Inlet in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley of the southcentral part of the state . The city 's population was 7,831 at the 2010 census , up from 5,469 in 2000 . Estimates in 2018 put the population at roughly 10,529 . Wasilla is the largest city in the borough and a part of the Anchorage metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 399,148 in 2018 . Established at the intersection of the Alaska Railroad and Old Carle Wagon Road , the city prospered at the expense of the nearby mining town of Knik . Historically entrepreneurial , the economic base shifted in the 1970s from small-scale agriculture and recreation to support for workers employed in Anchorage or on Alaska 's North Slope oilfields and related infrastructure . The George Parks Highway turned the town into a commuter suburb of Anchorage . Several state and federal agencies have offices in Wasilla , including the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and Divisions of Public Assistance , Social Services . Wasilla gained international attention when Sarah Palin , who served as Mayor of Wasilla before her election as Governor of Alaska , was chosen by John McCain as his running mate for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 United States presidential election . Wasilla is named after Chief Wasilla , a local Dena'ina chief . Wasilla is the anglicized spelling of the chief 's Russian-given name , Васи́лий Vasilij , which corresponds to the English name Basil ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sportsman / Super Trucks , INEX Legends , Thunder Stocks , Mini Stocks , Bandoleros , Baby Grands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Havasu 95 Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Havasu_95_Speedway', 'summary': 'Havasu 95 Speedway is a 0.25-mile ( 0.40 km ) paved oval racing circuit located in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . The track primarily hosts weekly stock car events . Classes that run at the track include late models , modifieds , trucks , street stocks , legends , bandoleros , and factory stocks . It is one of 3 paved ovals in the state of Arizona , and the only one in western Arizona . The track hosted its first NASCAR touring series event , a K & N Pro Series West race , in 2012 . It held a Lucas Oil Modified Series race in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Lake Havasu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Lake Havasu City is a city in Mohave County , Arizona , United States . According to 2010 census , the population of the city was 52,527 people . It is served by Lake Havasu City Airport . Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from the other cities in Mohave County and is the southernmost community of the Las Vegas-Henderson , NV-AZ combined statistical area .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legends car racing , Outlaw Karts , Bandolero Cars , Late Models , Modifieds , Factory Stocks , Pony Stocks , Southwest Tour Trucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legends_car_racing', 'summary': 'Legends car racing is a style of auto racing designed primarily to promote exciting racing and to keep costs down . The race car bodyshells are 5/8-scale replicas of American automobiles from the 1930s and 1940s , powered by a Yamaha motorcycle engine . The worldwide sanctioning body for legends car racing is INEX . Legends cars are a spec series , meaning all cars are mechanically identical , with the exception of three styles of car ( standard coupe , 34 coupe , and sedan ) available with 10 types of body styles . ( New cars are currently offered with seven body styles , however many used cars exist with the older styles ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucas Oil I-10 Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California Blythe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blythe,_California', 'summary': 'Blythe is a city in Riverside County , California , United States , in the Palo Verde Valley of the Lower Colorado River Valley region , an agricultural area and part of the Colorado Desert along the Colorado River , approximately 224 miles ( 360 km ) east of Los Angeles and 150 miles ( 240 km ) west of Phoenix . Blythe was named after Thomas H. Blythe , a San Francisco financier , who established primary water rights to the Colorado River in the region in 1877 . The city was incorporated on July 21 , 1916 . The population was 20,817 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legends car racing , Bandolero Cars , Pure Stock , Modified , Late Models , Super Late Models , Trucks , Bombers , Sportsman , Demolition Derbies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legends_car_racing', 'summary': 'Legends car racing is a style of auto racing designed primarily to promote exciting racing and to keep costs down . The race car bodyshells are 5/8-scale replicas of American automobiles from the 1930s and 1940s , powered by a Yamaha motorcycle engine . The worldwide sanctioning body for legends car racing is INEX . Legends cars are a spec series , meaning all cars are mechanically identical , with the exception of three styles of car ( standard coupe , 34 coupe , and sedan ) available with 10 types of body styles . ( New cars are currently offered with seven body styles , however many used cars exist with the older styles ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Speedway At Willow Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willow_Springs_International_Motorsports_Park', 'summary': 'Willow Springs International Motorsports Park ( commonly referred to as Willow Springs ) is located in Willow Springs near Rosamond , California , about 80 mi ( 129 km ) north of Los Angeles . It is the oldest permanent road course in the United States . Construction began in 1952 , with the inaugural race held on November 23 , 1953 . The main track is a 2.5-mile ( 4.0 km ) long road course that is unchanged from its original 1953 configuration . The elevation changes and high average speeds make it a favorite of many road racing drivers . Willow Springs hosted two NASCAR Grand National races in 1956 and 1957 on the original road course ( then known simply as Willow Springs Speedway ) , won by Chuck Stevenson and Marvin Panch respectively . There are a total of seven tracks at Willow Springs . The largest and most well known track is Willow Springs International Raceway ( commonly referred to as Big Willow ) . There are other racing facilities such as The Streets of Willow ( 1.8 mile road course ) , The Horsethief Mile ( road course ) , The Speedway at Willow Springs ( 1/4 mile paved oval ) , Willow Springs Kart Track ( a .625-mile , 9-turn paved sprint track ) , The Playpen ( a 1/4-mile paved training track ) , and the Walt James Stadium ( Clay Oval and Paved Oval ) . Efforts by fans resulted in the State of California declaring Willow Springs International Raceway as a California Point of Historical Interest in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'California Rosamond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rosamond,_California', 'summary': 'Rosamond is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Kern County , California , USA , near the Los Angeles county line . Rosamond is 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Palmdale , in the Antelope Valley , the westernmost desert valley of the Mojave Desert . It is also 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of Mojave , and 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Lancaster at an elevation of 2,342 feet ( 714 m ) . According to 2010 United States census data , the town population was 18,150 . The Postal Service shows portions of Rosamond as having the names Tropico Village , California , named after a mine , and Willow Springs . Rosamond Skypark Airport , Federal Aviation Administration identifier L00 ( with two zeroes ) , is located at 34°52′15″N 118°12′32″W / 34.87083°N 118.20889°W / 34.87083 ; -118.20889 and features a paved 3,600-foot ( 1,100 m ) runway . Wired telephone numbers in Rosamond follow the format ( 661 ) 256-xxxx and the entire city is included in ZIP Code 93560 . Rosamond contains the Rosamond urban area , according to the 2010 Census . The Rosamond urban area had a population of 16,000 , with a land area of 6.33 square miles ( 16.39 km2 ) and a population density of 2,528 per square mile ( 976 per km2 ) in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Models , Street Stocks , Hobby Stocks , Mini Stocks , WRA Vintage Sprint Cars , Southwest Tour Truck Series , Skid Plate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I-25 Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Pueblo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado', 'summary': 'Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Pueblo /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ is a home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous city of Pueblo County , Colorado , United States . The population was 106,595 in 2010 census , making it the 267th most populous city in the United States and the 9th largest in Colorado . Pueblo is the heart of the Pueblo Metropolitan Statistical Area , totaling over 160,000 people and an important part of the Front Range Urban Corridor . As of 2014 , Pueblo is the primary city of the Pueblo-Cañon City combined statistical area ( CSA ) totaling approximately 208,000 people , making it the 134th largest in the nation . Pueblo is situated at the confluence of the Arkansas River and Fountain Creek , 112 miles ( 180 km ) south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . The area is considered semi-arid desert land , with approximately 12 inches ( 304.80 mm ) of precipitation annually . With its location in the Banana Belt , Pueblo tends to get less snow than the other major cities in Colorado . Pueblo is one of the largest steel-producing cities in the United States , for which reason Pueblo is referred to as the Steel City . The Historic Arkansas River Project ( HARP ) is a riverwalk in the Union Avenue Historic Commercial District , and shows the history of the devastating Pueblo Flood of 1921 . Pueblo has the least expensive residential real estate of all major cities in Colorado . The median home price for homes on the market in Pueblo is $ 192,500 as of April 2018 It is the sixth most affordable place to live in America as measured by the 2014 Cost of Living Index . Costs of housing , goods and services , utilities , transportation , groceries and health care are lower than the national average .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'high-banked Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Late Model Twin 25 's , Late Models , Grand American Modifieds , Sportsmans , Street Stocks , Mini Stocks , Hornets , Figure 8 's , Legends , C.A.R.C Modifieds , Super Modifieds , Scaled Late Models , Mini Cups , Midgets , Dwarfs , Vintage Midgets , Street Drags", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburndale Motor Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Winter Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Winter_Haven,_Florida', 'summary': "Winter Haven is a city in Polk County , Florida , United States . It is fifty-one miles east of Tampa . The population was 33,874 at the 2010 census . According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2018 estimates , this city had a population of 43,020 , making it the second most populated city in Polk County . It is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sportsman , Street Stocks , Modified Mini Stocks , Mini Stocks , Scramblers , Road Warriors , Legends , Bandoleros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avon Park Rotary Legends Challenge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Avon Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Avon_Park,_Florida', 'summary': 'Avon Park is a city in Highlands County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 8,836 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 10,695 . It is the oldest city in Highlands County , and was named after Stratford-upon-Avon , England .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'INEX Legends , Bandoleros , Mini Cups Cars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bullring at AMS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway', 'summary': "Atlanta Motor Speedway ( formerly Atlanta International Raceway ) is a 1.5-mile oval racetrack in Hampton , Georgia , United States , 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Atlanta . It has annually hosted NASCAR Cup Series stock car races since its inauguration in 1960 . The venue was bought by Speedway Motorsports in 1990 . In 1994 , 46 condominiums were built over the northeastern side of the track . In 1997 , to standardize the track with Speedway Motorsports ' other two intermediate ovals , the entire track was almost completely rebuilt . The frontstretch and backstretch were swapped , and the configuration of the track was changed from oval to quad-oval , with a new official length of 1.54-mile ( 2.48 km ) . The project made the track one of the fastest on the NASCAR circuit . It has a seating capacity of 71,000 - 125.000 depending on configuration ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Hampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hampton,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Hampton is a city in southwestern Henry County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 6,987 , up from 3,857 at the 2000 census . By 2018 the estimated population was 7,922 . Hampton mailing addresses outside the city limits reach into rural parts of eastern Clayton County and northern Spalding County . It is a southeastern suburb in the Atlanta metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 1/4 Oval ) : INEX Legend Cars , Bandoleros , & Thunder Roadsters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stateline Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stateline_Speedway', 'summary': "Stateline Speedway is a 1/3 mile racetrack in Busti , New York . It hosted one NASCAR event on July 16 , 1958 , where Shorty Rollins won because most of the top drivers did n't make it due to a long rain delay at a previous race . In 2012 , it hosted the Empire 50 , a Lucas Oil Late Model Series event . The event was n't run in 2013 . The track races Saturday nights May through Labor Day , and hosts Super Late Models , Crate Late Models , Street Stocks , E-mods , and Compacts . In 2014 , the track switched ownership and saw several upgrades , including Stateline PA and Stateline NY on either side of the track , and new grandstand seating ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho Post Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Post_Falls,_Idaho', 'summary': "Post Falls is a city in Kootenai County , Idaho , between Coeur d'Alene and Spokane , Washington . It is a suburb of Coeur d'Alene , to the east , and a bedroom community to Spokane , to the west . The population was 27,574 at the 2010 census , up from 17,247 in 2000 census , making it Idaho 's tenth largest city . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated 2018 population is 34,691 ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Late Models , Sprint Cars , Fever 4 's , Street Stocks , Modifieds , NASCAR K & N Pro Series West", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meridian Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meridian_Speedway', 'summary': 'The Meridian Speedway is a 320-mile ( 510 km ) span of railroad track between Meridian , Mississippi , and Shreveport , Louisiana . An important rail link between the Southeast and Southwest U.S. , it is owned by the Meridian Speedway LLC ( MSLLC ) , a joint venture of Kansas City Southern ( KCS ) , the majority partner ; and Alabama Great Southern Railroad , a subsidiary of Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Idaho Meridian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Meridian,_Idaho', 'summary': "Meridian is a city located in Ada County in the U.S. state of Idaho . As of the 2010 census , the population of Meridian was 75,092 making it then the third largest city in Idaho after Boise and Nampa . Meridian is considered the state 's fastest-growing city and among the fastest-growing cities in the United States . A 2015 census estimate placed the population at approximately 90,739 . With a 2018 Census estimate of 106,804 and a 1,000 percent increase in population since 1990 , the city is currently estimated as the second largest in the state ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Late Models , Sprint Cars , Hornets , Street Stocks , Modifieds , Legends , Thunder Dogs , Super Stocks , Pro 4 's , Mini Stocks , NASCAR K & N Pro Series West", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockford Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockford_Speedway', 'summary': 'Rockford Speedway is a 1/4 mile short track high banked asphalt oval located in Loves Park , Illinois on Illinois Route 173 . Rockford Speedway , Chicagoland Speedway , and World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway are the only racetracks running under NASCAR sanctions in Illinois . It hosts weekly local-level events during the summer racing season as well as occasional regional- and national-level events . Notable special events at the track include trailer races , endurance races , the Spring Classic , ALl-Star 100 , Bahama Bracket Nationals , and the National Short Track Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois Rockford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois', 'summary': "Rockford is a city in Winnebago County in the U.S. state of Illinois , in far northern Illinois . Located on the banks of the Rock River , Rockford is the county seat of Winnebago County ( a small portion of the city is located in Ogle County ) . The largest city in Illinois outside of the Chicago metropolitan area , Rockford is the third-largest city in the state and the 171st most populous in the United States . According to 2010 U.S. Census Data , the City of Rockford had a population of 152,871 , with an outlying metropolitan area population of 348,360 . The City of Rockford 's population is 147,051 as of 2017 , down 4.1% since 2010 . Settled in the mid-1830s , the position of the city on the Rock River made its location strategic for industrial development . In the second half of the 19th century , Rockford was notable for its output of heavy machinery , hardware and tools ; by the twentieth century , it was the second leading center of furniture manufacturing in the nation , and 94th largest city . During the second half of the 20th century , Rockford struggled alongside many Rust Belt cities . Since the late 1990s , efforts in economic diversification have led to growth of automotive , aerospace , and healthcare industries , as well as the undertaking of various tourism and downtown revitalization efforts . Nicknamed the Forest City , Rockford is presently known for various venues of cultural or historical significance , including Anderson Japanese Gardens , Klehm Arboretum , Tinker Swiss Cottage , the BMO Harris Bank Center , the Coronado Theatre , the Laurent House , and the Burpee Museum of Natural History . Its contributions to music are noted in the Mendelssohn Club , the oldest music club in the nation , and performers such as Phantom Regiment , Fred VanVleet , and Cheap Trick ."}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASCAR Late Models , All-American Sportsmen , American Short Tracks , Roadrunners ( Saturdays ) Roadrunners , Bandits , Hornets , Figure 8s , Winged Women on Wheels , Spectator Drags ( Wednesdays June-August )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Expo Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_County_War_Memorial_Coliseum_Expo_Center', 'summary': "Allen County War Memorial Coliseum is a 13,000-seat multi-purpose arena located in Fort Wayne , Indiana , near present-day Johnny Appleseed Park . It opened in 1952 with a construction cost of nearly $ 3 million . The Allen County War Memorial Coliseum was originally designed to seat 8,103 for hockey or 10,240 for basketball . Opened in 1989 , the Coliseum 's $ 26 million Exposition Center contains 108,000-ft² ( 0.100-km² ) devoted to hosting substantial trade shows and other events with seating for 7,500 . In 2002 , an extensive $ 35 million renovation and expansion raised the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum 's roof by 41 feet ( 12 m ) , thus increasing the arena 's seating capacity to 10,500 for hockey or music concerts and 13,000 for basketball . The structure was designed by A.M. Strauss Architects ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Fort Wayne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana', 'summary': "Fort Wayne is a city in the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County , United States . Located in northeastern Indiana , the city is 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Michigan border . With a population of 253,691 in the 2010 census , it is the second-most populous city in Indiana after Indianapolis , and the 75th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area , consisting of Allen , Wells , and Whitley counties , a combined population of 419,453 as of 2011 . Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana . The city is within a 300-mile ( 482.803 km ) radius of major population centers , including Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Detroit , Indianapolis , Louisville , Lexington , and Milwaukee . In addition to the three core counties , the combined statistical area ( CSA ) includes Adams , DeKalb , Huntington , Noble , and Steuben counties , with an estimated population of 615,077 . Fort Wayne was built in 1794 by the United States Army under the direction of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne , the last in a series of forts built near the Miami village of Kekionga . Named in Wayne 's honor , the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph , St. Marys , and Maumee rivers as a trading post for pioneers . The village was platted in 1823 and underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad . Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the Rust Belt , Fort Wayne 's economy in the 21st century is based upon distribution , transportation and logistics , healthcare , professional and business services , leisure and hospitality , and financial services . The city is a center for the defense industry which employs thousands ."}]}, {'value': '0.167 miles ( 0.269 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indoor Oval ( concrete )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USAC Midgets , Ford Focus Midgets , 600cc Modified-Midgets , Quarter Midgets , Karts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Speedrome', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': '0.20 miles ( 0.32 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval & Figure 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Modifieds , Hornet Figure 8 's , Roadrunners , Hornets , Bomber 8 's , Outlaw Stocks , Late Model Figure 8 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sportdrome Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Jeffersonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Jeffersonville is a city in Clark County , Indiana , United States , situated along the Ohio River . Locally , the city is often referred to by the abbreviated name Jeff . It lies directly across the Ohio River to the north of Louisville , Kentucky , along I-65 . The population was 44,953 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Clark County . Jeffersonville began its existence as a settlement around Fort Finney some time after 1786 , and was named after Thomas Jefferson in 1801 , the year he took office .'}]}, {'value': '0.25 miles ( 0.40 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Extreme Figure 8 's . Oval Extremes , Dromer Figure 8 's , Dromer Ovals", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Paved ovals -- Paved short tracks', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_auto_racing_tracks_in_the_United_States_11', 'intro': 'This is a list of all auto racing tracks in the United States. The track length stands for the standard, full courses for each track. The major series listed are only series that currently hold a race at the track.'} | null | null | What is the track located in the small city in the Fairbanks North Star Borough ? | North Pole Speedway |
06e4d8947a8da5ec | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)', 'title': 'List of American Civil War generals (Union)', 'header': ['Name', 'Substantive Rank', 'Brevet Rank', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gamble , William', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Gamble_(USA)', 'summary': "William Gamble ( January 1 , 1818 - December 20 , 1866 ) was a civil engineer and a United States Army cavalry officer . He served during the Second Seminole War , and fought for the Union during the American Civil War . He commanded one of two brigades in Brigadier General John Buford 's Division of Cavalry , in which he played an important role in defending Union positions during the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 25 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gardiner , Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Gardiner', 'summary': 'Alexander Gardiner ( July 27 , 1833 - October 7 , 1864 ) was an American lawyer and New Hampshire soldier who died of wounds sustained at the Battle of Opequon in the American Civil War . He was posthumously brevetted a brigadier general .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 19 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DOW , Battle of Opequon ( w. September 19 , 1864 , d. October 7 , 1864 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Opequon', 'summary': "The Third Battle of Winchester ( or Battle of Opequon ) , was fought just outside Winchester , Virginia , on September 19 , 1864 , during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War . After the victory at Berryville as the month began , Union Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan sought information about the troop strength of Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A . Early . Earlier in the year , his subordinate Union Gen. George Crook had met Rebecca Wright , a Quaker schoolteacher and Union sympathizer in Winchester , a commercial center and transportation hub at the northern end of the Shenandoah Valley with many Confederate sympathizers and which changed hands 75 times during the war . Slave Thomas Laws of Millwood ( between Berryville and Winchester ) had a Confederate permit to sell produce in Winchester three days per week , and agreed to act as a Union spy . On September 16 , Laws took Sheridan 's letter ( hidden in his mouth ) to Wright , who consulted her mother and then replied ( in a note which Laws also hid in his mouth ) that a Confederate officer recovering from his wounds had recently bragged about Confederate artillery and infantry battalions under General Joseph B. Kershaw and Lt. Col. Wilfred E. Cutshaw having left Winchester to raid the B & O Railroad at Martinsburg , in the new state of West Virginia . Accordingly , Sheridan advanced toward Winchester along the Berryville Pike with the VI Corps and XIX Corps , crossing Opequon Creek . The Union advance was delayed long enough for Early to concentrate his forces to meet the main assault , which continued for several hours . Casualties were very heavy . The Confederate line was gradually driven back toward the town . Mid-afternoon , the Army of West Virginia and the cavalry turned the Confederate left flank . Early ordered a general retreat ."}]}, {'value': 'Garfield , James Abram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Garfield', 'summary': "James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) was the 20th president of the United States , serving from March 4 , 1881 until his death by assassination six and a half months later . He is the only sitting member of the United States House of Representatives to be elected to the presidency . Garfield entered politics as a Republican in 1857 . He served as a member of the Ohio State Senate from 1859 to 1861 . Garfield opposed Confederate secession , served as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and fought in the battles of Middle Creek , Shiloh , and Chickamauga . He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio 's 19th District . Throughout Garfield 's extended congressional service after the Civil War , he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator . Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction , but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen . At the 1880 Republican National Convention , delegates chose Garfield - who had not sought the White House - as a compromise presidential candidate on the 36th ballot . In the 1880 presidential election , Garfield conducted a low-key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock . Garfield 's accomplishments as president included a resurgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments , purging corruption in the Post Office , and appointing a U.S. Supreme Court justice . He enhanced the powers of the presidency when he defied the powerful New York senator Roscoe Conkling by appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York , starting a fracas that ended with Robertson 's confirmation and Conkling 's resignation from the Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'Major general , USV ( September 19 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resigned December 5 , 1863 U.S . Congressman from Ohio ( 1863-1881 ) 20th President of the United States ( 1881 ) Second President to die by assassination', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}]}, {'value': 'Garrard , Kenner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenner_Garrard', 'summary': "Kenner Garrard ( September 21 , 1827 - May 15 , 1879 ) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . A member of one of Ohio 's most prominent military families , he performed well at the Battle of Gettysburg , and then led a cavalry division in the army of Major General William T. Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign . He developed a reputation for personal bravery and was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Nashville as an infantry division commander ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant , USA Brigadier general , USV ( July 23 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1863 ) Major general , USV ( December 16 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1851 First cousin ( once removed ) of Theophilus Toulmin Garrard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theophilus_T._Garrard', 'summary': 'Theophilus Toulmin Garrard ( June 7 , 1812 - March 15 , 1902 ) was a politician , Union general in the American Civil War , farmer , and businessman .'}]}, {'value': 'Garrard , Theophilus Toulmin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theophilus_T._Garrard', 'summary': 'Theophilus Toulmin Garrard ( June 7 , 1812 - March 15 , 1902 ) was a politician , Union general in the American Civil War , farmer , and businessman .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mustered out April 4 , 1864 First cousin ( once removed ) of Kenner Garrard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenner_Garrard', 'summary': "Kenner Garrard ( September 21 , 1827 - May 15 , 1879 ) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . A member of one of Ohio 's most prominent military families , he performed well at the Battle of Gettysburg , and then led a cavalry division in the army of Major General William T. Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign . He developed a reputation for personal bravery and was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Nashville as an infantry division commander ."}]}, {'value': 'Geary , John White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_W._Geary', 'summary': 'John White Geary ( December 30 , 1819 - February 8 , 1873 ) was an American lawyer , politician , Freemason , and a Union general in the American Civil War . He was the final alcalde and first mayor of San Francisco , a governor of the Kansas Territory , and the 16th governor of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( April 25 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USV ( January 12 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Territorial Governor of Kansas ( 1856-1857 ) Governor of Pennsylvania ( 1867-1873 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas', 'summary': "The Governor of Kansas is the head of the executive branch of Kansas 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kansas Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and to grant pardons . The governor has a 4-year term , commencing on the second Monday of January after election . The governor originally had a 2-year term ; this was changed to four years by a constitutional amendment in 1974 . The lieutenant governor is elected at the same time as the governor . When the office of governor becomes vacant for any reason , the lieutenant governor becomes governor for the remainder of the term . Since becoming a state , Kansas has had 47 governors . The state 's longest-serving governors were Robert Docking , John W. Carlin , and Bill Graves , each of whom served 8 years and 4 days ( Docking served four two-year terms ; Carlin and Graves each served 2 4-year terms ) . The shortest-serving governor was John McCuish , who served only 11 days after the resignation of Fred Hall . The current governor is Democrat Laura Kelly , who took office on January 14 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the head of the executive branch of Pennsylvania 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment , but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons . There have been seven presidents and 46 governors of Pennsylvania , with two governors serving non-consecutive terms , totaling 55 terms in both offices . The longest term was that of the first governor , Thomas Mifflin , who served three full terms as governor in addition to two years as president . The shortest term belonged to John Bell , who served only 19 days as acting governor after his predecessor , Edward Martin resigned . The current governor is Democrat Tom Wolf , whose term began on January 20 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Getty , George Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_W._Getty', 'summary': 'George Washington Getty ( October 2 , 1819 - October 1 , 1901 ) was a career military officer in the United States Army , most noted for his role as a division commander in the Army of the Potomac during the final full year of the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain , USA Brigadier general , USV ( September 25 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 ) Major general , USV ( August , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibbon , John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gibbon', 'summary': 'John Gibbon ( April 20 , 1827 - February 6 , 1896 ) was a career United States Army officer who fought in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain , USA Major general , USV ( June 7 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1847 Commander-in-chief , MOLLUS ( 1895-1896 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibbs , Alfred', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Gibbs', 'summary': 'Alfred Gibbs ( April 22 , 1823 - December 26 , 1868 ) was a career officer in the United States Army ( Regular Army ) who served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain , USA Brigadier general , USV ( October 19 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USA Major general , USV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giesy , Henry Hensel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major , USV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( May 29 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DOW , Battle of Dallas ( w. May 28 , 1864 , d. May 29 , 1864 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Dallas', 'summary': "The Battle of Dallas was a series of engagements during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War . They occurred between May 26 and June 4 , 1864 , in and around Dallas , Georgia , between Lt. General William J. Hardee 's Confederate corps and the Union defense line , held by the XV Corps under Maj. General John A. Logan of the Army of the Tennessee . The Battle of New Hope Church and the Battle of Pickett 's Mill are often subgrouped as part of the overall engagement at Dallas . On May 24 , Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman , in overall command of the Union forces in Georgia , learned that his Confederate counterpart , Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , was forming a defensive line along the south side of Pumpkinvine Creek . After a series of engagements , Johnston 's army fell back from the vicinity of Cassville-Kingston , first to Allatoona Pass and then to the Dallas area and entrenched . Sherman 's army tested the Rebel line while entrenching themselves . The Battle of Dallas occurred on May 28 when Hardee 's Corps probed the Union defensive line , held by Logan 's Army of the Tennessee corps , to exploit any weakness or possible withdrawal . Fighting ensued at two different points , but the Rebels were repulsed , suffering high casualties . Sherman continued looking for a way around Johnston 's line , and , on June 1 , his cavalry occupied Allatoona Pass , which had a railroad and would allow his men and supplies to reach him by train . Sherman abandoned his lines at Dallas on June 5 and moved toward the rail-head at Allatoona Pass , forcing Johnston to follow soon afterwards . Among the thousands of casualties was Archibald L. McDougall , a former brigade commander in the Union Army of the Potomac . The site of the battle is now Paulding County High School ."}]}, {'value': 'Gilbert , Charles Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Champion_Gilbert', 'summary': 'Charles Champion Gilbert ( March 1 , 1822 - January 17 , 1903 ) was a United States Army officer during the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Major , USA ( July , 1863 ) Brigadier general , USV ( September 4 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1846 Appointment expired , March 4 , 1863 Assigned to duty as acting Major General ( August , 1862 ) by Horatio Gouverneur Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horatio_Wright', 'summary': 'Horatio Gouverneur Wright ( March 6 , 1820 - July 2 , 1899 ) was an engineer and general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He took command of the VI Corps in May 1864 following the death of General John Sedgwick . In this capacity , he was responsible for building the fortifications around Washington DC , and in the Overland Campaign he commanded the first troops to break through the Confederate defenses at Petersburg . After the war , he was involved in a number of engineering projects , including the Brooklyn Bridge and the completion of the Washington Monument , and served as Chief of Engineers for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers .'}]}, {'value': 'Gilbert , James Isham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Isham_Gilbert', 'summary': 'James Isham Gilbert ( 1823-1884 ) was a Union general during the American Civil War . He served with distinction in the Western theaters of the war as a regimental and brigade commander .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( February 9 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USV', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gillem , Alvan Cullem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvan_Cullem_Gillem', 'summary': 'Alvan Cullem Gillem ( July 29 , 1830 - December 2 , 1875 ) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Although Southern-born , he remained loyal to the Federal government and fought in several battles in the Western Theater before commanding occupation troops in Mississippi and Arkansas during Reconstruction . He later played a prominent role in the Modoc War in 1873 .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain , USA ( July 12 , 1861 ) Major general , USV ( November 3 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( April 12 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gillmore , Quincy Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Gillmore', 'summary': "Quincy Adams Gillmore ( February 25 , 1825 - April 11 , 1888 ) was an American civil engineer , author , and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was noted for his actions in the Union victory at Fort Pulaski , where his modern rifled artillery readily pounded the fort 's exterior stone walls , an action that essentially rendered stone fortifications obsolete . He earned an international reputation as an organizer of siege operations and helped revolutionize the use of naval gunnery ."}]}, {'value': 'Major , USA ( June 1 , 1863 ) Major general , USV ( July 10 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon , George Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Henry_Gordon', 'summary': 'George Henry Gordon ( July 19 , 1823 - August 30 , 1886 ) was an American lawyer and a Union general in the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( June 9 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USV ( March 13 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorman , Willis A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willis_A._Gorman', 'summary': 'Willis Arnold Gorman ( January 12 , 1816 - May 20 , 1876 ) was an American lawyer , soldier , politician , and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 7 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mustered out May 4 , 1864 Territorial Governor of Minnesota ( 1853-1857 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota , leading the state 's executive branch . Forty people have been governor of Minnesota , though historically there were also three governors of Minnesota Territory . Alexander Ramsey , the first territorial governor , also served as state governor several years later . State governors are elected to office by popular vote , but territorial governors were appointed to the office by the United States president . The current governor of Minnesota is Tim Walz of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party ( DFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gowen , George Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel , USV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( April 2 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KIA , Fall of Petersburg ( April 2 , 1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg', 'summary': "The Third Battle of Petersburg , also known as the Breakthrough at Petersburg or the Fall of Petersburg , was fought on April 2 , 1865 , south and southwest of Petersburg , Virginia , at the end of the 292-day Richmond-Petersburg Campaign ( sometimes called the Siege of Petersburg ) and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign near the conclusion of the American Civil War . The Union Army ( Army of the Potomac , Army of the Shenandoah and Army of the James ) under the overall command of General-in-Chief Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant , launched an assault on General Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia 's Petersburg , Virginia trenches and fortifications after the Union victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1 , 1865 . As a result of that battle the Confederate right flank and rear were exposed . The remaining supply lines were cut and the Confederate defenders were reduced by over 10,000 men killed , wounded , taken prisoner or in flight . The thinly held Confederate lines at Petersburg had been stretched to the breaking point by earlier Union movements that extended those lines beyond the ability of the Confederates to man them adequately and by desertions and casualties from recent battles . As the much larger Union forces assaulted the lines , desperate Confederate defenders held off the Union breakthrough long enough for Confederate government officials and most of the remaining Confederate army , including local defense forces and some Confederate Navy personnel , to flee Petersburg and the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia during the night of April 2-3 . Confederate corps commander Lieutenant General A.P . Hill was killed during the fighting . Union soldiers occupied Richmond and Petersburg on April 3 , 1865 , but most of the Union Army pursued the Army of Northern Virginia until they surrounded it , forcing Robert E. Lee to surrender that army on April 9 , 1865 after the Battle of Appomattox Court House , Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Graham , Charles Kinnaird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_K._Graham', 'summary': 'Charles Kinnaird Graham ( June 3 , 1824 - April 15 , 1889 ) was a sailor in the antebellum United States Navy , attorney , and later a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . As a civil engineer , he helped plan and lay out Central Park in New York City .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USV ( March 13 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graham , Lawrence Pike', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA ( 1864 ) Brigadier general , USV ( August , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granger , Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Granger', 'summary': 'Gordon Granger ( November 6 , 1821 - January 10 , 1876 ) was a career U.S. Army officer and a Union general during the American Civil War . He distinguished himself at the Battle of Chickamauga .'}]}, {'value': 'Major general , USV ( September 17 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( March 13 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1845', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Union generals -- G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_American_Civil_War_Generals_(Union)_6', 'intro': 'The following lists show the names, substantive ranks, and brevet ranks (if applicable) of all general officers who served in the United States Army during the Civil War, in addition to a small selection of lower-ranked officers who received brevets as general officers; while some 1,600 officers received or were nominated for brevets as general officers in the course of the war (or immediately following it for service during the war), only a small selection is listed here; only those who were killed in action, served as department heads within the army, had revoked or incomplete appointments or became U.S. President are listed here. In addition to their names and ranks, there is a small set of notes after every entry listing Medal of Honor or Thanks of Congress citations, West Point graduation dates, important political or Army offices held, retirements or deaths during the war (whether in action or other means), notable relations, rejections or expiration of appointments, or unique facts pertaining to this article (i.e. youngest general, last surviving general, etc. ); for all other information on their lives and accomplishments, please refer to their individual entries. If available, ranks are followed by the to rank from dates (i.e. the date on which the commission is effective) rather than the date of appointment or confirmation, which were generally months if not years later; this is particularly true in the case of brevets, most of which were granted after the war between 1866 and 1869. Note on abbreviations:'} | null | null | Who died at the age of 90 that worked in business , farming , and led a cavalry division during the Atlanta Campaign ? | Garrard , Theophilus Toulmin |
06e539e002a5787d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types', 'title': 'List of laser types', 'header': ['Laser gain medium and type', 'Operation wavelength ( s )', 'Pump source', 'Applications and notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Helium-neon laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helium–neon_laser', 'summary': 'A helium-neon laser or HeNe laser , is a type of gas laser whose gain medium consists of a mixture of 90% helium and 10% neon at a total pressure of about 1 torr inside of a small electrical discharge . The best-known and most widely used HeNe laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm , in the red part of the visible spectrum .'}]}, {'value': '632.8 nm ( 543.5 nm , 593.9 nm , 611.8 nm , 1.1523 μm , 1.52 μm , 3.3913 μm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanometre', 'summary': 'The nanometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ; SI symbol : nm ) or nanometer ( American spelling ) is a unit of length in the metric system , equal to one billionth ( short scale ) of a metre ( 0.000000001 m ) . The name combines the SI prefix nano- ( from the Ancient Greek νάνος , nanos , dwarf ) with the parent unit name metre ( from Greek μέτρον , metrοn , unit of measurement ) . It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−9 m , in engineering notation as 1 E−9 m , and as simply 1/1000000000 metres . When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure ( as in nanoscience ) , nano refers to nanotechnology , or phenomena typically occurring on a scale of nanometres ( see nanoscopic scale ) . The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on an atomic scale : the diameter of a helium atom , for example , is about 0.06 nm , and that of a ribosome is about 20 nm . The nanometre is also commonly used to specify the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the visible part of the spectrum : visible light ranges from around 400 to 700 nm . The ångström , which is equal to 0.1 nm , was formerly used for these purposes , but is still used in other fields . Since the late 1980s , in usages such as the 32 nm and the 22 nm semiconductor node , it has also been used to describe typical feature sizes in successive generations of the ITRS Roadmap for miniaturization in the semiconductor industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Micrometre', 'summary': 'The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ; SI symbol : μm ) or micrometer ( American spelling ) , also commonly known by the previous name micron , is an SI derived unit of length equalling 1×10−6 metre ( SI standard prefix micro- = 10−6 ) ; that is , one millionth of a metre ( or one thousandth of a millimetre , 0.001 mm , or about 0.000039 inch ) . The micrometre is a common unit of measurement for wavelengths of infrared radiation as well as sizes of biological cells and bacteria , and for grading wool by the diameter of the fibres . The width of a single human hair ranges from approximately 20 to 200 μm . The longest human chromosome is approximately 10 μm in length .'}]}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interferometry , holography , spectroscopy , barcode scanning , alignment , optical demonstrations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interferometry', 'summary': 'Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves , usually electromagnetic waves , are superimposed , causing the phenomenon of interference , which is used to extract information . Interferometry is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy , fiber optics , engineering metrology , optical metrology , oceanography , seismology , spectroscopy ( and its applications to chemistry ) , quantum mechanics , nuclear and particle physics , plasma physics , remote sensing , biomolecular interactions , surface profiling , microfluidics , mechanical stress/strain measurement , velocimetry , optometry , and making holograms . :1-2 Interferometers are widely used in science and industry for the measurement of small displacements , refractive index changes and surface irregularities . In most interferometers , light from a single source is split into two beams that travel in different optical paths , which are then combined again to produce interference ; however , under some circumstances , two incoherent sources can also be made to interfere . The resulting interference fringes give information about the difference in optical path lengths . In analytical science , interferometers are used to measure lengths and the shape of optical components with nanometer precision ; they are the highest precision length measuring instruments existing . In Fourier transform spectroscopy they are used to analyze light containing features of absorption or emission associated with a substance or mixture . An astronomical interferometer consists of two or more separate telescopes that combine their signals , offering a resolution equivalent to that of a telescope of diameter equal to the largest separation between its individual elements .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Holography', 'summary': 'A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a three-dimensional light field , resulting in an image which retains the depth , parallax , and other properties of the original scene . Holography is the science and practice of making holograms . A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field , rather than an image formed by a lens . The holographic medium , i.e. , the object produced by a holographic process ( which itself may be referred to as a hologram ) is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light . It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of variations in the opacity , density , or surface profile of the photographic medium . When suitably lit , the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field , and the objects that were in it exhibit visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with the relative position of the observer . That is , the view of the image from different angles represents the subject viewed from similar angles.In this sense , holograms do not simply produce the illusion of depth but are truly three-dimensional images . In its pure form , holography requires the use of laser light for illuminating the subject and for viewing the finished hologram . A microscopic level of detail throughout the recorded scene can be reproduced . In common practice , however , major image quality compromises are made to eliminate the need for laser illumination to view the hologram , and in some cases , to make it . Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure , to avoid the hazardous high-powered pulsed lasers otherwise needed to optically freeze moving subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires . Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated to show objects or scenes that never existed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spectroscopy', 'summary': 'Spectroscopy /spɛkˈtrɒskəpi/ is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation ( via electron spectroscopy , atomic spectroscopy , etc ) . Historically , spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength , by a prism . Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency , predominantly in the electromagnetic spectrum , though matter waves and acoustic waves can also be considered forms of radiative energy ; recently , with tremendous difficulty , even gravitational waves have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ( LIGO ) and laser interferometry . Spectroscopic data are often represented by an emission spectrum , a plot of the response of interest , as a function of wavelength or frequency . Spectroscopy , primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum , is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of physics , chemistry , and astronomy , allowing the composition , physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at atomic scale , molecular scale , macro scale , and over astronomical distances . Important applications arise from biomedical spectroscopy in the areas of tissue analysis and medical imaging .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barcode', 'summary': 'A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual , machine-readable form . Initially , barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines . These barcodes , now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional ( 1D ) , can be scanned by special optical scanners , called barcode readers . Later , two-dimensional ( 2D ) variants were developed , using rectangles , dots , hexagons and other geometric patterns , called matrix codes or 2D barcodes , although they do not use bars as such . 2D barcodes can be read or deconstructed using application software on mobile devices with inbuilt cameras , such as smartphones . The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and patented in the US in 1951 . The invention was based on Morse code that was extended to thin and thick bars . However , it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful . An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s . Developed by General Telephone and Electronics ( GTE ) and called KarTrak ACI ( Automatic Car Identification ) , this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock . Two plates were used per car , one on each side , with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership , type of equipment , and identification number . The plates were read by a trackside scanner , located for instance , at the entrance to a classification yard , while the car was moving past .'}]}, {'value': 'Argon laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argon_laser', 'summary': 'An ion laser is a gas laser that uses an ionized gas as its lasing medium . Like other gas lasers , ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry-Pérot resonator . Unlike helium-neon lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ions . Because of the large amount of energy required to excite the ionic transitions used in ion lasers , the required current is much greater , and as a result all but the smallest ion lasers are water-cooled . A small air-cooled ion laser might produce , for example , 130 milliwatts of output light with a tube current of about 10 amperes and a voltage of 105 volts . Since one ampere times one volt is one watt , this is an electrical power input of about one kilowatt . Subtracting the ( desirable ) light output of 130 mW from power input , this leaves the large amount of waste heat of nearly one kW . This has to be dissipated by the cooling system . In other words , the power efficiency is very low .'}]}, {'value': '454.6 nm , 488.0 nm , 514.5 nm ( 351 nm , 363.8 , 457.9 nm , 465.8 nm , 476.5 nm , 472.7 nm , 528.7 nm , also frequency doubled to provide 244 nm , 257 nm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_harmonic_generation', 'summary': 'Second-harmonic generation ( SHG , also called frequency doubling ) is a nonlinear optical process in which two photons with the same frequency interact with a nonlinear material , are combined , and generate a new photon with twice the energy of the initial photons ( equivalently , twice the frequency and half the wavelength ) , that conserves the coherence of the excitation . It is a special case of sum-frequency generation ( 2 photons ) , and more generally of harmonic generation . The second-order nonlinear susceptibility of a medium characterizes its tendency to cause SHG . Second-harmonic generation , like other even-order nonlinear optical phenomena , is not allowed in media with inversion symmetry . However , effects such as the Bloch-Siegert shift ( oscillation ) , found when two-level systems are driven at Rabi frequencies comparable to their transition frequencies , will give rise to second harmonic generation in centro-symmetric systems . In some cases , almost 100% of the light energy can be converted to the second harmonic frequency . These cases typically involve intense pulsed laser beams passing through large crystals , and careful alignment to obtain phase matching . In other cases , like second-harmonic imaging microscopy , only a tiny fraction of the light energy is converted to the second harmonic - but this light can nevertheless be detected with the help of optical filters . Generating the second harmonic , often called frequency doubling , is also a process in radio communication ; it was developed early in the 20th century , and has been used with frequencies in the megahertz range . It is a special case of frequency multiplication .'}]}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Retinal phototherapy ( for diabetes ) , lithography , confocal microscopy , spectroscopy pumping other lasers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Retina', 'summary': 'The retina is the innermost , light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving a function analogous to that of the film or image sensor in a camera . The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses , and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells . The primary light-sensing cells in the retina are the photoreceptor cells , which are of two types : rods and cones . Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black-and-white vision . Cones function in well-lit conditions and are responsible for the perception of colour , as well as high-acuity vision used for tasks such as reading . A third type of light-sensing cell , the photosensitive ganglion cell , is important for entrainment of circadian rhythms and reflexive responses such as the pupillary light reflex . Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons , whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve . Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light . In vertebrate embryonic development , the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain , specifically the embryonic diencephalon ; thus , the retina is considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) and is actually brain tissue . It is the only part of the CNS that can be visualized non-invasively .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phototherapy', 'summary': 'Light therapy - or phototherapy , classically referred to as heliotherapy - consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarised light , lasers , light-emitting diodes , fluorescent lamps , dichroic lamps or very bright , full-spectrum light . The light is administered for a prescribed amount of time and , in some cases , at a specific time of day . One common use of the term is associated with the treatment of skin disorders , chiefly psoriasis , acne vulgaris , eczema and neonatal jaundice . Light therapy which strikes the retina of the eyes is used to treat diabetic retinopathy and also circadian rhythm disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder and can also be used to treat seasonal affective disorder , with some support for its use also with non-seasonal psychiatric disorders . [ medical citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Diabetes', 'summary': 'Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) , commonly known as diabetes , is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time . Symptoms often include frequent urination , increased thirst , and increased hunger . If left untreated , diabetes can cause many complications . Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis , hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state , or death . Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease , stroke , chronic kidney disease , foot ulcers , damage to the nerves , and damage to the eyes . Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin , or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced . There are three main types of diabetes mellitus :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithography', 'summary': "Lithography ( from Ancient Greek λίθος , lithos , meaning 'stone ' , and γράφειν , graphein , meaning 'to write ' ) is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water . The printing is from a stone ( lithographic limestone ) or a metal plate with a smooth surface . It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works . Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material . Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil , fat , or wax onto the surface of a smooth , level lithographic limestone plate . The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic , etching the portions of the stone that were not protected by the grease-based image . When the stone was subsequently moistened , these etched areas retained water ; an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water , sticking only to the original drawing . The ink would finally be transferred to a blank paper sheet , producing a printed page . This traditional technique is still used in some fine art printmaking applications . In modern lithography , the image is made of a polymer coating applied to a flexible plastic or metal plate . The image can be printed directly from the plate ( the orientation of the image is reversed ) , or it can be offset , by transferring the image onto a flexible sheet ( rubber ) for printing and publication . As a printing technology , lithography is different from intaglio printing ( gravure ) , wherein a plate is either engraved , etched , or stippled to score cavities to contain the printing ink ; and woodblock printing or letterpress printing , wherein ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Confocal_microscopy', 'summary': 'Confocal microscopy , most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy ( CLSM ) or laser confocal scanning microscopy ( LCSM ) , is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation . Capturing multiple two-dimensional images at different depths in a sample enables the reconstruction of three-dimensional structures ( a process known as optical sectioning ) within an object . This technique is used extensively in the scientific and industrial communities and typical applications are in life sciences , semiconductor inspection and materials science . Light travels through the sample under a conventional microscope as far into the specimen as it can penetrate , while a confocal microscope only focuses a smaller beam of light at one narrow depth level at a time . The CLSM achieves a controlled and highly limited depth of focus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spectroscopy', 'summary': 'Spectroscopy /spɛkˈtrɒskəpi/ is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation ( via electron spectroscopy , atomic spectroscopy , etc ) . Historically , spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength , by a prism . Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency , predominantly in the electromagnetic spectrum , though matter waves and acoustic waves can also be considered forms of radiative energy ; recently , with tremendous difficulty , even gravitational waves have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ( LIGO ) and laser interferometry . Spectroscopic data are often represented by an emission spectrum , a plot of the response of interest , as a function of wavelength or frequency . Spectroscopy , primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum , is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of physics , chemistry , and astronomy , allowing the composition , physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at atomic scale , molecular scale , macro scale , and over astronomical distances . Important applications arise from biomedical spectroscopy in the areas of tissue analysis and medical imaging .'}]}, {'value': 'Krypton laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krypton_laser', 'summary': 'An ion laser is a gas laser that uses an ionized gas as its lasing medium . Like other gas lasers , ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry-Pérot resonator . Unlike helium-neon lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ions . Because of the large amount of energy required to excite the ionic transitions used in ion lasers , the required current is much greater , and as a result all but the smallest ion lasers are water-cooled . A small air-cooled ion laser might produce , for example , 130 milliwatts of output light with a tube current of about 10 amperes and a voltage of 105 volts . Since one ampere times one volt is one watt , this is an electrical power input of about one kilowatt . Subtracting the ( desirable ) light output of 130 mW from power input , this leaves the large amount of waste heat of nearly one kW . This has to be dissipated by the cooling system . In other words , the power efficiency is very low .'}]}, {'value': '416 nm , 530.9 nm , 568.2 nm , 647.1 nm , 676.4 nm , 752.5 nm , 799.3 nm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scientific research , mixed with argon to create white-light lasers , light shows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argon', 'summary': "Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18 . It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas . Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth 's atmosphere , at 0.934% ( 9340 ppmv ) . It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor ( which averages about 4000 ppmv , but varies greatly ) , 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide ( 400 ppmv ) , and more than 500 times as abundant as neon ( 18 ppmv ) . Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth 's crust , comprising 0.00015% of the crust . Nearly all of the argon in the Earth 's atmosphere is radiogenic argon-40 , derived from the decay of potassium-40 in the Earth 's crust . In the universe , argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope , as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas . The name argon is derived from the Greek word ἀργόν , neuter singular form of ἀργός meaning lazy or inactive , as a reference to the fact that the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions . The complete octet ( eight electrons ) in the outer atomic shell makes argon stable and resistant to bonding with other elements . Its triple point temperature of 83.8058 K is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 . Argon is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air . Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive ; for example , an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning ."}]}, {'value': 'Xenon ion laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ion_laser', 'summary': 'An ion laser is a gas laser that uses an ionized gas as its lasing medium . Like other gas lasers , ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry-Pérot resonator . Unlike helium-neon lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ions . Because of the large amount of energy required to excite the ionic transitions used in ion lasers , the required current is much greater , and as a result all but the smallest ion lasers are water-cooled . A small air-cooled ion laser might produce , for example , 130 milliwatts of output light with a tube current of about 10 amperes and a voltage of 105 volts . Since one ampere times one volt is one watt , this is an electrical power input of about one kilowatt . Subtracting the ( desirable ) light output of 130 mW from power input , this leaves the large amount of waste heat of nearly one kW . This has to be dissipated by the cooling system . In other words , the power efficiency is very low .'}]}, {'value': 'Many lines throughout visible spectrum extending into the UV and IR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UV', 'summary': 'Ultraviolet ( UV ) is electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm ( with a corresponding frequency of approximately 30 PHz ) to 400 nm ( 750 THz ) , shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays . UV radiation is present in sunlight , and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun . It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights , such as mercury-vapor lamps , tanning lamps , and black lights . Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms , it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce . Consequently , the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects , and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules . Short-wave ultraviolet light damages DNA and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact . For humans , suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of exposure of the skin to UV light , along with an increased risks of skin cancer . The amount of UV light produced by the Sun means that the Earth would not be able to sustain life on dry land if most of that light were not filtered out by the atmosphere . More energetic , shorter-wavelength extreme UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground . However , ultraviolet light is also responsible for the formation of bone-strengthening vitamin D in most land vertebrates , including humans ( specifically , UVB ) . The UV spectrum thus has effects both beneficial and harmful to life . The lower wavelength limit of human vision is conventionally taken as 400 nm , so ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans , although some people can perceive light at slightly shorter wavelengths than this .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Infrared', 'summary': "Infrared radiation ( IR ) , sometimes called infrared light , is electromagnetic radiation ( EMR ) with wavelengths longer than those of visible light . It is therefore generally invisible to the human eye , although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nanometers ( nm ) s from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions . IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers ( frequency 430 THz ) , to 1 millimeter ( 300 GHz ) . Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared . As with all EMR , IR carries radiant energy and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle , the photon . Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel , who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light , by means of its effect on a thermometer . Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared . The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth 's climate . Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements . It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment , making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry . Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range . Infrared radiation is used in industrial , scientific , military , law enforcement , and medical applications ."}]}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scientific research', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nitrogen laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nitrogen_laser', 'summary': 'A nitrogen laser is a gas laser operating in the ultraviolet range ( typically 337.1 nm ) using molecular nitrogen as its gain medium , pumped by an electrical discharge . The wall-plug efficiency of the nitrogen laser is low , typically 0.1% or less , though nitrogen lasers with efficiency of up to 3% have been reported in the literature . The wall-plug efficiency is the product of the following three efficiencies :'}]}, {'value': '337.1 nm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pumping of dye lasers , measuring air pollution , scientific research . Nitrogen lasers can operate superradiantly ( without a resonator cavity ) . Amateur laser construction . See TEA laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superradiant_laser', 'summary': 'A superradiant laser is a laser that does not rely on a large population of photons within the laser cavity to maintain coherence . Rather than relying on photons to store phase coherence , it relies on collective effects in an atomic medium to store coherence . Such a laser uses repumped Dicke superradiance ( or superfluorescence ) to sustain emission of light that can have a substantially narrower linewidth than a conventional laser .'}, {'url': '/wiki/TEA_laser', 'summary': 'A TEA laser is a gas laser energized by a high voltage electrical discharge in a gas mixture generally at or above atmospheric pressure . The most common types are carbon dioxide lasers and excimer lasers , both used extensively in industry and research ; less common are nitrogen lasers . The acronym TEA stands for Transversely Excited Atmospheric .'}]}, {'value': 'Carbon dioxide laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser', 'summary': 'The carbon dioxide laser ( CO2 laser ) was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed . It was invented by Kumar Patel of Bell Labs in 1964 , and is still one of the most useful . Carbon dioxide lasers are the highest-power continuous wave lasers that are currently available . They are also quite efficient : the ratio of output power to pump power can be as large as 20% . The CO2 laser produces a beam of infrared light with the principal wavelength bands centering on 9.4 and 10.6 micrometers ( μm ) .'}]}, {'value': '10.6 μm , ( 9.4 μm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Transverse ( high-power ) or longitudinal ( low-power ) electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Material processing ( laser cutting , laser beam welding , etc . ) , surgery , dental laser , military lasers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laser_cutting', 'summary': 'Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to slice materials . While typically used for industrial manufacturing applications , it is also starting to be used by schools , small businesses , and hobbyists . Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics . The laser optics and CNC ( computer numerical control ) are used to direct the material or the laser beam generated . A commercial laser for cutting materials involved a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material . The focused laser beam is directed at the material , which then either melts , burns , vaporizes away , or is blown away by a jet of gas , leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish . Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laser_beam_welding', 'summary': 'Laser beam welding ( LBW ) is a welding technique used to join pieces of metal or thermoplastics through the use of a laser . The beam provides a concentrated heat source , allowing for narrow , deep welds and high welding rates . The process is frequently used in high volume applications using automation , as in the automotive industry . It is based on keyhole or penetration mode welding .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Surgery', 'summary': "Surgery [ a ] is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury , to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas . The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure , operation , or simply surgery . In this context , the verb operate means to perform surgery . The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery ; e.g . surgical instruments or surgical nurse . The person or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal . A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and a surgeon 's assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance . A surgical team is made up of surgeon , surgeon 's assistant , anaesthetist , circulating nurse and surgical technologist . Surgery usually spans minutes to hours , but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment . The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed , or , in British English , simply the office of a physician , dentist , or veterinarian ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dental_laser', 'summary': 'A dental laser is a type of laser designed specifically for use in oral surgery or dentistry . In the United States , the use of lasers on the gums was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the early 1990s , and use on hard tissue like teeth or the bone of the mandible gained approval in 1996 . Several variants of dental lasers are in use with different wavelengths and these mean they are better suited for different applications .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_laser_applications', 'summary': 'Many scientific , military , medical and commercial laser applications have been developed since the invention of the laser in 1958 . The coherency , high monochromaticity , and ability to reach extremely high powers are all properties which allow for these specialized applications .'}]}, {'value': 'Carbon monoxide laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_monoxide', 'summary': 'Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colorless , odorless , and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air . It is toxic to animals that use hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier ( both Invertebrate and vertebrate ) when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm , although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities , and is thought to have some normal biological functions . In the atmosphere , it is spatially variable and short lived , having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone . Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom , connected by a triple bond that consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond . It is the simplest oxocarbon and is isoelectronic with other triply-bonded diatomic molecules having ten valence electrons , including the cyanide anion , the nitrosonium cation and molecular nitrogen . In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ligand is called carbonyl .'}]}, {'value': '2.6 to 4 μm , 4.8 to 8.3 μm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Material processing ( engraving , welding , etc . ) , photoacoustic spectroscopy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Engraving', 'summary': 'Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard , usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin . The result may be a decorated object in itself , as when silver , gold , steel , or glass are engraved , or may provide an intaglio printing plate , of copper or another metal , for printing images on paper as prints or illustrations ; these images are also called engravings . Engraving is one of the oldest and most important techniques in printmaking . Wood engraving is a form of relief printing and is not covered in this article . Engraving was a historically important method of producing images on paper in artistic printmaking , in mapmaking , and also for commercial reproductions and illustrations for books and magazines . It has long been replaced by various photographic processes in its commercial applications and , partly because of the difficulty of learning the technique , is much less common in printmaking , where it has been largely replaced by etching and other techniques . Engraving is also loosely but incorrectly used for any old black and white print ; it requires a degree of expertise to distinguish engravings from prints using other techniques such as etching in particular , but also mezzotint and other techniques . Many old master prints also combine techniques on the same plate , further confusing matters . Line engraving and steel engraving cover use for reproductive prints , illustrations in books and magazines , and similar uses , mostly in the 19th century , and often not actually using engraving . Traditional engraving , by burin or with the use of machines , continues to be practised by goldsmiths , glass engravers , gunsmiths and others , while modern industrial techniques such as photoengraving and laser engraving have many important applications . Engraved gems were an important art in the ancient world , revived at the Renaissance , although the term traditionally covers relief as well as intaglio carvings , and is essentially a branch of sculpture rather than engraving , as drills were the usual tools .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Welding', 'summary': 'Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials , usually metals or thermoplastics , by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool causing fusion . Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering , which do not melt the base metal . In addition to melting the base metal , a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material ( the weld pool ) that cools to form a joint that , based on weld configuration ( butt , full penetration , fillet , etc . ) , can be stronger than the base material ( parent metal ) . Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat , or by itself , to produce a weld . Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized . Many different energy sources can be used for welding , including a gas flame ( chemical ) , an electric arc ( electrical ) , a laser , an electron beam , friction , and ultrasound . While often an industrial process , welding may be performed in many different environments , including in open air , under water , and in outer space . Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns , electric shock , vision damage , inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes , and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation . Until the end of the 19th century , the only welding process was forge welding , which blacksmiths had used for millennia to join iron and steel by heating and hammering . Arc welding and oxy-fuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century , and electric resistance welding followed soon after . Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as the world wars drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Photoacoustic_spectroscopy', 'summary': 'Photoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy ( particularly of light ) on matter by means of acoustic detection . The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a rotating slotted disk . The absorbed energy from the light causes local heating , generating a thermal expansion which creates a pressure wave or sound . Later Bell showed that materials exposed to the non-visible portions of the solar spectrum ( i.e. , the infrared and the ultraviolet ) can also produce sounds . A photoacoustic spectrum of a sample can be recorded by measuring the sound at different wavelengths of the light . This spectrum can be used to identify the absorbing components of the sample . The photoacoustic effect can be used to study solids , liquids and gases .'}]}, {'value': 'Excimer laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excimer_laser', 'summary': 'An excimer laser , sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser , is a form of ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices , semiconductor based integrated circuits or chips , eye surgery , and micromachining .'}]}, {'value': '193 nm ( ArF ) , 248 nm ( KrF ) , 308 nm ( XeCl ) , 353 nm ( XeF )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Excimer recombination via electrical discharge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excimer', 'summary': 'An excimer ( originally short for excited dimer ) is a short-lived dimeric or heterodimeric molecule formed from two species , at least one of which has completely filled valence shell by electrons ( for example , noble gases ) . In this case , formation of molecules is possible only if such atom is in an electronic excited state . Heteronuclear molecules and molecules that have more than two species are also called exciplex molecules ( originally short for excited complex ) . Excimers are often diatomic and are composed of two atoms or molecules that would not bond if both were in the ground state . The lifetime of an excimer is very short , on the order of nanoseconds . Binding of a larger number of excited atoms forms Rydberg matter clusters , the lifetime of which can exceed many seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Ultraviolet lithography for semiconductor manufacturing , laser surgery , LASIK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultraviolet', 'summary': 'Ultraviolet ( UV ) is electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm ( with a corresponding frequency of approximately 30 PHz ) to 400 nm ( 750 THz ) , shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays . UV radiation is present in sunlight , and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun . It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights , such as mercury-vapor lamps , tanning lamps , and black lights . Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms , it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce . Consequently , the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects , and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules . Short-wave ultraviolet light damages DNA and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact . For humans , suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of exposure of the skin to UV light , along with an increased risks of skin cancer . The amount of UV light produced by the Sun means that the Earth would not be able to sustain life on dry land if most of that light were not filtered out by the atmosphere . More energetic , shorter-wavelength extreme UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground . However , ultraviolet light is also responsible for the formation of bone-strengthening vitamin D in most land vertebrates , including humans ( specifically , UVB ) . The UV spectrum thus has effects both beneficial and harmful to life . The lower wavelength limit of human vision is conventionally taken as 400 nm , so ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans , although some people can perceive light at slightly shorter wavelengths than this .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithography', 'summary': "Lithography ( from Ancient Greek λίθος , lithos , meaning 'stone ' , and γράφειν , graphein , meaning 'to write ' ) is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water . The printing is from a stone ( lithographic limestone ) or a metal plate with a smooth surface . It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works . Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material . Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil , fat , or wax onto the surface of a smooth , level lithographic limestone plate . The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic , etching the portions of the stone that were not protected by the grease-based image . When the stone was subsequently moistened , these etched areas retained water ; an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water , sticking only to the original drawing . The ink would finally be transferred to a blank paper sheet , producing a printed page . This traditional technique is still used in some fine art printmaking applications . In modern lithography , the image is made of a polymer coating applied to a flexible plastic or metal plate . The image can be printed directly from the plate ( the orientation of the image is reversed ) , or it can be offset , by transferring the image onto a flexible sheet ( rubber ) for printing and publication . As a printing technology , lithography is different from intaglio printing ( gravure ) , wherein a plate is either engraved , etched , or stippled to score cavities to contain the printing ink ; and woodblock printing or letterpress printing , wherein ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Semiconductor', 'summary': 'A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor , such as metallic copper , and an insulator , such as glass . Its resistance falls as its temperature rises ; metals are the opposite . Its conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ( doping ) into the crystal structure . Where two differently-doped regions exist in the same crystal , a semiconductor junction is created . The behavior of charge carriers which include electrons , ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis of diodes , transistors and all modern electronics . Some examples of semiconductors are silicon , germanium , gallium arsenide , and elements near the so-called metalloid staircase on the periodic table . After silicon , gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor [ citation needed ] and is used in laser diodes , solar cells , microwave-frequency integrated circuits and others . Silicon is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits . Semiconductor devices can display a range of useful properties such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other , showing variable resistance , and sensitivity to light or heat . Because the electrical properties of a semiconductor material can be modified by doping , or by the application of electrical fields or light , devices made from semiconductors can be used for amplification , switching , and energy conversion . The conductivity of silicon is increased by adding a small amount ( of the order of 1 in 108 ) of pentavalent ( antimony , phosphorus , or arsenic ) or trivalent ( boron , gallium , indium ) atoms . This process is known as doping and resulting semiconductors are known as doped or extrinsic semiconductors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Surgery', 'summary': "Surgery [ a ] is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury , to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas . The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure , operation , or simply surgery . In this context , the verb operate means to perform surgery . The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery ; e.g . surgical instruments or surgical nurse . The person or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal . A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and a surgeon 's assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance . A surgical team is made up of surgeon , surgeon 's assistant , anaesthetist , circulating nurse and surgical technologist . Surgery usually spans minutes to hours , but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment . The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed , or , in British English , simply the office of a physician , dentist , or veterinarian ."}, {'url': '/wiki/LASIK', 'summary': "LASIK or Lasik ( laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis ) , commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction , is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia , hyperopia , and astigmatism . LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist who uses a laser or microkeratome to reshape the eye 's cornea in order to improve visual acuity . For most people , LASIK provides a long-lasting alternative to eyeglasses or contact lenses . LASIK is most similar to another surgical corrective procedure , photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ) , and LASEK . All represent advances over radial keratotomy in the surgical treatment of refractive errors of vision . For patients with moderate to high myopia or thin corneas which can not be treated with LASIK and PRK , the phakic intraocular lens is an alternative . As of 2018 , roughly 8 million Americans have had LASIK and , as of 2016 , more than 40 million procedures have been performed since 1991 . However , the procedure seems to be a declining option for many in the United States , dropping more than 50 percent , from about 1.5 million surgeries in 2007 to 604,000 in 2015 , according to the eye-care data source Market Scope . A study in the journal Cornea determined the frequency with which LASIK was searched on Google from 2007 to 2011 . Within this time frame , LASIK searches declined by 40% in the United States . Countries such as the U.K. and India also showed a decline , 22% and 24% respectively . Canada , however , showed an increase in LASIK searches by 8% ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Gas lasers', 'section_text': 'Main article : Gas laser', 'uid': 'List_of_laser_types_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of laser types, their operational wavelengths, and their applications. Thousands of kinds of laser are known, but most of them are used only for specialized research.'} | null | null | Which laser is used for the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation ? | Argon laser |
06e56507af1be5a0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'title': 'India at the 1958 Asian Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milkha Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milkha_Singh', 'summary': "Milkha Singh ( 21 November 1935 ) , [ a ] also known as The Flying Sikh , is an Indian former track and field sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army . He was the only Indian athlete to win an individual athletics gold medal at a Commonwealth Games until Krishna Poonia won the discus gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . He also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games . He represented India in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . He was awarded the Padma Shri , India 's fourth-highest civilian honour , in recognition of his sporting achievements . The race for which Singh is best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400 metres final at the 1960 Olympic Games , which he had entered as one of the favourites . He led the race till the 200m mark before easing off , allowing others to pass him . Various records were broken in the race , which required a photo-finish and saw American Otis Davis being declared the winner by one-hundredth of a second over German Carl Kaufmann . Singh 's fourth-place time of 45.73 became the Indian national record and held for almost 40 years From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the Partition of India , Singh has become a sporting icon in his country . In 2008 , journalist Rohit Brijnath described Singh as the finest athlete India has ever produced . In July 2012 , The Independent said that India 's most revered Olympian is a gallant loser and noted the paucity of success at that time - 20 medals - achieved by Indian competitors in the Olympic Games despite the country having a population in excess of one billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '200 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milkha Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milkha_Singh', 'summary': "Milkha Singh ( 21 November 1935 ) , [ a ] also known as The Flying Sikh , is an Indian former track and field sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army . He was the only Indian athlete to win an individual athletics gold medal at a Commonwealth Games until Krishna Poonia won the discus gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . He also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games . He represented India in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . He was awarded the Padma Shri , India 's fourth-highest civilian honour , in recognition of his sporting achievements . The race for which Singh is best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400 metres final at the 1960 Olympic Games , which he had entered as one of the favourites . He led the race till the 200m mark before easing off , allowing others to pass him . Various records were broken in the race , which required a photo-finish and saw American Otis Davis being declared the winner by one-hundredth of a second over German Carl Kaufmann . Singh 's fourth-place time of 45.73 became the Indian national record and held for almost 40 years From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the Partition of India , Singh has become a sporting icon in his country . In 2008 , journalist Rohit Brijnath described Singh as the finest athlete India has ever produced . In July 2012 , The Independent said that India 's most revered Olympian is a gallant loser and noted the paucity of success at that time - 20 medals - achieved by Indian competitors in the Olympic Games despite the country having a population in excess of one billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '400 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohinder Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohinder_Singh', 'summary': 'Mohinder Singh Rai ( 15 March 1934 - 26 May 2002 ) was an Indian triple jumper born in village Khan Khana Punjab who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Triple jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parduman Singh Brar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parduman_Singh_Brar', 'summary': 'Parduman Singh Brar ( 15 October 1927 - 22 March 2007 ) was an Indian athlete who specialized in shot put and discus throw events . He was one of the few Indians to have won multiple medals at the Asian Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balkar Singh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hari Singh ( boxer )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The Boxing Tournament at the 1958 Asian Games was held in Korakuen Ice Palace , Tokyo , Japan from 28 to 31 May 1958 . A total of 62 boxers from 11 nations competed . The host nation dominated the competition winning six out of ten gold medals , South Korea , Burma and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) won the remaining gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Middleweight ( 75 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stephie D'Souza", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stephie_D'Souza", 'summary': "Stephanie Stephie D'Souza , nee Sequeira ( 26 December 1936 - 11 September 1998 ) was a sportsperson who represented India in athletics and women 's hockey ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '200 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Davenport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Davenport', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Davenport ( born October 1 , 1938 ) is an Indian athlete . She won a silver medal in the 1958 Tokyo Asian games and bronze medal in 1962 Jakarta Asian games in Javelin Throw .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Javelin throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India national hockey team', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/India_men's_national_field_hockey_team", 'summary': "The India men 's national field hockey team was the first non-European team to be a part of the International Hockey Federation . In 1928 , the team won its first Olympic gold medal and until 1960 , the Indian men 's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics , winning six gold medals in a row . The team had a 30-0 winning streak during this time , from their first game until losing in the 1960 gold medal final . India also won the 1975 World Cup . India 's hockey team is the most successful team ever in the Olympics , having won eight gold , one silver and two bronze medals . After their gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics , the team 's performance declined through the next three decades , with the team failing to win a medal at the Olympics or the World Cup . In 2016 , the Indian men 's team won its first ever silver medal in Champions Trophy and reached the knockout stage of the Olympics for the first time in 36 years . As of 2018 , the team is ranked fifth in the world . From February 2018 , the Government of Odisha has started sponsoring the Indian national field hockey team , both men and women team . In a first-of-its-kind association , the state has decided to support the India 's field hockey team for next five years ."}]}, {'value': 'Hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Field hockey was contested for men only at the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo , Japan between 25 May and 30 May 1958 with five teams participating in a round robin competition . Pakistan won the gold medal , India finished second with lower goal difference and South Korea won the bronze medal .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's hockey", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parduman Singh Brar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parduman_Singh_Brar', 'summary': 'Parduman Singh Brar ( 15 October 1927 - 22 March 2007 ) was an Indian athlete who specialized in shot put and discus throw events . He was one of the few Indians to have won multiple medals at the Asian Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's relay team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '4 x 100 m relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sundar Rao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The Boxing Tournament at the 1958 Asian Games was held in Korakuen Ice Palace , Tokyo , Japan from 28 to 31 May 1958 . A total of 62 boxers from 11 nations competed . The host nation dominated the competition winning six out of ten gold medals , South Korea , Burma and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) won the remaining gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightweight ( 60 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's volleyball team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/India_men's_national_volleyball_team", 'summary': "The India men 's national volleyball team represents India in international volleyball competitions which is managed by Volleyball Federation of India . It is currently sponsored by Sahara India Pariwar and Asics ."}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Volleyball was contested for men only at the 1958 Asian Games in Komazawa Outdoor Volleyball Court , Tokyo , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball-Indoor', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'India_at_the_1958_Asian_Games_0', 'intro': 'India participated in the 1958 Asian Games - Third Asian Games, held in the Tokyo, Japan from 24 May to 1 June 1958. Indian athletes achieved total 14 medals with 5 golds and finished at the seventh spot in a medal table.'} | null | null | What was the nickname of the athlete that won gold in the 400 m athletics event of the 1958 Asian Games ? | The Flying Sikh |
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