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06e5e341c0358778 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Nunavut', 'title': 'List of airlines of Nunavut', 'header': ['Airline', 'Hub Airport ( s ) or headquarters', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adlair Aviation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adlair_Aviation', 'summary': "Adlair Aviation ( 1983 ) Ltd. was founded in 1983 as a family-owned charter airline in Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada . Adlair Aviation was established by one of the north 's pilots , Willy Laserich . It is based in Cambridge Bay and has administrative offices in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . It operates out of Cambridge Bay Airport . Also , Adlair operates a docking area at the Cambridge Bay Water Aerodrome ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Bay_Airport', 'summary': 'Cambridge Bay Airport ( IATA : YCB , ICAO : CYCB ) is located 1.6 nautical miles ( 3.0 km ; 1.8 mi ) southwest of Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada , and is operated by the government of Nunavut . In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $ 18 million to pave the runway . On 14 May 2008 a press release from the then Premier of Nunavut , Paul Okalik , and Member of the Legislative Assembly , Keith Peterson , indicated that over the next three years the runway would be widened and lengthened .'}]}, {'value': 'Charters Registered with the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti Policy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Nunavut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Nunavut', 'summary': "Air Nunavut , trading as Smooth Air , is an airline based in Iqaluit , Nunavut , Canada . It is the only local and Inuit-owned air carrier in the eastern Arctic , operating MEDEVAC and charter services throughout Canada 's Arctic , northern Quebec and Greenland . Its main base is Iqaluit Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Iqaluit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit_Airport', 'summary': 'Iqaluit Airport ( IATA : YFB , ICAO : CYFB ) serves Iqaluit , Nunavut , Canada and is located adjacent to the city . It is operated by the government of Nunavut . It hosts scheduled passenger service from Ottawa , Montreal , Rankin Inlet , and Kuujjuaq on carriers such as Canadian North , and from smaller communities throughout eastern Nunavut . It is also used as a forward operating base by the CF-18 Hornet . In 2011 , the terminal handled more than 120,000 passengers . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only , with no more than 15 passengers . The airport serves as a diversion airport on polar routes . The airport is owned by the Government of Nunavut ( GN ) and operated , under a 30-year contract , by Nunavut Airport Services . The company is a subsidiary of Winnipeg Airport Services Corporation , which in turn is a subsidiary of Winnipeg Airports Authority .'}]}, {'value': 'Charters and MEDIVAC ( air ambulance ) only . Registered with the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti Policy and with Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated as an Inuit Firm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Medical_evacuation', 'summary': 'Medical evacuation , often shortened to medevac or medivac , is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to wounded being evacuated from a battlefield , to injured patients being evacuated from the scene of an accident to receiving medical facilities , or to patients at a rural hospital requiring urgent care at a better-equipped facility using medically equipped ground vehicles ( ambulances ) or aircraft ( air ambulances ) . Examples include civilian EMS vehicles , civilian aeromedical helicopter services , and military air ambulances . This term also covers the transfer of patients from the battlefield to a treatment facility or from one treatment facility to another by medical personnel , such as from a local hospital to a trauma center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_ambulance', 'summary': 'Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation , aeroplane or helicopter , to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes . Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations aboard helicopter and propeller aircraft or jet aircraft . The use of air transport to provide medical evacuation on the battlefield dates to World War I , but its role was expanded dramatically during the Korean and Vietnam wars . Later on , aircraft began to be used for the civilian emergency medical services . Helicopters can bring specialist care to the scene and transport patients to specialist hospitals , especially for major trauma cases . Fixed-wing aircraft are used for long-distance transport . In some remote areas , air medical services deliver non-emergency healthcare such as general practitioner appointments . An example of this is the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia , who also provide emergency care .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nunavut_Tunngavik_Incorporated', 'summary': 'Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated ( NTI ; Inuktitut : Nunavut Tunngavik ; Syllabics : ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ) is the legal representative of the Inuit of Nunavut for the purposes of native treaty rights and treaty negotiation . The presidents of NTI , Makivik Corporation , Nunatsiavut , and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation , the four regional land claims organizations , govern the national body , the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ( ITK ) as its board of directors . NTI continues to play a central role in Nunavut , even after the creation of the Government of Nunavut . As the successor of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut , which was a signatory of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement on behalf of Inuit , NTI is responsible for ensuring that the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is implemented fully by the Government of Canada and the Government of Nunavut and that all parties fulfill their obligations . NTI is governed by a ten-member board of directors . Three of the directors -the President , the First Vice President and Second Vice President- are elected directly by beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement who are 16 years and older . Six of the directors are the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the three Regional Inuit Associations located in Nunavut . The four member Executive consists of the presidents of NTI and the three RIAs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inuit', 'summary': "Inuit ( /ˈɪnjuɪt/ ; syllabics : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ , the people , singular : Inuk ᐃᓄᒃ , dual : Inuuk ᐃᓅᒃ [ failed verification ] ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland , Canada and Alaska ( United States ) . The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut family . Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut . Inuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut , Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec , Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador , and in various parts of the Northwest Territories , particularly around the Arctic Ocean , in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region . [ note 1 ] With the exception of NunatuKavut these areas are known in the Inuit languages as Inuit Nunangat . In Canada , sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classify Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis . The Greenlandic Inuit are descendants of ancient indigenous migrations from Canada , as these people migrated to the east through the continent . Inuit of Denmark are Danish citizens , although not the citizens of the European Union . In the United States , the Alaskan Iñupiat , live primarily on the Alaska North Slope and on Little Diomede Island . In Canada and the United States , the term Eskimo was commonly used to describe Inuit , and Siberia and Alaska 's Yupik , Iñupiat , and Chukchi people . However , Inuit is not accepted as a term for the Yupik and Chukchi , and Eskimo is the only term that applies to Yupik , Chukchi , Iñupiat and Inuit . Since the late 20th century , Indigenous peoples in Canada and Greenlandic Inuit consider Eskimo to be a pejorative term , and they more frequently identify as Inuit for an autonym ."}]}, {'value': 'Aqsaqniq Airways', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Tindi', 'summary': 'Air Tindi is an airline based in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories , Canada . It operates scheduled and on demand charter services . Its main base is Yellowknife Airport and the airline was previously owned by the Arychuk family . The name Tindi means the big lake or Great Slave Lake in the local native Tłı̨chǫ Yatiì language .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Bay_Airport', 'summary': 'Cambridge Bay Airport ( IATA : YCB , ICAO : CYCB ) is located 1.6 nautical miles ( 3.0 km ; 1.8 mi ) southwest of Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada , and is operated by the government of Nunavut . In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $ 18 million to pave the runway . On 14 May 2008 a press release from the then Premier of Nunavut , Paul Okalik , and Member of the Legislative Assembly , Keith Peterson , indicated that over the next three years the runway would be widened and lengthened .'}]}, {'value': 'MEDIVAC ( air ambulance ) only . Partnership with Air Tindi ( minority partner ) , a subsidiary of Discovery Air . Headquarters are in Taloyoak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medical_evacuation', 'summary': 'Medical evacuation , often shortened to medevac or medivac , is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to wounded being evacuated from a battlefield , to injured patients being evacuated from the scene of an accident to receiving medical facilities , or to patients at a rural hospital requiring urgent care at a better-equipped facility using medically equipped ground vehicles ( ambulances ) or aircraft ( air ambulances ) . Examples include civilian EMS vehicles , civilian aeromedical helicopter services , and military air ambulances . This term also covers the transfer of patients from the battlefield to a treatment facility or from one treatment facility to another by medical personnel , such as from a local hospital to a trauma center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_ambulance', 'summary': 'Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation , aeroplane or helicopter , to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes . Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations aboard helicopter and propeller aircraft or jet aircraft . The use of air transport to provide medical evacuation on the battlefield dates to World War I , but its role was expanded dramatically during the Korean and Vietnam wars . Later on , aircraft began to be used for the civilian emergency medical services . Helicopters can bring specialist care to the scene and transport patients to specialist hospitals , especially for major trauma cases . Fixed-wing aircraft are used for long-distance transport . In some remote areas , air medical services deliver non-emergency healthcare such as general practitioner appointments . An example of this is the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia , who also provide emergency care .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_Tindi', 'summary': 'Air Tindi is an airline based in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories , Canada . It operates scheduled and on demand charter services . Its main base is Yellowknife Airport and the airline was previously owned by the Arychuk family . The name Tindi means the big lake or Great Slave Lake in the local native Tłı̨chǫ Yatiì language .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Discovery_Air', 'summary': 'Discovery Air ( DA ) , founded in 2004 , was a specialized aviation company that operated primarily in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taloyoak', 'summary': 'Taloyoak or Talurjuaq ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑕᓗᕐᔪᐊᖅ [ taloʁjuˈaq ] ) , formerly known as Spence Bay until 1 July 1992 ; ( 2016 population 1,029 ) is located on the Boothia Peninsula , Kitikmeot , in Nunavut Canada . The community is served only by air and by annual supply sealift . Taloyoak may mean large blind , referring to a stone caribou blind or a screen used for caribou hunting . The community is situated 460 km ( 290 mi ) east of the regional centre of Cambridge Bay , 1,224 km ( 761 mi ) northeast of Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . Taloyoak is the northernmost community in mainland Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'DAL Aviation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge Bay Water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Bay_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Cambridge Bay Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CJD7 ) is located just east of the community of Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada . Landing is usually possible only from the middle of July until the middle of September but ice may be encountered until well into August .'}]}, {'value': 'Seasonal floatplane charters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floatplane', 'summary': 'A floatplane is a type of seaplane with one or more slender floats mounted under the fuselage to provide buoyancy . By contrast , a flying boat uses its fuselage for buoyancy . Either type of seaplane may also have landing gear suitable for land , making the vehicle an amphibious aircraft . British usage is to call floatplanes seaplanes rather than use the term seaplane to refer to both floatplanes and flying boats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Keewatin Air', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keewatin_Air', 'summary': 'Keewatin Air ( IATA : FK ) is an airline that operates from Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . The airline was started by Frank Robert May ( who had been a pilot for Lamb Air ) and his wife Judy Saxby in 1971 , in the Keewatin Region , then part of the Northwest Territories . It was formed as Keewatin Air Limited to provide charter services to the region . It was the first airline to have a permanent base in Nunavut ( then known as the Keewatin Region of the Northwest Territories ) . In 1987 it expanded to include medical evacuation ( MEDEVAC ) services , to what would become the Kivalliq Region , using a fleet of aircraft that began with a Tradewind aircraft - a multi-modified Beech 18 with a turbine engine and tricycle gear . This aircraft was followed by a Westwind , another modified Beech 18 with turbine engines and eventually these were replaced by Merlin IIA aircraft that had the added benefit of being pressurized and had turboprops . The MEDEVAC service is now known as Nunavut Lifeline . Currently [ when ? ] three Kingair 200 aircraft are based in Rankin Inlet , one in Churchill , Manitoba . and two in Iqaluit , where the airline also bases a Lear 35 for the long hauls to Ottawa and a Pilatus PC-12 to access the short strips . In 1998 the company formed Kivalliq Air to provide scheduled air service within the Kivalliq Region and to Winnipeg and Churchill . That service has since been cancelled .'}]}, {'value': 'Rankin Inlet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rankin_Inlet_Airport', 'summary': 'Rankin Inlet Airport ( IATA : YRT , ICAO : CYRT ) is located at Rankin Inlet , Nunavut , Canada , and is operated by the government of Nunavut . In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $ 3 million to improve the Instrument Landing System and expand the apron . Canadian NORAD Region Forward Operating Location Rankin Inlet is located on the southwest side of the runway and shares the use of the runway when operations necessitate .'}]}, {'value': 'Charters and MEDIVAC ( air ambulance ) only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Medical_evacuation', 'summary': 'Medical evacuation , often shortened to medevac or medivac , is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to wounded being evacuated from a battlefield , to injured patients being evacuated from the scene of an accident to receiving medical facilities , or to patients at a rural hospital requiring urgent care at a better-equipped facility using medically equipped ground vehicles ( ambulances ) or aircraft ( air ambulances ) . Examples include civilian EMS vehicles , civilian aeromedical helicopter services , and military air ambulances . This term also covers the transfer of patients from the battlefield to a treatment facility or from one treatment facility to another by medical personnel , such as from a local hospital to a trauma center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_ambulance', 'summary': 'Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation , aeroplane or helicopter , to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes . Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations aboard helicopter and propeller aircraft or jet aircraft . The use of air transport to provide medical evacuation on the battlefield dates to World War I , but its role was expanded dramatically during the Korean and Vietnam wars . Later on , aircraft began to be used for the civilian emergency medical services . Helicopters can bring specialist care to the scene and transport patients to specialist hospitals , especially for major trauma cases . Fixed-wing aircraft are used for long-distance transport . In some remote areas , air medical services deliver non-emergency healthcare such as general practitioner appointments . An example of this is the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia , who also provide emergency care .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitikmeot Air', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adlair_Aviation', 'summary': "Adlair Aviation ( 1983 ) Ltd. was founded in 1983 as a family-owned charter airline in Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada . Adlair Aviation was established by one of the north 's pilots , Willy Laserich . It is based in Cambridge Bay and has administrative offices in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . It operates out of Cambridge Bay Airport . Also , Adlair operates a docking area at the Cambridge Bay Water Aerodrome ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Bay_Airport', 'summary': 'Cambridge Bay Airport ( IATA : YCB , ICAO : CYCB ) is located 1.6 nautical miles ( 3.0 km ; 1.8 mi ) southwest of Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada , and is operated by the government of Nunavut . In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $ 18 million to pave the runway . On 14 May 2008 a press release from the then Premier of Nunavut , Paul Okalik , and Member of the Legislative Assembly , Keith Peterson , indicated that over the next three years the runway would be widened and lengthened .'}]}, {'value': 'charters . Registered with the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti Policy and with Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated as an Inuit Firm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nunavut_Tunngavik_Incorporated', 'summary': 'Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated ( NTI ; Inuktitut : Nunavut Tunngavik ; Syllabics : ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ) is the legal representative of the Inuit of Nunavut for the purposes of native treaty rights and treaty negotiation . The presidents of NTI , Makivik Corporation , Nunatsiavut , and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation , the four regional land claims organizations , govern the national body , the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ( ITK ) as its board of directors . NTI continues to play a central role in Nunavut , even after the creation of the Government of Nunavut . As the successor of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut , which was a signatory of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement on behalf of Inuit , NTI is responsible for ensuring that the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is implemented fully by the Government of Canada and the Government of Nunavut and that all parties fulfill their obligations . NTI is governed by a ten-member board of directors . Three of the directors -the President , the First Vice President and Second Vice President- are elected directly by beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement who are 16 years and older . Six of the directors are the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the three Regional Inuit Associations located in Nunavut . The four member Executive consists of the presidents of NTI and the three RIAs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inuit', 'summary': "Inuit ( /ˈɪnjuɪt/ ; syllabics : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ , the people , singular : Inuk ᐃᓄᒃ , dual : Inuuk ᐃᓅᒃ [ failed verification ] ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland , Canada and Alaska ( United States ) . The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut family . Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut . Inuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut , Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec , Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador , and in various parts of the Northwest Territories , particularly around the Arctic Ocean , in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region . [ note 1 ] With the exception of NunatuKavut these areas are known in the Inuit languages as Inuit Nunangat . In Canada , sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classify Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis . The Greenlandic Inuit are descendants of ancient indigenous migrations from Canada , as these people migrated to the east through the continent . Inuit of Denmark are Danish citizens , although not the citizens of the European Union . In the United States , the Alaskan Iñupiat , live primarily on the Alaska North Slope and on Little Diomede Island . In Canada and the United States , the term Eskimo was commonly used to describe Inuit , and Siberia and Alaska 's Yupik , Iñupiat , and Chukchi people . However , Inuit is not accepted as a term for the Yupik and Chukchi , and Eskimo is the only term that applies to Yupik , Chukchi , Iñupiat and Inuit . Since the late 20th century , Indigenous peoples in Canada and Greenlandic Inuit consider Eskimo to be a pejorative term , and they more frequently identify as Inuit for an autonym ."}]}, {'value': 'Kitikmeot Helicopters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Bay_Airport', 'summary': 'Cambridge Bay Airport ( IATA : YCB , ICAO : CYCB ) is located 1.6 nautical miles ( 3.0 km ; 1.8 mi ) southwest of Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada , and is operated by the government of Nunavut . In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $ 18 million to pave the runway . On 14 May 2008 a press release from the then Premier of Nunavut , Paul Okalik , and Member of the Legislative Assembly , Keith Peterson , indicated that over the next three years the runway would be widened and lengthened .'}]}, {'value': 'Helicopter charters . The company is a joint venture between Bill and Jessie Lyall ( 51% ) and Great Slave Helicopters ( 48% ) . Registered with the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti Policy and with Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated as an Inuit Firm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helicopter', 'summary': "A helicopter , or chopper , is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors . This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically , to hover , and to fly forward , backward , and laterally . These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL ( Vertical TakeOff and Landing ) aircraft can not perform . The English word helicopter is adapted from the French word hélicoptère , coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amécourt in 1861 , which originates from the Greek helix ( ἕλιξ ) helix , spiral , whirl , convolution and pteron ( πτερόν ) wing . English language nicknames for helicopter include chopper , copter , helo , heli , and whirlybird . Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight , with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936 . Some helicopters reached limited production , but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production , with 131 aircraft built . Though most earlier designs used more than one main rotor , it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration . Tandem rotor helicopters are also in widespread use due to their greater payload capacity . Coaxial helicopters , tiltrotor aircraft , and compound helicopters are all flying today . Quadcopter helicopters were pioneered as early as 1907 in France , and other types of multicopter have been developed for specialized applications such as unmanned drones ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bill_Lyall', 'summary': 'William Lyall CM ONu ( born 1941 in Fort Ross ) , known as Bill Lyall , of Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , Canada , is a former territorial politician . Lyall was elected to the 8th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly in the 1975 election . Lyall grew up in Taloyoak , known then as Spence Bay , Northwest Territories , one of ten children of Ernie and Nipisha Lyall . He attended Sir John Franklin High School in Yellowknife and then a technology college in Alberta . After returning to Taloyoak , he later moved to Cambridge Bay . In 1975 , he was elected to the NWT Legislature . He ran again in the 1979 election , as did his younger brother Bobby Lyall , but the election was won by Kane Tologanak . In 1978 , Lyall was elected president of the Ikaluktutiak Co-op in Cambridge Bay , a position he still holds . By 1993 , he had helped the Co-op grow from $ 300,000 in assets to $ 2.3 million . Later in the 1970s he became a director of Canadian Arctic Producers , a native owned arts and crafts wholesaler . In 1981 , he helped form the Arctic Cooperative , a merger between the Canadian Arctic Co-operative Federation and Canadian Arctic Producers . He is the current vice-president and former president of the Arctic Cooperative , a position he has held for several years , and represents the communities of Kugluktuk , Cambridge Bay , Gjoa Haven , Taloyoak , Kugaaruk ( all in Nunavut ) and Ulukhaktok ( Northwest Territories ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Discovery_Air', 'summary': 'Discovery Air ( DA ) , founded in 2004 , was a specialized aviation company that operated primarily in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nunavut_Tunngavik_Incorporated', 'summary': 'Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated ( NTI ; Inuktitut : Nunavut Tunngavik ; Syllabics : ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ) is the legal representative of the Inuit of Nunavut for the purposes of native treaty rights and treaty negotiation . The presidents of NTI , Makivik Corporation , Nunatsiavut , and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation , the four regional land claims organizations , govern the national body , the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ( ITK ) as its board of directors . NTI continues to play a central role in Nunavut , even after the creation of the Government of Nunavut . As the successor of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut , which was a signatory of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement on behalf of Inuit , NTI is responsible for ensuring that the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is implemented fully by the Government of Canada and the Government of Nunavut and that all parties fulfill their obligations . NTI is governed by a ten-member board of directors . Three of the directors -the President , the First Vice President and Second Vice President- are elected directly by beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement who are 16 years and older . Six of the directors are the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the three Regional Inuit Associations located in Nunavut . The four member Executive consists of the presidents of NTI and the three RIAs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inuit', 'summary': "Inuit ( /ˈɪnjuɪt/ ; syllabics : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ , the people , singular : Inuk ᐃᓄᒃ , dual : Inuuk ᐃᓅᒃ [ failed verification ] ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland , Canada and Alaska ( United States ) . The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut family . Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut . Inuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut , Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec , Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador , and in various parts of the Northwest Territories , particularly around the Arctic Ocean , in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region . [ note 1 ] With the exception of NunatuKavut these areas are known in the Inuit languages as Inuit Nunangat . In Canada , sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classify Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis . The Greenlandic Inuit are descendants of ancient indigenous migrations from Canada , as these people migrated to the east through the continent . Inuit of Denmark are Danish citizens , although not the citizens of the European Union . In the United States , the Alaskan Iñupiat , live primarily on the Alaska North Slope and on Little Diomede Island . In Canada and the United States , the term Eskimo was commonly used to describe Inuit , and Siberia and Alaska 's Yupik , Iñupiat , and Chukchi people . However , Inuit is not accepted as a term for the Yupik and Chukchi , and Eskimo is the only term that applies to Yupik , Chukchi , Iñupiat and Inuit . Since the late 20th century , Indigenous peoples in Canada and Greenlandic Inuit consider Eskimo to be a pejorative term , and they more frequently identify as Inuit for an autonym ."}]}, {'value': 'Nunasi Helicopters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yellowknife , Iqaluit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellowknife_Airport', 'summary': "Yellowknife Airport ( IATA : YZF , ICAO : CYZF ) is located in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories , Canada . The airport is part of the National Airports System , and is operated by the Government of the Northwest Territories . The airport has regular scheduled passenger service and a number of freight services . In 2007 , the terminal handled 527,000 passengers . In 2008 the airport 's passenger terminal underwent an expansion to the departure/check in section , roughly doubling the size of the terminal . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only , with no more than 15 passengers . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) G Division maintains a hangar for its air section just south of the passenger terminal . It is adjacent to a hangar used by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) to house the CC-138 Twin Otter and other utility aircraft operated by 440 Squadron , a subsidiary of 17 Wing . Canadian NORAD Region Forward Operating Location Yellowknife is located south-west of the airstrip . It was built for forward deployment of the CF-18 Hornet in times of conflict . It also has a CC-138 permanently based at the airport for search and rescue missions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit_Airport', 'summary': 'Iqaluit Airport ( IATA : YFB , ICAO : CYFB ) serves Iqaluit , Nunavut , Canada and is located adjacent to the city . It is operated by the government of Nunavut . It hosts scheduled passenger service from Ottawa , Montreal , Rankin Inlet , and Kuujjuaq on carriers such as Canadian North , and from smaller communities throughout eastern Nunavut . It is also used as a forward operating base by the CF-18 Hornet . In 2011 , the terminal handled more than 120,000 passengers . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only , with no more than 15 passengers . The airport serves as a diversion airport on polar routes . The airport is owned by the Government of Nunavut ( GN ) and operated , under a 30-year contract , by Nunavut Airport Services . The company is a subsidiary of Winnipeg Airport Services Corporation , which in turn is a subsidiary of Winnipeg Airports Authority .'}]}, {'value': 'Helicopter charters . Registered with the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti Policy and with Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated as an Inuit Firm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helicopter', 'summary': "A helicopter , or chopper , is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors . This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically , to hover , and to fly forward , backward , and laterally . These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL ( Vertical TakeOff and Landing ) aircraft can not perform . The English word helicopter is adapted from the French word hélicoptère , coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amécourt in 1861 , which originates from the Greek helix ( ἕλιξ ) helix , spiral , whirl , convolution and pteron ( πτερόν ) wing . English language nicknames for helicopter include chopper , copter , helo , heli , and whirlybird . Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight , with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936 . Some helicopters reached limited production , but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production , with 131 aircraft built . Though most earlier designs used more than one main rotor , it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration . Tandem rotor helicopters are also in widespread use due to their greater payload capacity . Coaxial helicopters , tiltrotor aircraft , and compound helicopters are all flying today . Quadcopter helicopters were pioneered as early as 1907 in France , and other types of multicopter have been developed for specialized applications such as unmanned drones ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nunavut_Tunngavik_Incorporated', 'summary': 'Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated ( NTI ; Inuktitut : Nunavut Tunngavik ; Syllabics : ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ) is the legal representative of the Inuit of Nunavut for the purposes of native treaty rights and treaty negotiation . The presidents of NTI , Makivik Corporation , Nunatsiavut , and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation , the four regional land claims organizations , govern the national body , the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ( ITK ) as its board of directors . NTI continues to play a central role in Nunavut , even after the creation of the Government of Nunavut . As the successor of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut , which was a signatory of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement on behalf of Inuit , NTI is responsible for ensuring that the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is implemented fully by the Government of Canada and the Government of Nunavut and that all parties fulfill their obligations . NTI is governed by a ten-member board of directors . Three of the directors -the President , the First Vice President and Second Vice President- are elected directly by beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement who are 16 years and older . Six of the directors are the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the three Regional Inuit Associations located in Nunavut . The four member Executive consists of the presidents of NTI and the three RIAs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inuit', 'summary': "Inuit ( /ˈɪnjuɪt/ ; syllabics : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ , the people , singular : Inuk ᐃᓄᒃ , dual : Inuuk ᐃᓅᒃ [ failed verification ] ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland , Canada and Alaska ( United States ) . The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut family . Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut . Inuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut , Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec , Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador , and in various parts of the Northwest Territories , particularly around the Arctic Ocean , in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region . [ note 1 ] With the exception of NunatuKavut these areas are known in the Inuit languages as Inuit Nunangat . In Canada , sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classify Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis . The Greenlandic Inuit are descendants of ancient indigenous migrations from Canada , as these people migrated to the east through the continent . Inuit of Denmark are Danish citizens , although not the citizens of the European Union . In the United States , the Alaskan Iñupiat , live primarily on the Alaska North Slope and on Little Diomede Island . In Canada and the United States , the term Eskimo was commonly used to describe Inuit , and Siberia and Alaska 's Yupik , Iñupiat , and Chukchi people . However , Inuit is not accepted as a term for the Yupik and Chukchi , and Eskimo is the only term that applies to Yupik , Chukchi , Iñupiat and Inuit . Since the late 20th century , Indigenous peoples in Canada and Greenlandic Inuit consider Eskimo to be a pejorative term , and they more frequently identify as Inuit for an autonym ."}]}, {'value': 'Ookpik Aviation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baker Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baker_Lake_Airport', 'summary': 'Baker Lake Airport , ( IATA : YBK , ICAO : CYBK ) , is located 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) southwest of Baker Lake , Nunavut , Canada . It is operated by the government of Nunavut .'}]}, {'value': 'Charters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_charter', 'summary': 'Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft ( i.e. , chartering ) as opposed to individual aircraft seats ( i.e. , purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Unaalik Aviation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resolute Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resolute_Bay_Airport', 'summary': 'Resolute Bay Airport ( IATA : YRB , ICAO : CYRB ) is located at Resolute , Nunavut , Canada , and is operated by the government of Nunavut . It is one of the northernmost airfields in Canada to receive scheduled passenger airline service ( Grise Fiord Airport , which is served from Resolute , is the northernmost airport with airline service in Canada while Alert Airport is the northernmost airport in Canada and the world ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Scheduled passenger service to 5 destinations in Nunavut . Registered with the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti Policy , with bases in Cambridge Bay and Iqaluit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nunavut', 'summary': "Nunavut ( /ˈnuːnəvuːt/ ( listen ) NOO-nə-voot , French : [ nynavy ( t ) ] ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᓄᓇᕗᑦ [ ˈnunavut ] ) is the newest , largest , and most northerly territory of Canada . It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1 , 1999 , via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act , though the boundaries had been drawn in 1993 . The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada 's political map since incorporating the province of Newfoundland in 1949 . Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada , and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Its vast territory makes it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world , as well as North America 's second-largest ( after Greenland ) . The capital Iqaluit ( formerly Frobisher Bay ) , on Baffin Island in the east , was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite . Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay . Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the far north , as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west , and all islands in Hudson , James and Ungava Bays , including Akimiski Island far to the southeast of the rest of the territory . It is Canada 's only geo-political region that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway . Nunavut is the second-least populous of Canada 's provinces and territories . One of the world 's most remote , sparsely settled regions , it has a population of 35,944 , mostly Inuit , spread over a land area of just over 1,877,787 km2 ( 725,018 sq mi ) , or slightly smaller than Mexico ( excluding water surface area ) . Nunavut is also home to the world 's northernmost permanently inhabited place , Alert ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Bay,_Nunavut', 'summary': "Cambridge Bay ( Inuinnaqtun : Iqaluktuuttiaq Inuktitut : ᐃᖃᓗᒃᑑᑦᑎᐊᖅ ; 2016 population 1,766 ; population centre 1,619 ) is a hamlet located on Victoria Island in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut , Canada . It is named for Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge , while the traditional Inuinnaqtun name for the area is Ikaluktutiak ( old orthography ) or Iqaluktuttiaq ( new orthography ) meaning good fishing place . The traditional language of the area is Inuinnaqtun and is written using the Latin alphabet rather than the syllabics of the Inuktitut writing system . Like Kugluktuk , Bathurst Inlet and Umingmaktok , syllabics are rarely seen and used mainly by the Government of Nunavut . Cambridge Bay is the largest stop for passenger and research vessels traversing the Arctic Ocean 's Northwest Passage , a disputed area which the Government of Canada claims are Canadian Internal Waters , while other nations state they are either territorial waters or international waters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit', 'summary': "Iqaluit ( /iˈkæluɪt/ ee-KAL-oo-it ; Inuktitut : ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ [ iqaluit ] ( meaning place of fish ) ; French : [ ikalɥi ( t ) ] ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut , its largest community , and its only city . It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987 , after the large bay on the coast of which the city is situated , when the traditional Inuktitut name was restored . In 1999 , Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories . Before this event , Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada , with population and economic growth highly limited . This is due to the city 's isolation and heavy dependence on expensively imported supplies , as the city , like the rest of Nunavut , has no road , rail , or even ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada . The city has a polar climate , influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island ; this makes the city of Iqaluit cold , although the city is well south of the Arctic Circle . As of the 2016 census , the population was 7,740 ( Population Centre : 7,082 ) , an increase of 15.5 percent from the 2011 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada . Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut ( singular : Iqalummiuq ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current airlines', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_airlines_of_Nunavut_0', 'intro': "This is a list of airlines of Nunavut which have an Air Operator's Certificate issued by Transport Canada, the country's civil aviation authority."} | null | null | How many nautical miles are between Cambridge Bay , Nunavut and the hub airport of Aqsaqniq Airways ? | 1.6 |
06e797ebd1a06d6e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2006 Santos FC season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving to', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mauro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noroeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Noroeste', 'summary': 'Esporte Clube Noroeste , usually known simply as Noroeste , is a Brazilian football ( soccer ) club based in Bauru , as of 2012 competing in the São Paulo State second division ( Campeonato Paulista Série A2 ) . Named after a now-defunct railway , Noroeste is a very traditional team within São Paulo state . Their home ground is Alfredo de Castilho stadium ( supports approximately 18,840 people ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Frontini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Esteban_Frontini', 'summary': 'Carlos Esteban Frontini ( born August 19 , 1981 in General Pacheco ) , or simply Frontini , is an Argentine footballer , who plays as a striker for Treze . Frontini also has Brazilian nationality .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marília', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marília_Atlético_Clube', 'summary': 'Marília Atlético Clube , or Marília as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Marília in São Paulo , founded on April 12 , 1942 . Home stadium is the Bento de Abreu , with a capacity of 19,800 . They play in light blue shirts , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan expiration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fábio_de_Jesus', 'summary': 'Fábio de Jesus or simply Fabinho ( born October 16 , 1976 , in Nova Iguaçu ) , is a Brazilian defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Internacional', 'summary': "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ."}]}, {'value': 'End of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Flávio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flávio_Pinto_de_Souza', 'summary': 'Flávio Pinto de Souza ( born August 12 , 1980 in Niteroi ) , or simply Flávio , is a Brazilian football player .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricardo Bóvio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Bóvio', 'summary': 'Ricardo Bóvio de Souza ( born January 17 , 1982 in Campos dos Goytacazes , Rio de Janeiro ) , known as Ricardo Bóvio , is a Brazilian retired footballer .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Málaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Málaga_Club_de_Fútbol', 'summary': "Málaga Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈmalaɣa ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] , Málaga Football Club ) , or simply Málaga , is a Spanish football team based in Málaga , Andalusia , Spain . The team plays in Segunda División , the second division of Spanish football . They won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 and qualified for the following season 's UEFA Cup , reaching the quarter-final stages . They also qualified for the 2012-13 UEFA Champions League , where they were quarter-finalists . Since June 2010 , the owner of the club has been Qatari investor Abdullah ben Nasser Al Thani ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Henao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Henao', 'summary': 'Juan Carlos Henao Valencia , usually known as Juan Carlos Henao ( born December 30 , 1971 ) , is a Colombian retired football goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Zé Elias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zé_Elias', 'summary': 'José Elias Moedim Júnior ( born 25 September 1976 ) , commonly known as Zé Elias , is a Brazilian former footballer . A defensive or central midfielder , he played for 12 teams in seven countries . He is a football analyst for ESPN Brasil .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metalurh Donetsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metalurh_Donetsk', 'summary': 'Football Club Metalurh Donetsk ( Ukrainian : Футбо́льний клуб « Металу́рг » Доне́цьк , pronounced [ metɐˈlurɦ doˈnɛtsʲk ] ) was a Ukrainian professional football club based in Donetsk that went bankrupt in July 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Transferred', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Basílio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valdeci_Basílio_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Valdeci Basílio da Silva ( born 14 July 1972 ) is a Brazilian former football player .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo Verdy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Verdy', 'summary': "Tokyo Verdy ( 東京ヴェルディ , Tōkyō Verudi ) is a Japanese professional football club , based in Tokyo , Japan , that plays in J2 League . Founded as Yomiuri FC in 1969 , Tokyo Verdy is one of the most decorated clubs in the J.League , with honours including 2 J.League titles , 5 Emperor 's Cups , 6 JSL Cup / J.League Cups and an Asian Club Championship title , and the most successful team in Japanese football history with 25 titles . Verdy 's plays its home games at the 50,000 capacity Ajinomoto Stadium , which it shares with FC Tokyo , although many home matches are played in other stadiums in Tokyo , including Tokyo National Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'William', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Salles_de_Lima_Souza_Júnior', 'summary': 'William Júnior Salles de Lima Souza ( born 14 May 1983 , in Rolândia , Paraná ) , simply known as William , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a striker for Portuguesa .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boavista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boavista_F.C.', 'summary': "Boavista Futebol Clube , commonly known as Boavista ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ boɐˈviʃtɐ ] ) , is a Portuguese sports club from the city of Porto . Founded on 1 August 1903 by British entrepreneurs and Portuguese textile workers ( thus the FC being appended - the British way as opposed to the more common Portuguese way of being prepended to the club 's name ) , it is one of the oldest clubs in the country and plays in the Primeira Liga , Portuguese football 's top flight . Boavista grew to become an important sports club in Portugal , with sections dedicated to several sports including football , chess , gymnastics , bicycle racing , futsal , volleyball , rink hockey and boxing , among others , with the most notable being the football section with their trademark chequered white and black shirts . The club is the most eclectic one in the North region of Portugal , and one of the most eclectic sports clubs in Portugal , practicing a total of 16 sports . [ citation needed ] With 9 major domestic trophies won ( 1 Championship , 5 Portuguese Cups and 3 domestic Super Cups ) , Boavista is the most decorated Portuguese football club after the Big Three ( Benfica , Porto and Sporting CP ) . Boavista spent 39 consecutive seasons in the Primeira Liga ( 50 in total ) and , together with Belenenses , is the only team outside the Big Three to have won the Portuguese Championship , in the 2000-01 season . Boavista has a rivalry with fellow city club Porto ; the matches between the clubs are sometimes called O Derby da Invicta . Its stadium , Estádio do Bessa , was built in 1973 , although football has been played there at the former 'Campo do Bessa ' since the 1910s , and was revamped for use in Euro 2004 , being today a 30,000-seater ."}]}, {'value': 'End of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Élton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Élton_Giovanni', 'summary': 'Élton Giovanni Machado ( born 3 September 1983 ) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Brasil de Pelotas .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alavés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Alavés', 'summary': "Deportivo Alavés , S.A.D . ( Spanish pronunciation : [ depoɾˈtiβo alaˈβes ] ; Sporting Alavés ) , usually abbreviated to Alavés , is a Spanish football club based in Vitoria-Gasteiz , Álava , in the autonomous community of the Basque Country . Founded on January 23rd , 1921 as Sport Friends Club , it plays in the highest football category of The Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional , La Liga , since the 2016-17 season . It is recognized as the least successful team in the Basque Country following Athletic Club of Bilbao and Real Sociedad de Futbol of San Sebastián . Its biggest success was in 2001 when , in the year of its debut in European competition , it was one of the finalists in the 2001 UEFA Cup Final against Liverpool , being defeated 5-4 by golden goal . In 2017 , the club reached the final of the Copa del Rey , losing out 3-1 to Barcelona . The team 's home kit is blue and white-striped shirt , blue shorts and white socks . It holds home matches at the 19,840-seater Mendizorrotza Stadium and uses other facilities located in Ibaia dedicated to training ."}]}, {'value': 'Transferred', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricardinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardinho', 'summary': 'Ricardo Luis Pozzi Rodrigues ( born May 23 , 1976 in São Paulo , Brazil ) , better known as Ricardinho , is a Brazilian football manager and former player . He usually played as a deep-lying playmaker in midfield , and was best known for his accurate passing and technique .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Corinthians_Paulista', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club based in the city of São Paulo . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team . The football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the top tier of the Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , [ nb 2 ] the first division of the traditional in-state competition . Founded in 1910 by five railway workers , Corinthians was inspired by the London-based club Corinthian Football Club . Since 1910 , Corinthians has become one of the most successful Brazilian clubs , having won the national title seven times , in addition to three Copa do Brasil trophies . Corinthians has a record 30 state championships . In 2000 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup 's first edition as the host team and in 2012 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time . The club was listed by Forbes as the most valuable football club in the Americas , worth $ 576.9 million . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and the second most in Brazil , with over 30 million fans . Since 2014 , Corinthians has played its home matches at the Arena Corinthians , one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , having hosted six matches during the tournament , including the opener on 12 June 2014 . The club 's home kit traditionally features white shirts and black shorts , accompanied by white socks , since 1920 . Their traditional crest was introduced in 1939 , by modernist painter Francisco Rebolo featuring the São Paulo state flag in a shield , two oars , and an anchor ( representing the club 's early success in nautical sports ) ."}]}, {'value': 'End of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Cláudio Pitbull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cláudio_Pitbull', 'summary': 'Cláudio Mejolaro ( born 8 January 1982 in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul ) , commonly known as Pitbull , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Associação Desportiva Cabofriense .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Luizão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiz_Bombonato_Goulart', 'summary': 'Luiz Carlos Bombonato Goulart , known as Luizão ( born 14 November 1975 ) , is a Brazilian former footballer who played forward . He was capped 17 times by Brazil , scoring two goals in the last game of the 2002 FIFA World Cup Qualification vs Venezuela , a 3-0 Brazilian victory . This victory classified Brazil to the World Cup and confirmed Luizão as part of the victorious squad coached by Luiz Felipe Scolari , conquering the fifth world title for Brazil .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Silva_de_Oliveira', 'summary': "Giovanni Silva de Oliveira ( born 4 February 1972 ) , better known as Giovanni , is a Brazilian football manager and former player . A versatile playmaker , his natural and favorite position was as an attacking midfielder , but he could also play as a forward , being an exceptional goalscorer . He was predominantly known for his world-class technique , his exceptional dribbling skills , and his outstanding flair and creativity on the ball , which saw him employ a variety of crafty moves , as well as his passing accuracy and goalscoring ability . At club level , he most notably played for Spanish side Barcelona , Greek side Olympiacos , and Brazilian club Santos . Internationally , he played for the Brazilian national team , gaining 20 caps and scoring 6 goals ; he was part of the Brazilian team that reached the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final . In his prime , Giovanni was one of Barcelona 's most valuable players , but after the arrival of Louis van Gaal at the club , he got into conflict with the Dutch manager , along with fellow Brazilians Rivaldo ( whom van Gaal wanted to use as a left winger , despite his protests ) and Sonny Anderson . He famously called van Gaal a Hitler for Brazilians , and an egomaniac . At Olympiacos Giovanni had the happiest and most successful days of his career , and is still remembered as a club legend by supporters ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Hilal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Hilal_FC', 'summary': "Al Hilal Saudi Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الهلال السعودي لكرة القدم ) is a Saudi Arabian professional multi-sports club based in Riyadh . The football team plays in the Saudi Professional League . Founded on 16 October 1957 , it is one of four teams to have participated in all seasons of the Saudi Professional League since its establishment in 1976 . Overall , they have won 15 official titles on the national and international stage , and 99 counting friendly trophies . In domestic competitions , they have won a record 15 Professional League titles , a record 13 Crown Prince Cup titles , a record 7 Saudi Federation Cup titles , 8 King Cup titles , a record 2 Super Cup title , and also the Saudi Founder 's Cup an official Centennial football tournament , held every hundred years . Internationally , Al Hilal has a record 7 Asian Football Confederation trophies - the AFC Champions League in 1991 , 2000 and 2019 , the Asian Cup Winners Cup in 1997 and 2002 , and the Asian Super Cup in 1997 , 2000 . In September 2009 , Al Hilal was awarded Best Asian Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Fabinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fábio_Alves_Félix', 'summary': 'Fábio Alves Félix or simply Fabinho ( born January 10 , 1980 ) , is a Brazilian former defensive midfielder , born in São Bernardo do Campo . He currently works as an assistant manager for Corinthians .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toulouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toulouse_FC', 'summary': 'Toulouse Football Club is a French association football club based in Toulouse . The club was founded in 1937 and currently plays in Ligue 1 , the top level of French football . Toulouse plays its home matches at the Stadium de Toulouse located within the city . Les Pitchouns have won Ligue 2 on three occasions . Toulouse have participated in European competition five times , including in 2007 when they qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time . Toulouse is presided over by the French businessman Olivier Sadran , who took over the club following its bankruptcy in 2001 which resulted in it being relegated to the Championnat National . The club has served as a springboard for several players , most notably the World Cup-winning goalkeeper Fabien Barthez and international striker André-Pierre Gignac .'}]}, {'value': 'Transferred', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_de_Lima_Barcelos', 'summary': 'Diego de Lima Barcelos ( born 5 April 1985 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a attacking midfielder . He has a twin brother named Diogo .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Internacional', 'summary': "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Neto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darcy_Dolce_Neto', 'summary': 'Darcy Dolce Neto , or simply Neto ( born February 7 , 1981 ) , is a retired Brazilian football right-back .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fluminense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fluminense_FC', 'summary': "Fluminense Football Club ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ flumiˈnẽsi ˈfutʃibow klɐb ] ) , known simply as Fluminense or Tricolor , is a Brazilian sports club best known for its professional football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the first tier of Brazilian football and the Campeonato Carioca , [ nb 2 ] the state league of Rio de Janeiro . The club is based in the Laranjeiras neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro . Fluminense plays their home games at the Maracanã Stadium , which currently holds up to 78,838 spectators . The club was founded on 21 July 1902 by the sons of Carioca aristocrats , being led by Oscar Cox , a Brazilian sportsman , in the bairro of Flamengo , a direct contrast between the aristocratic founders and the modest ground it was founded on . Cox was elected as the club 's first president . Fluminense have been state champions on 31 occasions , second only to Flamengo with 34 . The team have been national champions four times , most recently in 2012 in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , they won the Copa do Brasil in 2007 and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C [ nb 3 ] in 1999 . The Copa Rio de 1952 ( or Copa Rio Internacional ) and the Copa Libertadores runners up in 2008 and the Copa Sudamericana runners up in 2009 are their best international performances . Fluminense is a demonym for people who reside in the State of Rio de Janeiro . Although football was the club 's original endeavor , the club is today an umbrella organisation for several teams in more than 16 different sport activities . Fluminense 's traditional home kit is dark red-and-green vertical striped shirts , with white shorts , accompanied by white socks ; this combination has been used since 1920 . Under Armour is the current kit manufacturer ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Wendel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wendel_Geraldo', 'summary': 'Wendel Geraldo Maurício e Silva , commonly known as Wendel , ( born 8 April 1982 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer , who mainly played as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bordeaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux', 'summary': "Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒiʁɔ̃dɛ̃ də bɔʁdo ] ) , commonly referred to as Girondins de Bordeaux or simply Bordeaux , is a French professional football club based in the city of Bordeaux in Nouvelle Aquitaine , The club currently play in Ligue 1 , the top division of French football . The team is currently coached by Paulo Sousa and captained by Benoît Costil . Bordeaux was founded in 1 October 1881 as a multi-sports club and is one of the most successful football clubs in France . The club has won six Ligue 1 titles . Bordeaux have also won four Coupe de France titles , three Coupe de la Ligue titles , and three Trophée des champions titles as well . Bordeaux also reached the Uefa Cup final in 1996 . From a year to its inception , the club 's stadium was the Stade Chaban-Delmas , though since 2015 , Bordeaux 's home ground has been the Matmut Atlantique ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Gilmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilmar_Silva_Santos', 'summary': 'Gilmar Silva Santos or simply Gilmar ( born March 9 , 1984 in Ubatã ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder who currently plays for Itumbiara . He signed for French team EA Guingamp after a very good 2008/09 season with Náutico . In 2010 , Guingamp loaned him to Prudente to play the Brazilian first league .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unattached', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Léo Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Léo_Lima', 'summary': 'Leonardo Lima da Silva or simply Léo Lima ( born 14 January 1982 , in Rio de Janeiro ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder who plays for Madureira . He has played for teams such as Vasco da Gama , CSKA Sofia , Marítimo , Porto , Flamengo and Al-Nasr ( Dubai ) .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grêmio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_FBPA', 'summary': "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈɡɾẽmju ˌfutʃˈbɔw ˌpoɾtw ɐlɛˈɡɾẽsi ] ) , commonly known as Grêmio , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul . The club plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system , and the Campeonato Gaúcho , Rio Grande do Sul 's top state league . The club was founded in 1903 . The club 's home ground is the Arena do Grêmio , to which it moved in 2013 , having previously played at Estádio Olímpico Monumental since 1954 . Grêmio was the first club outside the Southeast of Brazil to become World Champion , after beating Hamburger SV in 1983 ( 2-1 ) . Also , Grêmio is the Brazilian club that most won the Copa Libertadores da América ( 3 ) , alongside São Paulo ( 3 ) and Santos ( 3 ) . As of 2017 , Grêmio was ranked number one in the CBF club rankings and is listed by Forbes as the third most valuable football club in the Americas with an estimated value of $ 295.5 million . Grêmio has won 38 Campeonato Gaúcho , 2 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , 1 Supercopa do Brasil , 1 Copa Sul and 5 Copa do Brasil . Internationally , Grêmio has won 1 Intercontinental Cup , 3 Copa Libertadores de América , 2 Recopa Sudamericana and 1 Sanwa Bank Cup . Grêmio usually plays in a tricolor ( blue , black and white ) striped shirt , black shorts and white socks . Grêmio has a fierce rivalry with Internacional , which is widely considered the most heated in Brazil and one of the most heated in the world . Matches between the two teams are known as Grenal ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- Out', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2006_Santos_FC_season_2', 'intro': "The 2006 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-fourth season in existence and the club's forty-seventh consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football. This season, Santos announced the return of the manager Vanderlei Luxemburgo, who had left the club in the last season and failed at Real Madrid. On 9 April 2006, Santos won the Campeonato Paulista for sixteenth time in history, by beating Portuguesa 2-0 in the last match. On 31 August, they signed Brazilian midfielder Zé Roberto who was free agent since he left FC Bayern Munich, until June 2007. In the Campeonato Brasileiro, Santos ended in the 4th place, securing a place in the 2007 Copa Libertadores. In the Copa do Brasil, Santos were knocked out by Ipatinga in the quarter-finals. Santos also competed in the Copa Sudamericana, being eliminated in the round of 16 after a 1-3 loss on aggregate to San Lorenzo."} | null | null | Who moved to the team that won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 ? | Ricardo Bóvio |
06e8a072c5e49d9e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Spain at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gervasio Deferr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gervasio_Deferr', 'summary': "Gervasio Deferr Ángel ( born 7 November 1980 ) is a retired gymnast from Spain who competed at three Olympic Games . He became the Olympic champion in men 's vault at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ( scored 9.712 ) and has repeated the feat at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens ( scoring 9.737 average - vault 1 scored 9.687 ; vault 2 scored 9.787 ) . Each of his ankles show a tattoo with the logo of one of these two Olympic Games . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , he won the silver medal on the floor exercise with a score of 15.775 . Deferr started in gymnastics at the age of five . He considered floor exercise as his favorite event and has had some success in major competitions . He finished in second place with the silver medal on floor at the 1999 World Championships of Gymnastics with a score of 9.750 points , which he repeated eight years later with another silver medal at the 2007 World Championships as well as many medals in the same apparatus in the World Cup of Gymnastics , between them : World Cup 2000 in Ljubljana , Slovenia - 9.688 points ( silver ) , or World Cup 2001 in Paris , France - 9.625 points ( gold ) . He also finished second at the 2002 World Championships on floor exercise but the medal was taken away after he tested positive for marijuana . A curious aspect of Deferr 's personality is his stating that he considers sleeping a hobby . He also has an iguana as a pet and likes Japanese and Korean cultures . He has appeared on the Japanese game show Sasuke ( Ninja Warrior in the United States ) , failing to complete the first stage . He was unable to make it over the 15 foot wall ."}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , three disciplines of gymnastics were contested : artistic gymnastics ( August 14-23 ) , rhythmic gymnastics ( August 26-29 ) and trampoline ( August 20-21 ) . The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Olympic Indoor Hall and the rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Galatsi Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's vault", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_vault", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's vault competition , one of eight events for male competitors of the artistic gymnastics discipline contested in the gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . The qualification and final rounds took place on August 14 and August 23 at the Olympic Indoor Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'August 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xabier Fernández Iker Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xabier_Fernández', 'summary': 'Xabier Fernández Gaztañaga ( born 19 October 1976 in Ibarra , Gipuzkoa , Basque Country ) is a Spanish sailor and olympic champion . Fernandez won a gold medal in the 49er class with Iker Martínez at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . The same pairing won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . He has been a crewmember and skipper in the Volvo Ocean Race : In 2005-06 movistar . In 2008-09 Telefónica BlueTelefónica . In 2011-12 Telefónica . In 2014-15 Mapfre . In 2017-18 Mapfre . He sailed with Luna Rossa Challenge in the 2013 Louis Vuitton Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iker_Martínez', 'summary': 'Iker Martínez de Lizarduy Lizarribar ( born 16 June 1977 in Donostia-San Sebastián , Basque Country ) is a Spanish sailor and olympic champion . Martínez de Lizarduy won a gold medal in the 49er class with Xabier Fernández at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . The same pairing won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Iker Martínez was skipper for Team Telefónica in the 2011-2012 edition of the Volvo Ocean Race , with Fernandez also being a team member . They were also named ISAF Rolex World Sailors of the Year 2011 , finding out while they were competing in the first leg of the Volvo Ocean Race . He also skippered Spanish yacht MAPFRE in the 2014-2015 edition of the Volvo Ocean Race , albeit he skipped a few legs to prepare himself for the 2016 Rio Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport that has been part of the Olympic programme starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program in 2004 consisted of eleven disciplines divided over nine sailing classes . For each discipline multiple races were scheduled between 14-28 August 2004 along the coast near Athens . Athens hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time , having previously done so during the 1896 Summer Olympics . However , in 1896 , the sailing competition was cancelled due to heavy storms and further bad weather conditions . This time the weather conditions were good . The sailing event was executed on the several types of Olympic courses in different course areas using the 'Fleetrace ' and 'Matchrace ' formats ."}]}, {'value': '49er class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_49er_class', 'summary': 'The Mixed 49er was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics program in Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre . sixteen races were scheduled and completed with two discards . 38 sailors , on 19 boats , from 19 nation competed .'}]}, {'value': 'August 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Cal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cal', 'summary': 'David Cal Figueroa ( born 10 October 1982 in Cangas do Morrazo ) is a Spanish sprint canoeist who has competed since 1999 . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he has won five medals with a gold ( C-1 1000 m : 2004 Summer Olympics ) and four silvers ( C-1 500 m : 2004 , 2008 ; C-1 1000 m : 2008 and 2012 ; C-1 1000 m : 2012 ) . With this latest medal in the London 2012 Olympic Games , he became the Spanish athlete with more Olympic medals of all time . Cal was a junior world championship bronze medallist in Zagreb in 1999 ( C-1 1000 m ) . The following year he became European C-1 500 m junior champion at Boulogne , France in 2000 . He also won the C-1 1000 m bronze medal . He was a reserve at the Sydney Olympics . At the 2002 European under-23 championships in Zagreb , Croatia , Cal won the C-1 500 m bronze medal . Cal has competed on the senior circuit since 2003 , winning five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships . This includes a gold ( C-1 500 m : 2007 ) , two silvers ( C-1 1000 m : 2003 , 2005 , 2011 ) , and a bronze ( C-1 1000 m : 2007 ) . Cal is 183 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) tall and weighs 91 kg ( 200 lbs ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre for the sprint events and the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-1 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-1_1000_metres", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's C-1 1000 metres competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The C-1 event is raced by single-man sprint canoes ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'María Quintanal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/María_Quintanal', 'summary': 'María Quintanal Zubizarreta ( born December 17 , 1969 in Biscay ) is a sport shooter from Gran Canaria , Spain . The 2003 world champion in Double Trap , she competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in Trap . She also competed in the Double Trap event , but placed 13th . She has also competed for the Dominican Republic in the Central American and Caribbean Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 390 competitors from 106 nations contested 17 events ( 10 for men and 7 for women ) . The competition took place at the Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre , located in the east of the Greek region of Attica .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's trap", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_trap", 'summary': "The women 's trap competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 16 at the Markópoulo Olympic Shooting Centre near Athens , Greece . Suzanne Balogh of Australia won the competition by a wide four-hit margin . The event consisted of two rounds : a qualifier and a final . In the qualifier , each shooter fired 3 sets of 25 targets in trap shooting , with 10 targets being thrown to the left , 10 to the right , and 5 straight-away in each set . The shooters could take two shots at each target . The top 6 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round . There , they fired one additional round of 25 targets , where only one shot could be taken at each target . The total score from all 100 targets was used to determine final ranking . Ties are broken using a shoot-off ; additional shots are fired one at a time until there is no longer a tie . Australia 's Suzanne Balogh battled her way against the gusty winds on a mountaintop range outside Athens to claim the gold medal in this event with a total score of 88 clay pigeons . Spain 's María Quintanal took the silver with 84 , while South Korea 's Lee Bo-na hit 23 out of 25 targets for a combined record of 83 to grab a bronze , overwhelming 17-year-old American high school student Whitly Loper by just one shot . Normally , no more than one competitor per country would be allowed in this event , but an exception was made for Canada to let Susan Nattrass take use of a redistributed quota place ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paquillo Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paquillo_Fernández', 'summary': 'Francisco Javier Fernández Peláez ( born 6 March 1977 in Guadix , Province of Granada , Andalusia ) , better known as Paquillo Fernández , is a retired Spanish race walker . He specialized in the 20 km race walk . On 27 July 2008 he set a new 10-km race walk world record at the Spanish Championships in a time of 37:53.09 . Fernández was made ineligible for competitions for two years after he was found guilty of possessing performance-enhancing drugs in February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 20 km walk", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_20_kilometres_walk", 'summary': "The men 's 20 kilometres race walk at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program was held through the streets of Athens with the start and finish at the Athens Olympic Stadium on August 20 . The Chinese trio of Han Yucheng , Liu Yunfeng , and Zhu Hongjun took an early lead as the race walkers had left the stadium , but their challenge never materialized . Han could not keep up with the leaders through the first lap and soon fell off the pace , leaving Liu and Zhu with a burden to defend their chances . Approaching the second and third lap , Spain 's Paquillo Fernández soon joined the Chinese duo to toughen the pace and build a commanding lead over the rest of the field , followed by his teammate Juan Manuel Molina , Ivano Brugnetti , Nathan Deakes , African champion Hatem Ghoula , and overwhelming favorite Jefferson Pérez . When Ghoula was given his first warning with a yellow card on possession at the 6k mark , the leading pack had been whittled down to eight . Halfway through the race and with only four laps to go , Fernandez , Brugnetti , and Deakes were the strongest chasers , forming a slightly tight group to decide on the medals . Perez , however , struggled to keep up the pace on the leaders by a ten-metre deficit with Zhu and 2000 Olympic silver medalist Noé Hernández following him . Fifty minutes into the race , Brugnetti steadily turned to break away from the leading group with Fernandez and Deakes continuously chasing him to the front . While Hernandez was disqualified after the red paddle , Perez managed to bridge back to the leaders with only a few laps remaining , but eventually fell behind . This left with Brugnetti , Fernandez , and Deakes walking closely and swiftly towards the 18k mark , before the two Europeans zoomed past Deakes to gain a three-second lead going to the final lap . Brugnetti made a decisive move to put some distance ahead of Fernandez in the approach to the Olympic Stadium . As Fernandez could not close the gap on the final stretch , a jubilant Brugnetti celebrated all the way to a superb finish , and savored his Olympic gold medal in 1:19:40 , just five seconds ahead of the Spaniard ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatriz Ferrer-Salat Juan Antonio Jimenez Ignacio Rambla Rafael Soto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Ferrer-Salat', 'summary': 'Beatriz Ferrer-Salat Serra de Migui ( born March 11 , 1966 ) is an equestrian from Spain who competes internationally in the sport of dressage . She won two Olympic medals , a silver and a bronze , at the 2004 Games , and also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics . She began riding in international competitions in 1995 , and has since competed in the 2002 World Equestrian Games , winning individual silver and team bronze , and in several European Dressage Championships , where she has won several additional individual and team medals . Based in Spain , Ferrer-Salat continues to compete internationally , as well as acting as the chair of the board for the Spanish Dressage Riders Club .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Jimenez', 'summary': 'Juan Antonio Jimenez Cobo ( born 11 May 1959 ) is a Spanish equestrian and Olympic medalist . He was born in Castro del Río . He won a silver medal in dressage at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ignacio_Rambla', 'summary': 'Ignacio Rambla ( born 2 January 1964 ) is a Spanish equestrian and Olympic medalist . He was born in Jerez de la Frontera . He won a silver medal in dressage at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Soto', 'summary': 'Rafael Soto ( born 14 October 1957 ) is a Spanish equestrian and Olympic medalist . He was born in Jerez de la Frontera . He won a silver medal in dressage at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The events of the equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics featured three equestrian disciplines : dressage , eventing and jumping . All three disciplines are further divided into individual and team contests for a total of six events . The Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre , on the outskirts of Markopoulo in the Attica region of Greece , hosted the dressage and jumping events while the eventing took place in the nearby Eventing Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Team dressage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Team_dressage', 'summary': 'The team dressage event , part of the equestrian program at the 2004 Summer Olympics , used the results of the first round of the individual dressage to award rankings . That round was held on 20 August and 21 August 2004 at the Olympic Equestrian Centre on the outskirts of Markópoulo , in the Attica region of Greece . Like all other equestrian events , the dressage competition was mixed gender , with both male and female athletes competing in the same division . 10 teams , each consisting of four horse and rider pairs , entered the contest .'}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rafael Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo_(sailor)', 'summary': 'Rafael Joaquín Trujillo Villar ( born 14 December 1975 in La Línea de la Concepción , Cádiz ) is a Spanish sailor of the Finn class and Olympic medalist . He won the Finn Gold Cup once and competed in four straight Olympic Games , winning a silver medal in Athens 2004 . He sailed with +39 Challenge in the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup . Trujillo was also part of the Mapfre yacht in the 2014-15 Volvo Ocean Race , and coaches 2013 world champion Jorge Zarif .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport that has been part of the Olympic programme starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program in 2004 consisted of eleven disciplines divided over nine sailing classes . For each discipline multiple races were scheduled between 14-28 August 2004 along the coast near Athens . Athens hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time , having previously done so during the 1896 Summer Olympics . However , in 1896 , the sailing competition was cancelled due to heavy storms and further bad weather conditions . This time the weather conditions were good . The sailing event was executed on the several types of Olympic courses in different course areas using the 'Fleetrace ' and 'Matchrace ' formats ."}]}, {'value': 'Finn class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Finn_class', 'summary': "The Men 's Finn was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics program in Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre . Eleven races were scheduled and completed with one discard . 25 sailors , on 25 boats , from 25 nation competed ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Azón Natalia Vía Dufresne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Azón', 'summary': 'Sandra Azón Canalda ( born November 12 , 1973 in Barcelona ) is a Spanish sailor , who won a silver medal in the 470 class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens together with Natalia Vía Dufresne . Azon finished sixth at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships . She became world champion in the Yngling class in 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Natalia_Vía_Dufresne', 'summary': 'Natalia Vía Dufresne Pereña [ a ] ( born 10 June 1973 ) is a Spanish sport sailor . She was born in Barcelona . She was originally an Optimist sailor , but switched to 470s at the age of 15 . [ citation needed ] She won two bronze medals in the World Championships , [ citation needed ] two Olympic silver medals ( in 1992 and in 2004 ) , with crew member , Sandra Azón . Her current crew is Laia Tutzó . Her sister is Begoña Vía Dufresne .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport that has been part of the Olympic programme starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program in 2004 consisted of eleven disciplines divided over nine sailing classes . For each discipline multiple races were scheduled between 14-28 August 2004 along the coast near Athens . Athens hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time , having previously done so during the 1896 Summer Olympics . However , in 1896 , the sailing competition was cancelled due to heavy storms and further bad weather conditions . This time the weather conditions were good . The sailing event was executed on the several types of Olympic courses in different course areas using the 'Fleetrace ' and 'Matchrace ' formats ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 470 class", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_470_class", 'summary': "The Women 's 470 was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics program in Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre , in the 470 dinghy . Eleven races were scheduled and completed with one discard . 40 sailors , on 20 boats , from 20 nation competed ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conchita Martínez Virginia Ruano Pascual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conchita_Martínez', 'summary': "Inmaculada Concepción Conchita Martínez Bernat ( born 16 April 1972 ) is a former professional tennis player . She was the first Spanish player to win the women 's singles title at Wimbledon , where she beat Martina Navratilova in the 1994 final . Martínez also was the singles runner-up at the 1998 Australian Open and the 2000 French Open . She reached a highest world ranking of No . 2 in October 1995 and finished the season in the Top 10 for nine years . Martínez won 33 singles and 13 doubles titles during her 18-year career , as well as three Olympic medals . A five-time winner of the Fed Cup as a player , Martínez was the Spanish Fed Cup team captain from 2013 to 2017 and the Spanish Davis Cup team captain from 2015 to 2017 , leading the Davis Cup team back into the top-tier World Group under her captaincy . She has also served as a part-time coach to Garbiñe Muguruza , guiding her to the 2017 Wimbledon title , and was the full-time coach to Karolína Plíšková through 2018 and 2019 . She began coaching Muguruza on a full-time basis in 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Ruano_Pascual', 'summary': "Virginia Ruano Pascual ( Spanish pronunciation : [ biɾˈxinja ˈrwano pasˈkwal ] ; born 21 September 1973 ) is a Spanish former professional tennis player . She had moderate success in singles , winning three career titles and reaching two Grand Slam quarterfinals and a top-30 ranking , but she had been far more successful in doubles where she won 43 titles , including 11 Grand Slam titles : ten women 's doubles ( eight partnering Paola Suárez of Argentina , and two partnering Anabel Medina Garrigues of Spain ) and one mixed doubles ( partnering Tomás Carbonell of Spain ) . Between 2002 and 2004 Virginia and Paola reached nine consecutive Grand Slam finals ( won five ) and they reached at least the semifinals of the last twelve Grand Slam tournaments they played in ( winning run came to an end when they lost in the Wimbledon semifinals ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place on ten separate courts at the Olympic Tennis Centre . The surface was hardcourt . 172 players competed in 4 events . 2004 saw more of the top ranked players appearing , as this tournament saw world ranking points allocated to the players for the first time . Martina Navratilova made her first appearance at the Olympic Games where she partnered with Lisa Raymond in the ladies doubles .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_doubles", 'summary': "The women 's doubles competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics was part of the tennis program for the games , and was held at the Olympic Tennis Centre in Athens , Greece . Venus & Serena Williams were the defending champions , but Serena decided not to participate . Venus was instead partnered with Chanda Rubin , and the pair lost in the first round to Li Ting and Sun Tiantian . Ting and Tiantian won the gold medal , defeating Conchita Martínez and Virginia Ruano Pascual in the final 6-3 , 6-3 . Paola Suárez and Patricia Tarabini won the bronze medal , defeating Shinobu Asagoe and Ai Sugiyama in the bronze medal match 6-3 , 6-3 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Llaneras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Llaneras', 'summary': 'Joan Llaneras Rosselló'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's points race", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_points_race", 'summary': "The men 's points race in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of a 160 lap ( 40 kilometre ) points race with 16 sprints where points were awarded . 5 points were given to the first finisher of each sprint , with 3 going to the second-place finisher , 2 going to the third place cyclist , and 1 going to the fourth place rider . Cyclists could also score points by lapping the main body of riders , known as the peloton . 20 points were gained by doing this , while 20 points were lost if the peloton lapped the cyclist ."}]}, {'value': 'August 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Antonio Escuredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Antonio_Escuredo', 'summary': 'José Antonio Escuredo Raimondez ( born January 19 , 1970 in Girona ) is a former Spanish racing cyclist , specialising in track cycling . He has won three silver and one bronze world championship medals and a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Escuredo has also won ten titles at the Spanish national track cycling championships . Escuredo mostly competes in the keirin and team sprint events .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's keirin", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Keirin", 'summary': "The men 's Keirin in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics was contested by 22 cyclists . A Keirin race consisted of eight laps of the track , or 2 kilometres ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Bosma Pablo Herrera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Bosma', 'summary': "Francisco Javier Bosma Mínguez ( born 6 November 1969 in Roses , Girona ) is a former Spanish beach volleyball player , who won the silver medal in the men 's beach volleyball tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens together with Pablo Herrera . Javier Bosma started playing beach volleyball in 1994 and also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics , finishing 5th both times . He had surgery on his right leg six times and retired at the end of 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pablo_Herrera_(beach_volleyball)', 'summary': 'Pablo Herrera Allepuz ( born 29 June 1982 , in Castellón de la Plana ) is a Spanish beach volleyball player who has represented his country four times at the Summer Olympics . In 2004 in Athens , he and Javier Bosma won the silver medal . In the 2008 Olympic tournament he teamed up with Raúl Mesa and lost in the round of 16 . At the 2012 Summer Olympics tournament , Herrera partnered with Adrián Gavira . The pair lost in the round of 16 to Brazilians Ricardo Santos and Pedro Cunha . At the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro Herrera once again played with Gavira , losing to eventual champions from Brazil , Alison Ceruti and Bruno Oscar Schmidt .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of indoor volleyball held at the Peace and Friendship Stadium and beach volleyball held at the Faliro Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre , in the southern portion of the Roth Pavilion ; both were located at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's beach volleyball", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_tournament", 'summary': "The men 's beach volleyball event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , was held at the Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre located at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Cal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cal', 'summary': 'David Cal Figueroa ( born 10 October 1982 in Cangas do Morrazo ) is a Spanish sprint canoeist who has competed since 1999 . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he has won five medals with a gold ( C-1 1000 m : 2004 Summer Olympics ) and four silvers ( C-1 500 m : 2004 , 2008 ; C-1 1000 m : 2008 and 2012 ; C-1 1000 m : 2012 ) . With this latest medal in the London 2012 Olympic Games , he became the Spanish athlete with more Olympic medals of all time . Cal was a junior world championship bronze medallist in Zagreb in 1999 ( C-1 1000 m ) . The following year he became European C-1 500 m junior champion at Boulogne , France in 2000 . He also won the C-1 1000 m bronze medal . He was a reserve at the Sydney Olympics . At the 2002 European under-23 championships in Zagreb , Croatia , Cal won the C-1 500 m bronze medal . Cal has competed on the senior circuit since 2003 , winning five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships . This includes a gold ( C-1 500 m : 2007 ) , two silvers ( C-1 1000 m : 2003 , 2005 , 2011 ) , and a bronze ( C-1 1000 m : 2007 ) . Cal is 183 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) tall and weighs 91 kg ( 200 lbs ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre for the sprint events and the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-1 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-1_500_metres", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's C-1 500 metres competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The C-1 event is raced by single-man sprint canoes ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Antonio Hermida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Antonio_Hermida', 'summary': 'José Antonio Hermida Ramos ( born on August 24 , 1978 in Puigcerdà , Girona ) is a Spanish cyclist of Galician origin specializing in competitive mountain biking . He won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece after having finished in fourth place in the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's cross-country", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_cross-country", 'summary': "The men 's cross-country event in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 1 start loop and 7 full loops around a circuit - totalling 43.3 km . The race started at 11:00 on August 28 , 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Martínez Gutiérrez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Martínez_Gutiérrez', 'summary': 'Manuel Manolo Martínez Gutiérrez ( born December 7 , 1974 ) is a retired Spanish shot putter . Nicknamed the Gentle Giant , his personal best throw outdoors is 21.47 metres and he has an indoor best of 21.26 m. These marks are the Spanish national records for the event . His international career lasted from 1992 to 2011 and he earned national selection on 84 occasions - the most by any Spanish athlete . Born in León , Spain , he established himself as a junior athlete at the age of seventeen by winning the silver medal at the World Junior Championships and becoming the European Junior Champion the following year . His first major medals as a senior thrower came indoors when he won silver at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships and then secured the bronze at the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships . His career highlights also came indoors , as he won at the 2002 European Indoor Championships and went on to take the gold medal at the 2003 World Indoor Championships . He scored the bronze medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in May 2013 following an IAAF drug test disqualified the first-place participant . He represented Spain at the Olympics four times consecutively from 1996 to 2008 , and also competed at five consecutive editions of the European Athletics Championships . He participated in the shot put at every World Championships in Athletics from 1993 to 2009 , with the sole exception of the 1999 event . In other competitions , he was a two-time gold medallist at the Mediterranean Games ( 2001 and 2009 ) , including a Games record of 21.03 m , won gold at the 2001 Summer Universiade , and won three titles at the Ibero-American Championships . He was also the bronze medallist at the 2001 Goodwill Games , 2004 IAAF World Athletics Final , and 2005 European Indoor Championships . Martínez improved Spanish national records on 31 occasions in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's shot put", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_shot_put", 'summary': "The men 's shot put at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held on 18 August 2004 at the Ancient Olympia Stadium . It was originally planned to hold the discus throw at this venue , but it was discovered that the field was not large enough to accommodate the range of modern discus throwers , and would have posed a danger to spectators . As such , it was decided instead to hold the shot put at the site , despite the fact that the shot put was not contested at the Ancient Olympic Games . All distances are given in metres . Ukrainian shot putter Yuriy Bilonoh was stripped of his gold medal on 5 December 2012 after drug re-testings of his samples were found positive . After the announcement of the disqualification , there was a new distribution of medals on 5 March 2013 . According to a statement from the IOC , sent to the Spanish Olympic Committee , the gold medal went to silver medalist Adam Nelson of the United States , the silver to Joachim Olsen of Denmark , and the bronze to Manuel Martínez of Spain ."}]}, {'value': 'August 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergi Escobar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergi_Escobar', 'summary': 'Sergi Escobar Roure ( born 22 September 1974 in Lleida ) is a Spanish world champion track cyclist who specialises in individual and team pursuit .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_individual_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's individual pursuit event in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of matches between two cyclists . The riders would start at opposite ends of the track . Each had 16 laps ( 4 kilometres ) in which to catch the other cyclist . If neither was caught before one had gone 16 laps , the times for the distance were used to determine the victor . In the thirteen matches of the 2004 event , no cyclist was lapped ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Castaño Sergi Escobar Asier Maeztu Carlos Torrent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Castaño_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Carlos Castaño Panadero ( born 7 May 1979 ) is a retired Spanish cyclist . He had his best achievements in track cycling , in the 4000 m team pursuit . In this discipline he won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 UCI Track Cycling World Championships . He finished in 12th place in the individual pursuit at the 2004 Olympics . In road races , he won two stages of Vuelta a Burgos in 2005 , finishing third overall . In 2006 he won one stage of Volta a Catalunya .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sergi_Escobar', 'summary': 'Sergi Escobar Roure ( born 22 September 1974 in Lleida ) is a Spanish world champion track cyclist who specialises in individual and team pursuit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Asier_Maeztu', 'summary': 'Asier Maeztu Villalabeitia ( born 14 October 1977 ) is a Spanish cyclist . He had his best achievements in track cycling , in the 4000 m team pursuit . In this discipline he won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 UCI Track Cycling World Championships . His team finished in seventh place at the 2008 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Torrent', 'summary': 'Carlos Torrent Tarres ( born 29 August 1974 ) is a Spanish cyclist . He had his best achievements in track cycling , in the 4000 m team pursuit . In this discipline he won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 UCI Track Cycling World Championships . In road racing , he won the Vuelta a La Rioja in 2002 , as well as one stage at Portuguese Grand Prix ( 2000 ) , GP International MR Cortez-Mitsubishi ( 2004 ) , Vuelta a Castilla y León ( 2005 ) and Vuelta a Burgos ( 2006 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's team pursuit event in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of matches between two teams of four cyclists . The teams started at opposite ends of the track . They had 16 laps ( 4 kilometres ) in which to catch the other cyclist . If neither was caught before one had gone 16 laps , the times for the distance ( based on the third rider of the team to cross the line ) were used to determine the victor . The Australia-Great Britain rivalry continued in an event which saw a new world record ."}]}, {'value': 'August 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patricia Moreno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Moreno', 'summary': 'Patricia Moreno Sánchez ( born January 7 , 1988 in Madrid ) is a Spanish former artistic gymnast . Moreno began gymnastics in 1995 and admired Romanian Simona Amânar . Her best event was floor exercise .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , three disciplines of gymnastics were contested : artistic gymnastics ( August 14-23 ) , rhythmic gymnastics ( August 26-29 ) and trampoline ( August 20-21 ) . The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Olympic Indoor Hall and the rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Galatsi Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's floor", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_floor", 'summary': "These are the results of the women 's floor exercise competition , one of six events for female competitors of the artistic gymnastics discipline contested in the gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . The qualification and final rounds took place on August 15 and August 23 at the Olympic Indoor Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'August 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatriz Ferrer-Salat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Ferrer-Salat', 'summary': 'Beatriz Ferrer-Salat Serra de Migui ( born March 11 , 1966 ) is an equestrian from Spain who competes internationally in the sport of dressage . She won two Olympic medals , a silver and a bronze , at the 2004 Games , and also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics . She began riding in international competitions in 1995 , and has since competed in the 2002 World Equestrian Games , winning individual silver and team bronze , and in several European Dressage Championships , where she has won several additional individual and team medals . Based in Spain , Ferrer-Salat continues to compete internationally , as well as acting as the chair of the board for the Spanish Dressage Riders Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The events of the equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics featured three equestrian disciplines : dressage , eventing and jumping . All three disciplines are further divided into individual and team contests for a total of six events . The Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre , on the outskirts of Markopoulo in the Attica region of Greece , hosted the dressage and jumping events while the eventing took place in the nearby Eventing Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Individual dressage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Individual_dressage', 'summary': 'The individual dressage event , part of the equestrian program at the 2004 Summer Olympics , was held from 19 August to 25 August 2004 at the Olympic Equestrian Centre on the outskirts of Markópoulo , in the Attica region of Greece . Like all other equestrian events , the dressage competition was mixed gender , with both male and female athletes competing in the same division . 53 horse and rider pairs were entered .'}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Lino Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Lino_Martínez', 'summary': 'Joan Lino Martínez Armenteros ( born January 11 , 1978 in Havana , Cuba ) is a Spanish athlete . He competes in the long jump .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's long jump", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_long_jump", 'summary': "The men 's long jump competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held at the Olympic Stadium on 24-26 August ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Spain_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Spain competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from August 13 to 29, 2004. This nation has competed in every Summer Olympic games since its official debut in 1920. Spain, however, boycotted two editions, the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany, and the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The Spanish Olympic Committee sent the nation's third largest delegation in history to the Games. A total of 317 athletes, 177 men and 140 women, competed in 26 sports."} | null | null | What event did the athlete born on 7 November 1980 compete in ? | Men 's vault |
06e975d04a276be2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1957 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Ed Drapcho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_baseball', 'summary': "The Penn State Nittany Lions baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the Pennsylvania State University in University Park , Pennsylvania , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Doug Weiss', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Golden_Bears_baseball', 'summary': 'The California Golden Bears baseball team represents the University of California in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other California athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Bears play their home games at Evans Diamond .'}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Elmer Kohorst ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_baseball', 'summary': 'The Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball team represents the University of Notre Dame in NCAA Division I college baseball . Notre Dame competes as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference and plays its home games at Frank Eck Stadium in Notre Dame , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Fred Frickie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_baseball', 'summary': 'The Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team represents the University of Alabama in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Alabama athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference . The team plays its home games on campus at Sewell-Thomas Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Ken Tippery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Marsh McLean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amherst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amherst_College', 'summary': "Amherst College ( /ˈæmərst/ ( listen ) AM-ərst ) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst , Massachusetts . Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore , Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts . The institution was named after the town , which in turn had been named after Jeffery , Lord Amherst , Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during the French and Indian War . Originally established as a men 's college , Amherst became coeducational in 1975 . Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution ; the school enrolled 1,855 students in fall 2018 . Students choose courses from 38 major programs in an open curriculum and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements ; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major . For the class of 2023 , Amherst received 10,567 applications and accepted 1,144 , yielding a 10.8% acceptance rate . Amherst was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the country for 2018-19 by The Wall Street Journal , the second best liberal arts college in the country by U.S. News & World Report , and 16th out of all U.S. colleges and universities by Forbes in their 2018 rankings . Amherst competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference . Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University , which form the Little Three colleges . The college is a member of the Five College Consortium , which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions : Mount Holyoke College , Smith College , Hampshire College , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst ."}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Dick Howser ♦', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Howser', 'summary': "Richard Dalton Howser ( May 14 , 1936 - June 17 , 1987 ) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop , coach , and manager who was best known as the manager of the Kansas City Royals during the 1980s and for guiding them to the franchise 's first World Series title in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Davis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Missouri Tigers baseball team represents the University of Missouri in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Missouri Tigers had an overall record of 2053-1339-17 entering the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Olson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Clarkson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1957_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.'} | null | null | What conference is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team a member of that are the team called the Nittany Lions and belong to the school associated with one of the pitchers in the 1957 College Baseball All-American Team ? | Big Ten |
06e9a5b6af5d2b84 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha', 'title': 'List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha', 'header': ['Constituency No', 'Constituency', 'Reserved for ( SC/ST/None )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kasaragod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kasaragod_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : കാസറഗോഡ് ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക.മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kannur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kannur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kannur Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : കണ്ണൂര്\u200d ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vatakara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatakara_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : വടകര ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayanad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayanad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : വയനാട് ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kozhikode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kozhikode_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Kerala .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malappuram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malappuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : മലപ്പുറം ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ponnani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponnani_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : പൊന്നാനി ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palakkad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palakkad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Kerala .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alathur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alathur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Alathur Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : ആലത്തൂർ ലോക്സഭാ മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India.This constituency came into existence in 2008 , following the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thrissur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thrissur_Lok_Sabha_constituency', 'summary': 'Thrissur is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the state of Kerala in southern India . It consists of seven assembly segments in Thrissur district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chalakudy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chalakudy_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Chalakudy is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the South Indian state of Kerala . It came into existence in 2008 , following the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India . The constituency comprises seven assembly segments spread over two districts - Thrissur ( 3 ) and Ernakulam ( 4 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernakulam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernakulam_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India . It comprises 7 legislative assembly constituencies .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idukki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idukki_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Idukki Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Kerala .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kottayam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kottayam_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : കോട്ടയം ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alappuzha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alappuzha_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : ആലപ്പുഴ ലോക്സഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mavelikara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mavelikara_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : മാവേലിക്കര ലോക്സഭാ മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pathanamthitta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathanamthitta_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency is a Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala state in southern India . It is a newly formed constituency in the Central Travancore region of Kerala for the election of a member of the Lok Sabha . The district , which was previously fragmented into different parliamentary constituencies , was unified into a single Parliamentary constituency as per the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly . The constituency lacks the presence of an MP . Constituenciesc Order , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kollam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kollam_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kollam Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : കൊല്ലം ( ലോക്\u200cസഭാ നിയോജകമണ്ഡലം ) ( formerly Quilon Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala state in southern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attingal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attingal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Attingal Lok Sabha constituency ( Malayalam : ആറ്റിങ്ങല്\u200d ലോക്\u200cസഭാ നിയോജകമണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala state in southern India . This constituency came into existence in 2008 following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendation of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thiruvananthapuram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Thiruvananthapuram Parliamentary ( Lok Sabha ) Constituency ( Malayalam : തിരുവനന്തപുരം ലോകസഭ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം ) is one of the 20 parliamentary constituencies of Kerala , the southern state of India . It is located in Thiruvananthapuram district and encompasses Thiruvananthapuram city , the capital of Kerala State .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Kerala ( 20 )', 'section_text': 'Constituencies of Kerala', 'uid': 'List_of_Constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha_12', 'intro': 'The Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). Each MP, represents a single geographic constituency. There are currently 543 constituencies. The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 550 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population.'} | null | null | What is the constituency whose translation in Malayalam is മാവേലിക്കര ലോക്സഭാ മണ്ഡലം reserved for ? | SC |
06ea02c4f709ca79 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_routes_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York', 'title': 'List of county routes in Jefferson County, New York', 'header': ['Route', 'Length ( mi )', 'Length ( km )', 'From', 'Via', 'To'], 'data': [{'value': 'CR 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria Bay village line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria_Bay,_New_York', 'summary': 'Alexandria Bay is a village in Jefferson County , New York , United States , within the town of Alexandria . It is located in the Thousand Islands region of northern New York . The population of the village was 1,078 at the 2010 United States Census . It lies near the Thousand Islands Border Crossing of Canada and the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Dump Road , Walton Street , and Goose Bay and Crooked Creek roads in Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_New_York', 'summary': "Alexandria is a town in the Thousand Islands region of the U.S. state of New York , within Jefferson County . The town 's population was 4,061 at the 2010 United States Census . The town is named after Alexander LeRay , the son of an early developer . The village of Alexandria Bay is within the town . Alexandria is in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria Center Road in Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_New_York', 'summary': "Alexandria is a town in the Thousand Islands region of the U.S. state of New York , within Jefferson County . The town 's population was 4,061 at the 2010 United States Census . The town is named after Alexander LeRay , the son of an early developer . The village of Alexandria Bay is within the town . Alexandria is in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'NY 26', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_26', 'summary': "New York State Route 26 ( NY 26 ) is a north-south state highway that runs for 203.80 miles ( 327.98 km ) through Central New York in the United States . Its southern terminus is located at the Pennsylvania state line south of the town of Vestal in Broome County , where it becomes Pennsylvania Route 267 ( PA 267 ) . Its northern terminus is located at a junction with NY 12 in the village of Alexandria Bay in Jefferson County . NY 26 serves three cities along its routing ; one directly ( Rome ) and two via other roadways ( Binghamton via NY 17 and Watertown via NY 3 ) . NY 26 , as a single route , was established in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; however , portions of the route had been signed state routes since the 1920s . Since 1930 , the route has been realigned several times in the North Country , resulting in a modern routing significantly different from its initial alignment . For a brief period during the 1970s , NY 26 ended in Carthage . The truncation directly led to the elimination of one of NY 26 's two spur routes , and the second was absorbed by other routes shortly afterward ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Clayton village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Clayton is a village in the town of Clayton in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The village population was 1,978 at the 2010 census . Clayton is the home of the Antique Boat Museum and Clayton Opera House . The village is a summer resort , offering galleries , boutiques and quality services to summer visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'East Line , Tanners Corners , and Plessis-Redwood roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 192 in Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_New_York', 'summary': "Alexandria is a town in the Thousand Islands region of the U.S. state of New York , within Jefferson County . The town 's population was 4,061 at the 2010 United States Census . The town is named after Alexander LeRay , the son of an early developer . The village of Alexandria Bay is within the town . Alexandria is in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Cape Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12E', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12E ( NY 12E ) is a state highway located entirely within the northwestern part of Jefferson County in northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus is at NY 12F in the village of Brownville . Its northern terminus , both signed and official , is at NY 12 in the village of Clayton . While NY 12 follows a direct north-south routing between Watertown and Clayton , NY 12E diverges westward to follow the shoreline of Lake Ontario . The portion of NY 12E north of its junction with NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail , a National Scenic Byway . Most of modern NY 12E was originally designated as part of NY 3 in 1924 . NY 3 was moved onto its current alignment east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , at which time its former routing between Watertown and Clayton became NY 12E . From Watertown to Limerick , what is now NY 12E was originally NY 12F . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . In 1980 , Jefferson County assumed maintenance of NY 12E between the Watertown city line and Brownville as part of a highway maintenance swap between the county and the state . This section is now county-maintained as County Route 190 ( CR 190 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cape_Vincent_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Cape Vincent is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,777 at the 2010 census . The town is in the northwest part of the county . In the town is a village also called Cape Vincent . Both town and village are northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosiere and Crystal Springs roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Clayton is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 5,153 at the 2010 census . The town is named after John M. Clayton , a federal political leader from Delaware . The town contains a village also named Clayton . Both are northwest of Watertown . The village of Clayton , nearby Cape Vincent , and Alexandria Bay are popular tourist destinations on the New York mainland side of the Thousand Islands region .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Lyme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12E', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12E ( NY 12E ) is a state highway located entirely within the northwestern part of Jefferson County in northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus is at NY 12F in the village of Brownville . Its northern terminus , both signed and official , is at NY 12 in the village of Clayton . While NY 12 follows a direct north-south routing between Watertown and Clayton , NY 12E diverges westward to follow the shoreline of Lake Ontario . The portion of NY 12E north of its junction with NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail , a National Scenic Byway . Most of modern NY 12E was originally designated as part of NY 3 in 1924 . NY 3 was moved onto its current alignment east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , at which time its former routing between Watertown and Clayton became NY 12E . From Watertown to Limerick , what is now NY 12E was originally NY 12F . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . In 1980 , Jefferson County assumed maintenance of NY 12E between the Watertown city line and Brownville as part of a highway maintenance swap between the county and the state . This section is now county-maintained as County Route 190 ( CR 190 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lyme,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lyme is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,185 at the 2010 census . Lyme is in the western part of the county and is northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Three Mile Creek Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 181 in Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orleans,_New_York', 'summary': 'Orleans is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,789 at the 2010 census , up from 2,463 at the 2000 census . The town is located in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown . Orleans is named after the commune of Orléans in France .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13.31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dead end in Cape Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Vincent_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Cape Vincent is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,777 at the 2010 census . The town is in the northwest part of the county . In the town is a village also called Cape Vincent . Both town and village are northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Tibbets Point , Lighthouse , and Pleasant Valley roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 57 in Lyme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyme,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lyme is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,185 at the 2010 census . Lyme is in the western part of the county and is northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12E', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12E ( NY 12E ) is a state highway located entirely within the northwestern part of Jefferson County in northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus is at NY 12F in the village of Brownville . Its northern terminus , both signed and official , is at NY 12 in the village of Clayton . While NY 12 follows a direct north-south routing between Watertown and Clayton , NY 12E diverges westward to follow the shoreline of Lake Ontario . The portion of NY 12E north of its junction with NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail , a National Scenic Byway . Most of modern NY 12E was originally designated as part of NY 3 in 1924 . NY 3 was moved onto its current alignment east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , at which time its former routing between Watertown and Clayton became NY 12E . From Watertown to Limerick , what is now NY 12E was originally NY 12F . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . In 1980 , Jefferson County assumed maintenance of NY 12E between the Watertown city line and Brownville as part of a highway maintenance swap between the county and the state . This section is now county-maintained as County Route 190 ( CR 190 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Old State Road in Cape Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Vincent_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Cape Vincent is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,777 at the 2010 census . The town is in the northwest part of the county . In the town is a village also called Cape Vincent . Both town and village are northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 12E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.64', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 7 in Cape Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Vincent_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Cape Vincent is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,777 at the 2010 census . The town is in the northwest part of the county . In the town is a village also called Cape Vincent . Both town and village are northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Millens Bay Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Lyme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12E', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12E ( NY 12E ) is a state highway located entirely within the northwestern part of Jefferson County in northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus is at NY 12F in the village of Brownville . Its northern terminus , both signed and official , is at NY 12 in the village of Clayton . While NY 12 follows a direct north-south routing between Watertown and Clayton , NY 12E diverges westward to follow the shoreline of Lake Ontario . The portion of NY 12E north of its junction with NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail , a National Scenic Byway . Most of modern NY 12E was originally designated as part of NY 3 in 1924 . NY 3 was moved onto its current alignment east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , at which time its former routing between Watertown and Clayton became NY 12E . From Watertown to Limerick , what is now NY 12E was originally NY 12F . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . In 1980 , Jefferson County assumed maintenance of NY 12E between the Watertown city line and Brownville as part of a highway maintenance swap between the county and the state . This section is now county-maintained as County Route 190 ( CR 190 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lyme,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lyme is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,185 at the 2010 census . Lyme is in the western part of the county and is northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Cape Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12E', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12E ( NY 12E ) is a state highway located entirely within the northwestern part of Jefferson County in northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus is at NY 12F in the village of Brownville . Its northern terminus , both signed and official , is at NY 12 in the village of Clayton . While NY 12 follows a direct north-south routing between Watertown and Clayton , NY 12E diverges westward to follow the shoreline of Lake Ontario . The portion of NY 12E north of its junction with NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail , a National Scenic Byway . Most of modern NY 12E was originally designated as part of NY 3 in 1924 . NY 3 was moved onto its current alignment east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , at which time its former routing between Watertown and Clayton became NY 12E . From Watertown to Limerick , what is now NY 12E was originally NY 12F . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . In 1980 , Jefferson County assumed maintenance of NY 12E between the Watertown city line and Brownville as part of a highway maintenance swap between the county and the state . This section is now county-maintained as County Route 190 ( CR 190 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cape_Vincent_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Cape Vincent is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,777 at the 2010 census . The town is in the northwest part of the county . In the town is a village also called Cape Vincent . Both town and village are northwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Sand Bay Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Clayton is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 5,153 at the 2010 census . The town is named after John M. Clayton , a federal political leader from Delaware . The town contains a village also named Clayton . Both are northwest of Watertown . The village of Clayton , nearby Cape Vincent , and Alexandria Bay are popular tourist destinations on the New York mainland side of the Thousand Islands region .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}]}, {'value': 'Underbluff Road in Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Clayton is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 5,153 at the 2010 census . The town is named after John M. Clayton , a federal political leader from Delaware . The town contains a village also named Clayton . Both are northwest of Watertown . The village of Clayton , nearby Cape Vincent , and Alexandria Bay are popular tourist destinations on the New York mainland side of the Thousand Islands region .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Clayton is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 5,153 at the 2010 census . The town is named after John M. Clayton , a federal political leader from Delaware . The town contains a village also named Clayton . Both are northwest of Watertown . The village of Clayton , nearby Cape Vincent , and Alexandria Bay are popular tourist destinations on the New York mainland side of the Thousand Islands region .'}]}, {'value': 'Overbluff Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 180 in Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_180', 'summary': 'New York State Route 180 ( NY 180 ) is a north-south state highway in the northwestern part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of New York . The southern terminus of the route is at NY 3 in the Hounsfield hamlet of Baggs Corner , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of downtown Watertown . The northern terminus is at NY 12 in the Orleans hamlet of Fishers Landing . NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail from its southern terminus at Baggs Corner to its junction with NY 12E at the Brownville hamlet of Limerick .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orleans,_New_York', 'summary': 'Orleans is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,789 at the 2010 census , up from 2,463 at the 2000 census . The town is located in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown . Orleans is named after the commune of Orléans in France .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 411 in Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_411', 'summary': 'New York State Route 411 ( NY 411 ) is an east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 180 in the community of La Fargeville in the town of Orleans . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 37 in the adjacent town of Theresa just west of the village of Theresa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orleans,_New_York', 'summary': 'Orleans is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,789 at the 2010 census , up from 2,463 at the 2000 census . The town is located in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown . Orleans is named after the commune of Orléans in France .'}]}, {'value': 'East Ridge Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 180 in Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_180', 'summary': 'New York State Route 180 ( NY 180 ) is a north-south state highway in the northwestern part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of New York . The southern terminus of the route is at NY 3 in the Hounsfield hamlet of Baggs Corner , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of downtown Watertown . The northern terminus is at NY 12 in the Orleans hamlet of Fishers Landing . NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail from its southern terminus at Baggs Corner to its junction with NY 12E at the Brownville hamlet of Limerick .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orleans,_New_York', 'summary': 'Orleans is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,789 at the 2010 census , up from 2,463 at the 2000 census . The town is located in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown . Orleans is named after the commune of Orléans in France .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pink School House Road in Pamelia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamelia,_New_York', 'summary': 'Pamelia is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,160 at the 2010 census , up from 2,897 in 2000 . The town was named for Pamelia Williams , wife of landowner and developer General Jacob J . Brown . Pamelia is in the north-central part of the county and is north of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Perch Lake and Jack Street roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 3 in Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_New_York', 'summary': "Alexandria is a town in the Thousand Islands region of the U.S. state of New York , within Jefferson County . The town 's population was 4,061 at the 2010 United States Census . The town is named after Alexander LeRay , the son of an early developer . The village of Alexandria Bay is within the town . Alexandria is in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.94', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Brownville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brownville_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Brownville is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 6,263 at the 2010 census , up from 5,839 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Jacob Brown , an early settler and leader . Brownville is located in the western part of the county , northwest of Watertown . The town contains a village also named Brownville .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish and Jenkins roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evans Mills village line in Le Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evans_Mills,_New_York', 'summary': 'Evans Mills is a village in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 621 at the 2010 census . The village is within the town of Le Ray and is northeast of Watertown .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Le_Ray,_New_York', 'summary': 'Le Ray is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 21,782 at the 2010 census , up from 19,840 at the 2000 census . The town is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray , known as a French father of the American Revolution . The town is in the central part of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pamelia town line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamelia,_New_York', 'summary': 'Pamelia is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,160 at the 2010 census , up from 2,897 in 2000 . The town was named for Pamelia Williams , wife of landowner and developer General Jacob J . Brown . Pamelia is in the north-central part of the county and is north of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiser School House Road in Le Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Ray,_New_York', 'summary': 'Le Ray is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 21,782 at the 2010 census , up from 19,840 at the 2000 census . The town is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray , known as a French father of the American Revolution . The town is in the central part of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_37', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.83', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 46 in Le Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Ray,_New_York', 'summary': 'Le Ray is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 21,782 at the 2010 census , up from 19,840 at the 2000 census . The town is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray , known as a French father of the American Revolution . The town is in the central part of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Dutch Settlement Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 37 in Theresa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_37', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Theresa_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Theresa is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,905 at the 2010 census , up from 2,414 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Theresa La Ray , the daughter of an original landowner . The town of Theresa contains a village also named Theresa . The town and village are in the northern part of the county , north-northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.72', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 46 in Theresa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theresa_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Theresa is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,905 at the 2010 census , up from 2,414 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Theresa La Ray , the daughter of an original landowner . The town of Theresa contains a village also named Theresa . The town and village are in the northern part of the county , north-northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelsey Bridge Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 26 in Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_26', 'summary': "New York State Route 26 ( NY 26 ) is a north-south state highway that runs for 203.80 miles ( 327.98 km ) through Central New York in the United States . Its southern terminus is located at the Pennsylvania state line south of the town of Vestal in Broome County , where it becomes Pennsylvania Route 267 ( PA 267 ) . Its northern terminus is located at a junction with NY 12 in the village of Alexandria Bay in Jefferson County . NY 26 serves three cities along its routing ; one directly ( Rome ) and two via other roadways ( Binghamton via NY 17 and Watertown via NY 3 ) . NY 26 , as a single route , was established in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; however , portions of the route had been signed state routes since the 1920s . Since 1930 , the route has been realigned several times in the North Country , resulting in a modern routing significantly different from its initial alignment . For a brief period during the 1970s , NY 26 ended in Carthage . The truncation directly led to the elimination of one of NY 26 's two spur routes , and the second was absorbed by other routes shortly afterward ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Philadelphia is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,947 at the 2010 census , down from 2,140 at the 2000 census . The town contains a village also called Philadelphia . Both are in the northeast part of Jefferson County .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 193 in Theresa village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theresa_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Theresa ( /θɜːrˈiːsə/ , thur-EE-sə ) is a village in the town of Theresa in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 863 at the 2010 census . The village is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'English Settlement Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottage Hill Road in Theresa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theresa_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Theresa is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,905 at the 2010 census , up from 2,414 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Theresa La Ray , the daughter of an original landowner . The town of Theresa contains a village also named Theresa . The town and village are in the northern part of the county , north-northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 194 in Theresa village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theresa_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Theresa ( /θɜːrˈiːsə/ , thur-EE-sə ) is a village in the town of Theresa in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 863 at the 2010 census . The village is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Oxbow and Vrooman Creek roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 25 in Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Antwerp is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,846 at the 2010 census . The town is named after Antwerp in Belgium , the home of one of the early investors in the town . The town of Antwerp contains a village also called Antwerp . The town is at the eastern corner of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US 11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_11_(NY)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from New Orleans , Louisiana , to the Canada-US border at Rouses Point , New York . In the state of New York , US 11 extends for 318.66 miles ( 512.83 km ) from the Pennsylvania state line south of the Southern Tier city of Binghamton to the Canada-US border at the North Country village of Rouses Point , where it becomes Route 223 upon entering Quebec . The portion of US 11 south of Watertown follows a mostly north-south alignment and is paralleled by Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) while the part of the route north of Watertown follows a more east-west routing , parallel to but not directly on the St. Lawrence River . The portion of US 11 in New York passes through the central district of four cities : Binghamton , Cortland , Syracuse , and Watertown . East of Watertown , the route traverses mostly rural terrain and serves only small villages , such as Potsdam , Malone , and Champlain . While the portion of US 11 between the Pennsylvania state line and Watertown is merely an alternate route to I-81 , the section east of Watertown is the primary long-distance route across the North Country of New York . US 11 was designated as part of the 1926 establishment of the U.S. Highway System . It was first signed in New York in 1927 , replacing New York State Route 2 ( NY 2 ) , a route assigned three years earlier as part of the creation of the modern New York state route system . The termini of US 11 have more or less remained the same since ; however , multiple realignments have occurred along the points in between . One of US 11 's three suffixed routes , NY 11C , follows a former routing of US 11 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oxbow Road in Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Antwerp is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,846 at the 2010 census . The town is named after Antwerp in Belgium , the home of one of the early investors in the town . The town of Antwerp contains a village also called Antwerp . The town is at the eastern corner of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 25', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Routes 1–100', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_county_routes_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York_0', 'intro': 'County routes in Jefferson County, New York, are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker.'} | null | null | For whom is the destination for the route that goes through Rosiere and Crystal Springs roads named ? | John M. Clayton |
06ec58f65e62f4ec | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha', 'title': 'List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha', 'header': ['Constituency No', 'Constituency', 'Reserved for ( SC/ST/None )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saharanpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saharanpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( Lower house of the Parliament ) constituencies in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kairana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kairana_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kairana Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muzaffarnagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muzaffarnagar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency comprises five Vidhan Sabha ( legislative assembly ) segments . These are :'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bijnor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bijnor_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bijnor Lok Sabha Constituency ( Hindi : बिजनौर लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagina_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Nagina Lok Sabha constituency ( Hindi : नगीना लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . This constituency came into existence in 2008 , as a part of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moradabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moradabad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency ( Hindi : मुरादाबाद लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in western Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . Formed before the 1952 elections , according to Election Commission of India 2009 data the total electorates in the Moradabad Parliamentary constituency ( constituency number 6 ) were 1,388,525 of which 634,547 are females and 753,978 are males . The administrative headquarters of Moradabad district is situated in the city of Moradabad . It is located in the northern part of the state at a distance of 167 km from the national capital , New Delhi . Situated on the banks of the river Ramganga , this town lies at an average elevation of 198 meters . Hindi is the official language of Moradabad , though Urdu , Punjabi and English are widely spoken . According to the census data of 2011 , Moradabad has a total population of 889,810 of which 53% are males and 47% are females . It has a sex ratio of 908 females per 1000 males . 12.4% of the population is below the age of six . The city of Moradabad has an average literacy of 70.65% with male literacy at 74.05% and female literacy at 66.90% . The economy of this city is primarily dependent on the Brass industry , the produces of which are exported worldwide . Moradabad has a promising number of notable universities , schools and colleges .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rampur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rampur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': "Rampur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India.and it 's the most powerful seat in the state of Uttar Pradesh ."}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sambhal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sambhal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amroha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amroha_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Amroha Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meerut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meerut_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Meerut-Hapur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . This constituency covers parts of Meerut and Hapur districts .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baghpat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baghpat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( lower house of parliament ) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in India . This constituency covers the entire Baghpat district and parts of Meerut , Ghaziabad districts and Shamli district . Satyapal Singh , former Commissioner of Police , Bombay , represents the constituency in Lok Sabha.it compromises 3 lakh 20 thousand jaat , 3 lakh 70 thousand muslim,1 lakh brahmin and 1 lakh 70 thousand gurjar about 1 lakh thakur and other OBC cast about 2 lakh SC ( chamar jatav valmiki and other cast ) .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghaziabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghaziabad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency ( Hindi : ग़ाज़ियाबाद लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the 80 Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gautam Buddha Nagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Nagar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Gautam Buddh Nagar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . This constituency , spread over Bulandshahr and Gautam Buddh Nagar districts came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulandshahr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulandshahr_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in India .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aligarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aligarh_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency is a Lok Sabha parliamentary constituency in Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hathras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hathras_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Hathras is a Lok Sabha parliamentary constituency in Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathura_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Mathura Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . This constituency covers the entire Mathura district . According to Election Commission of India 2009 reports , the Mathura Parliamentary constituency ( constituency number 17 ) has a total of 1,341,649 electorates out of which 593,726 are females and 747,923 are males .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agra_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Agra Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatehpur Sikri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . This constituency in Agra district came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Firozabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firozabad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Firozabad is a Lok Sabha parliamentary constituency in Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Uttar Pradesh ( 80 )', 'section_text': 'Constituencies of Uttar Pradesh', 'uid': 'List_of_Constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha_26', 'intro': 'The Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). Each MP, represents a single geographic constituency. There are currently 543 constituencies. The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 550 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population.'} | null | null | What is the number of the constituency that is the most powerful seat in the state ? | 7 |
06edc31bb59ec2fc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships', 'title': '2012 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Country', 'Score'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Tao , Lei Che , Zhi Li , Jinxuan Huang , Qin Zou , Minchao Shou , Bangda Hu , Mingzhe Han', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '19.513', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Bianca Becze , Lucian Fratiloiu , Maria Luisa Pavel , Anca Claudia Surdu , Laura Andreea Cristache , Marius Ciprian Petruse , Petru Porime Tolan , Florin Nebunu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petru_Porime_Tolan', 'summary': 'Petru Porime Tolan ( born 21 March 1986 in Tîrgu Mureş , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast . He won two world championships medals ( one gold and one silver ) and four European championships medals ( two gold and two bronze ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florin_Nebunu', 'summary': 'Florin Nebunu ( born April 21 , 1987 , in Bucharest , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast . He won three world championships medals ( one gold , one silver , and one bronze ) and two European championships medals ( one gold and one bronze ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '19.213', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorian Alimelie , Jonathan Gajdane , Chrystel Lejeune , Aurelie Joly , Jacques Hugot , Eugenie Raphael , Marion Roger , Laure Valdivia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '19.013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyung Ho Lee , Eungsoo Kim , Jaehyun Han , Guontaeck Kim , Incham Hwang , Sunghwa Lee , Changil Yoon , Taehee Yun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '18.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrey Zhivin , Maxim Grinin , Polina Polyanskikh , Oxana Trukhacheva , Irina Klopova , Veronika Korneva , Valeriy Gusev , Danil Chayun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '18.688', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simone Bonatti , Davide Donati , Antonio Caforio , Alessandra Volpe , Cinzia Galletti , Maria Chiara Albergati , Gaia Brambilla , Erika Corio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davide_Donati', 'summary': 'Davide Donati ( born 25 April 1994 ) is an Italian aerobic gymnast . Along with his partner Michela Castoldi , Donati is the 2016 and 2018 Aerobic Gymnastics World Champion and the 2015 European Games silver medalist in the Mixed Pairs category . He was also a member of the silver medalist Italian group at the 2016 World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '18.663', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anett Bako , Agota Szorenyi , Reka Lendvay , Alexandra Hagymasi , Dora Lendvay , Evelin Rozsa , Orsolya Kun , Rosza Sipeki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '18.613', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea Carroll , Samantha Elkington , Zoe Tisdale , Samantha Kukura , Susan Price , Emma Davies , Catriona Cowden , Sarah Millar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '17.053', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Dance', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_5', 'intro': 'The 12th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Sofia, Bulgaria June 1 to June 3, 2012.'} | null | null | How many time zones does the home nation of Andrey Zhivin reach across ? | eleven |
06ee22021cbdb0bb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_players', 'title': 'List of Washington Redskins players', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'College', 'GP', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Saenz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Saenz', 'summary': "Edwin Matthew Saenz ( September 21 , 1923 - April 28 , 1971 ) was an American football running back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League . He played college football at the University of Southern California and was drafted in the 15th round of the 1945 NFL Draft . Saenz was given the nickname tortilla because of his Mexican American heritage . Eddie was a causal factor in USC 's winning the 1944 Rose Bowl . He enlisted in the Navy prior to the end of World War II and played football with the Great Lakes Naval Academy . A career-ending injury forced Eddie to retire after five years with the Washington Redskins where he played both offense as a halfback and defense . After his retirement from football , he worked as a stunt man for various movies and often served as a double for Anthony Quinn . [ citation needed ] Eddie died at age 48 leaving a widow and nine children . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1946-51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Sagnella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Sagnella', 'summary': 'Anthony Sagnella ( born February 28 , 1964 in New Haven , Connecticut ) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . Sagnella played college football at Rutgers University . He is currently a health teacher and football coach at North Haven High School . Sagnella served as one of the replacement players during the 1987 players strike . In 2018 , he and other replacement players were recognized for their contributions to the team by receiving Super Bowl Rings .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_University', 'summary': "Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey ( /ˈrʌtɡərz/ ) , commonly referred to as Rutgers University , or RU , is an American public research university in New Jersey . It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey . Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen 's College on November 10 , 1766 . It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers . For most of its existence , Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956 . Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey : New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway , the Newark campus , and the Camden campus . The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state . Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance , the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association . The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities ( 2001 ) as a Public Ivy ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Joe Salave ' a", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Joe_Salave'a", 'summary': "Joe Fagaofe Salave ' a ( /sɑːləˈveɪ.ə/ ; born March 23 , 1975 ) is an American football coach , currently serving as Defensive Line coach at the University of Oregon . He is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League . Standing 6 ' 5 and 317 pounds , his primary position was defensive tackle ."}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona', 'summary': "The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Salem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Salem', 'summary': "Edward Joseph Salem ( August 28 , 1928 - December 21 , 2001 ) was an American football quarterback and defensive back . He was a 1950 College Football All-America Team selection from the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and played one season for the National Football League 's Washington Redskins and one season for the Canadian Football League 's Montreal Alouettes . Salem was born in Tucson , Arizona and arrived in Tuscaloosa , Alabama to play for Harold Drew 's Crimson Tide at a time when they were still rising to national prominence . He starred on all sides of the ball . As a quarterback he was the team 's top passer in 1948 , 1949 and 1950 . He was also the Tide 's leading rusher in 1948 and top scorer in 1948 and 1949 , a season in which he also led the team in interceptions . In 1950 , he was the Tide 's top punt returner . In Alabama 's 55-0 victory over rival Auburn University in the 1948 Iron Bowl he threw for three touchdowns , rushed for another , and kicked seven extra points . Alabama 's athletics staff named him one of the Tide 's 50 best players in history in 1992 . The Washington Redskins made Salem the 15th player selected overall in the second round of the 1951 NFL Draft . He played one year for the Redskins , recording five interceptions on defense . For the following season he signed with the Montreal Alouettes , making his mark there by kicking what was then a league record field goal of 53 yards ( 48 m ) After leaving professional football , Salem moved to Birmingham , Alabama and opened the first Ed Salem 's Drive-In on what became a noted cruising strip on the section of the Bee Line Highway between Birmingham and North Birmingham ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bryant Salter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryant_Salter', 'summary': 'Bryant J. Salter ( born January 22 , 1950 in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the San Diego Chargers , Washington Redskins , Baltimore Colts , and the Miami Dolphins . He played college football at the University of Pittsburgh and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1971 NFL Draft . He went on to join the United States Foreign Service and eventually served as a consul in Mexico and chargé daffaires to Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Kitts and Nevis from January 1991 until March 1994 . He would also receive a masters degree from the Harvard Kennedy School .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh', 'summary': "The University of Pittsburgh ( Pitt ) is a state-related research university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Pitt was founded as the Pittsburgh Academy in 1787 on the edge of the American frontier . It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819 . After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area , the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city ; it was renamed as the University of Pittsburgh in 1908 . Pitt was a private institution until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus , home to the university 's central administration and 28,391 undergraduate , graduate , and professional students . The university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania : Bradford , Greensburg , Johnstown , and Titusville . The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District , most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece , the Cathedral of Learning . The campus is situated adjacent to the flagship medical facilities of its closely affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center ( UPMC ) , as well as the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh , Schenley Park , and Carnegie Mellon University . The university has an annual operating budget of approximately $ 2 billion . This includes nearly $ 940 million in research and development expenditures as of 2017 , the 16th-highest in the nation . A member of the Association of American Universities , Pitt is the third-largest recipient of federally sponsored health research funding among U.S. universities in 2018 and it is a major recipient of research funding from the National Institutes of Health ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974-75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Sample', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sample', 'summary': "John B . Sample Jr. ( June 15 , 1937 - April 26 , 2005 ) was an American football defensive back who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Baltimore Colts ( 1958-1960 ) , Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1961-1962 ) , and Washington Redskins ( 1963-1965 ) , and in the American Football League ( AFL ) for the New York Jets ( 1966-1968 ) , winning three league championships . Sample had the distinction of beginning and ending his career with championship wins in two of the most famous games in professional football history , and winning an NFL championship , an AFL championship , and a world championship . In his rookie season , he won an NFL championship ring with the Colts in their victory over the New York Giants in the 1958 NFL Championship Game , which became known as The Greatest Game Ever Played . In his final season , he helped the Jets win the AFL Championship against the Oakland Raiders , and then to defeat the Colts in the third AFL-NFL World Championship ( Super Bowl III ) in January 1969 , recording an interception in the Jets ' 16-7 win . He is the only professional football player to have won all three : an NFL , AFL , and Super Bowl championship . In between , Sample won another championship in the 1959 NFL Championship Game , scoring a touchdown on a 42-yard interception return in the Colts ' 31-16 victory over the Giants ."}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland-Eastern Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Eastern_Shore', 'summary': 'University of Maryland Eastern Shore ( UMES ) is a public historically black land-grant university in Princess Anne , Maryland . It is part of the University System of Maryland .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963-65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Samuels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Samuels', 'summary': "Chris Samuels ( born July 28 , 1977 ) is a former American college and professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for ten seasons . He played college football for the University of Alabama , and was recognized as a consensus All-American . Selected third overall in the 2000 NFL Draft , Samuels played his entire pro career for the NFL 's Washington Redskins and was a six-time Pro Bowl selection ."}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '141', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Sanchez_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John Claude Sanchez ( October 12 , 1920 - September 11 , 1992 ) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions , Washington Redskins , and the New York Giants . He also played in the All-America Football Conference for the Chicago Rockets . Sanchez played college football at the University of San Francisco and was drafted in the ninth round of the 1944 NFL Draft by the Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco', 'summary': "The University of San Francisco ( USF ) is a private Jesuit university in San Francisco , California . The school 's main campus is located on a 55-acre ( 22 ha ) setting between the Golden Gate Bridge and Golden Gate Park . The main campus is nicknamed The Hilltop , and part of the main campus is located on Lone Mountain , one of San Francisco 's major geographical features . Its close historical ties with the City and County of San Francisco are reflected in the university 's traditional motto , Pro Urbe et Universitate ( For the City and University ) ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947-49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deion Sanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deion_Sanders', 'summary': 'Deion Luwynn Sanders Sr. ( /ˈdiːɒn/ ; born August 9 , 1967 ) , nicknamed Prime Time and Neon Deion , is an American former professional football and baseball player who is a sports analyst . He played 14 seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the Atlanta Falcons , San Francisco 49ers , Dallas Cowboys , Washington Redskins , and the Baltimore Ravens . He also had a part-time career in baseball as an outfielder for nine seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , where he played professionally for the New York Yankees , the Atlanta Braves , the Cincinnati Reds , and the San Francisco Giants . Sanders won two Super Bowl titles and made one World Series appearance in 1992 , making him the only individual to appear in both a Super Bowl and a World Series . Sanders attended Florida State University , where he was recognized as a two-time All-American in football , and also played baseball and ran track . He was drafted by the Falcons in the first round of the 1989 NFL Draft and played football primarily at cornerback , but also as a kick returner , punt returner , and occasionally wide receiver . During his career , he was named to nine Pro Bowls and made consecutive Super Bowl appearances in XXIX with the 49ers and XXX with the Cowboys , winning both . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011 . Following the conclusion of his athletic career , Sanders currently works as an analyst for CBS Sports and the NFL Network . He is also the offensive coordinator at Trinity Christian School - Cedar Hill , which his sons attend . Sanders founded the Prime Prep Academy charter school in 2012 where he coached until the school closed in 2015 due to financial insolvency . Additionally , he starred in the show Deion Family Playbook which debuted in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_University', 'summary': "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lonnie Sanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonnie_Sanders', 'summary': 'Lonnie J. Sanders , Jr. ( born November 6 , 1941 in Detroit , Michigan ) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins and the St. Louis Cardinals . He played college football at Michigan State University and was drafted in the second round of the 1962 NFL Draft . Sanders was also selected in the tenth round of the 1963 AFL Draft by the Denver Broncos . He currently resides with his wife and son in Northwest Washington , D.C .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_University', 'summary': "Michigan State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in East Lansing , Michigan . MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862 . The university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , one of the country 's first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture . After the introduction of the Morrill Act , the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture . Today , MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States ( in terms of enrollment ) and has approximately 634,300 living alumni worldwide . U.S. News & World Report ranks its graduate programs the best in the U.S. in elementary teacher 's education , secondary teacher 's education , industrial and organizational psychology , rehabilitation counseling , African history ( tied ) , supply chain logistics and nuclear physics in 2019 . MSU pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , supply chain management , and communication sciences . Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities , an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America . The university 's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , the Abrams Planetarium , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum , the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams , and the country 's largest residence hall system . The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference . Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 and 2014 , and a total of six national championships . Spartans men 's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four eight times since the 1998-1999 season , including in 2019 with a victory over Duke ."}]}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963-67', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricky Sanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Sanders', 'summary': "Ricky Wayne Sanders ( born August 30 , 1962 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played professionally for twelve seasons from 1983 to 1994 , two with the United States Football League 's Houston Gamblers and ten in the National Football League ( eight seasons with the Washington Redskins and two with the Atlanta Falcons ) . He played running back , safety , and place kicker ( on kickoffs ) as a three-year letterman for Belton High School in Belton , Texas and broke five records ."}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_State_University–San_Marcos', 'summary': "Texas State University is a public research university in San Marcos , Texas . Established in 1899 as the Southwest Texas State Normal School , it opened in 1903 to 303 students . Since that time it has grown into the largest institution in the Texas State University System and the fifth-largest university in the state of Texas with an enrollment of over 38,500 students for the 2018 fall semester . It has ten colleges and about fifty schools and departments . Texas State is classified as a doctoral university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and an emerging research university by the State of Texas . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . Faculty from the various colleges have consistently been granted Fulbright Scholarships resulting in Texas State being recognized as one of the top producing universities of Fulbright Scholars . The 36th President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson , graduated from the institution in 1930 ; [ circular reference ] Texas State is the only public university in Texas to have a president as an alumnus . Texas State 's main campus consists of 245 buildings on 492 acres ( 1.99 km2 ) of hilly land along the San Marcos River . Additionally , it has a satellite campus at the Texas State University Round Rock Campus ( RRC ) in the greater north Austin area . The university operates the Science , Technology and Advanced Research ( STAR ) Park , a technology commercialization and applied research facility . The Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State is the largest forensics research facility in the world ."}]}, {'value': '117', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dan Sandifer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Sandifer', 'summary': 'Daniel Padgett Sandifer ( March 1 , 1927 - August 15 , 1987 ) , was an American football defensive back who played with six National Football League teams from 1948 to 1953 . Because of World War II , he was one of the few college football players to play in two College All-Star Games . He currently holds the Washington Redskins team record for most interceptions in a season ( 13 ) set in his rookie year , 1948 . This record has been surpassed only once in NFL history by Dick Night Train Lane with 14 INTs in 1952 playing for the Los Angeles Rams .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_State_University', 'summary': "Louisiana State University ( officially Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College , commonly referred to as LSU ) is a public research university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville , Louisiana , under the name Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy . The current LSU main campus was dedicated in 1926 , consists of more than 250 buildings constructed in the style of Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio , and the main campus historic district occupies a 650-acre ( 2.6 km² ) plateau on the banks of the Mississippi River . LSU is the flagship school of the state of Louisiana , as well the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System , and is the most comprehensive university in Louisiana . In 2017 , the university enrolled over 25,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools and colleges . Several of LSU 's graduate schools , such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center , have received national recognition in their respective fields of study . Designated as a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant institution , LSU is also noted for its extensive research facilities , operating some 800 sponsored research projects funded by agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . LSU is one of eight universities in the United States with dental , law , veterinary , medical , and Master of Business Administration programs . The LSU School of Veterinary Medicine is one of only 30 veterinary schools in the country and the only one in Louisiana . LSU 's athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports ( 9 men 's , 12 women 's ) , and is a member of the NCAA ( National Collegiate Athletic Association ) and the SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) . The university is represented by its mascot , Mike the Tiger ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948-49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Sarboe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Sarboe', 'summary': 'Philip John Sarboe ( August 22 , 1911 - November 19 , 1985 ) was an American football player and coach . He played college football at the State College of Washington - now known as Washington State University - and professionally in National Football League ( NFL ) with the Boston Redskins , Chicago Cardinals , Brooklyn Dodgers . Sarboe served as the head football coach at Central Washington College of Education - now known as Central Washington University - from 1941 to 1942 , Washington State from 1945 to 1959 , Humboldt State College - now known as Humboldt State University - from 1951 to 1965 , and the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1966 , compiling a career college football record of 131-75-11 .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_University', 'summary': "Washington State University ( Washington State , WSU , or Wazzu ) is a public research university in Pullman , Washington . Founded in 1890 , WSU is one of the oldest land-grant universities in the American West . With an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686 , it is the second largest institution for higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington . The WSU Pullman campus is perched upon a hill , characterized by open spaces , views , deep green conifers , and a restrained red brick and basalt material palette - materials originally found on site . The university is nestled within the rolling topography of the Palouse in rural eastern Washington and remains intimately connected to the town , the region , and the landscape in which it sits . The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Vancouver , all founded in 1989 . In 2012 , WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus , which includes its online degree program , WSU Online . In 2015 , WSU expanded to a sixth campus , known as WSU Everett . These campuses award primarily bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007 . Enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students . This includes 1,751 international students ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Sardisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Sardisco', 'summary': "Anthony Guy Tony Sardisco ( December 5 , 1932 - May 28 , 2006 ) was an American football guard/linebacker . Tulane : 1952-1955 Sardisco played guard and linebacker for the Green Wave teams of 1952-55 . He served as team captain his senior season , leading Tulane to a 5-4-1 mark that year , including an upset win over eighth-ranked Alabama and a 13-13 season-ending tie with LSU . Sardisco was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference choice at guard during his years at Tulane and was named a first team All-American by the Football Writer 's Association of America in 1955 . Following his senior season , he played in the Blue-Gray Game , the Senior Bowl and the Chicago College All-Star Game , and was named outstanding lineman in the Blue-Gray game after making 14 unassisted tackles . In 1956 , he graduated Tulane with a bachelor 's degree in psychology . San Francisco 49ers / Washington Redskins : 1956 He played in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers and Washington Redskins in 1956 . He was selected in the sixth round of the 1956 NFL draft as an offensive guard for the San Francisco 49ers , where his first contract was for $ 7,500 with a $ 250 bonus . After 10 games , he was traded to the Washington Redskins , where he finished the season . His positions were linebacker and guard , and he wore number 64 Air Force : 1957-58 His professional football career was then interrupted when he served in the U.S. Air Force . He continued to play football , making All-Air Force in 1957 and All-Service in 1957 and 1958 . Calgary Stampeders : 1959 He returned to professional football with the Calgary Stampeders in the Canadian Football League in 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulane_University', 'summary': 'Tulane University is a private research university in New Orleans , Louisiana . It was founded as a public medical college in 1834 and became a comprehensive university in 1847 . The institution was made private under the endowments of Paul Tulane and Josephine Louise Newcomb in 1884 . Tulane is the 9th oldest private university in the Association of American Universities , which consists of major research universities in the United States and Canada . The Tulane University Law School and Tulane University Medical School are considered the 12th oldest and 15th oldest law and medical schools , respectively , in the United States . Alumni include prominent entrepreneurs , founders , and inventors in technology , medical devices , entertainment , retail , mass media , fashion , and public policy ; the President of Costa Rica ; U.S. State governors ; Federal judges ( including a Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court ) ; U.S . Senators ; U.S. Members of Congress ( including a Speaker of the House ) ; heads of Federal agencies ; two Surgeons General of the United States ; U.S. diplomats ; at least 23 undergraduate Marshall scholars ( which ranks Tulane 18th among all universities and colleges ) ; at least 18 Rhodes scholars ; at least 12 Truman scholars ; 155 Fulbright scholars ; prominent screenwriters ; Emmy-award winners ; Oscar-Award winners ; Pulitzer-prize-winning authors ; chief executive officers ; major law firm partners ; university presidents ; living billionaires including Ricardo Salinas Pliego ; Stanley Motta ; David Filo ; and Jerry Springer . At least two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Saul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Saul', 'summary': 'Ronald Reed Saul ( born February 5 , 1948 in Butler , Pennsylvania ) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Houston Oilers and the Washington Redskins . He played college football at Michigan State University and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1970 NFL Draft . Ron had two brothers that also played in the NFL ; his older brother Bill Saul , and his twin brother Rich Saul ( Rich also played for Michigan State ) .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976-81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Sawyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Sawyer_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John Wesley Sawyer ( born July 26 , 1953 in Brookhaven , Mississippi ) is a former professional American football tight end in the National Football League for the Houston Oilers , Seattle Seahawks , Washington Redskins , and the Denver Broncos . He played college football at The University of Southern Mississippi and was drafted in the eleventh round of the 1975 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi', 'summary': "The University of Southern Mississippi ( USM or Southern Miss ) is a public research university with its main campus in Hattiesburg , Mississippi . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor 's , master 's , specialist , and doctoral degrees . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Founded on March 30 , 1910 , the university is a dual campus institution , with the main campus located in Hattiesburg and the other large campus , Gulf Park , in Long Beach . It has five additional teaching and research sites , including the John C. Stennis Space Center and the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory ( GCRL ) . Originally called the Mississippi Southerners , the Southern Miss athletic teams became the Golden Eagles in 1972 . The school 's colors , black and gold , were selected by a student body vote shortly after the school was founded . While mascots , names , customs , and the campus have changed , the black and gold colors have remained constant . USM offers 16 sport programs at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerry Scanlan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Scanlan', 'summary': 'Jerry Lafaele Scanlan ( January 4 , 1957 - July 8 , 2015 ) , nicknamed The Snake , was a former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Hawaii .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Hawaii', 'summary': "The University of Hawaiʻi system ( formally the University of Hawaiʻi and popularly known as UH ) is a public college and university system that confers associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through three university campuses , seven community college campuses , an employment training center , three university centers , four education centers and various other research facilities distributed across six islands throughout the state of Hawaiʻi in the United States . All schools of the University of Hawaiʻi system are accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges . The U.H . system 's main administrative offices are located on the property of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in Honolulu CDP ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980-81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Scarbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Scarbath', 'summary': 'John Carl Scarbath ( born August 12 , 1930 ) is a former professional American football quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and Pittsburgh Steelers . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park', 'summary': "The University of Maryland , College Park ( University of Maryland , UMD , or simply Maryland ) is a public research university in College Park , Maryland . Founded in 1856 , UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland . It is also the largest university in both the state and the Washington metropolitan area , with more than 41,000 students representing all fifty states and 123 countries , and a global alumni network of over 360,000 . Its twelve schools and colleges together offer over 200 degree-granting programs , including 92 undergraduate majors , 107 master 's programs , and 83 doctoral programs . UMD is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Maryland 's proximity to the nation 's capital has resulted in many research partnerships with the federal government ; faculty receive research funding and institutional support from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , the Food and Drug Administration , and the Department of Homeland Security . It is classified as a first tier research university by the Carnegie Foundation , and is labeled a Public Ivy , denoting a quality of education comparable to the private Ivy League . UMD is ranked among the top 100 universities both nationally and globally by several indices . In 2016 , the University of Maryland , College Park and the University of Maryland , Baltimore formalized their strategic partnership after their collaboration successfully created more innovative medical , scientific , and educational programs , as well as greater research grants and joint faculty appointments than either campus has been able to accomplish on its own . As of 2017 , the operating budget of the University of Maryland is approximately $ 2.1 billion . For the 2018 fiscal year , the university received a total of over $ 545 million in external research funding . In October 2017 , the university received a record-breaking donation of $ 219.5 million from the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation , ranking among the largest philanthropic gifts to a public university in the country ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953-54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Scherff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Scherff', 'summary': 'Brandon Scherff ( born December 26 , 1991 ) is an American football offensive guard for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Iowa , and was drafted by the Redskins in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft . Scherff is considered to be among the best guards in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015- present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doyle Schick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doyle_Schick', 'summary': 'Doyle Dean Schick ( February 23 , 1939 - February 27 , 2001 ) was an American football cornerback in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Kansas and was drafted in the fourteenth round of the 1961 NFL Draft . After his NFL career was over he was the head coach of several high school football teams in Kansas .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kansas', 'summary': "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- S', 'section_text': 'Chris Samuels , a first round draft pick in the 2000 NFL Draft and a six-time Pro Bowler , played offensive tackle from 2000 to 2009 . He was a Redskin for his entire career . [ 45 ] Mark Schlereth , guard for the Redskins from 1989 to 1994 , won three Super Bowls in his career . [ 46 ] Heath Shuler , quarterback for the Redskins between 1994 and 1995 , [ 47 ] served in the United States House of Representatives . [ 48 ] Mike Sellers former starting fullback for the Redskins . [ 49 ] Shawn Springs , former first round pick by the Seahawks in the 1997 NFL Draft , was traded to the Redskins in 2004 . [ 50 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Washington_Redskins_players_18', 'intro': 'This is a list of American football players who have played for the Washington Redskins, as well as its predecessors the Boston Braves (1932) and Boston Redskins (1933-1936), in the National Football League (NFL). It includes players that have played at least five games in the NFL regular season. [a] The Washington Redskins franchise was founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise. The name was changed the next year to the Redskins. In 1937, the franchise moved to Washington, D.C. The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships. Overall, the Redskins have had a total of 23 players and coaches (17 primary, six minor)[b] inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many Redskins players have also had successful college football careers, including six who were Heisman Trophy winners: Gary Beban, Desmond Howard, Vic Janowicz, George Rogers, Danny Wuerffel, and Robert Griffin III. In addition, the Heisman Trophy sculpture was modeled after Ed Smith in 1934, who became a Redskins player in 1936. Several former players have become head coach of the Redskins, including Turk Edwards, Dick Todd, and Jack Pardee.'} | null | null | What year was the university that Bryant Salter attended made public ? | 1966 |
06eee163fe825f85 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_players', 'title': 'List of Washington Redskins players', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'College', 'GP', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Adams_(offensive_lineman)', 'summary': 'John William Tree Adams ( September 22 , 1921 - August 20 , 1969 ) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins from 1945 to 1949 . He played college football at the University of Notre Dame .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame', 'summary': "The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM , or ND ) is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame , Indiana , outside the city of South Bend . It was founded in 1842 by Rev . Edward Sorin . The main campus covers 1,261 acres ( 510 ha ) in a suburban setting ; it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ) , Notre Dame Stadium , and the Basilica . Notre Dame has consistently been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States , in particular for its undergraduate education . Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges . The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the annual Driehaus Architecture Prize . The university offers over 50 yearlong study programs abroad and over 15 summer programs . Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the six schools , including the Notre Dame Law School and an MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of Medicine . It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art . The majority of the university 's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events , and intramural sports teams . The university 's approximately 134,000 alumni are considered one of the strongest college alumni networks in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945-49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willie Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Adams_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Willie James Adams ( December 12 , 1941 - September 28 , 2019 ) was a former American football defensive end and linebacker for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at New Mexico State University and was drafted in the eleventh round of the 1965 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'DE / LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Mexico State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University', 'summary': "New Mexico State University ( NMSU or NM State ) is a public research university , with a main campus in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Founded in 1888 , it is the oldest public institution of higher education in the state of New Mexico , and is one of two flagship universities in New Mexico . Total enrollment across all campuses as of 2017 was 21,874 , with branch campuses in Alamogordo , Carlsbad , Doña Ana County and Grants , and with extension and research centers across New Mexico . It was founded in 1888 as the Las Cruces College , and the following year became New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and designated as a Land Grant college . It received its present name in 1960 . NMSU had 24,580 students enrolled as of Fall 2017 and had a faculty-to-student ratio of about 1 to 16 . NMSU offers a wide range of programs and awards associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through its main campus and four community colleges . NMSU offers 28 doctoral degree programs , 58 master 's degree programs , and 96 baccalaureate majors . New Mexico State 's athletic teams compete at the NCAA Division I level , competing in the Western Athletic Conference , except for football ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965-66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Addison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Addison', 'summary': 'Mario Addison ( born September 6 , 1987 ) is an American football outside linebacker for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Troy University . He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_University', 'summary': "Troy University is a public university in Troy , Alabama . It was founded in 1887 as Troy State Normal School within the Alabama State University System , and is now the flagship university of the Troy University System . Troy University is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges ( SACS ) to award associate , baccalaureate , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . In August 2005 , Troy State University , Montgomery ; Troy State University , Phenix City ; Troy State University , Dothan ; and Troy State University ( Main Campus ) all merged under one accreditation to become Troy University to better reflect the institution 's worldwide mission . Prior to the merger , each campus was independently accredited and merging of these campuses helped to create a stronger institution by eliminating overlapping services and barriers to students . The merger combined staff , faculty , and administrators into a single university . Today , the university serves the educational needs of students in four Alabama campuses and 60 teaching sites in 17 U.S. States and 11 countries . Troy University has over 100,000 alumni in 50 states of the US and in other countries ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25/44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Adduci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Adduci', 'summary': 'Nicholas Frank Adduci ( July 12 , 1929 - November 4 , 2005 ) was an American football defensive back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Nebraska .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954-55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Adickes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Adickes', 'summary': "Mark Stephen Adickes ( born April 22 , 1961 ) is currently an Orthopedic surgeon and a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Kansas City Chiefs and Washington Redskins . Adickes was an All-American offensive lineman college football at Baylor University and later attended George Mason University and Harvard University Medical School . Dr. Adickes is ESPN 's NFL Injury Analyst and is the chief of sports medicine for Baylor College of Medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baylor_University', 'summary': "Baylor University , or simply Baylor , is a private Baptist Christian university in Waco , Texas . Chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas , it is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the first educational institutions west of the Mississippi River in the United States . Located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35 , between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin , the university 's 1,000-acre campus is the largest Baptist university campus in the world . Baylor University 's athletic teams , known as the Bears , participate in 19 intercollegiate sports . The university is a member of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Aguirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Aguirre', 'summary': "Joseph A. Aguirre ( October 17 , 1918 - July 13 , 1985 ) was an American football end in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins , as well as for the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . He also spent time in the Canadian Football League with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , Edmonton Eskimos , and Saskatchewan Roughriders . In his time in the CFL , he won the Dave Dryburgh Memorial Trophy as the Western Interprovincial Football Union 's Top Scorer in 1950 and again in 1954 . Aguirre played college football at Saint Mary 's College of California and was drafted in the eleventh round of the 1941 NFL Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mary 's ( Cal . )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Mary's_College_of_California", 'summary': "Saint Mary 's College of California is a private Catholic college in Moraga , California . It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church and administered by the De La Salle Christian Brothers ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941 , 1943-45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Akins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Akins', 'summary': 'Frank Scott Akins ( March 31 , 1919 - July 6 , 1992 ) was an American football running back who played for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Washington State University and was drafted in the 30th round of the 1943 NFL Draft . He taught history and drivers education at Anderson High School , Anderson , CA .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_University', 'summary': "Washington State University ( Washington State , WSU , or Wazzu ) is a public research university in Pullman , Washington . Founded in 1890 , WSU is one of the oldest land-grant universities in the American West . With an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686 , it is the second largest institution for higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington . The WSU Pullman campus is perched upon a hill , characterized by open spaces , views , deep green conifers , and a restrained red brick and basalt material palette - materials originally found on site . The university is nestled within the rolling topography of the Palouse in rural eastern Washington and remains intimately connected to the town , the region , and the landscape in which it sits . The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Vancouver , all founded in 1989 . In 2012 , WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus , which includes its online degree program , WSU Online . In 2015 , WSU expanded to a sixth campus , known as WSU Everett . These campuses award primarily bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007 . Enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students . This includes 1,751 international students ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943-46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Alban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Alban', 'summary': 'Richard Herbert Dick Alban ( January 17 , 1929 - April 8 , 2016 ) was an American football defensive back who played eight seasons for the Washington Redskins and Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Alban played college football at Northwestern University , where he was used at halfback and on defense . Alban was drafted in the ninth round of the 1952 NFL Draft and started all 12 games for the Redskins his rookie year . His best season came in 1954 , where he finished second in the league in interceptions with nine and was selected to his only Pro Bowl . He was traded to the Steelers in 1956 and retired after the 1959 campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwestern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_University', 'summary': "Northwestern University ( NU ) is a private research university based in Evanston , Illinois , with other campuses in Chicago and Doha , Qatar , and academic programs and facilities in Miami , Florida ; Washington , D.C. ; and San Francisco , California . Along with its selective undergraduate programs , Northwestern is known for its Kellogg School of Management , Pritzker School of Law , Feinberg School of Medicine , Bienen School of Music , Medill School of Journalism , Media , Integrated Marketing Communications , School of Communication , and McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science . Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program , attracting nearly $ 800 million in sponsored research each year . As of January 2020 , Northwestern has the twelfth-largest university endowment in the United States , valued at $ 11.1 billion . The university 's former and present faculty and alumni include 19 Nobel Prize laureates , 38 Pulitzer Prize winners , six MacArthur Genius Fellows , 16 Rhodes Scholars , 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and two Supreme Court Justices . Northwestern 's School of Communication is a leading producer of Academy Award , Emmy Award and Tony Award-winning actors , actresses , playwrights , writers and directors . Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans , for whom the city of Evanston is named , and eight other lawyers , businessmen and Methodist leaders . Its founding purpose was to serve the Old Northwest Territory , an area that includes the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota . Instruction began in 1855 and women were admitted in 1869 . Today , the main campus is a 240-acre ( 97 ha ) parcel in Evanston , along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago . The university 's law , medical , and professional schools , along with its nationally ranked affiliated Northwestern Memorial Hospital , are located on a 25-acre ( 10 ha ) campus in Chicago 's Streeterville neighborhood . In 2008 , the university opened a campus in Education City , Doha , Qatar with programs in journalism and communication ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952-55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethan Albright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethan_Albright', 'summary': 'Lawrence Ethan Albright ( born May 1 , 1971 ) is a former American football long snapper who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for 16 seasons , primarily with the Washington Redskins . From 1995 to 2010 , he was a member of the Redskins for nine seasons , the Buffalo Bills for five seasons , and the Miami Dolphins and San Diego Chargers for one season each . Nicknamed The Red Snapper due to his position and his red hair , Albright played college football at North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'C / LS / OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC , UNC-Chapel Hill , North Carolina , Chapel Hill , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . The flagship of the University of North Carolina system , it is considered a Public Ivy , or a public institution which offers an academic experience equivalent to an Ivy League university . After being chartered in 1789 , the university first began enrolling students in 1795 , which also allows it to be one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States . Among the claimants , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the only one to have held classes and graduated students as a public university in the eighteenth century . The first public institution of higher education in North Carolina , the school opened its doors to students on February 12 , 1795 . Under the leadership of President Kemp Plummer Battle , in 1877 North Carolina became coeducational and began the process of desegregation in 1951 when African-American graduate students were admitted under Chancellor Robert Burton House . In 1952 , North Carolina opened its own hospital , UNC Health Care , for research and treatment , and has since specialized in cancer care . The school 's students , alumni , and sports teams are known as Tar Heels . The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study and is administratively divided into 13 separate professional schools and a primary unit , the College of Arts & Sciences . Five of the schools have been named : the UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School , the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media , the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health , the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , and the UNC Adams School of Dentistry . All undergraduates receive a liberal arts education and have the option to pursue a major within the professional schools of the university or within the College of Arts and Sciences from the time they obtain junior status . UNC 's faculty and alumni include 9 Nobel Prize laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 49 Rhodes Scholars ."}]}, {'value': '144', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ki Aldrich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ki_Aldrich', 'summary': 'Charles Collins Ki Aldrich ( June 1 , 1916 - March 12 , 1983 ) was an American football player . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1960 .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Christian_University', 'summary': "Texas Christian University ( TCU ) is a private Protestant Christian university in Fort Worth , Texas . It was established in 1873 by brothers Addison and Randolph Clark as the Add-Ran Male & Female College . [ citation needed ] The campus is located on 272 acres ( 110 ha ) about 3 miles ( 5 km ) from downtown Fort Worth . TCU is affiliated with , but not governed by , the Disciples of Christ . The university consists of eight constituent colleges and schools and has a classical liberal arts curriculum . It is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . TCU 's mascot is Superfrog , based on the Texas state reptile -- the horned frog . For most varsity sports , TCU competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA 's Division I . As of February 2016 [ update ] , The university enrolls around 10,394 students , with 8,892 being undergraduates ."}]}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941-42 , 1945-47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adonis Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adonis_Alexander', 'summary': 'Adonis K. Alexander ( born November 7 , 1996 ) is an American football cornerback for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Virginia Tech , and was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL supplemental draft .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football', 'summary': "The Virginia Tech Hokies football team represents Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the sport of American football . The Hokies compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . They previously competed in the Big East . Their home games are played at Lane Stadium , located in Blacksburg , Virginia with a seating capacity of over 65,000 fans . Lane Stadium was [ when ? ] considered to be one of the loudest stadiums in the country , being voted number one in ESPN 's Top 20 Scariest Places to Play . Also , it was recognized in 2005 by Rivals.com as having the best home-field advantage in the country . It is currently the 31st largest stadium in college football . In 124 seasons , the Hokies have won over 700 games and appeared in 32 bowl games , including the 2000 BCS National Championship game . The Hokies currently rank 23rd among all Division I college football teams for most wins . With 25 consecutive bowl appearances , beginning in 1993 , the Hokies currently have the longest bowl game streak in the country recognized by the NCAA . The program has also claimed ten conference titles ( 2 South Atlantic , 1 Southern , 3 Big East & 4 ACC ) and produced eight All-Americans ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018- present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79/97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorenzo_Alexander', 'summary': 'Lorenzo John Alexander ( born May 31 , 1983 ) is a former American football linebacker . He played college football for the University of California , and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Carolina Panthers in 2005 . Alexander has also been a member of the Baltimore Ravens , Washington Redskins , Arizona Cardinals , Oakland Raiders , and the Buffalo Bills .'}]}, {'value': 'DT / LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrise Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrise_Alexander', 'summary': 'Liyongo Patrise Alexander ( born October 23 , 1972 ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Southwestern Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana-Lafayette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette', 'summary': "The University of Louisiana at Lafayette ( UL Lafayette , University of Louisiana , or UL ) is a public research university in Lafayette , Louisiana . It has the largest enrollment within the nine-campus University of Louisiana System and has the second largest enrollment in Louisiana . Founded in 1898 as an industrial school , the institution developed into a four-year university during the twentieth century and became known by its present name in 1999 . It offers Louisiana 's only Ph.D. in francophone studies , Louisiana 's only master 's of informatics , and Louisiana 's only industrial design degree . The university has achieved several milestones in computer science , engineering and architecture . It is also home to a distinct College of the Arts ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Alexander_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Stephen Todd Alexander ( born November 7 , 1975 ) is a former American football tight end . He was originally drafted by the Washington Redskins in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft . He played college football at Oklahoma . Alexander was selected to the Pro Bowl while with the Redskins in 2000 . He has also played for the San Diego Chargers , Detroit Lions and Denver Broncos .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Allen_(wide_receiver)', 'summary': 'Anthony Derrick Allen ( born June 29 , 1959 ) is a former professional American football player who played wide receiver for five seasons for the Atlanta Falcons , Washington Redskins , and San Diego Chargers . He played college football at the University of Washington and was drafted in the sixth round of the 1983 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-89', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerry Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Allen', 'summary': 'Gerald Allen ( born June 26 , 1941 in Canton , Ohio ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins and Baltimore Colts . He played college football at the University of Omaha ( now the University of Nebraska-Omaha ) and was drafted in the eighth round of the 1966 NFL Draft . Allen was also picked in the eleventh round of the 1966 AFL Draft by the New York Jets . As of 2011 [ update ] he is tied with eleven players for the longest career reception : a 99-yard pass play from Hall of Fame quarterback Sonny Jurgensen during a September 15 , 1968 game against the Chicago Bears .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska-Omaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_at_Omaha', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska Omaha ( Omaha or UNO ) is a public research university in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded in 1908 by faculty from the Omaha Presbyterian Theological Seminary as a private non-sectarian college , the university was originally known as the University of Omaha . Originally meant to provide a Christian-based education free from ecclesiastical control , the university served as a strong alternative to the city 's many successful religiously affiliated institutions . Since the year 2000 , the university has more than tripled its student housing and opened a 450-bed student dormitory and academic space on its south campus in 2017 . It has also recently constructed modern facilities for its engineering , information technology , business , and biomechanics programs . UNO currently offers more than 200 programs of study across 6 different colleges and has over 60 classroom , student , athletic , and research facilities spread across 3 campuses . The Omaha Mavericks compete in 15 NCAA Division I sports in both the NCHC and Summit League conferences . The ice hockey , basketball , and volleyball teams compete in the new Baxter Arena located on the university 's Center street campus . Softball and baseball facilities are currently under construction . UNO enjoyed national attention in 2015 , when its men 's hockey team reached the national semifinal ( Frozen Four ) of the NCAA tournament for the first time ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967-69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Allen_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John McKee Allen ( June 4 , 1933 - March 3 , 2010 ) was an American football center in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins for four seasons . He was born in Monmouth , Illinois . He played college football at Purdue University and was drafted in the eighth round of the 1955 NFL Draft . He died on March 3 , 2010 in Bethesda , Maryland at the age of 76 .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955-58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95/93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Allen', 'summary': 'Jonathan Allen ( born January 16 , 1995 ) is an American football defensive tackle for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Alabama , and was drafted by the Redskins in the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017- present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Allen_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Terry Thomas Allen , Jr. ( born February 21 , 1968 ) is a former American football player who was a running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for eleven seasons . Allen played college football for Clemson University . In the 1990 NFL Draft , he was selected in the ninth round by the Minnesota Vikings . Between 1992 and 1996 , Allen had 4 consecutive seasons of rushing for 1,000 or more yards , minus the 1993 season which he missed completely due to an injury .'}]}, {'value': 'HB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clemson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mack Alston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Alston', 'summary': "Mack C. Alston Jr. ( April 27 , 1947 - December 24 , 2014 ) was a professional American football player . A 6 ' 2 , 231 lb ( 105 kg ) . tight end from the University of Maryland Eastern Shore , Alston played 11 seasons from 1970-1980 in the National Football League . He died in December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland-Eastern Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Eastern_Shore', 'summary': 'University of Maryland Eastern Shore ( UMES ) is a public historically black land-grant university in Princess Anne , Maryland . It is part of the University System of Maryland .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970-72', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- A', 'section_text': 'Ethan Albright , who made the Pro Bowl in 2008 , was the long snapper for the Redskins from 2001 to 2009 . [ 16 ] Jessie Armstead was a linebacker for the Redskins from 2002 to 2003 . [ 17 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Washington_Redskins_players_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of American football players who have played for the Washington Redskins, as well as its predecessors the Boston Braves (1932) and Boston Redskins (1933-1936), in the National Football League (NFL). It includes players that have played at least five games in the NFL regular season. [a] The Washington Redskins franchise was founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise. The name was changed the next year to the Redskins. In 1937, the franchise moved to Washington, D.C. The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships. Overall, the Redskins have had a total of 23 players and coaches (17 primary, six minor)[b] inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many Redskins players have also had successful college football careers, including six who were Heisman Trophy winners: Gary Beban, Desmond Howard, Vic Janowicz, George Rogers, Danny Wuerffel, and Robert Griffin III. In addition, the Heisman Trophy sculpture was modeled after Ed Smith in 1934, who became a Redskins player in 1936. Several former players have become head coach of the Redskins, including Turk Edwards, Dick Todd, and Jack Pardee.'} | null | null | How many campuses does the university attended by Nick Adduci have ? | two |
06eefd87ec65a818 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year", 'title': "Northeast Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year", 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'School', 'Position', 'Class'], 'data': [{'value': '1982-83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Marist College in Poughkeepsie , New York , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . The Red Foxes have qualified for the NCAA Tournament twice ( 1986 , 1987 ) , losing in the first round in both instances . Prior to joining the MAAC in 1997 , Marist was a charter member of the ECAC Metro Conference in 1981 ; which became the Northeast Conference in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_guard', 'summary': "The shooting guard ( SG ) , also known as the two or off guard , is one of the five traditional positions in a regulation basketball game . A shooting guard 's main objective is to score points for their team and steal the ball on defense . Some teams ask their shooting guards to bring up the ball as well ; these players are known colloquially as combo guards . A player who can switch between playing shooting guard and small forward is known as a swingman . In the NBA , shooting guards usually range from 6 ' 2 ( 1.88 m ) to 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) , and from 5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m ) to 5 ' 11 ( 1.80 m ) in the WNBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chipper Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chipper_Harris', 'summary': "Chester E. Chipper Harris Jr. ( August 30 , 1962 - May 26 , 2018 ) was an American basketball player , best known for his college career at Robert Morris University in Pennsylvania , where he was the ECAC Metro Conference co-Player of the Year for the 1983-84 season . Harris came to Robert Morris ( RMU ) in 1980 after a high school career at Valley High School in his native New Kensington , Pennsylvania . He led the school to the 1979 Pennsylvania state championship . At Robert Morris , Harris teamed with backcourt mate Forest Grant to lead the Colonials from a 3-17 record in their freshman years to back-to back NCAA Tournament appearances the next two seasons . Harris , a defensive standout , unofficially led the nation in steals in his junior and senior seasons ( the NCAA began officially recording the statistic two years later ) . Harris was the Most Valuable Player of the 1984 ECAC Metro Tournament ( now the Northeast Conference ) and in his senior season was named first-team all-conference and co-player of the year with Robert Jackson of St. Francis and Carey Scurry of Long Island . He left RMU as the school 's all-time leader in points and steals ( although his scoring mark was eclipsed ten years later ) . He an inaugural member of the Robert Morris Ring of Honor . Following the close of his college career , Harris was drafted by the Kansas City Kings in the seventh round ( 148th pick ) of the 1984 NBA draft , but did not play in the National Basketball Association . He played a season for the New Jersey Jammers in the United States Basketball League ( USBL ) , and spent some time playing overseas . Harris died on May 26 , 2018 of complications from Diabetes at the age of 55 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Morris', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Robert Morris Colonials men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Robert Morris University in Moon Township , Pennsylvania , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Northeast Conference . The Colonials current head coach is Andrew Toole who is in his eighth season at RMU . Toole was hired when , after three years in charge and 73 wins , head coach Mike Rice Jr. left the program in 2010 to take the head coaching job at Rutgers . The team 's most recent appearance in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was in 2015 , where the Colonials beat North Florida in the First Four , but then suffered a loss to No . 1-seeded Duke ( the eventual national champion ) in the First Round . Five years earlier , in the 2010 NCAA Tournament , the 15th-seed Colonials nearly upset No . 9-ranked Villanova in the First Round before losing in overtime . The team is also known for its upset over No . 1-seeded ( and 2012 national champion ) Kentucky at the buzzer in the opening round of the 2013 National Invitation Tournament and another upset over traditional Big East powerhouse St. John 's in the opening round of the 2014 NIT . However , in both cases , the Colonials lost in the second round ."}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_guard', 'summary': "The shooting guard ( SG ) , also known as the two or off guard , is one of the five traditional positions in a regulation basketball game . A shooting guard 's main objective is to score points for their team and steal the ball on defense . Some teams ask their shooting guards to bring up the ball as well ; these players are known colloquially as combo guards . A player who can switch between playing shooting guard and small forward is known as a swingman . In the NBA , shooting guards usually range from 6 ' 2 ( 1.88 m ) to 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) , and from 5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m ) to 5 ' 11 ( 1.80 m ) in the WNBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Jackson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Francis ( NY )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Francis_Brooklyn_Terriers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers men 's basketball program represents St. Francis College in intercollegiate men 's basketball . The team is a member of the Division I Northeast Conference . The Terriers play on the Peter Aquilone Court in the Generoso Pope Athletic Complex located on the St. Francis College Brooklyn Heights campus . The Terriers have also hosted home games at Madison Square Garden and at the Barclays Center . The St. Francis Brooklyn men 's basketball program was founded in 1896 and is the oldest collegiate program in New York City . The Terriers have an overall record of 1211-1281 , 48.6 W-L% , over a 98-year span from the 1920-1921 to the 2018-2019 season . The program has won 6 regular season championships and has participated in 4 National Invitational Tournaments . As of 2010 , Glenn Braica was announced as the 17th head coach in the history of the St. Francis Terriers men 's basketball program . Braica was previously an assistant under Norm Roberts at St. John 's University . Braica , who is in his tenth year with the team , has qualified eight times for the NEC tournament and in 2015 led the team to its first post season tournament in 52 years . The Terriers are one of seven NCAA Division I programs in New York City and in 2011 attending a Terriers game was named one reason to love New York by New York Magazine in their seventh annual Reasons to Love New York 2011 piece . The Terriers are also one of only four original Division I programs ( since 1939 ) to have never participated in the NCAA tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carey Scurry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carey_Scurry', 'summary': "Carey Scurry ( born December 4 , 1962 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . A 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) forward from Long Island University , Scurry played three seasons ( 1985-1988 ) in the NBA as a member of the Utah Jazz and New York Knicks . He averaged 4.7 points and 2.9 rebounds per game over the course of his NBA career . Scurry also played in Greece for Olympiacos in the 1988-89 season . In January 2006 , Scurry was named to the Northeast Conference 25th Anniversary Men 's Basketball Team . Carey is the older brother of Moses Scurry , who played on the 1990 UNLV team that won the NCAA championship . Brazilian coach Helio Rubens Garcia ranked Scurry as the third-most talented player whom he ever coached ."}]}, {'value': 'Long Island', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/LIU_Brooklyn_Blackbirds_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men 's basketball team represented the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( LIU ) , located in downtown Brooklyn in New York City , New York , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . The Blackbirds most recently played their home games at the Steinberg Wellness Center , formerly known as the Wellness , Recreation & Athletics Center , and were members of the Northeast Conference . Their final head coach was Derek Kellogg , who was hired after his firing from Massachusetts in 2017 , with 2017-18 season was his first as head coach . On March 12 , 2013 , the team achieved what was the greatest run in Northeast Conference history with a third straight NCAA Tournament bid . In October 2018 , LIU announced that it would merge its two existing athletic programs - the LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds and LIU Post Pioneers , the latter an NCAA Division II member - effective with the 2019-20 school year . The merged athletic program now competes as the LIU Sharks , with the new colors of blue and gold , with Kellogg becoming the Sharks ' first head men 's basketball coach ."}]}, {'value': 'PF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Power_forward_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The power forward ( PF ) , also known as the four , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . Power forwards play a role similar to that of center . They typically play offensively with their backs towards the basket and position themselves defensively under the basket in a zone defense or against the opposing power forward in man-to-man defense . The power forward position entails a variety of responsibilities , one of which is rebounding . Many power forwards are noted for their mid-range jump-shot , and several players have become very accurate from 12 to 18 feet ( 3.7 to 5.5 m ) . Earlier , these skills were more typically exhibited in the European style of play . Some power forwards , known as stretch fours , have since extended their shooting range to three-point field goals . In the NBA , power forwards usually range from 6′ 6″ ( 1.98 m ) to 6′ 10″ ( 2.08 m ) without shoes while in the WNBA , power forwards are usually between 6′ 0″ ( 1.83 m ) and 6′ 3″ ( 1.91 m ) . Despite the averages , a variety of players fit tweener roles which finds them in the small forward or center position depending on matchups and coaching decisions . [ citation needed ] Some power forwards often play the center position and have the skills , but lack the height that is usually associated with that position . Power forwards that are inducted in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame include Karl Malone , Denise Curry , Dolph Schayes , Kevin McHale , Charles Barkley , Elvin Hayes , Bob Pettit , Dennis Rodman , and Katrina McClain Johnson .'}]}, {'value': 'Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984-85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carey Scurry ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carey_Scurry', 'summary': "Carey Scurry ( born December 4 , 1962 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . A 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) forward from Long Island University , Scurry played three seasons ( 1985-1988 ) in the NBA as a member of the Utah Jazz and New York Knicks . He averaged 4.7 points and 2.9 rebounds per game over the course of his NBA career . Scurry also played in Greece for Olympiacos in the 1988-89 season . In January 2006 , Scurry was named to the Northeast Conference 25th Anniversary Men 's Basketball Team . Carey is the older brother of Moses Scurry , who played on the 1990 UNLV team that won the NCAA championship . Brazilian coach Helio Rubens Garcia ranked Scurry as the third-most talented player whom he ever coached ."}]}, {'value': 'Long Island', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/LIU_Brooklyn_Blackbirds_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men 's basketball team represented the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( LIU ) , located in downtown Brooklyn in New York City , New York , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . The Blackbirds most recently played their home games at the Steinberg Wellness Center , formerly known as the Wellness , Recreation & Athletics Center , and were members of the Northeast Conference . Their final head coach was Derek Kellogg , who was hired after his firing from Massachusetts in 2017 , with 2017-18 season was his first as head coach . On March 12 , 2013 , the team achieved what was the greatest run in Northeast Conference history with a third straight NCAA Tournament bid . In October 2018 , LIU announced that it would merge its two existing athletic programs - the LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds and LIU Post Pioneers , the latter an NCAA Division II member - effective with the 2019-20 school year . The merged athletic program now competes as the LIU Sharks , with the new colors of blue and gold , with Kellogg becoming the Sharks ' first head men 's basketball coach ."}]}, {'value': 'PF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Power_forward_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The power forward ( PF ) , also known as the four , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . Power forwards play a role similar to that of center . They typically play offensively with their backs towards the basket and position themselves defensively under the basket in a zone defense or against the opposing power forward in man-to-man defense . The power forward position entails a variety of responsibilities , one of which is rebounding . Many power forwards are noted for their mid-range jump-shot , and several players have become very accurate from 12 to 18 feet ( 3.7 to 5.5 m ) . Earlier , these skills were more typically exhibited in the European style of play . Some power forwards , known as stretch fours , have since extended their shooting range to three-point field goals . In the NBA , power forwards usually range from 6′ 6″ ( 1.98 m ) to 6′ 10″ ( 2.08 m ) without shoes while in the WNBA , power forwards are usually between 6′ 0″ ( 1.83 m ) and 6′ 3″ ( 1.91 m ) . Despite the averages , a variety of players fit tweener roles which finds them in the small forward or center position depending on matchups and coaching decisions . [ citation needed ] Some power forwards often play the center position and have the skills , but lack the height that is usually associated with that position . Power forwards that are inducted in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame include Karl Malone , Denise Curry , Dolph Schayes , Kevin McHale , Charles Barkley , Elvin Hayes , Bob Pettit , Dennis Rodman , and Katrina McClain Johnson .'}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrance Bailey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrance_Bailey', 'summary': "Terrance Bailey ( born July 3 , 1965 ) is a former American basketball player who led NCAA Division I in scoring as a junior in 1985-86 . A native of Newark , New Jersey , Bailey played at Wagner College for four years and established himself as one of the Northeast Conference 's all-time greatest players . Bailey played in 110 career games and scored a conference record 2,591 points , nearly 300 more than the next closest player . In his NCAA-leading junior season , he averaged 29.4 points per game , was named the Northeast Conference Player of the Year , an honorable mention All-American and was in his second of an unmatched three consecutive first team all-conference seasons . Bailey once had back-to-back 40 point games and was named Sports Illustrated 's Player of the Week . The New York Metropolitan Basketball Writers Association twice named him to their All-Met team , and after his collegiate career ended , he was selected in the second round ( 42nd overall ) in the 1987 NBA Draft by the Atlanta Hawks . Bailey never played in the league , however , and today lives in Trenton where he works as a pre-school teacher ."}]}, {'value': 'Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wagner_Seahawks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Wagner Seahawks men 's basketball team represents Wagner College in Staten Island , New York , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Northeast Conference . They are currently led by head coach Bashir Mason and play their home games at the Spiro Sports Center ."}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_guard', 'summary': "The shooting guard ( SG ) , also known as the two or off guard , is one of the five traditional positions in a regulation basketball game . A shooting guard 's main objective is to score points for their team and steal the ball on defense . Some teams ask their shooting guards to bring up the ball as well ; these players are known colloquially as combo guards . A player who can switch between playing shooting guard and small forward is known as a swingman . In the NBA , shooting guards usually range from 6 ' 2 ( 1.88 m ) to 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) , and from 5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m ) to 5 ' 11 ( 1.80 m ) in the WNBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rik Smits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rik_Smits', 'summary': 'Rik Smits ( born 23 August 1966 ) , nicknamed the Dunking Dutchman , is a Dutch retired professional basketball player who spent his entire career with the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) The 7-foot-4-inch ( 2.24 m ) center was drafted by the Pacers out of Marist College with the second overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft . An NBA All-Star in 1998 , Smits reached the NBA Finals in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Marist College in Poughkeepsie , New York , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . The Red Foxes have qualified for the NCAA Tournament twice ( 1986 , 1987 ) , losing in the first round in both instances . Prior to joining the MAAC in 1997 , Marist was a charter member of the ECAC Metro Conference in 1981 ; which became the Northeast Conference in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}]}, {'value': 'Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rik Smits ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rik_Smits', 'summary': 'Rik Smits ( born 23 August 1966 ) , nicknamed the Dunking Dutchman , is a Dutch retired professional basketball player who spent his entire career with the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) The 7-foot-4-inch ( 2.24 m ) center was drafted by the Pacers out of Marist College with the second overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft . An NBA All-Star in 1998 , Smits reached the NBA Finals in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Marist College in Poughkeepsie , New York , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . The Red Foxes have qualified for the NCAA Tournament twice ( 1986 , 1987 ) , losing in the first round in both instances . Prior to joining the MAAC in 1997 , Marist was a charter member of the ECAC Metro Conference in 1981 ; which became the Northeast Conference in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaughn Luton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Morris', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Robert Morris Colonials men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Robert Morris University in Moon Township , Pennsylvania , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Northeast Conference . The Colonials current head coach is Andrew Toole who is in his eighth season at RMU . Toole was hired when , after three years in charge and 73 wins , head coach Mike Rice Jr. left the program in 2010 to take the head coaching job at Rutgers . The team 's most recent appearance in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was in 2015 , where the Colonials beat North Florida in the First Four , but then suffered a loss to No . 1-seeded Duke ( the eventual national champion ) in the First Round . Five years earlier , in the 2010 NCAA Tournament , the 15th-seed Colonials nearly upset No . 9-ranked Villanova in the First Round before losing in overtime . The team is also known for its upset over No . 1-seeded ( and 2012 national champion ) Kentucky at the buzzer in the opening round of the 2013 National Invitation Tournament and another upset over traditional Big East powerhouse St. John 's in the opening round of the 2014 NIT . However , in both cases , the Colonials lost in the second round ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Desi Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desi_Wilson', 'summary': 'Desi Bernard Wilson ( born May 9 , 1969 ) is a former professional baseball player . He played part of one season in Major League Baseball for the San Francisco Giants in 1996 , primarily as a first baseman . He also played one season in Japan with the Hanshin Tigers in 1998 . He is currently the hitting coach of the Iowa Cubs , an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairleigh Dickinson', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_Knights_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Fairleigh Dickinson Knights men 's basketball team represents Fairleigh Dickinson University in Hackensack , New Jersey , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Northeast Conference and plays their home games at the Rothman Center . FDU is currently coached by Greg Herenda ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Iuzzolino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Iuzzolino', 'summary': "Michael Alan Iuzzolino ( born January 22 , 1968 ) is an assistant men 's basketball coach at Robert Morris University and a retired professional basketball player . He was selected by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round ( 35th pick overall ) of the 1991 NBA Draft . Iuzzolino , a 5-foot 10 inch point guard , played two years in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , both with the Mavericks averaging 9.0 points per game in his career . In 1993 , he signed as a free agent with the Orlando Magic , but was waived . After his NBA career , Iuzzolino played professionally in Italy and Spain . Iuzzolino played college basketball at Pennsylvania State University and at Saint Francis University . He played high school basketball at Altoona High School in Altoona , Pennsylvania . He was a high school teammate of Doug West , who went on to have a successful NBA career with the Minnesota Timberwolves and Vancouver Grizzlies . Iuzzolino held assistant coaching positions at Saint Vincent College , Duquesne University , and George Mason University before becoming the director of basketball operations at Canisius College . In 2013 , he assumed the same role at the University New Mexico . Iuzzolino was featured in the 1993 arcade edition of the popular video game NBA Jam . He is an Italian American , and holds an Italian passport ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Francis ( PA )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Francis_Red_Flash_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Saint Francis Red Flash men 's basketball team represents Saint Francis University in Loretto , Pennsylvania , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Northeast Conference . They are currently led by 6th year head coach Rob Krimmel and play their home games at the DeGol Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'PG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myron Walker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Morris', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Robert Morris Colonials men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Robert Morris University in Moon Township , Pennsylvania , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Northeast Conference . The Colonials current head coach is Andrew Toole who is in his eighth season at RMU . Toole was hired when , after three years in charge and 73 wins , head coach Mike Rice Jr. left the program in 2010 to take the head coaching job at Rutgers . The team 's most recent appearance in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was in 2015 , where the Colonials beat North Florida in the First Four , but then suffered a loss to No . 1-seeded Duke ( the eventual national champion ) in the First Round . Five years earlier , in the 2010 NCAA Tournament , the 15th-seed Colonials nearly upset No . 9-ranked Villanova in the First Round before losing in overtime . The team is also known for its upset over No . 1-seeded ( and 2012 national champion ) Kentucky at the buzzer in the opening round of the 2013 National Invitation Tournament and another upset over traditional Big East powerhouse St. John 's in the opening round of the 2014 NIT . However , in both cases , the Colonials lost in the second round ."}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_guard', 'summary': "The shooting guard ( SG ) , also known as the two or off guard , is one of the five traditional positions in a regulation basketball game . A shooting guard 's main objective is to score points for their team and steal the ball on defense . Some teams ask their shooting guards to bring up the ball as well ; these players are known colloquially as combo guards . A player who can switch between playing shooting guard and small forward is known as a swingman . In the NBA , shooting guards usually range from 6 ' 2 ( 1.88 m ) to 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) , and from 5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m ) to 5 ' 11 ( 1.80 m ) in the WNBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Sophomore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darrick Suber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rider', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rider_Broncs_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Rider Broncs men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Rider University in Lawrenceville , New Jersey , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'PG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Izett Buchanan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Izett_Buchanan', 'summary': 'William Izett Buchanan ( born May 8 , 1972 ) is an American expatriate professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Marist College in Poughkeepsie , New York , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . The Red Foxes have qualified for the NCAA Tournament twice ( 1986 , 1987 ) , losing in the first round in both instances . Prior to joining the MAAC in 1997 , Marist was a charter member of the ECAC Metro Conference in 1981 ; which became the Northeast Conference in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'SF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Small_forward', 'summary': "The small forward ( SF ) , also known as the three , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . Small forwards are typically shorter , quicker , and leaner than power forwards and centers , but typically taller , larger and stronger than either of the guard positions . The small forward is considered to be perhaps the most versatile of the five main basketball positions . In the NBA , small forwards usually range from 6 ' 4 ( 1.93 m ) to 6 ' 8 ( 2.03 m ) without shoes while in the WNBA , small forwards are usually between 5 ' 10 ( 1.78 m ) to 6 ' 1 ( 1.85 m ) . Small forwards are responsible for scoring points , defending and often as secondary or tertiary rebounders behind the power forward and center , although a few have considerable passing responsibilities . Many small forwards in professional basketball are prolific scorers . The styles with which small forwards amass their points vary widely . Some players at the position are very accurate shooters , others prefer to initiate physical contact with opposing players , and still others are primarily slashers who also possess jump shots . In some cases , small forwards position on the baseline or as off-the-ball specialists . Small forwards who are defensive specialists are very versatile as they can often guard multiple positions using their size , speed , and strength . Small forwards that are inducted in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame include Julius Erving , Cheryl Miller , Larry Bird , Sheryl Swoopes , James Worthy , Elgin Baylor , Scottie Pippen , Dominique Wilkins and Rick Barry ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Griffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Griffin', 'summary': "Joseph Griffin ( born c. 1972 ) is an American former basketball player for Long Island University ( LIU ) between 1990-91 and 1994-95 . He was 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) and played the small forward position . During his career as a Blackbird , Griffin scored 1,830 points , which is still the most all-time in school history . He was twice named to the All-Northeast Conference First Team , and as a senior in 1994-95 Griffin led the conference in scoring at 25.8 points per game . Griffin was subsequently named the Northeast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year and was the recipient of the coveted Haggerty Award , which is given annually to the best male collegiate basketball player in the greater New York City area . In 2010 , he was inducted into the Long Island University Athletic Hall of Fame . After college , Griffin became a licensed real estate agent as well as middle school teacher in the greater Atlanta , Georgia area . He earned his Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) from the University of Phoenix online in 2008 . As of June 2011 , Griffin works as an Associate Broker for Metro Brokers ."}]}, {'value': 'Long Island', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/LIU_Brooklyn_Blackbirds_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men 's basketball team represented the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( LIU ) , located in downtown Brooklyn in New York City , New York , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . The Blackbirds most recently played their home games at the Steinberg Wellness Center , formerly known as the Wellness , Recreation & Athletics Center , and were members of the Northeast Conference . Their final head coach was Derek Kellogg , who was hired after his firing from Massachusetts in 2017 , with 2017-18 season was his first as head coach . On March 12 , 2013 , the team achieved what was the greatest run in Northeast Conference history with a third straight NCAA Tournament bid . In October 2018 , LIU announced that it would merge its two existing athletic programs - the LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds and LIU Post Pioneers , the latter an NCAA Division II member - effective with the 2019-20 school year . The merged athletic program now competes as the LIU Sharks , with the new colors of blue and gold , with Kellogg becoming the Sharks ' first head men 's basketball coach ."}]}, {'value': 'PF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Power_forward_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The power forward ( PF ) , also known as the four , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . Power forwards play a role similar to that of center . They typically play offensively with their backs towards the basket and position themselves defensively under the basket in a zone defense or against the opposing power forward in man-to-man defense . The power forward position entails a variety of responsibilities , one of which is rebounding . Many power forwards are noted for their mid-range jump-shot , and several players have become very accurate from 12 to 18 feet ( 3.7 to 5.5 m ) . Earlier , these skills were more typically exhibited in the European style of play . Some power forwards , known as stretch fours , have since extended their shooting range to three-point field goals . In the NBA , power forwards usually range from 6′ 6″ ( 1.98 m ) to 6′ 10″ ( 2.08 m ) without shoes while in the WNBA , power forwards are usually between 6′ 0″ ( 1.83 m ) and 6′ 3″ ( 1.91 m ) . Despite the averages , a variety of players fit tweener roles which finds them in the small forward or center position depending on matchups and coaching decisions . [ citation needed ] Some power forwards often play the center position and have the skills , but lack the height that is usually associated with that position . Power forwards that are inducted in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame include Karl Malone , Denise Curry , Dolph Schayes , Kevin McHale , Charles Barkley , Elvin Hayes , Bob Pettit , Dennis Rodman , and Katrina McClain Johnson .'}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris McGuthrie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_McGuthrie', 'summary': "Christopher Marcus McGuthrie ( born June 9 , 1974 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . He played as a point guard . McGuthrie played college basketball at Mount St. Mary 's University . He was named Northeast Conference Player of the Year in 1996 . While playing for Ricoh Astronauts Amsterdam , he was named MVP of the Dutch Basketball League in the 2000-01 season ."}]}, {'value': "Mount St. Mary 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mount_St._Mary's_Mountaineers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Mount St. Mary 's Mountaineers men 's basketball team represents Mount St. Mary 's University in Emmitsburg , Maryland , United States . The team 's current head coach is Dan Engelstad , competes in the Northeast Conference , and plays their home games at Knott Arena . The team has played in five NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournaments by virtue of winning the NEC tournament . They were NCAA Division II National Champions in 1962 and NCAA Division II runner-up in 1981 . Mount Saint Mary 's basketball program is likely best known for the career of legendary head coach Jim Phelan , who coached at Mount St. Mary 's for 49 years , compiling 830 wins in 1,354 games . He was inducted into the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'PG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Rahmel_Jones', 'summary': 'Charles Rahmel Jones ( born July 17 , 1975 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the NBA . Raised in Bedford-Stuyvesant , Brooklyn , New York , Jones was one of two children of Charles and Cathy Jones and graduated from Bishop Ford Central Catholic High School in 1993 . In 1997 , Jones estimated to The New York Times that around 15 of his friends from Bedford-Stuyvesant were killed on the streets . He played at The Soul in the Hole in Brooklyn . Jones attended Rutgers University and Long Island University , before spending two seasons in the NBA for the Chicago Bulls ( 1998-99 ) and the Los Angeles Clippers ( 1999-2000 ) . Afterwards , he played overseas , notably in Argentina . While playing for Long Island University , he led the league in scoring twice ( 1996-97 , 1997-98 ) , and he was the last player to average 30 points or more in a season when he averaged 30.1 points per game in the 1996-97 season before Marcus Keene reached that mark during the 2016-17 season . ( See List of college basketball scoring leaders ) He finished his senior season top 10 in Division I basketball in assists and steals , leading the conference in points per game , assists per game and steals per game . A prolific scorer , he currently still holds multiple school and conference records . He faced a gun charge due to an incident at his dorm , and still managed to make the Chicago Bulls team 2 weeks after the incident .'}]}, {'value': 'Long Island', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/LIU_Brooklyn_Blackbirds_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men 's basketball team represented the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( LIU ) , located in downtown Brooklyn in New York City , New York , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . The Blackbirds most recently played their home games at the Steinberg Wellness Center , formerly known as the Wellness , Recreation & Athletics Center , and were members of the Northeast Conference . Their final head coach was Derek Kellogg , who was hired after his firing from Massachusetts in 2017 , with 2017-18 season was his first as head coach . On March 12 , 2013 , the team achieved what was the greatest run in Northeast Conference history with a third straight NCAA Tournament bid . In October 2018 , LIU announced that it would merge its two existing athletic programs - the LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds and LIU Post Pioneers , the latter an NCAA Division II member - effective with the 2019-20 school year . The merged athletic program now competes as the LIU Sharks , with the new colors of blue and gold , with Kellogg becoming the Sharks ' first head men 's basketball coach ."}]}, {'value': 'PG / SG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shooting_guard', 'summary': "The shooting guard ( SG ) , also known as the two or off guard , is one of the five traditional positions in a regulation basketball game . A shooting guard 's main objective is to score points for their team and steal the ball on defense . Some teams ask their shooting guards to bring up the ball as well ; these players are known colloquially as combo guards . A player who can switch between playing shooting guard and small forward is known as a swingman . In the NBA , shooting guards usually range from 6 ' 2 ( 1.88 m ) to 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) , and from 5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m ) to 5 ' 11 ( 1.80 m ) in the WNBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1997–98_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", 'summary': "The 1997-98 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season concluded in the 64-team 1998 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament whose finals were held at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . The Kentucky Wildcats earned their seventh national championship by defeating the Utah Utes 78-69 on March 30 , 1998 . They were coached by Tubby Smith and the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player was Kentucky 's Jeff Shepherd . In the 32-team 1998 National Invitation Tournament , the Minnesota Golden Gophers defeated the Penn State Nittany Lions at the Madison Square Garden in New York City . Following the season , the 1998 NCAA Men 's Basketball All-American Consensus First team included Mike Bibby , Antawn Jamison , Raef LaFrentz , Paul Pierce , and Miles Simon . The consensus second team was composed of Vince Carter , Mateen Cleaves , Pat Garrity , Richard Hamilton , and Ansu Sesay ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Jones ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Rahmel_Jones', 'summary': 'Charles Rahmel Jones ( born July 17 , 1975 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the NBA . Raised in Bedford-Stuyvesant , Brooklyn , New York , Jones was one of two children of Charles and Cathy Jones and graduated from Bishop Ford Central Catholic High School in 1993 . In 1997 , Jones estimated to The New York Times that around 15 of his friends from Bedford-Stuyvesant were killed on the streets . He played at The Soul in the Hole in Brooklyn . Jones attended Rutgers University and Long Island University , before spending two seasons in the NBA for the Chicago Bulls ( 1998-99 ) and the Los Angeles Clippers ( 1999-2000 ) . Afterwards , he played overseas , notably in Argentina . While playing for Long Island University , he led the league in scoring twice ( 1996-97 , 1997-98 ) , and he was the last player to average 30 points or more in a season when he averaged 30.1 points per game in the 1996-97 season before Marcus Keene reached that mark during the 2016-17 season . ( See List of college basketball scoring leaders ) He finished his senior season top 10 in Division I basketball in assists and steals , leading the conference in points per game , assists per game and steals per game . A prolific scorer , he currently still holds multiple school and conference records . He faced a gun charge due to an incident at his dorm , and still managed to make the Chicago Bulls team 2 weeks after the incident .'}]}, {'value': 'Long Island', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/LIU_Brooklyn_Blackbirds_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men 's basketball team represented the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( LIU ) , located in downtown Brooklyn in New York City , New York , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . The Blackbirds most recently played their home games at the Steinberg Wellness Center , formerly known as the Wellness , Recreation & Athletics Center , and were members of the Northeast Conference . Their final head coach was Derek Kellogg , who was hired after his firing from Massachusetts in 2017 , with 2017-18 season was his first as head coach . On March 12 , 2013 , the team achieved what was the greatest run in Northeast Conference history with a third straight NCAA Tournament bid . In October 2018 , LIU announced that it would merge its two existing athletic programs - the LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds and LIU Post Pioneers , the latter an NCAA Division II member - effective with the 2019-20 school year . The merged athletic program now competes as the LIU Sharks , with the new colors of blue and gold , with Kellogg becoming the Sharks ' first head men 's basketball coach ."}]}, {'value': 'PG / SG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shooting_guard', 'summary': "The shooting guard ( SG ) , also known as the two or off guard , is one of the five traditional positions in a regulation basketball game . A shooting guard 's main objective is to score points for their team and steal the ball on defense . Some teams ask their shooting guards to bring up the ball as well ; these players are known colloquially as combo guards . A player who can switch between playing shooting guard and small forward is known as a swingman . In the NBA , shooting guards usually range from 6 ' 2 ( 1.88 m ) to 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) , and from 5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m ) to 5 ' 11 ( 1.80 m ) in the WNBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1998–99_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", 'summary': "The 1998-99 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season concluded in the 64-team 1999 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament whose finals were held at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Connecticut Huskies earned their first national championship by defeating the Duke Blue Devils 77-74 on March 29 , 1999 . They were coached by Jim Calhoun and the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player was Richard Hamilton . In the 32-team 1999 National Invitation Tournament , the California Golden Bears defeated the Clemson Tigers at the Madison Square Garden in New York City . Following the season , the 1999 NCAA Men 's Basketball All-American Consensus First team included Elton Brand , Mateen Cleaves , Richard Hamilton , Andre Miller and Jason Terry . The consensus second team was composed of Evan Eschmeyer , Steve Francis , Trajan Langdon , Chris Porter and Wally Szczerbiak ."}]}, {'value': 'Ray Minlend', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Francis ( NY )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Francis_Brooklyn_Terriers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers men 's basketball program represents St. Francis College in intercollegiate men 's basketball . The team is a member of the Division I Northeast Conference . The Terriers play on the Peter Aquilone Court in the Generoso Pope Athletic Complex located on the St. Francis College Brooklyn Heights campus . The Terriers have also hosted home games at Madison Square Garden and at the Barclays Center . The St. Francis Brooklyn men 's basketball program was founded in 1896 and is the oldest collegiate program in New York City . The Terriers have an overall record of 1211-1281 , 48.6 W-L% , over a 98-year span from the 1920-1921 to the 2018-2019 season . The program has won 6 regular season championships and has participated in 4 National Invitational Tournaments . As of 2010 , Glenn Braica was announced as the 17th head coach in the history of the St. Francis Terriers men 's basketball program . Braica was previously an assistant under Norm Roberts at St. John 's University . Braica , who is in his tenth year with the team , has qualified eight times for the NEC tournament and in 2015 led the team to its first post season tournament in 52 years . The Terriers are one of seven NCAA Division I programs in New York City and in 2011 attending a Terriers game was named one reason to love New York by New York Magazine in their seventh annual Reasons to Love New York 2011 piece . The Terriers are also one of only four original Division I programs ( since 1939 ) to have never participated in the NCAA tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'PG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1999–2000_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", 'summary': "The 1999-2000 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season began on November 11 , 1999 , with the Coaches Vs. Cancer Classic , progressed through the regular season and conference tournaments , and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Championship Game on April 3 , 2000 , at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis , Indiana ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Mickens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Central_Connecticut_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Central Connecticut Blue Devils men 's basketball team is the men 's basketball team that represent Central Connecticut State University in New Britain , Connecticut , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Northeast Conference and were coached by Howie Dickenman from 1996 until his retirement in 2016 . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2007 . On April 6 , 2016 , the school hired Donyell Marshall as the team 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_guard', 'summary': "The shooting guard ( SG ) , also known as the two or off guard , is one of the five traditional positions in a regulation basketball game . A shooting guard 's main objective is to score points for their team and steal the ball on defense . Some teams ask their shooting guards to bring up the ball as well ; these players are known colloquially as combo guards . A player who can switch between playing shooting guard and small forward is known as a swingman . In the NBA , shooting guards usually range from 6 ' 2 ( 1.88 m ) to 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) , and from 5 ' 8 ( 1.73 m ) to 5 ' 11 ( 1.80 m ) in the WNBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': 'Rik Smits of Marist went on to have a successful NBA career with the Indiana Pacers .', 'uid': "Northeast_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year_0", 'intro': "The Northeast Conference (NEC) Men's Basketball Player of the Year is an annual college basketball award given to the Northeast Conference's most outstanding player. The award was first given following the 1982-83 season, when the league was known as the ECAC Metro Conference. [a]\n The most well-recognized NEC Player of the Year is Marist's Rik Smits, who won the award in 1987 and 1988. Smits went on to have a successful National Basketball Association (NBA) career for 12 seasons (1988-2000), all with the Indiana Pacers. In 1998, Smits was named an Eastern Conference All-Star. LIU has the most winners with eight, all of whom represented Long Island University's Brooklyn campus before the school merged the athletic programs of its Brooklyn and Post campuses in July 2019. Robert Morris is in second with six. All charter members of the Northeast Conference that are still members have had at least one winner."} | null | null | How many times has the university that Izett Buchanan attended gotten into the NCAA Tournament ? | twice |
06ef269df30f6a24 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Valencia_County,_New_Mexico', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Valencia County, New Mexico', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atchison , Topeka , and Santa Fe Railroad Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka,_and_Santa_Fe_Railroad_Depot_(Los_Lunas,_New_Mexico)', 'summary': 'The Atchison , Topeka , and Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Los Lunas , New Mexico was built in 1879 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . It an Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad station no longer in use , now located on New Mexico State Road 314 , which formerly was the routing of U.S. Route 85 , about 0.9 miles ( 1.4 km ) south of its intersection with Highway 6 . The depot was moved in 1976 to its current location . It is notable as one of the oldest depots in New Mexico , and is the oldest in the state of its standard type used by the A.T. & S.F . throughout the late 1800s . Originally it was 118.5 feet ( 36.1 m ) long . Its freight room was expanded in 1886 and then shortened by 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) in 1942 . Signage in 2016 indicates it is currently a Veterans of Foreign Wars post .'}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 1979 ( # 79001562 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Mexico State Road 314 34°47′42″N 106°44′20″W / 34.795027°N 106.738934°W / 34.795027 ; -106.738934 ( Atchison , Topeka , and Santa Fe Railroad Depot )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_314', 'summary': 'State Road 314 ( NM 314 ) is a 18.523-mile-long ( 29.810 km ) state highway in the US state of New Mexico , connecting Belen to I-25 by way of the Isleta Pueblo . The entire route is an old alignment of US 85 , and the portion north of Los Lunas is also a historic routing of US 66 .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Lunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Lunas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Los Lunas is a village in Valencia County , New Mexico , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the village population is 14,835 inside the village limits due to the new housing developments at El Cerro de Los Lunas ( Huning Ranch ) . It is the county seat of Valencia County . Los Lunas is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The name Los Lunas is a partial Anglicization of the name of the Luna family , who originally settled in the area ( los Luna , in Spanish ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel E. Baca House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_E._Baca_House', 'summary': "The Miguel E. Baca House , in Adelino , New Mexico on what is now New Mexico State Road 47 , was built in 1895 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The listing included three contributing buildings . Historic function : Domestic ; Agriculture/subsistence ; Commerce/trade Historic subfunction : Department Store ; Processing ; Single Dwelling ; Animal Facility Criteria : event , architecture/engineering The house was built around 1895 and is 80 by 30 feet ( 24.4 m × 9.1 m ) in plan . It was built with 18 inches ( 0.46 m ) thick adobe walls and a flat roof , and it served as Miguel E. Baca 's house and business headquarters . He operated a store , saloon and dancehall on the property or nearby . A hipped roof was added in the 1920s . As of 1978 a concrete foundation had recently been inserted , strengthening the walls . It is about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of Tome , New Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 1978 ( # 78001835 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Road 47 34°42′42″N 106°43′49″W / 34.711667°N 106.730278°W / 34.711667 ; -106.730278 ( Miguel E. Baca House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_47', 'summary': 'NM 47 begins at an intersection with U.S. Highway 60 in rural Socorro County and proceeds northwest , soon entering Valencia County . The route reaches the Rio Grande at the town of Rio Communities , from which one can cross the Rio Grande on NM 309 to reach Belen . At this junction , NM 47 turns slightly east of north and follows the eastern shore of the Rio Grande , opposite from NM 314 and I-25 . It enters Bernalillo County at Isleta Pueblo and continues to the northeast , where it has a system interchange with Interstate 25 . As the route begins to enter the Albuquerque metropolitan area , it takes on the name Broadway Boulevard and enters the city limits of South Valley , where it intersects NM 500 ( Rio Bravo Boulevard ) . Shortly thereafter , it enters the Albuquerque city limits , continuing northeast through the heart of downtown . After crossing Interstate 40 , the route turns west onto Candelaria Road to cross the BNSF railroad line . NM 47 then turns back to the north on 2nd Street , which it follows for the rest of its existence . The route passes briefly through the limits of North Valley , in which it intersects NM 423 ( Paseo Del Norte ) and NM 528 ( Alameda Boulevard ) . The route finally comes to an end at NM 556 ( Roy Road ) just short of the Sandoval County line .'}]}, {'value': 'Adelino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelino,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Adelino is a census-designated place in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States . Its population was 823 as of the 2010 census . Prior to 2010 , the community was part of the Tome-Adelino CDP .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belen City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belen_City_Hall', 'summary': 'The Belen City Hall , at 503 Becker Ave. in Belen , New Mexico , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 . It is also known as Old Belen City Hall . It was built in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration , using local labor and adobe , and is Pueblo Revival in style .'}]}, {'value': 'April 29 , 2019 ( # 100003676 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '503 Becker Ave. 34°39′37″N 106°46′24″W / 34.6603°N 106.7734°W / 34.6603 ; -106.7734 ( Belen City Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belen,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Belen ( /bəˈlɪn/ ; Spanish : Belén ) is the second most populous city in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States , after its county seat , Los Lunas . The population was 7,269 at the 2010 Census . Belen is Spanish for Bethlehem but gained the nickname The Hub City . The city is geographically near the center of New Mexico and has been a significant transportation hub for central New Mexico that includes access to rail , the interstate highway and air at Valencia County 's only public airport . Belen is at the southern end of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is located 35 miles south of Albuquerque ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belen Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belen_Hotel', 'summary': 'The Belen Hotel , at 200 Becker Ave. in Belen , New Mexico , was built in 1907 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . It is a two-story red brick flat-roofed L-shaped building with a chamfered corner . The hotel primarily served Santa Fe Railroad personnel . It was built for Mrs. Bertha Rutz , a German immigrant , who ran the hotel and its cafe until her death in 1953 . Since 1996 it has been the home of artist Judy Chicago and her husband Donald Woodman , who spent three years converting it into a home .'}]}, {'value': 'November 12 , 1980 ( # 80002574 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 Becker Ave. 34°39′36″N 106°46′08″W / 34.66°N 106.768889°W / 34.66 ; -106.768889 ( Belen Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belen,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Belen ( /bəˈlɪn/ ; Spanish : Belén ) is the second most populous city in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States , after its county seat , Los Lunas . The population was 7,269 at the 2010 Census . Belen is Spanish for Bethlehem but gained the nickname The Hub City . The city is geographically near the center of New Mexico and has been a significant transportation hub for central New Mexico that includes access to rail , the interstate highway and air at Valencia County 's only public airport . Belen is at the southern end of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is located 35 miles south of Albuquerque ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felipe Chaves House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Chaves_House', 'summary': 'The Felipe Chaves House , at 325 Lala St. in Belen , New Mexico , was built around 1860 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . The listing included two contributing buildings . It is a fine example of Territorial Style .'}]}, {'value': 'July 4 , 1980 ( # 80002575 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '325 Lala St. 34°39′44″N 106°46′38″W / 34.662222°N 106.777222°W / 34.662222 ; -106.777222 ( Felipe Chaves House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belen,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Belen ( /bəˈlɪn/ ; Spanish : Belén ) is the second most populous city in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States , after its county seat , Los Lunas . The population was 7,269 at the 2010 Census . Belen is Spanish for Bethlehem but gained the nickname The Hub City . The city is geographically near the center of New Mexico and has been a significant transportation hub for central New Mexico that includes access to rail , the interstate highway and air at Valencia County 's only public airport . Belen is at the southern end of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is located 35 miles south of Albuquerque ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Cerro Tome Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Cerro_Tome_Site', 'summary': 'The El Cerro Tome Site is a site of petroglyphs and other prehistoric artifacts near Tome , New Mexico which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 . It is located about 0.5 miles ( 0.80 km ) east of the junction of New Mexico State Road 47 and Tome Hill Rd .'}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1996 ( # 96000739 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.5 miles east of the junction of State Road 47 and Tome Hill Rd . 34°45′20″N 106°42′19″W / 34.755556°N 106.705278°W / 34.755556 ; -106.705278 ( El Cerro Tome Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_47', 'summary': 'NM 47 begins at an intersection with U.S. Highway 60 in rural Socorro County and proceeds northwest , soon entering Valencia County . The route reaches the Rio Grande at the town of Rio Communities , from which one can cross the Rio Grande on NM 309 to reach Belen . At this junction , NM 47 turns slightly east of north and follows the eastern shore of the Rio Grande , opposite from NM 314 and I-25 . It enters Bernalillo County at Isleta Pueblo and continues to the northeast , where it has a system interchange with Interstate 25 . As the route begins to enter the Albuquerque metropolitan area , it takes on the name Broadway Boulevard and enters the city limits of South Valley , where it intersects NM 500 ( Rio Bravo Boulevard ) . Shortly thereafter , it enters the Albuquerque city limits , continuing northeast through the heart of downtown . After crossing Interstate 40 , the route turns west onto Candelaria Road to cross the BNSF railroad line . NM 47 then turns back to the north on 2nd Street , which it follows for the rest of its existence . The route passes briefly through the limits of North Valley , in which it intersects NM 423 ( Paseo Del Norte ) and NM 528 ( Alameda Boulevard ) . The route finally comes to an end at NM 556 ( Roy Road ) just short of the Sandoval County line .'}]}, {'value': 'Tome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tome,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Tomé ( Spanish : Tomé ) is an unincorporated village and census-designated place in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States . It is located in the Rio Grande valley near the foot of Tomé Hill ( El Cerro Tomé ) , a notable Catholic pilgrimage site . The village lies along New Mexico State Road 47 and is neighbored by Valencia to the north and Adelino to the south . It is the location of the Valencia Campus of the University of New Mexico . Tomé has a post office with ZIP code 87060 . The population was 1,867 as of the 2010 census . The community was established when land abandoned by Tomé Domínguez de Mendoza following the Pueblo Revolt was granted to a new group of settlers in 1739 . Once an important town on the Camino Real , it suffered due to Native American attacks and flooding during the 1800s . It was the seat of Valencia County from 1852 to 1872 , and again briefly in 1875 . For census purposes , Tomé was previously combined with Adelino in the Tomé-Adelino census-designated place ( CDP ) . The CDP was split prior to the 2010 Census .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belen Harvey House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belen_Harvey_House', 'summary': 'The Belen Harvey House , at 104 N. 1st St. in Belen , New Mexico , was built in 1901 at the Santa Fe Hotel . It was extensively remodeled in 1910 into a Harvey House , one of a number of restaurants at railway stations in the U.S. southwest . The architect for the remodel was Myron Church and the architectural style is Mission/Spanish Revival . The building is currently used as a museum . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 1983 ( # 83004180 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104 N. 1st St. 34°39′36″N 106°46′02″W / 34.66°N 106.767222°W / 34.66 ; -106.767222 ( Belen Harvey House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belen,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Belen ( /bəˈlɪn/ ; Spanish : Belén ) is the second most populous city in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States , after its county seat , Los Lunas . The population was 7,269 at the 2010 Census . Belen is Spanish for Bethlehem but gained the nickname The Hub City . The city is geographically near the center of New Mexico and has been a significant transportation hub for central New Mexico that includes access to rail , the interstate highway and air at Valencia County 's only public airport . Belen is at the southern end of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is located 35 miles south of Albuquerque ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Ojuelos ( The Springs )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 10 , 1987 ( # 87002080 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tome,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Tomé ( Spanish : Tomé ) is an unincorporated village and census-designated place in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States . It is located in the Rio Grande valley near the foot of Tomé Hill ( El Cerro Tomé ) , a notable Catholic pilgrimage site . The village lies along New Mexico State Road 47 and is neighbored by Valencia to the north and Adelino to the south . It is the location of the Valencia Campus of the University of New Mexico . Tomé has a post office with ZIP code 87060 . The population was 1,867 as of the 2010 census . The community was established when land abandoned by Tomé Domínguez de Mendoza following the Pueblo Revolt was granted to a new group of settlers in 1739 . Once an important town on the Camino Real , it suffered due to Native American attacks and flooding during the 1800s . It was the seat of Valencia County from 1852 to 1872 , and again briefly in 1875 . For census purposes , Tomé was previously combined with Adelino in the Tomé-Adelino census-designated place ( CDP ) . The CDP was split prior to the 2010 Census .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tranquilino Luna House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tranquilino_Luna_House', 'summary': 'The Tranquilino Luna House , near Los Lunas , New Mexico , dates from 1882 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . It is a large Victorian-style house built of adobe terrones ( large slabs ) . Its original entry porch was replaced in early 20th century by a two-story four-column portico . It was a home of the politically powerful Luna family , descendants of Domingo de Luna , and was deemed probably the best example of an extant adobe Victorian residence in New Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1975 ( # 75001175 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest of Los Lunas at the junction of U.S. Route 85 and State Road 6 34°48′26″N 106°44′08″W / 34.807222°N 106.735556°W / 34.807222 ; -106.735556 ( Tranquilino Luna House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_85', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 85 ( US 85 ) is a 1,479-mile-long ( 2,380 km ) north-south United States Highway that travels in the Mountain and Northern Plains states of the United States . The southern terminus of the highway is at the Mexican border in El Paso , Texas , connecting with Mexican Federal Highway 45 . The northern terminus is at the Canadian border in Fortuna , North Dakota , where the route continues north as Saskatchewan Highway 35 . The highway route is part of the CanAm Highway . Sections of US 85 are considered part of the Theodore Roosevelt Expressway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_6', 'summary': "New Mexico State Road 6 ( NM 6 ) is an east-west state highway in the state of New Mexico . NM 6 's western terminus is at Interstate 40 ( I-40 ) west of Albuquerque , and the eastern terminus is at NM 47 in Los Lunas ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Lunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Lunas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Los Lunas is a village in Valencia County , New Mexico , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the village population is 14,835 inside the village limits due to the new housing developments at El Cerro de Los Lunas ( Huning Ranch ) . It is the county seat of Valencia County . Los Lunas is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The name Los Lunas is a partial Anglicization of the name of the Luna family , who originally settled in the area ( los Luna , in Spanish ) .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Otero 's 66 Service", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Otero's_66_Service", 'summary': "Otero 's 66 Service , at 100 Main St. in Los Lunas , New Mexico , was built in 1923 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 . Located on historic United States Route 66 , it is a former Phillips Service Station and has been operated as Sam 's Tire and Lube ."}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2003 ( # 03000051 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "100 W. Main St. 34°48′26″N 106°44′03″W / 34.80718°N 106.73420°W / 34.80718 ; -106.73420 ( Otero 's 66 Service )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Lunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Lunas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Los Lunas is a village in Valencia County , New Mexico , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the village population is 14,835 inside the village limits due to the new housing developments at El Cerro de Los Lunas ( Huning Ranch ) . It is the county seat of Valencia County . Los Lunas is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The name Los Lunas is a partial Anglicization of the name of the Luna family , who originally settled in the area ( los Luna , in Spanish ) .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tome Jail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tome_Jail', 'summary': 'Tome Jail is a historic jail building in Tome , New Mexico . It is the only surviving part of the former Valencia County Courthouse , built when the county seat was moved from Belen to Tome in 1875 . The courthouse was a two-story adobe building which gradually disappeared due to erosion , but the jail had more durable stone walls and remained standing . Construction of the building was probably authorized by Probate Judge Manuel A. Otero , who was the chief county official at the time and whose name appears in a bilingual inscription carved into the stone lintel . The building is 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) wide by 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) deep , with plastered stone walls 4 feet ( 120 cm ) thick . It has small windows on the south and west sides , each with a double set of bars set into a wooden frame on the inside and a sandstone frame on the outside . The interior walls and roof are of rough-cut lumber .'}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 1977 ( # 77000932 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tome Plaza 34°44′26″N 106°43′49″W / 34.740556°N 106.730278°W / 34.740556 ; -106.730278 ( Tome Jail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tome,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Tomé ( Spanish : Tomé ) is an unincorporated village and census-designated place in Valencia County , New Mexico , United States . It is located in the Rio Grande valley near the foot of Tomé Hill ( El Cerro Tomé ) , a notable Catholic pilgrimage site . The village lies along New Mexico State Road 47 and is neighbored by Valencia to the north and Adelino to the south . It is the location of the Valencia Campus of the University of New Mexico . Tomé has a post office with ZIP code 87060 . The population was 1,867 as of the 2010 census . The community was established when land abandoned by Tomé Domínguez de Mendoza following the Pueblo Revolt was granted to a new group of settlers in 1739 . Once an important town on the Camino Real , it suffered due to Native American attacks and flooding during the 1800s . It was the seat of Valencia County from 1852 to 1872 , and again briefly in 1875 . For census purposes , Tomé was previously combined with Adelino in the Tomé-Adelino census-designated place ( CDP ) . The CDP was split prior to the 2010 Census .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. William Frederick Wittwer House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._William_Frederick_Wittwer_House', 'summary': 'The Dr. William Frederick Wittwer House , in Los Lunas , New Mexico , was built in 1904 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . It is located on New Mexico State Road 6 , just west of U.S. Route 85 . It was home of a medical doctor who served the area for more than 60 years , often as the only doctor there , until his death at age 93 , in 1965 . His efforts eliminated pellagra in the area , which was previously a problem among the native American and Hispanic population .'}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 1987 ( # 87000131 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Road 6 , west of U.S. Route 85 34°48′29″N 106°44′09″W / 34.808056°N 106.735833°W / 34.808056 ; -106.735833 ( Dr. William Frederick Wittwer House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_6', 'summary': "New Mexico State Road 6 ( NM 6 ) is an east-west state highway in the state of New Mexico . NM 6 's western terminus is at Interstate 40 ( I-40 ) west of Albuquerque , and the eastern terminus is at NM 47 in Los Lunas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_85', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 85 ( US 85 ) is a 1,479-mile-long ( 2,380 km ) north-south United States Highway that travels in the Mountain and Northern Plains states of the United States . The southern terminus of the highway is at the Mexican border in El Paso , Texas , connecting with Mexican Federal Highway 45 . The northern terminus is at the Canadian border in Fortuna , North Dakota , where the route continues north as Saskatchewan Highway 35 . The highway route is part of the CanAm Highway . Sections of US 85 are considered part of the Theodore Roosevelt Expressway .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Lunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Lunas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Los Lunas is a village in Valencia County , New Mexico , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the village population is 14,835 inside the village limits due to the new housing developments at El Cerro de Los Lunas ( Huning Ranch ) . It is the county seat of Valencia County . Los Lunas is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The name Los Lunas is a partial Anglicization of the name of the Luna family , who originally settled in the area ( los Luna , in Spanish ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Valencia_County,_New_Mexico_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Valencia County, New Mexico. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Valencia County, New Mexico, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 12 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. All of the places within the county listed on the National Register are also recorded on the State Register of Cultural Properties.'} | null | null | Just short of what county line does the route end that begins at an intersection with U.S. Highway 60 and is the location of two historical sites , one in Adelino and one in Tome ? | Sandoval |
06f0c59346f72250 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films', 'title': 'List of sports films', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Corbett and Courtney Before the Kinetograph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corbett_and_Courtney_Before_the_Kinetograph', 'summary': 'Corbett and Courtney Before the Kinetograph ( also known as Edison Kinetoscopic Record of Boxers and The Corbett-Courtney Fight ) is an 1894 American short black-and-white silent film produced by William K.L . Dickson and starring James J. Corbett . It was only the second boxing match to be filmed following The Leonard-Cushing Fight which had been filmed by Dickson on June 14 , 1894 . The films are listed as 1st Round , 2nd Round , 3rd Round , 4th Round , 5th Round , and 6th Round . Only one partial round of the original six rounds remains intact .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing Match ; or , Glove Contest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_Match;_or,_Glove_Contest', 'summary': "Boxing Match ; or , Glove Contest is an 1896 British short black-and-white silent documentary film , produced and directed by Birt Acres for exhibition on Robert W. Paul 's peep show Kinetoscopes , featuring a staged boxing match between Sergeant-Instructor Barrett and Sergeant Pope with a round , an interval and a knockout . The film was considered lost until footage from an 1896 Fairground Programme , originally shown in a portable booth at Hull Fair by Midlands photographer George Williams , donated to the National Fairground Archive was identified as being from this film ."}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Corbett-Fitzsimmons_Fight', 'summary': "The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight is an 1897 documentary film directed by Enoch J. Rector depicting the 1897 boxing match between James J. Corbett and Bob Fitzsimmons in Carson City , Nevada on St. Patrick 's Day . Originally running for more than 100 minutes , it was the longest film released to date ; as such , it was the world 's first feature film . The technology that allowed this is known as the Latham loop , and Rector was a rival for claiming the invention of the device . He used three such equipped cameras placed adjacently and filming on 63mm nitrate film . Only fragments of the film survive . The known fragments were transferred in the 1980s from a print owned by Jean A. LeRoy of New York City , the transfer done on a specially built optical printer to convert the film to 35mm film . The film was also the first to be shot in widescreen , with an aspect ratio of about 1.65:1 . According to Dan Streible , The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight is one of the earliest individual productions to sustain public commentary on the cinema . The film is so important to film history that Luke McKernan declared , it was boxing that created the cinema . As noted by Seth Abraham , the president of Time Warner Sports , it was the first motion picture to ever depict the championship prizefight . Its nationwide screenings can be regarded as the first pay-per-view media event in the boxing history , for the fight produced more income in box office than in live gate receipts , it was immensely profitable and the picture served as a long-standing model for future amusement entrepreneurs . And , as outlined by Charles Musser , it also resolved the dilemma of prizefighting was being illegal in 21 states , while the screening of a prizefight was not , and the legislative efforts to ban fight films proven unsuccessful ."}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A full-length version of 19th Century title bout', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gordon Sisters Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gordon_Sisters_Boxing', 'summary': 'The Gordon Sisters Boxing is an American short black-and-white silent film directed by Thomas A. Edison . It is one of the earliest female boxing movies . Edisons film catalogue describes the film as follows : Champion lady boxers of the world . Here we depict two female pugilists that are really clever . They are engaged in a hot and heavy one-round sparring exhibition , which is photographed against a very pleasing background , consisting of a park , with marble entrance and walk , and beautiful trees and shrubbery . The exhibition is very lively from start to finish ; the blows fall thick and fast , and some very clever pugilistic generalship is exhibited . In an analysis of boxing in the context of modernism , Irene Gammel argues that the scenes symmetry and beauty [ gesture ] towards the artfulness of boxing as a cultivated sport . In addition , she argues that the womens choreographed movement shows their boldly modern female physicality and sportsmanship .'}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Joe Gans - Battling Nelson Fight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Gans', 'summary': 'Joe Gans ( born Joseph Gant ; November 25 , 1874 - August 10 , 1910 ) was an American professional boxer . Gans was rated the greatest Lightweight boxer of all-time by boxing historian and Ring Magazine founder , Nat Fleischer . Known as the Old Master , he became the first African-American World Boxing Champion of the 20th century , reigning continuously as World Lightweight Champion from 1902-1908 . He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battling_Nelson', 'summary': 'Oscar Matthew Battling Nelson ( June 5 , 1882 - February 7 , 1954 ) , was a Danish-American professional boxer who held the World Lightweight championship . He was also nicknamed the Durable Dane .'}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archival Footage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent footage of most of the championship bout that lasted an astounding 48 rounds . The film company ran out of money - and film - in the 38th round and had to stop shooting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Johnson-Jeffries Fight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Johnson-Jeffries_Fight', 'summary': 'The Johnson-Jeffries Fight is a 1910 American film report on the heavyweight championship boxing fight between Jack Johnson and James J. Jeffries in Reno , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footage from bout between heavyweights Jack Johnson and James J. Jeffries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)', 'summary': "John Arthur Jack Johnson ( March 31 , 1878 - June 10 , 1946 ) , nicknamed the Galveston Giant , was an American boxer who , at the height of the Jim Crow era , became the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion ( 1908-1915 ) . Among the period 's most dominant champions , Johnson remains a boxing legend , with his 1910 fight against James J. Jeffries dubbed the fight of the century . According to filmmaker Ken Burns , for more than thirteen years , Jack Johnson was the most famous and the most notorious African-American on Earth . Transcending boxing , he became part of the culture and the history of racism in America . In 1912 , Johnson opened a successful and luxurious black and tan ( desegregated ) restaurant and nightclub , which in part was run by his wife , a white woman . Major newspapers of the time soon claimed that Johnson was attacked by the government only after he became famous as a black man married to a white woman , and was linked to other white women . Johnson was arrested on charges of violating the Mann Act - forbidding one to transport a woman across state lines for immoral purposes - a racially motivated charge that embroiled him in controversy for his relationships , including marriages , with white women . There were also allegations of domestic violence . Sentenced to a year in prison , Johnson fled the country and fought boxing matches abroad for seven years until 1920 when he served his sentence at the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth . Johnson continued taking paying fights for many years , and operated several other businesses , including lucrative endorsement deals . Johnson died in a car crash on June 10 , 1946 , at the age of 68 . He is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_J._Jeffries', 'summary': 'James Jackson Jim Jeffries ( April 15 , 1875 - March 3 , 1953 ) was an American professional boxer and World Heavyweight Champion . He was known for his enormous strength and stamina . Using a technique taught to him by his trainer , former Welterweight and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan , Jeffries fought out of a crouch with his left arm extended forward . He was able to absorb tremendous punishment while wearing his opponents down . A natural left-hander , he possessed one-punch knockout power in his left hook , and brawled his way to the top of the rankings . He is perhaps most famous for being United States Great White Hope , since the nation expected him to come out of his retirement to beat the African-American boxer Jack Johnson , who was at the time the Heavyweight Champion . Jeffries stood 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in ( 1.87 m ) tall and weighed 225 pounds ( 102 kg ) in his prime . He could run 100 yards ( 91 m ) in just over ten seconds , and could high jump over 6 feet ( 180 cm ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Knockout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Knockout', 'summary': "The Knockout ( 1914 ) was Charlie Chaplin 's seventeenth film for Keystone Studios . Chaplin only has a small role , and Fatty Arbuckle takes up the main role ( it is one of only a few films in which Chaplin 's Little Tramp character appears in a secondary role ; Chaplin does n't even appear until the second half of the film ) . It also stars Arbuckle 's wife , Minta Durfee , Edgar Kennedy and Keystone owner , Mack Sennett in a minor role as a spectator . The film was directed by Charles Avery , and made in 1914 in America ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short , comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': 'To show his girl how brave he is , Pug ( Roscoe Arbuckle ) challenges a champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roscoe_Arbuckle', 'summary': "Roscoe Conkling Fatty Arbuckle ( /ˈɑːrbʌkəl/ ; March 24 , 1887 - June 29 , 1933 ) was an American silent film actor , comedian , director , and screenwriter . He started at the Selig Polyscope Company and eventually moved to Keystone Studios , where he worked with Mabel Normand and Harold Lloyd , as well as with his nephew Al St. John . He mentored Charlie Chaplin and discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope . He was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s and one of the highest paid actors in Hollywood , signing a contract in 1920 with Paramount Pictures for $ 14,000 ( equivalent to approximately 175,000 in 2019 dollars ) . Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials between November 1921 and April 1922 for the alleged rape and manslaughter of actress Virginia Rappe . Rappe had fallen ill at a party hosted by Arbuckle at the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco in September 1921 , and she died four days later . A friend of Rappe accused Arbuckle of raping and accidentally killing her . The first two trials resulted in hung juries , but Buster Keaton defended him in the third trial , which acquitted him , and the jury gave him a formal written statement of apology . Despite Arbuckle 's acquittal , the scandal has mostly overshadowed his legacy as a pioneering comedian . His films were banned by motion picture industry censor Will H. Hays after the trial and he was publicly ostracized . Hays lifted the ban within a year , but Arbuckle only worked sparingly through the 1920s . Keaton made an agreement to give him 35 percent of his profit from Buster Keaton Comedies Co ."}]}, {'value': 'The Third String', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Third_String_(1914_film)', 'summary': 'The Third String is a 1914 British silent sports comedy film directed by George Loane Tucker and starring June Gail , Frank Stanmore and George Bellamy . The film is based on a short story of the same name by W.W. Jacobs , which was later turned into a 1932 film .'}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A man poses as a boxer to impress a barmaid and is forced to fight the champion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Champion_(1915_film)', 'summary': 'The Champion is a comedy film released in 1915 by Essanay Studios , starring Charles Chaplin alongside Edna Purviance and Leo White . Essanay co-owner and star , Broncho Billy Anderson can be seen as an enthusiastic audience member in the boxing match scene .'}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short , comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlie Chaplin puts a good luck horseshoe into his boxing glove and wins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin', 'summary': "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin KBE ( 16 April 1889 - 25 December 1977 ) was an English comic actor , filmmaker , and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film . He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona , The Tramp , and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry . His career spanned more than 75 years , from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977 , and encompassed both adulation and controversy . Chaplin 's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship , as his father was absent and his mother struggled financially , and he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine . When he was 14 , his mother was committed to a mental asylum . Chaplin began performing at an early age , touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian . At 19 , he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company , which took him to America . He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios . He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a large fan base . He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay , Mutual , and First National corporations . By 1918 , he was one of the best-known figures in the world . In 1919 , Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists , which gave him complete control over his films ."}]}, {'value': 'The White Hope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_White_Hope_(1915_film)', 'summary': 'The White Hope is a 1915 British silent sports film directed by Frank Wilson and starring Stewart Rome , Violet Hopson and Lionelle Howard . It is set in the world of boxing .'}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "An Earl 's sister returns to a boxer in time to help him win", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twenty-One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twenty-One_(1918_film)', 'summary': 'Twenty-One is a 1918 silent film presumed lost . It was directed by William Worthington and starred Bryant Washburn and Gertrude Selby . In this coming-of-age comedy drama , Washburn played the dual roles of a coddled rich kid and a tough prizefighter who trade places . Washburn and Selby starred together again in Kidder & Ko .'}]}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A young man trades places with a lookalike boxer and learns to fight for what he wants', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The World 's Champion", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_World's_Champion", 'summary': "The World 's Champion is a 1922 American silent drama film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures . The movie is based on the play The Champion by Thomas Louden and A.E . Thomas that was produced on Broadway in 1921 . The film was directed by Phil Rosen and starred Wallace Reid . This film survives in an incomplete form at the Library of Congress ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To impress a British noblewoman , a man goes to America to put up his dukes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Leather Pushers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Leather_Pushers', 'summary': "The Leather Pushers is a 1922 American film serial starring Reginald Denny ( and Billy Sullivan in the fourth series ) , and based on boxing stories by H. C. Witwer originally published in Collier 's Weekly . The screenplays were written by a young Darryl F. Zanuck ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After his father goes broke , a young man ( Reginald Denny ) fights for money', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reginald_Denny_(actor)', 'summary': 'Reginald Leigh Dugmore ( 20 November 1891 - 16 June 1967 ) , better known as Reginald Denny , achieved success both as an English stage , film and television actor , and as an aviator and UAV pioneer . He was also once amateur boxing champion of Great Britain . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': "Hogan 's Alley", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hogan's_Alley_(film)", 'summary': "Hogan 's Alley is a 1925 American silent comedy film produced and distributed by Warner Bros . It was an early directing assignment for Roy Del Ruth and starred Monte Blue , Patsy Ruth Miller , and Ben Turpin . This film is a precursor to the silent film One Round Hogan , a later Monte Blue boxing vehicle ."}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A knockout earns Lefty ( Monte Blue ) the title , but nearly costs him his girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Blue', 'summary': 'Monte Blue ( born Gerard Montgomery Bluefeather ; January 11 , 1887 - February 18 , 1963 ) was a film actor who began his career as a romantic lead in the silent era ; and for decades after the advent of sound , he continued to perform as a supporting player in a wide range of motion pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'Battling Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battling_Butler', 'summary': 'Battling Butler is a 1926 comedy silent film directed by and starring Buster Keaton . It is based on the 1923 musical Battling Buttler .'}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film directed by and starring Buster Keaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buster_Keaton', 'summary': "Joseph Frank Keaton ( October 4 , 1895 - February 1 , 1966 ) , known professionally as Buster Keaton , was an American actor , comedian , film director , producer , screenwriter , and stunt performer . He is best known for his silent films , in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic , deadpan expression that earned him the nickname The Great Stone Face . Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton 's extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929 when he worked without interruption on a series of films that make him the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies . His career declined afterward with a loss of artistic independence when he signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , his wife divorced him , and he descended into alcoholism . He recovered in the 1940s , remarried , and revived his career as an honored comic performer for the rest of his life , earning an Honorary Academy Award in 1959 . Many of Keaton 's films from the 1920s remain highly regarded , such as Sherlock Jr. ( 1924 ) , The General ( 1926 ) , and The Cameraman ( 1928 ) , with The General widely viewed as his masterpiece . Among its strongest admirers was Orson Welles , who stated that The General was cinema 's highest achievement in comedy , and perhaps the greatest film ever made . Keaton in 1996 was recognized as the seventh-greatest film director by Entertainment Weekly , and the American Film Institute ranked him in 1999 as the 21st greatest male star of classic Hollywood cinema ."}]}, {'value': "One-Punch O'Day", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A whole town 's money is riding on Jimmy O'Day ( Billy Sullivan )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Sullivan_(actor)', 'summary': 'Billy Sullivan ( July 18 , 1891 - May 23 , 1946 ) , also known as W. A. Sullivan , William A. Sullivan , and Arthur Sullivan , was an American character actor of the silent and early sound film eras .'}]}, {'value': 'The Shock Punch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Shock_Punch', 'summary': 'The Shock Punch is a 1925 silent film boxing drama produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It starred Richard Dix and Frances Howard . It is preserved at the Library of Congress .'}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randall Savage floors a boxing champ , then a construction boss to win a girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ring_(1927_film)', 'summary': "The Ring is a 1927 British silent sports film directed and written by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Carl Brisson , Lillian Hall-Davis and Ian Hunter . It is one of Hitchcock 's nine surviving silent films ."}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Hitchcock silent film about a pugilist known as One-Round Jack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock', 'summary': "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock , KBE ( 13 August 1899 - 29 April 1980 ) was an English film director and producer . He is one of the most influential and extensively studied filmmakers in the history of cinema . Known as the Master of Suspense , he directed over 50 feature films [ a ] in a career spanning six decades , becoming as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews , his cameo roles in most of his films , and his hosting and producing of the television anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955-1965 ) . His films garnered a total of 46 Oscar nominations and six wins . Born in Leytonstone , Essex , Hitchcock entered the film industry in 1919 as a title card designer after training as a technical clerk and copy writer for a telegraph-cable company . He made his directorial debut with the silent film The Pleasure Garden ( 1925 ) . His first successful film , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1927 ) , helped to shape the thriller genre , while his 1929 film , Blackmail , was the first British talkie . Two of his 1930s thrillers , The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) and The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) , are ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th century . By 1939 Hitchcock was a filmmaker of international importance , and film producer David O. Selznick persuaded him to move to Hollywood . A string of successful films followed , including Rebecca ( 1940 ) , Foreign Correspondent ( 1940 ) , Suspicion ( 1941 ) , Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) , and Notorious ( 1946 ) . Rebecca won the Academy Award for Best Picture , although Hitchcock himself was only nominated as Best Director ; he was also nominated for Lifeboat ( 1944 ) and Spellbound ( 1945 ) , although he never won the Best Director Academy Award . The Hitchcockian style includes the use of camera movement to mimic a person 's gaze , thereby turning viewers into voyeurs , and framing shots to maximise anxiety and fear ."}]}, {'value': 'Knockout Reilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knockout_Reilly', 'summary': 'Knockout Reilly is a lost 1927 American silent drama film directed by Malcolm St. Clair and written by Pierre Collings , John W. Conway , and Kenneth Raisbeck based upon a story by Albert Payson Terhune . The film stars Richard Dix , Mary Brian , Jack Renault , Harry Gribbon , Osgood Perkins , and Lucia Backus Seger . The film was released on April 16 , 1927 , by Paramount Pictures .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Falsely convicted of a crime , Reilly ( Richard Dix ) fights the guy who framed him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Dix', 'summary': 'Richard Dix ( born Ernst Carlton Brimmer ; July 18 , 1893 - September 20 , 1949 ) was an American motion picture actor who achieved popularity in both silent and sound film . His standard on-screen image was that of the rugged and stalwart hero . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his lead role in the Best Picture-winning epic , Cimarron ( 1931 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Night Parade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_Parade', 'summary': 'Night Parade is a 1929 American pre-Code drama film directed by Malcolm St. Clair based on the play Ringside by Hyatt Daab , Edward Paramore , Jr. and George Abbott . Released by RKO Pictures in October 1929 , it starred Hugh Trevor , Aileen Pringle , Dorothy Gulliver and Robert Ellis .'}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A father tries to persuade his middleweight-champ son not to take a dive', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Boxing', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_films_10', 'intro': 'This compilation of films covers all sports activities. Sports films have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties, standard elements of melodrama.'} | null | null | What is the genre of the film that is produced by William K.L . Dickson ? | Documentary |
06f1fb1caa41655a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100,_2010', 'title': 'Triple J Hottest 100, 2010', 'header': ['#', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Country of Origin', 'Tracks in the Hottest 100'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcade Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_Fire', 'summary': "Arcade Fire is a Canadian indie rock band , consisting of husband and wife Win Butler and Régine Chassagne , along with Win 's younger brother William Butler , Richard Reed Parry , Tim Kingsbury and Jeremy Gara . The band 's current touring line-up also includes former core member Sarah Neufeld , percussionist Tiwill Duprate and saxophonist Stuart Bogie . Founded in 2000 by friends and classmates Win Butler and Josh Deu , the band came to prominence in 2004 with the release of their critically acclaimed debut album Funeral . Their second studio album , Neon Bible , won them the 2008 Meteor Music Award for Best International Album and the 2008 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year . Their third studio album , The Suburbs , was released in 2010 to critical acclaim and commercial success . It received many accolades , including the 2011 Grammy for Album of the Year , the 2011 Juno Award for Album of the Year and the 2011 Brit Award for Best International Album . In 2013 , Arcade Fire released their fourth album , Reflektor , and scored the feature film Her , for which band members Win Butler and Owen Pallett were nominated in the Best Original Score category at the 86th Academy Awards . In 2017 , the band released their fifth studio album Everything Now . All the band 's studio albums have received nominations for Best Alternative Music Album at the Grammys . Funeral is widely considered by music critics to be one of the greatest albums of the 2000s . The band 's work has also been named three times as a shortlist nominee for the Polaris Music Prize : in 2007 for Neon Bible , in 2011 for The Suburbs and in 2014 for Reflektor . The band has been described as indie rock , art rock , dance-rock , and baroque pop ."}]}, {'value': 'The Suburbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Suburbs_(album)', 'summary': "The Suburbs is the third studio album by Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire , released on August 2 , 2010 . Coinciding with its announcement , the band released a limited edition 12-inch single containing the title track and Month of May . The album debuted at No . 1 on the Irish Albums Chart , the UK Albums Chart , the US Billboard 200 chart , and the Canadian Albums Chart . It won Album of the Year at the 2011 Grammy Awards , Best International Album at the 2011 BRIT Awards , Album of the Year at the 2011 Juno Awards , and the 2011 Polaris Music Prize for best Canadian album . Two weeks after winning Grammy 's Album of the Year , the album jumped from No . 52 to No . 12 on the Billboard 200 , the album 's highest ranking since August 2010 . Arcade Fire released a deluxe edition CD/DVD of The Suburbs on June 27 , 2011 ( everywhere except the U.S. and Canada ) . The American and Canadian versions were released on August 2 , 2011 , to coincide with the original album 's anniversary . The new version included two brand new tracks recorded during The Suburbs album sessions ( Culture War and Speaking in Tongues , the latter featuring David Byrne ) , an extended version of album track Wasted Hours , Spike Jonze 's short film , Scenes from the Suburbs , and an 80-page booklet as well as other exclusive content ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '58 , 63 , 83', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tame Impala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tame_Impala', 'summary': "Tame Impala is a psychedelic music project of Australian multi-instrumentalist Kevin Parker . In the recording studio , Parker writes , records , performs , and produces all of the project 's music . As a touring act , Tame Impala consists of Parker ( guitar , vocals ) , Dominic Simper ( guitar , synthesiser ) , Jay Watson ( synthesiser , vocals , guitar ) , Cam Avery ( bass guitar , vocals ) , and Julien Barbagallo ( drums , vocals ) . Many of them are members of , or collaborators with , fellow Australian psychedelic rock band Pond ; that band 's Nick Allbrook was previously a live member of Tame Impala . Originally signed to Modular Recordings , Tame Impala is now signed to Interscope Records in the US , and Fiction Records in the UK . Parker originally conceived the project in Perth in 2007 . After a series of singles and EPs , Tame Impala 's debut studio album , Innerspeaker , was released in 2010 ; it was certified gold in Australia and well received by critics . Parker 's 2012 follow-up , Lonerism , was also acclaimed , reaching platinum status in Australia and receiving a Grammy Award nomination for Best Alternative Music Album . Tame Impala 's third album , Currents , was released in July 2015 , and like its predecessor , it won ARIA Awards for Best Rock Album and Album of the Year . Parker won the APRA Award for Song of the Year 2016 for Currents ' first track , Let It Happen . The fourth and most recent studio album , The Slow Rush , was released 14 February 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Innerspeaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innerspeaker', 'summary': 'Innerspeaker is the debut studio album by Australian rock band Tame Impala . Recorded at a remote beach shack in Western Australia during the winter of 2009 , the album was released on 21 May 2010 by Modular Recordings . Innerspeaker was acclaimed by critics for its reminiscence of 1960s psychedelic rock and was recognized as the 83rd Best Album of the Decade So Far by Pitchfork in August 2014 . The album peaked at number 4 on the ARIA Charts and was certified platinum in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '33 , 74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angus & Julia Stone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus_&_Julia_Stone', 'summary': 'Angus & Julia Stone are an Australian folk and indie pop group , formed in 2006 by brother and sister Angus and Julia Stone . Angus & Julia Stone have released four studio albums : A Book Like This ( 2007 ) , Down the Way ( 2010 ) , Angus & Julia Stone ( 2014 ) , and Snow ( 2017 ) . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010 , they won five awards from nine nominations : Album of the Year , Best Adult Alternative Album , Best Cover Art and Producer of the Year for Down the Way , and Single of the Year for Big Jet Plane . The siblings have issued two solo albums each .'}]}, {'value': 'Down the Way', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Down_the_Way', 'summary': 'Down the Way is the second studio album by Australian singer-songwriter duo Angus & Julia Stone . It was released on 12 March 2010 in Australia through EMI Music Australia and debuted at number 1 on the ARIA Charts . The physical CD release ( including an untitled bonus track appended to track 13 ) was released in two formats : standard CD jewel case or deluxe version with gold embossed text on a ribbon-tied , peach-coloured , fabric covered digipak hard-book which includes the additional Red Berries bonus disc and a 20-page lyric book . Red Berries is a collection of bonus tracks from the previous EPs and includes one previously unreleased track This Way . The song Santa Monica Dream was also featured in the 2015 video game Life Is Strange . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010 , the album won the ARIA Award for Album of the Year , Best Adult Alternative Album , Best Cover Art while Angus and Julia won the ARIA Award for Producer of the Year for their work on this album .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1 , 62 ( 42 in 2009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vampire Weekend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vampire_Weekend', 'summary': "Vampire Weekend is an American indie rock band from New York City , formed in 2006 and currently signed to Columbia Records . The band was formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig , multi-instrumentalist Rostam Batmanglij , drummer Chris Tomson , and bassist Chris Baio . The band 's first album Vampire Weekend ( 2008 ) - which included the singles Mansard Roof , A-Punk , Oxford Comma , Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa , and The Kids Do n't Stand a Chance - was acclaimed by critics for its world music influences . Their following album , Contra ( 2010 ) , was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success . Their third studio album , Modern Vampires of the City ( 2013 ) , won the group a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2014 . Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016 . The band 's fourth album , Father of the Bride , was released in 2019 , again winning Best Alternative Music Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards , where it was also nominated for Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Contra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contra_(album)', 'summary': 'Contra is the second studio album by the American indie rock band Vampire Weekend , produced by band member Rostam Batmanglij and released in January 2010 on XL Recordings . The album title is intended as a thematic allegory and reference to the Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries and the 1987 video game Contra . The album received critical praise and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 . It was recognized as one of The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far by Pitchfork in August 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '55 , 67 ( 22 , 54 in 2009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cloud Control', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cloud_Control', 'summary': 'Cloud Control is an Australian alternative rock band , originating from the Blue Mountains near Sydney , Australia . As of 2013 [ update ] the band is signed to the Australian record label Ivy League Records , in which they released their debut album Bliss Release . They are also signed to Infectious Music in the UK/Europe ; and Votiv in North America . The band has supported a host of local and international acts , including Arcade Fire , Vampire Weekend , Supergrass , The Magic Numbers , Yves Klein Blue , The Temper Trap , Last Dinosaurs , Local Natives and Weezer . They have been nominated for a clutch of awards in Australia , including two ARIA Awards . The band won the Australian Music Prize on 3 March 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bliss Release', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bliss_Release', 'summary': 'Bliss Release is the debut album by Australian band Cloud Control . Released on 14 May 2010 , Bliss Release was met with critical acclaim .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LCD Soundsystem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LCD_Soundsystem', 'summary': "LCD Soundsystem is an American rock band from Brooklyn , New York , formed in 2002 by musician James Murphy , co-founder of DFA Records . The band 's current lineup consists of Murphy ( vocals , multi-instrumentalist ) , Nancy Whang ( synthesizer , keyboards , vocals ) , Pat Mahoney ( drums ) , Gavin Rayna Russom ( synthesizer ) , Tyler Pope ( bass , guitar , synthesizer ) , Al Doyle ( guitar , synthesizer , percussion ) , Matt Thornley ( guitar , synthesizer , percussion ) , and Korey Richey ( synthesizer , piano , percussion ) . They are currently signed to both DFA and Columbia Records . The band began by recording and releasing multiple singles from 2002 to 2004 , the first of which was Losing My Edge , one of their signature songs . This led up to the release of their self-titled debut studio album , which was released in 2005 . It garnered critical acclaim and a Grammy Award nomination for Best Electronic/Dance Album . Their single Daft Punk Is Playing at My House , which has become the band 's most commercially successful single , received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording . In the following year , LCD Soundsystem recorded and released 45:33 , an over forty-six minute-long composition that was a specially made workout track for Nike 's Nike+ Original Run series . In 2007 , the band released their second studio album , Sound of Silver , to critical acclaim and another Grammy nomination for Best Electronic/Dance Album . Three years later , LCD Soundsystem released their third studio album , This Is Happening , which became their first top-ten album in the United States . In February 2011 , a statement was posted on the band 's website announcing it was disbanding . It was to be made following a large farewell concert at Madison Square Garden on April 2 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'This Is Happening', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/This_Is_Happening', 'summary': 'This Is Happening is the third studio album by American rock band LCD Soundsystem . It was released in the United Kingdom on May 17 , 2010 and in the US on May 18 , 2010 on DFA Records . It was recorded over the course of 2009 and early 2010 in the Mansion recording studio in Los Angeles . The first single , Drunk Girls , was released in April 2010 , with a music video directed by Spike Jonze . The album is dedicated to Jerry Fuchs ( 1974-2009 ) , who performed drums live with the band on occasion , as well as having a big part in associated DFA acts .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megan_Washington', 'summary': "Megan Alexanda Washington ( born 7 January 1988 , in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea ) is an Australian-based musician and songwriter , who works mononymously as Washington . Originally performing jazz music , her style shifted to indie pop and alternative rock . Megan sings , plays keyboards , piano and guitar and in December 2009 Washington won the inaugural Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition for How to Tame Lions . She released her debut album , I Believe You Liar ( July 2010 ) , which peaked at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart and by end of 2011 received a platinum certificate from ARIA for shipment of 70,000 copies . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010 she won the Best Female Artist and Breakthrough Artist - Release for I Believe You Liar . Washington 's second album , There There , was released in September 2014 , which reached number five . A new single Saint Lo was released in 2016 and received high rotation on Triple J and she has just released her latest single Dirty Churches in May 2019 , her music has been described by I-D as sexy synth-laden pop"}]}, {'value': 'I Believe You Liar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Believe_You_Liar', 'summary': 'I Believe You Liar is the debut studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Washington . It was released on Mercury Records in Australia on 30 July 2010 . The album peaked at # 3 on the Australian ARIA charts .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 , 59 , 84 ( 67 in 2009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The National', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_National_(band)', 'summary': "The National is an American rock band from Cincinnati , Ohio , formed in 1999 . The band consists of Matt Berninger ( vocals ) , Aaron Dessner ( guitar , piano , keyboards ) , Bryce Dessner ( guitar , piano , keyboards ) , Scott Devendorf ( bass ) and Bryan Devendorf ( drums ) . Founded by Berninger , Aaron Dessner , and Scott and Bryan Devendorf , The National released their self-titled debut album , The National ( 2001 ) , on Brassland Records , an independent record label founded by Dessner and his twin brother , Bryce Dessner . Bryce , who had assisted in recording the album , soon joined the band , participating as a full member in the recording of its follow-up , Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers ( 2003 ) . Leaving behind their day jobs , the National signed with Beggars Banquet Records and released their third studio album , Alligator ( 2005 ) , to widespread critical acclaim . The band 's fourth and fifth studio albums , Boxer ( 2007 ) and High Violet ( 2010 ) , increased their exposure significantly . In 2013 , the band released its sixth studio album , Trouble Will Find Me , which was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . In 2017 the band released the album Sleep Well Beast , which won the Grammy award for Best Alternative Music Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Their eighth studio album , I Am Easy to Find , was released on May 17 , 2019 . Four of the band 's albums were included on NME 's 2013 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'High Violet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Violet', 'summary': "High Violet is the fifth studio album by The National , which was released on May 10 , 2010 in Europe and on May 11 , 2010 in North America via 4AD . The band produced the album themselves assisted by Peter Katis with whom they worked on their previous albums Alligator and Boxer at their own studio in Brooklyn , New York , and at Katis ' Tarquin Studios in Bridgeport , Connecticut . The sculpture on the album cover was created by artist Mark Fox , and is called The Binding Force . An expanded edition of High Violet was released through 4AD on November 22 , 2010 . The reissue includes the standard 11-track album along with a new bonus disc , featuring the unreleased tracks You Were a Kindness and Wake Up Your Saints as well as alternate versions , B-sides , and live recordings ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '31 , 93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Door Cinema Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club', 'summary': "Two Door Cinema Club is a band from Northern Ireland . The band formed in 2007 and is composed of three members : Alex Trimble ( vocals , rhythm guitar , beats , synths ) , Sam Halliday ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Kevin Baird ( bass , synths , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album , Tourist History , was released on 1 March 2010 by French independent record label Kitsuné Music . In the United States , where the band are signed to Glassnote Records , the album was released on 27 April 2010 . Tourist History was selected for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year ( 2010 ) the following year . The band 's second album Beacon was released on 3 September 2012 , debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart and reached number two in the UK Albums Chart . The band 's third album Gameshow was released on 14 October 2016 . The first single , Are We Ready ? ( Wreck ) was released on 14 June 2016 and was debuted on Annie Mac 's Hottest Record on BBC Radio 1 . Two more singles , 'Bad Decisions ' and the title track 'Gameshow ' were released prior to the album and are also included on the track list ."}]}, {'value': 'Tourist History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tourist_History', 'summary': "Tourist History is the debut studio album by Northern Irish indie rock band Two Door Cinema Club . It was released on 17 February 2010 by Kitsuné . The album is named for the reputation of the band 's hometown , Bangor , as a tourist attraction . Tourist History won the Choice Music Prize for the 2010 Irish Album of the Year . The band said it was the first award they had ever won and donated the €10,000 prize money to charity ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '21 , 72', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yeasayer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeasayer', 'summary': 'Yeasayer ( /ˈjeɪseɪ.ər/ ) was an American experimental rock band from Brooklyn , New York , formed in 2006 . The band consisted of Chris Keating , Ira Wolf Tuton , and Anand Wilder . They announced their split on December 19 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Odd Blood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odd_Blood', 'summary': "Odd Blood is the self-produced second studio album by American experimental rock band Yeasayer . Recorded in the state of New York during 2009 , it was released on February 8 , 2010 in Europe and a day later in North America , with Secretly Canadian as the primary label . Ambling Alp , O.N.E. , Madder Red , and I Remember were released as singles . Odd Blood peaked at number 63 on the US Billboard 200 and at number 64 on the UK Albums Chart . It reached number five on the US Billboard Independent Albums chart . Yeasayer followed the record 's release with an extended tour throughout 2010 . Odd Blood was mostly crafted with engineer Steve Revitte in a secluded cabin studio . During the sessions , Yeasayer experimented with different types of instruments and recording machines . Auxiliary musicians were hired to help with the process . The idea was to marry sonic experimentation with pop structures , while primary songwriters Chris Keating and Anand Wilder explored a variety of themes such as boxing , addiction , and paranoia . Odd Blood also contains several love songs . The album received largely positive reviews from critics ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '30 , 51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanye West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanye_West', 'summary': "Kanye Omari West ( /ˈkɑːnjeɪ/ ; born June 8 , 1977 ) is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur and fashion designer . West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , with his music having spanned a broad range of styles , incorporating an eclectic range of influences including hip hop , soul , baroque pop , electro , indie rock , synth-pop , industrial , and gospel . Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago , West was first known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing singles for artists such as Jay-Z , Ludacris , and Alicia Keys . Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to critical and commercial success , and founded the record label GOOD Music . He experimented with a variety of musical genres on subsequent acclaimed studio albums , including Late Registration ( 2005 ) , Graduation ( 2007 ) , and the polarizing but influential 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) . His fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) was the most critically acclaimed album of the 2010s , being hailed by critics as the best album of the decade . He has since succeeded the album with Yeezus ( 2013 ) , The Life of Pablo ( 2016 ) , Ye ( 2018 ) , and the Christian album Jesus Is King ( 2019 ) , as well as the full-length collaborations Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) and Kids See Ghosts ( 2018 ) with Jay-Z and Kid Cudi , respectively . West 's outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant media attention . West is a practicing Christian and his religious views have garnered widespread curiosity . He has been a frequent source of controversy for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings , as well as his comments on the music and fashion industries , U.S. politics , and race . His marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been a source of substantial media attention . As a fashion designer , he has collaborated with Nike , Louis Vuitton , and A.P.C ."}]}, {'value': 'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Beautiful_Dark_Twisted_Fantasy', 'summary': "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy is the fifth studio album by American rapper and producer Kanye West . It was released on November 22 , 2010 , by Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records . It follows a period of public and legal controversy for the rapper , who retreated to a self-imposed exile in Hawaii in 2009 and recorded in a communal environment involving numerous contributing musicians and producers . Recorded mainly at Honolulu 's Avex Recording Studio , additional sessions took place at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank , California , and at Electric Lady Studios and Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York City . The album was produced primarily by West , along with a variety of high-profile producers such as : Mike Dean , No I.D. , Jeff Bhasker , RZA , S1 , Bink , and DJ Frank E. Music journalists have noted the album features a maximalist aesthetic and opulent production quality with elements of West 's previous works , including soul , baroque , electro , and symphonic styles , as well as progressive rock influences . Thematically , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy explores West 's status as a celebrity , consumer culture , race , and the idealism of the American Dream . Guest vocalists on the album include : Bon Iver , Jay-Z , Pusha T , Rick Ross , Kid Cudi , Nicki Minaj , John Legend , and Raekwon . Prior to the album 's release , West debuted Runaway in live performance at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards . To help market the album , West released free songs through his GOOD Fridays weekly free music release series and four singles : Power , Runaway , Monster and All of the Lights , which were all top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 . West also released a short film - Runaway - set to music from the album . In its first week of release , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and sold 496,000 copies , eventually reaching two million for a double platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Following the release , West performed headlining sets at several large festivals , including SXSW 2011 , Lollapalooza , Austin City Limits , and Coachella 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '14 , 88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birds of Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birds_of_Tokyo', 'summary': "Birds of Tokyo is an Australian alternative rock band from Perth , Western Australia . Their debut album Day One gained them domestic success , reaching number three on the AIR Independent Album charts and spending a total of 36 consecutive weeks in the top ten . In 2008 , the band released Universes , which made it to number three on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart . 2010 saw the band 's self-titled third studio release Birds of Tokyo spend over eight months on the Australian top 20 , peaking at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart . The double platinum album received the 2010 ARIA Award for Best Rock Album and in early 2011 the band 's breakthrough hit Plans ranked number four on Triple J 's Hottest 100 . The album 's follow-up single , Wild at Heart , reached number one on the country 's national airplay chart and won the band an APRA Award . In 2013 the band released their fourth studio album March Fires . Supported by the album 's first two singles This Fire and Lanterns , March Fires debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart - the band 's first number-one record . The album was certified gold within four weeks of release and the triple platinum single Lanterns was the most played song on Australian radio for the first six months of 2013 . The band released their fifth studio album Brace in November 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Birds of Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birds_of_Tokyo_(album)', 'summary': 'Birds of Tokyo is the third album by Australian alternative rock band Birds of Tokyo , released on 23 July 2010 through EMI Records . It was recorded in Sydney , Australia ; New York City , United States ; London , UK ; and Gothenburg , Sweden , produced by Scott Horscroft , co-produced by Adam Spark and mixed by Michael Brauer . This is the last album to feature Anthony Jackson on bass guitar before his departure in March 2011 . The album won the ARIA Award for Best Rock Album in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '4 , 47 , 87', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Ronson & The Business Intl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Ronson', 'summary': "Mark Daniel Ronson ( born 4 September 1975 ) is a British-American musician , DJ , songwriter , and record producer . Ronson is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Amy Winehouse , Lady Gaga , Adele , Lily Allen , Miley Cyrus , Queens of the Stone Age , and Bruno Mars . He has received seven Grammy Awards , including Producer of the Year for Winehouse 's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles Rehab and Uptown Funk . He received an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song Shallow for the film A Star is Born ( 2018 ) . Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City . His stepfather is Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones , which contributed to a childhood surrounded by music . While attending New York University , Ronson became a popular DJ in the hip hop scene . His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts . In 2006 , he received acclaim for producing albums for Lily Allen , Christina Aguilera , and Amy Winehouse . In 2007 , Ronson released his second album , Version . The album reached number two in the UK and included three top ten singles and earned him the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist . He subsequently released his third studio album , Record Collection , peaking at number two in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Record Collection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_Collection_(album)', 'summary': 'Record Collection is the third studio album by music producer Mark Ronson . The album was released under the moniker Mark Ronson & The Business Intl . and was released on 27 September 2010 in the UK and on 28 September 2010 in the US .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '10 , 17 , 35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorillaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorillaz', 'summary': "Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett . Producer and A & R executive Remi Kabaka Jr. began collaborating with the band in 2016 after several years providing the voice of Russel Hobbs and was listed as an official member alongside Albarn and Hewlett in the 2019 Gorillaz documentary Gorillaz : Reject False Icons . The band primarily consists of four animated members : Stuart 2-D Pot , Murdoc Niccals , Noodle , and Russel Hobbs . Their fictional universe is presented in music videos , interviews and short cartoons . In reality , Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor , and often collaborates with other musicians . With Gorillaz , Albarn departed from the distinct Britpop of his band Blur through hip hop , electronic music , and world music through an eccentrically postmodern approach . The band 's 2001 debut album Gorillaz went triple platinum in the UK and double platinum in Europe and earned the group an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band . It was nominated for the Mercury Prize , but the nomination was withdrawn at the band 's request . Their second studio album , Demon Days ( 2005 ) , went six times platinum in the UK and double platinum in the US . The third Gorillaz studio album , Plastic Beach , was released on 3 March 2010 . The fourth , The Fall , was released on 25 December 2010 as a surprise gift for paying fan club members , then on 18 April 2011 as an official release . The fifth , Humanz , was released after a six-year hiatus on 28 April 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Plastic Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plastic_Beach', 'summary': "Plastic Beach is the third studio album by British virtual band Gorillaz . It was released on 3 March 2010 by Parlophone internationally and by Virgin Records in the United States . Conceived from an unfinished project called Carousel , the album was recorded from June 2008 to November 2009 , and was produced primarily by group co-creator Damon Albarn . It features guest appearances by such artists as Snoop Dogg , Gruff Rhys , De La Soul , Bobby Womack , Mos Def , Lou Reed , Mick Jones , Mark E. Smith , Paul Simonon , Bashy , Kano , Little Dragon , and the Hypnotic Brass Ensemble . Plastic Beach received mostly positive reviews , and was later named one of the decade 's best albums by several critics . The album debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart , selling approximately 74,432 copies in its first week . It debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 112,000 copies sold in its first week ; it also reached number one in several other countries ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '37 , 42 , 78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sia_Furler', 'summary': 'Sia Kate Isobelle Furler ( /ˈsiːə/ SEE-ə ; born 18 December 1975 ) is an Australian singer , songwriter , voice actress and music video director . She started her career as a singer in the acid jazz band Crisp in the mid-1990s in Adelaide . In 1997 , when Crisp disbanded , she released her debut studio album titled OnlySee in Australia . She moved to London , England , and provided lead vocals for the British duo Zero 7 . In 2000 , Sia released her second studio album , Healing Is Difficult , and her third studio album , Colour the Small One , in 2004 , but all of these struggled to connect with a mainstream audience . Sia relocated to New York City in 2005 and toured in the United States . Her fourth and fifth studio albums , Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born , were released in 2008 and 2010 , respectively . Each was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association and attracted wider notice than her earlier albums . Uncomfortable with her growing fame , Sia took a hiatus from performing , during which she focused on songwriting for other artists , producing successful collaborations Titanium ( with David Guetta ) , Diamonds ( with Rihanna ) and Wild Ones ( with Flo Rida ) . In 2014 , Sia broke through as a solo recording artist when her sixth studio album , 1000 Forms of Fear , debuted at No 1 in the U.S . Billboard 200 and generated the top-ten single Chandelier and a trilogy of music videos starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler . Since then , Sia has usually worn a wig that obscures her face to protect her privacy .'}]}, {'value': 'We Are Born', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/We_Are_Born', 'summary': "We Are Born is the fifth studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Sia . It was released on June 18 , 2010 . The album is more upbeat than her previous work , which she partly attributes to her relationship with JD Samson as well as her childhood influences Cyndi Lauper and Madonna . The album was produced by Greg Kurstin , and features The Strokes ' guitarist Nick Valensi . The album 's first single , You 've Changed was released in December 2009 and the lead single , Clap Your Hands , in April 2010 . We Are Born debuted at number 2 on the Australian Albums Chart and was Sia 's first top 10 release in her home country . The album won Best Pop Release and Best Independent Release at the 2010 ARIA Music Awards . The album received Gold accreditation in the Australian ARIA charts in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '13 , 56 ( 72 in 2009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foals_(band)', 'summary': "Foals are an English rock band from Oxford , formed in 2005 . The band 's current line-up consists of lead vocalist and lead guitarist Yannis Philippakis , drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan , rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith and keyboardist Edwin Congreave . They are currently signed to Warner Records , and have released six studio albums to date : Antidotes ( 2008 ) , Total Life Forever ( 2010 ) , Holy Fire ( 2013 ) , What Went Down ( 2015 ) , and Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost - Part 1 & 2 ( 2019 ) . They have also released one video album , six extended plays and twenty-seven singles . The band have toured internationally for over a decade , and have featured at festivals such as Glastonbury , Coachella , and Roskilde . They have won a number of awards , including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year ' for their work on the album Holy Fire . The band 's most recent studio album , Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost - Part 1 was released in March 2019 while their sixth and immediate follow-up , Part 2 , was released on 18 October 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Total Life Forever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Total_Life_Forever', 'summary': "Total Life Forever is the second studio album by British indie rock band Foals , released on 10 May 2010 through Transgressive Records . Prior to the album 's release , the band described it as sounding like the dream of an eagle dying . It was produced by Luke Smith , and was recorded at Svenska Grammofon Studion in Gothenburg . Upon its release , the album charted in numerous countries worldwide , including number eight in the UK Albums Chart ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Black Keys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Black_Keys', 'summary': "The Black Keys are an American rock band formed in Akron , Ohio , in 2001 . The group consists of Dan Auerbach ( guitar , vocals ) and Patrick Carney ( drums ) . The duo began as an independent act , recording music in basements and self-producing their records , before they eventually emerged as one of the most popular garage rock artists during a second wave of the genre 's revival in the 2010s . The band 's raw blues rock sound draws heavily from Auerbach 's blues influences , including Junior Kimbrough , Howlin ' Wolf , and Robert Johnson . Friends since childhood , Auerbach and Carney founded the group after dropping out of college . After signing with indie label Alive , they released their debut album , The Big Come Up ( 2002 ) , which earned them a new deal with Fat Possum Records . Over the next decade , the Black Keys built an underground fanbase through extensive touring of small clubs , frequent album releases and music festival appearances , and broad licensing of their songs . Their third album , Rubber Factory ( 2004 ) , received critical acclaim and boosted the band 's profile , eventually leading to a record deal with major label Nonesuch Records in 2006 . After self-producing and recording their first four records in makeshift studios , the duo completed Attack & Release ( 2008 ) in a professional studio and hired producer Danger Mouse , who subsequently became a frequent collaborator with the band . The group 's commercial breakthrough came in 2010 with Brothers , which along with its popular single Tighten Up , won three Grammy Awards . Their 2011 follow-up El Camino received strong reviews and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart , leading to the first arena concert tour of the band 's career , the El Camino Tour . The album and its hit single Lonely Boy won three Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brothers_(The_Black_Keys_album)', 'summary': "Brothers ( printed as This is an album by The Black Keys . The name of this album is Brothers . on the front cover ) is the sixth studio album by American rock duo The Black Keys . Co-produced by the group , Mark Neill , and Danger Mouse , it was released on May 18 , 2010 on Nonesuch Records . Brothers was the band 's commercial breakthrough , as it sold over 73,000 copies in the United States in its first week and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 , their best performance on the chart to that point . The album 's lead single , Tighten Up , the only track from the album produced by Danger Mouse , became their most successful single to that point , spending 10 weeks at number one on the Alternative Songs chart and becoming the group 's first single on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 87 and was later certified gold . The second single , Howlin ' for You , went gold as well . In April 2012 , the album was certified platinum in the US by the RIAA for shipping over one million copies . It also went double-platinum in Canada and gold in the UK . In 2011 , it won three Grammy Awards , including honors for Best Alternative Music Album ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '80 , 82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Red', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Red_(band)', 'summary': 'Little Red were an Australian rock , pop band formed in 2005 by Adrian Beltrame on guitar , keyboard and vocals , Dominic Byrne on guitar and vocals , Quang Dinh on bass guitar and vocals , Tom Hartney on harmonica , keyboard and vocals , and Taka Honda on drums . They issued two albums , Listen to Little Red ( 28 June 2008 ) and Midnight Remember ( September 2010 ) . The second album peaked at No . 5 on the ARIA Albums Chart . It provided their highest charting single , Rock It ( June 2010 ) , which reached the top 20 on the related ARIA Singles Chart . The group disbanded in August 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Midnight Remember', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midnight_Remember', 'summary': 'Midnight Remember is the second and final studio album by Australian rock band Little Red , released in Australia and New Zealand through Liberation Music on 10 September 2010 . Midnight Remember debuted and peaked at number 5 on the Australian album charts and remained in the charts for 12 weeks where it has been certified Gold , mostly due to the success of the highly successful single Rock It , which has been accredited with Platinum status . The album has produced three singles . The most successful , Rock It , reached number 19 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was second place in the Triple J Hottest 100 for 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '2 , 79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Children Collide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Children_Collide', 'summary': 'Children Collide are an Australian indie rock band from Melbourne , Australia . The band consisted of bassist Heath Crawley and vocalist/guitarist Johnny Mackay throughout its initial run , drummer Ryan Caesar quit the band in February 2012 . Their debut album , The Long Now was released on 11 October 2008 and was produced by David Sardy .'}]}, {'value': 'Theory of Everything', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theory_of_Everything_(album)', 'summary': 'Theory of Everything is the second studio album by Australian indie rock band Children Collide . The album was recorded in Los Angeles and Melbourne , Australia . It was produced by Rob Schnapf in the United States and Woody Annison in Melbourne . The album was released by Universal in Australia on 27 August 2010 . The first single , Jellylegs , was released on 18 June 2010 , and reached number 72 on the Australian ARIA Charts . [ citation needed ] Several different special editions of the album were made available for pre-orders via the Children Collide website and other online stores . These included limited edition Tarot cards and limited edition singles .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '22 , 60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungry Kids of Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungry_Kids_of_Hungary', 'summary': 'Hungry Kids of Hungary were an Australian four-piece indie pop band from Brisbane , Queensland . The band consisted of Dean McGrath ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Kane Mazlin ( lead vocals , keys ) , Ben Dalton ( bass guitar , vocals ) and Ryan Strathie ( drums , vocals ) . They are no longer active , and announced that they would be parting ways as a band on 28 November 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Escapades', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escapades_(Hungry_Kids_of_Hungary_album)', 'summary': "Escapades is the debut studio album by Australian indie pop band Hungry Kids of Hungary . Released in Australia on 1 October 2010 on Stop Start/EMI , the album was produced by Matt Redlich and features two singles from the band 's first two EPs - Scattered Diamonds and a re-recorded version of Set It Right . Previous stand-alone single Let You Down was also re-recorded and three additional singles - Wristwatch , Coming Around and The Vacationer - were released and gained extensive radio play on triple j prior to the album 's release ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top 20 Albums of 2010', 'section_text': 'Triple J Listeners voted for their favorite album of 2010 in a similar format to the Hottest 100 . Voters were allowed to vote for any album released in 2010 and were limited to ten votes .', 'uid': 'Triple_J_Hottest_100,_2010_1', 'intro': 'The 2010 Triple J Hottest 100 was announced and played on Australia Day, 26 January 2011. It is the eighteenth countdown of the most popular songs of the year, as chosen by the listeners of Australian radio station Triple J. Voting commenced at midnight on Monday 20 December 2010, and closed at midnight on Sunday 16 January 2011. 1.26 million votes were recorded from 152 countries, a new record number of votes. The #1 spot belonged to Big Jet Plane by Angus & Julia Stone. The whole top 100 can be viewed here\n The full list of places #101-200 can be viewed here'} | null | null | What are the tracks in the hottest 100 for the artist that signed to Infectious Music in the UK/Europe ; and Votiv in North America ? | 18 |
06f238b1121d64e5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)', 'title': 'Edge (magazine)', 'header': ['Title', 'Platforms', 'Issue', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': 'Super Mario 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_64', 'summary': "Super Mario 64 [ a ] is a 1996 platform video game for the Nintendo 64 and the first in the Super Mario series to feature three-dimensional ( 3D ) gameplay . As Mario , the player explores Princess Peach 's castle and must rescue her from Bowser . Super Mario 64 features open-world playability , degrees of freedom through all three axes in space , and relatively large areas which are composed primarily of true 3D polygons as opposed to only two-dimensional ( 2D ) sprites . It emphasizes exploration within vast worlds , which require the player to complete various missions in addition to the occasional linear obstacle courses ( as in traditional platform games ) . It preserves many gameplay elements and characters of earlier Mario games as well as the visual style . Producer/director and Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto conceived a 3D Mario game during the production of Star Fox ( 1993 ) . Super Mario 64 's development , handled by Nintendo EAD , lasted approximately three years ; one was spent on designing while the next two on direct work . The visuals were created using the Nichimen N-World toolkit and Miyamoto aimed to include more details than earlier games . The score was composed by Koji Kondo . A multiplayer mode featuring Luigi as a playable character was planned but cut . Along with Pilotwings 64 , Super Mario 64 was one of the launch games for Nintendo 64 . Nintendo released it in Japan on June 23 , 1996 , and later in North America , Europe , and Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'E035', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gran Turismo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(1997_video_game)', 'summary': "Gran Turismo is a sim racing video game designed by Kazunori Yamauchi . Gran Turismo was developed by Polys Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment in 1997 for the PlayStation video game console . The game 's development group was later established as Polyphony Digital . After five years of development time , it was well-received publicly and critically , shipping a total of 10.85 million copies worldwide as of March 2013 ( making it the best-selling PlayStation game ) , and scoring an average of 95% in GameRankings ' aggregate , making it the highest rated racing video game of all-time . Many publications have deemed it one of the greatest video games of all time . The game has started a series , and has spawned over 10 spin-offs and sequels ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'E055', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time', 'summary': "The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time [ a ] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . It was released in Japan and North America in November 1998 , and in PAL regions the following month . Ocarina of Time is the fifth game in The Legend of Zelda series , and the first with 3D graphics . The player controls Link in the fantasy land of Hyrule on a quest to stop the evil king Ganondorf , traveling through time and navigating dungeons and an overworld . The game introduced features such as a target-lock system and context-sensitive buttons that have since become common in 3D adventure games . Music plays an important role , as the player must learn to play numerous songs on an ocarina to progress . Ocarina of Time received widespread acclaim and won several awards and accolades , and has been widely cited as one of the greatest video games of all time , with numerous publications ranking it the greatest video game ever made . It was also commericially successful , selling over seven million copies worldwide . In the United States , it received more than three times more pre-orders than any other video game up to that point and was the best selling game in the country that year . As of February 2020 , it is the highest-rated game on review aggregator site Metacritic and the second highest-rated on GameRankings , behind Super Mario Galaxy , also made by Nintendo . Ocarina of Time was followed by a direct sequel , The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask , in 2000 . In the early 2000s , it was re-released as part of the The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition promotional disc for the GameCube , as well as for the iQue Player in China ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E066', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halo : Combat Evolved', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halo:_Combat_Evolved', 'summary': "Halo : Combat Evolved is a first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios . It was released as a launch title for Microsoft 's Xbox video game console on November 15 , 2001 . Microsoft released versions of the game for Windows and Mac OS X in 2003 . The game was later released as a downloadable Xbox Original for the Xbox 360 . Halo is set in the twenty-sixth century , with the player assuming the role of the Master Chief , a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier . The Chief is accompanied by Cortana , an artificial intelligence . Players battle various aliens as they attempt to uncover the secrets of the eponymous Halo , a ring-shaped artificial world . Bungie began the development of what would eventually become Halo in 1997 . Initially , the game was a real-time strategy game that morphed into a third-person shooter before becoming a first-person shooter . During development , Microsoft acquired Bungie and turned the game into a launch title for its new video game console , the Xbox . Halo was a critical and commercial success , and has been praised as one of the greatest video games of all time . The game 's popularity led to labels such as Halo clone and Halo killer , applied to games either similar to or anticipated to be better than it ."}]}, {'value': 'Xbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_(console)', 'summary': "The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of video game consoles manufactured by Microsoft . It was released as Microsoft 's first foray into the gaming console market on November 15 , 2001 , in North America , followed by Australia , Europe and Japan in 2002 . It is classified as a sixth generation console , competing with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo 's GameCube . It was also the first major console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996 . Announced in 2000 , the Xbox was graphically powerful compared to its rivals , featuring a 733 MHz Intel Pentium III processor , a processor that could be found on a standard PC . It was also noted for its PC-like size and weight , and was the first console to feature a built-in hard disk . In November 2002 , Microsoft launched Xbox Live , a fee-based online gaming service that enabled subscribers to download new content and connect with other players through a broadband connection . Unlike online services from Sega and Sony , Xbox Live had support in the original console design through an integrated Ethernet port . The service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a competitor in the sixth-generation of consoles . The popularity of blockbuster titles such as Bungie 's Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming , and in particular first-person shooters . The Xbox had a record-breaking launch in North America , selling 1.5 million units before the end of 2001 , aided by the popularity of one of the system 's launch titles , Halo : Combat Evolved , which sold a million units by April 2002 . The system went on to sell a worldwide total of 24 million units , including 16 million in North America ; however , Microsoft was unable to make a steady profit off of the console , which had a manufacturing price far more expensive than its retail price , despite its popularity , losing over $ 4 billion during its market life ."}]}, {'value': 'E105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Half-Life 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Half-Life_2', 'summary': "Half-Life 2 is a 2004 first-person shooter ( FPS ) game developed and published by Valve . Like the original Half-Life ( 1998 ) , it combines shooting , puzzles , and storytelling , and adds features such as vehicles and physics-based gameplay . Players control Gordon Freeman , who fights against the alien Combine with allies including resistance fighter Alyx Vance , using weapons such as the object-manipulating gravity gun . The game was created using Valve 's Source engine , developed alongside . Development lasted five years and cost US $ 40 million . Valve president Gabe Newell set his team the goal of redefining the FPS genre , focusing on advanced physics systems and non-player characters . Valve announced Half-Life 2 at E3 2003 and released it through its new distribution service Steam after delaying it by over a year . A year before release , a hacker stole an unfinished version and leaked it online . Half-Life 2 received acclaim for its advanced physics , animation , sound , AI , graphics , and narrative . It won 39 Game of the Year awards , and has been cited as one of the greatest games of all time . By 2011 , it had sold 12 million copies . It was followed by the episodic sequels Episode One ( 2006 ) and Episode Two ( 2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'E143', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halo 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halo_3', 'summary': "Halo 3 is a 2007 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie for the Xbox 360 console . The third installment in the Halo franchise , the game concludes the story arc begun in 2001 's Halo : Combat Evolved and continued in 2004 's Halo 2 . Halo 3 's story centers on the interstellar war between twenty-sixth century humanity , a collection of alien races known as the Covenant , and the alien parasite Flood . The player assumes the role of the Master Chief , a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier , as he battles the Covenant and the Flood . The game features vehicles , weapons , and gameplay elements not present in previous titles of the series , as well as the addition of saved gameplay films , file sharing , and the Forge map editor - a utility which allows the player to perform modifications to multiplayer levels . Bungie began developing Halo 3 shortly after Halo 2 shipped . The game was officially announced at E3 2006 , and its release was preceded by a multiplayer beta open to select players who purchased the Xbox 360 game Crackdown . Microsoft spent $ 40 million on marketing the game , in an effort to sell more game consoles and broaden the appeal of the game beyond the established Halo fanbase . Marketing included cross-promotions and an alternate reality game . The game was released in September 2007 . Halo 3 grossed US $ 170 million in its first day of release , and $ 300 million its first week . More than one million people played Halo 3 on Xbox Live in the first twenty hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'E181', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Orange Box', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Orange_Box', 'summary': "The Orange Box is a video game compilation containing five games developed by Valve . Two of the games included , Half-Life 2 and its first stand-alone expansion , Episode One , had previously been released as separate products . Three new games were also included in the compilation : the second stand-alone expansion , Half-Life 2 : Episode Two , the puzzle game Portal , and Team Fortress 2 , the multiplayer game sequel to Team Fortress Classic . Valve also released a soundtrack containing music from the games within the compilation . A separate product entitled The Black Box was planned , which would have included only the new games , but was later canceled . The Orange Box was first released for Microsoft Windows and the Xbox 360 in October 2007 , while the PlayStation 3 version , developed by EA UK was released in December 2007 . A digital Orange Box pack , containing the five games , was released in May 2010 for Mac OS X following the release of Steam for the platform , while a similar version for Linux followed after the Steam 's clients release for Linux in early 2013 . The Orange Box received critical acclaim , with Portal being recognized as a surprise favorite of the package . The PlayStation 3 version of The Orange Box was noted for several technical shortcomings that were not present in the other versions , only a few of which were fixed through a single patch ."}]}, {'value': 'Windows , Xbox 360', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E182', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Galaxy', 'summary': "Super Mario Galaxy [ a ] [ b ] is a 2007 platform video game for the Wii , and the third 3D game in Nintendo 's Super Mario series . As Mario or Luigi , the player embarks on a quest to rescue Princess Peach , save the universe from Bowser , and collect 121 Power Stars . The levels in the game consist of galaxies filled with minor planets and worlds , with different variations of gravity , the central element of gameplay . The player controls the player character using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk , and completes missions , fights bosses , and reaches certain areas to collect Power Stars . Certain levels use the motion-based Wii Remote functions . Nintendo EAD Tokyo began developing Super Mario Galaxy after the release of Donkey Kong Jungle Beat in late 2004 , when Shigeru Miyamoto suggested that Nintendo should commission a large-scale Mario game . The concept for the use of spherical platforms originated from ideas used in Super Mario 128 , a technology demonstration shown at Nintendo Space World in 2000 . Nintendo aimed to make the game appeal to players of all ages , and the team had more freedom in designing it compared to other Super Mario games because of the outer space setting . The soundtrack was composed by Mahito Yokota and Koji Kondo , using a symphony orchestra for the first time in the series . Super Mario Galaxy was a critical and commercial success , hailed as one of the greatest video games of all time . Super Mario Galaxy is the highest-rated game of all time on review-aggregating site GameRankings . Critics praised the game 's graphics , gravity mechanics , soundtrack , and setting ."}]}, {'value': 'Wii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii', 'summary': "The Wii ( /wiː/ WEE ; known unofficially as the Nintendo Wii ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19 , 2006 . As a seventh-generation console , the Wii competed with Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Sony 's PlayStation 3 . Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of the two others . As of the first quarter of 2016 [ update ] , the Wii led its generation over the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in worldwide sales , with more than 101 million units sold ; in December 2009 , the console broke the sales record for a single month in the United States . The Wii introduced the Wii Remote controller , which can be used as a handheld pointing device and which detects movement in three dimensions . The console runs games supplied on Wii optical discs . It also supported the now discontinued WiiConnect24 service , which enabled Wii to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode . Like other seventh-generation consoles it supported a service , called Virtual Console , that downloaded emulated games from past Nintendo consoles , support for online video streaming such as BBC iPlayer , and other services provided by Nintendo over the Internet . From June 28 , 2013 , Internet services were gradually discontinued ; since January 31 , 2019 , only re-download of games , system software update , and transfer of data between Wii and Wii U continued to be available , to be withdrawn at an unspecified future date . Wii Points could no longer be purchased after March 2018 , and could not be used and were permanently lost from January 31 , 2019 . The Wii succeeded the GameCube ; early models are fully backward-compatible with all GameCube games and most accessories . Nintendo first spoke of the console at the E3 2004 press conference and later unveiled it at E3 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'E183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Theft Auto IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV', 'summary': "Grand Theft Auto IV is a 2008 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . It is the eleventh title in the Grand Theft Auto series , and the first main entry since 2004 's Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas . Set within the fictional Liberty City ( based on New York City ) , the single-player story follows a war veteran , Niko Bellic , and his attempts to escape his past while under pressure from loan sharks and mob bosses . The open world design lets players freely roam Liberty City , consisting of three main islands . The game is played from a third-person perspective and its world is navigated on-foot or by vehicle . Throughout the single-player mode , players play as Niko Bellic . An online multiplayer mode is included with the game , allowing up to 32 players to engage in both co-operative and competitive gameplay in a recreation of the single-player setting . [ b ] Two expansion packs were later released for the game , The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony , which both feature new plots that are interconnected with the main Grand Theft Auto IV storyline , and follow new protagonists . Development began soon after the release of Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and was shared between many of Rockstar 's studios worldwide . The game introduced a shift to a more realistic and detailed style and tone for the series . Unlike previous entries , Grand Theft Auto IV lacked a strong cinematic influence , as the team attempted an original approach to the story . As part of their research for the open world , the developers conducted field research around New York throughout development and captured footage for the design team ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'E189', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LittleBigPlanet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LittleBigPlanet', 'summary': "LittleBigPlanet ( LBP ) is a puzzle platform video game series created by Media Molecule and published by Sony Computer Entertainment on multiple PlayStation platforms . All of the games in the series put a strong emphasis on user-generated content and are based on the series ' tagline Play , Create , Share . The tagline represents the three core elements of the series : playing alone or with others locally ( on the same console ) or online , creating new content using the in-game creation tools , and sharing creations and discoveries online with other players . Tarsier Studios , Fireproof Games and Supermassive Games also contribute to the development of the PlayStation 3 games , creating in-game assets ( DLC ) including costumes , backgrounds , objects , and stickers . Some of these assets will also provide the player more tools and gadgets to use in the level editor . The series comprises five games across four gaming platforms . The series was launched in 2008 with the PlayStation 3 game LittleBigPlanet , which was followed in 2009 by a PlayStation Portable version of the same name , initially developed by SCE Studio Liverpool and later handed to SCE Cambridge Studio . The sequel to the PlayStation 3 version , LittleBigPlanet 2 , was released in January 2011 alongside a smaller spin-off title called Sackboy 's Prehistoric Moves . A PlayStation Vita game was developed by Tarsier Studios and Double Eleven , released in September 2012 . At E3 2014 , Sony announced LittleBigPlanet 3 , a PlayStation 4 installment that was developed by Sumo Digital and released in November 2014 . The games are all published by Sony Computer Entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E195', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayonetta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayonetta', 'summary': "Bayonetta [ d ] is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Sega . The game was originally released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in Japan in October 2009 , and in North America and Europe in January 2010 . The game was later released on the Wii U alongside its sequel , Bayonetta 2 , releasing in September 2014 in Japan and worldwide the following month . An enhanced port for Microsoft Windows was released in April 2017 with support for 4K visuals . The game was released on the Nintendo Switch in February 2018 worldwide , also alongside its sequel . A third game , Bayonetta 3 , is currently in development and is set to release for the Switch as well . A compilation called Bayonetta & Vanquish 10th Anniversary Bundle that includes the 4K remaster of Bayonetta , alongside PlatinumGames ' other remastered title Vanquish , was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on February 18 , 2020 . Bayonetta takes place in Vigrid , a fictional city in Europe . The game stars the eponymous character , a witch who is capable of shapeshifting and using various firearms . She also possesses magical attacks , and she can use her hair to summon demons to dispatch her foes . The game features a rating system , which gives players a grade based on their performance , and a combat system that is similar to the Devil May Cry series , also created by Bayonetta creator Hideki Kamiya . Development of the game was started in January 2007 , with Hideki Kamiya being the game 's director ."}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E209', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Galaxy 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Galaxy_2', 'summary': "Super Mario Galaxy 2 [ a ] [ b ] is a platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii . It was first announced at E3 2009 and is the sequel to 2007 's Super Mario Galaxy . It was released worldwide in 2010 . The story follows Mario as he pursues the Koopa King , Bowser , into outer space , where he has imprisoned Princess Peach and taken control of the universe using Power Stars and Grand Stars . Mario must travel across various galaxies to recover the Power Stars in order to travel to the center of the universe and rescue Princess Peach . The game was originally planned as an updated version of Super Mario Galaxy ; this version would have been called Super Mario Galaxy More . It was later decided that the game was to be developed as a fleshed-out sequel when the development staff continued to build upon the game with dozens of new ideas , and so development time expanded to two and a half years . Among the additions are dynamic environments , new power-ups , and the ability to ride Yoshi . Upon release , Super Mario Galaxy 2 was met with widespread critical acclaim , and is regarded by many to be one of the greatest video games of all time , as well as one of the highest rated video games on review aggregator websites . It is one of the best-selling games on the Wii with over seven million copies sold worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Wii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E215', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Band 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Band_3', 'summary': 'Rock Band 3 is a 2010 music video game developed by Harmonix . The game was initially published and distributed by MTV Games and Electronic Arts , respectively , in late October 2010 . Mad Catz took over both roles and re-released the title on November 23 , 2011 . It is the third main game in the Rock Band series . As with the previous titles , Rock Band 3 allows players to simulate the playing of rock music and many other subgenres using special instrument controllers mimicking lead and bass guitar , keyboard , drums , and vocals . Rock Band 3 expands upon previous games by including three-part vocal harmonies - previously used in The Beatles : Rock Band and Green Day : Rock Band ( up to 3 singers on a song ) - plus support for MIDI-compatible keyboards , electronic drumkits , and even use of a real guitar in Pro mode . Distinguishing it from all previous rhythm music games , Rock Band 3 features Pro mode , which is designed to accurately mimic playing of real instruments . In Pro mode , real guitar and bass players have to match specific fingering on frets and strings , drummers have to strike cymbal pads in addition to snare and toms , and keyboardists have to use precise fingering across the whole keyboard . Mad Catz manufactured a 102-button controller with 6 strings meant for bass and for lead guitar Fender lent a real Fender Squier stringed guitar modified with built-in electronics and enhancements to support Pro mode . Real instruments and original Basic controllers can be played simultaneously in various combinations within the game to simulate playing in a real band . Before a song starts , the players choose which instrument they will represent within the song . If the right note is hit or played , it is heard in the audio .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E222', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Skyward_Sword', 'summary': "The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword [ b ] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii . The sixteenth mainline entry in The Legend of Zelda series , it was released worldwide in November 2011 . The game was made available worldwide on the Wii U eShop in September 2016 . Taking the role of series protagonist Link , players navigate the floating island of Skyloft and the land below it , completing quests that advance the story and solving environmental and dungeon-based puzzles . Gameplay mechanics and combat , the latter focusing on attacking and blocking with sword and shield , are reliant on the Wii MotionPlus peripheral . Skyward Sword is the first game in the Zelda continuity , detailing the origins of the Master Sword , a recurring weapon within the series . Link , resident of a floating town called Skyloft , heads on a quest to rescue his childhood friend Zelda after she is kidnapped and brought to the Surface , an abandoned land below the clouds . Armed with the Goddess Sword and aided by a spirit named Fi , Link must ensure Zelda 's safety and stop Ghirahim as he attempts to resurrect his master , Demise . Development lasted around five years , beginning after the release of Twilight Princess in 2006 . Multiple earlier Zelda games influenced the developers , including Twilight Princess , Ocarina of Time and Majora 's Mask . Many aspects of the game 's overworld and gameplay were designed to streamline and populate the experience for players . The art style was influenced by the work of impressionist painters including Paul Cézanne ."}]}, {'value': 'Wii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E234', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Last of Us', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_of_Us', 'summary': "The Last of Us is a 2013 action-adventure survival horror video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . Players control Joel , a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage girl , Ellie , across a post-apocalyptic United States . The Last of Us is played from a third-person perspective . Players use firearms and improvised weapons , and can use stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus . In the online multiplayer mode , up to eight players engage in cooperative and competitive gameplay . Development of The Last of Us began in 2009 , soon after the release of Naughty Dog 's previous game , Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves . For the first time in the company 's history , Naughty Dog split into two teams ; while one team developed Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , the other half developed The Last of Us . The relationship between Joel and Ellie became the focus , with all other elements developed around it . Actors Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson portrayed Joel and Ellie respectively through voice and motion capture , and assisted creative director Neil Druckmann with the development of the characters and story . The original score was composed and performed by Gustavo Santaolalla . Following its announcement in December 2011 , The Last of Us was widely anticipated . It was released for the PlayStation 3 in June 2013 , and for the PlayStation 4 in July 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E255', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Theft Auto V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V', 'summary': "Grand Theft Auto V is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . It is the first main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series since 2008 's Grand Theft Auto IV . Set within the fictional state of San Andreas , based on Southern California , the single-player story follows three criminals and their efforts to commit heists while under pressure from a government agency and powerful crime figures . The open world design lets players freely roam San Andreas ' open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos , based on Los Angeles . The game is played from either a third-person or first-person perspective , and its world is navigated on foot or by vehicle . Players control the three lead protagonists throughout single-player and switch among them , both during and outside missions . The story is centred on the heist sequences , and many missions involve shooting and driving gameplay . A wanted system governs the aggression of law enforcement response to players who commit crimes . Grand Theft Auto Online , the game 's online multiplayer mode , lets up to 30 players engage in a variety of different cooperative and competitive game modes . The game 's development began soon after Grand Theft Auto IV 's release and was shared between many of Rockstar 's studios worldwide . The development team drew influence from many of their previous projects such as Red Dead Redemption and Max Payne 3 and designed the game around three lead protagonists to innovate on the core structure of its predecessors . Much of the development work constituted the open world 's creation , and several team members conducted field research around California to capture footage for the design team ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E259', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayonetta 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayonetta_2', 'summary': "Bayonetta 2 [ a ] is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Nintendo for Wii U and Nintendo Switch . It is the sequel to the 2009 game Bayonetta , and was directed by Yusuke Hashimoto and produced by Atsushi Inaba and Nintendo 's Hitoshi Yamagami , under supervision by series creator Hideki Kamiya . Bayonetta 2 was announced in a Nintendo Direct presentation on September 13 , 2012 . Unlike the Sega-published Bayonetta , which was a multiplatform release for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , a publishing deal with Nintendo meant that Bayonetta 2 released as a platform-exclusive for Wii U . The titular character , Bayonetta , sports a new costume and hairstyle and the game itself features a new two-player mode . The game is also the second Bayonetta product to receive Japanese voiceovers , using the same cast that voiced the Bayonetta : Bloody Fate anime film by Gonzo . Bayonetta 2 was released in September 2014 in Japan and October 2014 for the rest of the world . The Special and First Print Editions of the game included a Wii U port of the original Bayonetta as a separate disc inside the case . The game received critical acclaim from many reviewers , praising the combat system and overall improvements from the first game . Nintendo Switch ports of both games , and a sequel , Bayonetta 3 , were announced in December 2017 during The Game Awards 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wii U', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E272', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloodborne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloodborne', 'summary': "Bloodborne [ a ] is an action role-playing game developed by FromSoftware and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 4 . It was released worldwide in March 2015 . Bloodborne follows the player 's character , a Hunter , through the decrepit Gothic , Victorian era-inspired city of Yharnam , whose inhabitants have been afflicted with an abnormal blood-borne disease . Ultimately attempting to find the source of the plague , the player 's character unravels the city 's intriguing mysteries while fighting beasts . The game is played from a third-person perspective . Players control a customizable protagonist and the gameplay is focused on weapons-based combat and exploration . Players battle varied enemies , including bosses , while using items such as swords and firearms as they journey through the story , exploring the game 's different locations , interacting with non-player characters , collecting key items involved in the story , and discovering and unraveling the world 's many mysteries . Bloodborne began development in 2012 under the working title of Project Beast . Bearing many similarities to the Souls series of games by the same developer and director , Bloodborne was partially inspired by the literary works of authors H. P. Lovecraft and Bram Stoker , and the architectural design of certain real world locations in places such as Romania and the Czech Republic . The decision by game director Hidetaka Miyazaki to create a new intellectual property ( IP ) and not another Souls game was made because he wanted to create something different ; at the same time , Sony wanted a new IP to be made exclusively for the PlayStation 4 . Bloodborne received critical acclaim , with praise being directed at its gameplay , particularly its high level of difficulty , sound design , atmospheric environments , interconnected world design , and plot . However , some criticism was directed at its technical performance at launch , which was improved with post-release updates ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}]}, {'value': 'E279', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Breath_of_the_Wild', 'summary': 'The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild [ a ] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo , released for the Nintendo Switch and Wii U consoles on March 3 , 2017 . Breath of the Wild is set at the end of the Zelda timeline ; the player controls Link , who awakens from a hundred-year slumber to defeat Calamity Ganon before it can destroy the kingdom of Hyrule . Similar to the original Legend of Zelda ( 1986 ) , players are given little instruction and can explore the open world freely . Tasks include collecting multipurpose items to aid in objectives or solving puzzles and side quests for rewards . The world is unstructured and designed to reward experimentation , and the story can be completed in a nonlinear fashion . Development of Breath of the Wild lasted five years . Wanting to reinvent the series , Nintendo introduced elements such as a detailed physics engine , high-definition visuals , and voice acting . Monolith Soft , known for their work in the open-world Xenoblade Chronicles series , assisted in designing landscapes and topography . The game was planned for release in 2015 as a Wii U exclusive , but was delayed twice due to problems with the physics engine . Breath of the Wild was a launch game for the Switch and the final game published by Nintendo for the Wii U . Two downloadable content packs were released later in 2017 . Breath of the Wild received acclaim for its open-ended gameplay and attention to detail , and has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo Switch , Wii U', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Switch', 'summary': "The Nintendo Switch [ b ] is a video game console developed by Nintendo , released worldwide in most regions on March 3 , 2017 . [ c ] It is a hybrid console that can be used as a home console and portable device . Its wireless Joy-Con controllers , with standard buttons and directional analog sticks for user input , motion sensing , and tactile feedback , can attach to both sides of the console to support handheld-style play . They can also connect to a Grip accessory to provide a traditional home console gamepad form , or be used individually in the hand like the Wii Remote and Nunchuk , supporting local multiplayer modes . The Nintendo Switch 's software supports online gaming through Internet connectivity , as well as local wireless ad hoc connectivity with other consoles . Nintendo Switch games and software are available on both physical flash-based ROM cartridges and digital distribution via Nintendo eShop ; the system has no region lockout . A handheld-focused revision of the system called the Nintendo Switch Lite , was released on September 20 , 2019 . The Nintendo Switch was unveiled in October 2016 . Known in development by its codename NX , the concept of the Switch came about as Nintendo 's reaction to several quarters of financial losses into 2014 , attributed to poor sales of its previous console , the Wii U , and market competition from mobile gaming . Nintendo 's then-president Satoru Iwata pushed the company towards mobile gaming and novel hardware . The Nintendo Switch 's design is aimed at a wide demographic of video game players through the multiple modes of use . Nintendo opted to use more standard electronic components , such as a chipset based on Nvidia 's Tegra line , to make development for the console easier for programmers and more compatible with existing game engines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wii_U', 'summary': "The Wii U ( /ˌwiː ˈjuː/ WEE YOO ) is a home video game console developed by Nintendo as the successor to the Wii . Released in late 2012 , it is the first eighth-generation video game console and competed with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Sony 's PlayStation 4 . The Wii U is the first Nintendo console to support HD graphics . The system 's primary controller is the Wii U GamePad , which features an embedded touchscreen , directional buttons , analog sticks , and action buttons . The screen can be used either as a supplement to the main display or in supported games to play the game directly on the GamePad . The Wii U Pro Controller can be used in its place as a more traditional alternative . The Wii U is backward compatible with all Wii software and accessories . Games can support any combination of the GamePad , Wii Remote , Nunchuk , Balance Board , or Nintendo 's Classic Controller or Wii U Pro Controller . Online functionality centers around the Nintendo Network platform and Miiverse , an integrated social networking service which allows users to share content in game-specific communities . The Wii U was met with a generally positive reception , which included praise for its innovative GamePad controller , improvements to online functionality over the Wii , backwards compatibility with existing Wii software and peripherals , and relative affordability . However , the Wii U was also criticized for the GamePad 's short battery life and issues with the console 's user interface and functionality . The Wii U was met with slow consumer adoption , with low sales that were primarily credited to a weak lineup of launch titles , limited third-party support , and poor marketing ."}]}, {'value': 'E304', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Odyssey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Odyssey', 'summary': "Super Mario Odyssey [ b ] is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch on October 27 , 2017 . An entry in the Super Mario series , it follows Mario and Cappy , a sentient hat that allows Mario to control other characters and objects , as they journey across various worlds to save Princess Peach from his nemesis Bowser , who plans to forcibly marry her . In contrast to the linear gameplay of prior entries , the game returns to the primarily open-ended , exploration-based gameplay featured in Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine . The game was developed by Nintendo 's Entertainment Planning & Development division , and began development soon after the release of Super Mario 3D World in 2013 . Various ideas were suggested during development , and to incorporate them all , the team decided to employ a sandbox-style of gameplay . Unlike previous installments such as New Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario 3D World , which were aimed at a casual audience , the team designed Super Mario Odyssey to appeal to the series ' core fans . The game also features a vocal theme song , Jump Up , Super Star ! , a first for the series . Super Mario Odyssey received universal acclaim from critics who called it one of the best games in the series , with particular praise towards its inventiveness and originality . It also won numerous awards , including for game of the year . The game was also a commercial success , selling over 16.59 million copies by December 2019 , which makes it one of the best-selling Switch games ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo Switch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Switch', 'summary': "The Nintendo Switch [ b ] is a video game console developed by Nintendo , released worldwide in most regions on March 3 , 2017 . [ c ] It is a hybrid console that can be used as a home console and portable device . Its wireless Joy-Con controllers , with standard buttons and directional analog sticks for user input , motion sensing , and tactile feedback , can attach to both sides of the console to support handheld-style play . They can also connect to a Grip accessory to provide a traditional home console gamepad form , or be used individually in the hand like the Wii Remote and Nunchuk , supporting local multiplayer modes . The Nintendo Switch 's software supports online gaming through Internet connectivity , as well as local wireless ad hoc connectivity with other consoles . Nintendo Switch games and software are available on both physical flash-based ROM cartridges and digital distribution via Nintendo eShop ; the system has no region lockout . A handheld-focused revision of the system called the Nintendo Switch Lite , was released on September 20 , 2019 . The Nintendo Switch was unveiled in October 2016 . Known in development by its codename NX , the concept of the Switch came about as Nintendo 's reaction to several quarters of financial losses into 2014 , attributed to poor sales of its previous console , the Wii U , and market competition from mobile gaming . Nintendo 's then-president Satoru Iwata pushed the company towards mobile gaming and novel hardware . The Nintendo Switch 's design is aimed at a wide demographic of video game players through the multiple modes of use . Nintendo opted to use more standard electronic components , such as a chipset based on Nvidia 's Tegra line , to make development for the console easier for programmers and more compatible with existing game engines ."}]}, {'value': 'E312', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Scoring', 'section_text': "Edge scores games on a ten-point scale , from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 10 , with five as ostensibly the average rating . For much of the magazine 's run , the magazine 's review policy stated that the scores broadly correspond to one of the following `` sentiments '' : 1 – disastrous 2 – appalling 3 – severely flawed 4 – disappointing 5 – average 6 – competent 7 – distinguished 8 – excellent 9 – astounding 10 – revolutionary", 'uid': 'Edge_(magazine)_0', 'intro': 'Edge is a multi-format video game magazine published by Future plc in the United Kingdom, which publishes 13 issues of the magazine per year.'} | null | null | The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword , which was published by Nintendo for the Wii in 2011 is a stylistic adventure which draws some of its artistic inspiration from which impressionist painter ? | Paul Cézanne |
06f403011540133d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1997 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gina Gogean ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gina_Gogean', 'summary': 'Gina Elena Gogean ( born 9 September 1978 ) is a retired artistic gymnast from Romania who competed internationally in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s . During her career she won an impressive number of 30 medals at Olympic Games , world championships or continental championships . Her best events were the floor exercise ( three-time world champion ) , the vault ( two-time world champion ) and the balance beam ( 1997 world champion ) . She was also an excellent all around gymnast winning several medals on this event , the European title in 1994 , a silver Olympic medal ( 1996 ) and a silver medal at the 1993 World Championships . She helped the Romanian team win three consecutive world titles ( 1994 , 1995 and 1997 ) and two Olympic team medals , a silver and a bronze ( 1992 and 1996 ) . Gogean was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2013 . Criticized for her lack of artistry and expression , Gogean nonetheless had nearly unmatched consistency , longevity and efficiency that made her a backbone of the Romanian team in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': '9.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svetlana Khorkina ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Khorkina', 'summary': 'Svetlana Vasilyevna Khorkina ( Russian : Светлана Васильевна Хоркина ; born 19 January 1979 ) is a retired Russian artistic gymnast . She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics , the 2000 Summer Olympics , and the 2004 Summer Olympics . During her career , Khorkina won seven Olympic medals and twenty World Championship medals . Over time , she medaled in every event at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships . She was also the first gymnast to win three all-around titles at the World Championships and only the second female artistic gymnast ever , after Nadia Comăneci , to win three European All-Around titles . Svetlana Khorkina is often regarded as one of the most successful female gymnasts of all time . At the Opening Ceremony of the 2019 Winter Universiade she lit the fire , together with bandy player Sergey Lomanov .'}]}, {'value': '9.787', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kui Yuanyuan ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kui_Yuanyuan', 'summary': 'Kui Yuanyuan ( Simplified Chinese : 奎媛媛 ; born June 23 , 1981 ) is a former artistic gymnast from China who competed in the 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': '9.787', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ludivine Furnon ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludivine_Furnon', 'summary': 'Ludivine Furnon ( born October 4 , 1980 in Nîmes ) is a retired Olympic athlete from France . She was the first French female gymnast to ever win a medal at the World Gymnastics Championships . Although she attended dance classes from the age of eight , Furnon did not study gymnastics until April 1992 , when she was eleven years old . Her rise in the sport was astonishingly rapid . In early 1994 , less than two years after beginning gymnastics , she was accepted to train with the French national team in Marseille ; by 1995 she was competing at the elite level . At her first French national championships , in 1995 , she placed sixth in the all-around . In 1995 Furnon also made her international debut , competing with the sixth-place French team at the World Gymnastics Championships in Sabae . With her innovative and expressive floor exercise routine , choreographed by coach Adriana Pop , she won a bronze medal in event finals , the first ever for a French gymnast at Worlds . Furnon continued to be a major contributor to the French team for the next five years . In 1996 , she became the French national champion and represented France at the 1996 Olympics , finishing nineteenth in the all-around . She also competed at the 1996 , 1997 , 1999 and 2001 World Championships , qualifying for the floor finals on several occasions . In 2000 , Furnon seemed to be on the brink of success again , winning the floor exercise title at the 2000 European Championships over a tough field that included Elena Produnova , Simona Amânar and reigning world FX champion Andreea Răducan .'}]}, {'value': '9.725', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olga Teslenko ( UKR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olga_Teslenko', 'summary': 'Olha Teslenko ( born May 23 , 1981 ) is a Ukrainian former artistic gymnast . She competed at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elvire Teza ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvire_Teza', 'summary': 'Elvire Teza ( born March 29 , 1981 ) is a retired French gymnast who competed at the 1996 and 2000 Olympics . She was the French National Champion in gymnastics in 1997 , 1999 and 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '9.650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristen Maloney ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Maloney', 'summary': 'Kristen Ann Maloney ( born March 10 , 1981 ) is a retired gymnast from Pen Argyl , Pennsylvania , United States , who won bronze in the team event at the 2000 Olympic Games . Maloney was also the U.S. senior all-around national champion in 1998 and 1999 and the 1998 Goodwill Games gold medalist on the balance beam . Maloney also competed for the University of California , Los Angeles in the NCAA from 2001 until 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '9.512', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Produnova ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elena_Produnova', 'summary': "Yelena Sergeyevna Produnova , also known as Elena ( Russian : Елена Серге́евна Продунова ; born February 15 , 1980 ) , is a Russian former competitive gymnast . Her senior international career lasted from 1995 to 2000 and earned her multiple world and Olympic medals . She was known [ who ? ] for her innovative and powerful skills on the vault and floor exercise . The most difficult vault in women 's gymnastics is named after her ."}]}, {'value': '9.412', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Balance Beam', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1997_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_10', 'intro': 'The 33rd Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1997. The 1997 Worlds were notable because they were the first major contest to be held after the elimination of compulsory exercises.'} | null | null | Which year did the person who performed on the balance beam at the 1997 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships worse than Svetlana Khorkina but better than Ludivine Furnon become an Olympian ? | 1996 |
06f518d56c91932a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ViacomCBS_television_programs', 'title': 'List of ViacomCBS television programs', 'header': ['Title', 'Original run', 'Network', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_Grizzly_Adams', 'summary': "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams is a 1974 independent feature film inspired by a 1972 historical fiction novella written by Charles E. Sellier Jr . The film 's popularity led to an NBC television series of the same name . The title character , played by Dan Haggerty , was loosely based on California mountain man James Grizzly Adams ( 1812-1860 ) . The film and TV series portrayed the fictional Grizzly Adams as a frontier woodsman who fled into the mountains after he was wrongly accused of murder . While struggling to survive , Adams saves an orphaned grizzly bear cub he adopts and names Ben . The bear , while growing to its huge adult size , becomes Adams ' closest companion . Consistently kind and gentle , Adams discovers and demonstrates an uncanny ability to gain the trust of most of the indigenous wildlife of the region , and he helps , sometimes rescues , takes in and tames many species . Originally a hunter , with his learned affection for wildlife Adams resolves never to harm another animal whenever possible . In the television series , Adams had two human friends , an old mountain man trader named Mad Jack played by Denver Pyle who was often featured with his mule ( Number Seven ) , and a Native American by the name of Nakoma played by Don Shanks . Adams , Mad Jack , and Nakoma helped myriad mountain visitors while protecting wildlife at the same time . NBC aired the series finale on February 21 , 1982 by way of a two-hour TV movie called The Capture of Grizzly Adams where a bounty hunter used Adams ' daughter , who was not seen or mentioned since the 1974 film , in a kidnap-extortion ploy to lure the fugitive mountain man back to civilization . In the end Adams proves his innocence ."}]}, {'value': '1977-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'formerly distributed by Viacom ; produced by Schick Sunn Classic Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunn_Classic_Pictures', 'summary': 'Sunn Classic Pictures , also known as Sunn International Pictures , Schick Sunn Classic Pictures , and Taft International Pictures was an independent U.S.-based film distributor , founded in 1971 . The company was notable for family films and documentaries , and was purchased by Taft Broadcasting in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Holocaust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holocaust_(TV_miniseries)', 'summary': 'Holocaust is a 1978 American four part television miniseries which recounts the trajectory of the Holocaust from the perspectives of the fictional Weiss family of German Jews and that of a rising member of the SS , who gradually becomes a merciless war criminal . Holocaust highlighted numerous events which occurred up to and during World War II , such as Kristallnacht , the creation of Jewish ghettos , and later , the use of gas chambers . Although the miniseries won several awards and received positive reviews , it was criticized by others , such as the Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel , who wrote in The New York Times that it was : Untrue , offensive , cheap : as a TV production , the film is an insult to those who perished and to those who survived .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'mini-series ; produced by Titus Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greatest Heroes of the Bible', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978-1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'formerly distributed by Viacom ; produced by Schick Sunn Classic Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunn_Classic_Pictures', 'summary': 'Sunn Classic Pictures , also known as Sunn International Pictures , Schick Sunn Classic Pictures , and Taft International Pictures was an independent U.S.-based film distributor , founded in 1971 . The company was notable for family films and documentaries , and was purchased by Taft Broadcasting in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laugh Trax', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982-83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'produced by Sunn Classic Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunn_Classic_Pictures', 'summary': 'Sunn Classic Pictures , also known as Sunn International Pictures , Schick Sunn Classic Pictures , and Taft International Pictures was an independent U.S.-based film distributor , founded in 1971 . The company was notable for family films and documentaries , and was purchased by Taft Broadcasting in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Lucie Arnaz Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lucie_Arnaz_Show', 'summary': 'The Lucie Arnaz Show is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from April 2 until June 11 , 1985 . It was based on the British sitcom Agony .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'with Sam Denoff Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'You Again ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/You_Again?', 'summary': 'You Again ? is an American sitcom that aired for two seasons on NBC from February 27 , 1986 to January 7 , 1987 .'}]}, {'value': '1986-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'with Sweater Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Throb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Throb', 'summary': "Throb is an American sitcom that aired in syndication from September 6 , 1986 to May 21 , 1988 . The series , created by Fredi Towbin , was produced by Procter & Gamble Productions in association with Taft Entertainment Television , and was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises . The series ' rights are currently held by CBS Television Distribution ."}]}, {'value': '1986-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'with Swany , Inc. and Procter & Gamble Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Procter_&_Gamble_Productions', 'summary': "The Procter & Gamble Company ( P & G ) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati , Ohio , founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble . It specializes in a wide range of personal health/consumer health , and personal care and hygiene products ; these products are organized into several segments including Beauty ; Grooming ; Health Care ; Fabric & Home Care ; and Baby , Feminine , & Family Care . Before the sale of Pringles to Kellogg 's , its product portfolio also included foods , snacks , and beverages . P & G is incorporated in Ohio . In 2014 , P & G recorded $ 83.1 billion in sales . On August 1 , 2014 , P & G announced it was streamlining the company , dropping and selling off around 100 brands from its product portfolio in order to focus on the remaining 65 brands , which produced 95% of the company 's profits . A. G. Lafley - the company 's chairman , and CEO until October 31 , 2015 - said the future P & G would be a much simpler , much less complex company of leading brands that 's easier to manage and operate . David S. Taylor is the current chairman and CEO of P & G ."}]}, {'value': 'Sable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sable_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Sable is an American mystery crime drama television series that aired on ABC from November 7 , 1987 to January 2 , 1988 , during the 1987-1988 season , and is based on the comic book , Jon Sable : Freelance , by Mike Grell . Seven episodes of the series aired . The show was a one-hour adventure/drama about mercenary and vigilante Jon Sable ( Lewis Van Bergen ) , who by day was children 's book author Nicholas Fleming . The program ran on Saturdays at 8:00 , and aired its final episode on January 2 , 1988 . Rene Russo had her first television role on the series . Lara Flynn Boyle also had one of her first acting roles playing a kidnapped girl in the series pilot ."}]}, {'value': '1987-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'with Sherman-Rosetti Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starting from Scratch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'with Ohlmeyer Communications and Flying Unicorn Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internal Affairs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mini-series ; produced by Titus Productions', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Spelling Television -- Worldvision Enterprises', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_series_produced_by_Paramount_Television_26', 'intro': "This is a list of television series produced and/or owned by ViacomCBS' brands, including Paramount Television Studios, CBS Television Studios, CBS Television Distribution, CBS News, and ViacomCBS media networks. This list also includes shows produced or distributed by ViacomCBS' predecessor companies, including CBS Productions, Viacom Productions/Enterprises, the older incarnation of Paramount Television, Rysher Entertainment, Republic Pictures Television, Worldvision Enterprises/Taft Entertainment, Group W Productions, KingWorld, Desilu Productions and Spelling Television."} | null | null | When did the finally of the earliest run show air ? | February 21 , 1982 |
06f6903a0c9f74c8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America', 'title': 'Latin America', 'header': ['City', 'Country', '2017 population', '2014 GDP ( PPP , $ million , USD )', '2014 GDP per capita , ( USD )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City', 'summary': "Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City , officially called Mexico City Metropolitan Area ( Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México ) , constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities - and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo . For normative purposes , [ further explanation needed ] however , Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico ( Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México ) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities . As of 2016 [ update ] an estimated 21,157,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City , making it the second largest metropolitan area in North America . It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas , of which the biggest are Puebla , Toluca , and Cuernavaca-Cuautla , and together with which it makes up the Mexico City megalopolis . Since the 1940s there have been different proposals to establish the limits of the growing conurbation of Mexico City , and different definitions were used unofficially as the city continued to grow . The Federal Government ( represented by the Department of Social Development ) , the government of Mexico City , and the government of the State of Mexico agreed on the official definitions for both the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico on December 22 , 2005 . Per the agreement , most urban planning projects will be administered by Metropolitan Commissions . On January 29 , 2016 , Mexico City proper was no longer called the Federal District ( Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. ) . It is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , officially Mexico City ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , commonly abbreviated as CDMX ) , giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state . Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution , however , since it is the seat of the powers of the federation , it can never become a state , or the capital of the country has to be relocated . The English name Mexico City remains . Its original 16 Boroughs became municipalities ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '23,655,355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 403,561', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 19,239', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_São_Paulo', 'summary': 'Greater São Paulo ( Portuguese : Grande São Paulo ) is a nonspecific term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '23,467,354', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 430,510', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 20,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Greater Buenos Aires ( Spanish : Gran Buenos Aires , GBA ) , Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area or Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region refers to the urban agglomeration comprising the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the adjacent 24 partidos ( districts ) in the Province of Buenos Aires . Thus , it does not constitute a single administrative unit . The conurbation spreads south , west and north of Buenos Aires city . To the east , the River Plate serves as a natural boundary . Urban sprawl , especially between 1945 and 1980 , created a vast conurbation of 9,910,282 inhabitants in the 24 conurbated partidos , as of 2010 , and a total of 12,801,365 including the City of Buenos Aires , a third of the total population of Argentina and generating more than half of the country 's GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '15,564,354', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 315,885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 23,606', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': 'Greater Rio de Janeiro , officially the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region ( Grande Rio , officially Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro , in Portuguese ) is a large metropolitan area located in Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil , the second largest in Brazil and third largest in South America . It consists of 22 municipalities , including the state capital , Rio de Janeiro . The metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro is known as a historical , cultural and economic centre of Brazil , with a total population of 13 million inhabitants . The region was first officially defined on July 1 , 1974 , less than 1 year before the fusion of Guanabara into Rio de Janeiro . Several municipalities show a high level of conurbation , with Rio de Janeiro-Baixada Fluminense and Niterói-São Gonçalo being the most clear examples . It was changed several times to include or remove different cities in different moments of the history , in the years 1993 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2013 and 2018 . The water supply plans of the region are coordinated , and transportation in the area is heavily interconnected with urban intermunicipal buses to all municipalities in the area , trains over the capital to some Baixada Fluminense municipalities , ferry boats to some of the Guanabara Bay municipalities and major inter-city freeways such as the Rio-Niterói Bridge , Red Line , President Dutra freeway and the Niterói-Manilha freeway ( pt ) . Most transportation methods are integrated with the capital inner-transportation system of buses , trains , metro , freeways and expressways .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '14,440,345', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 176,630', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 14,176', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogotá', 'summary': 'Metropolitan Area of Bogotá is the metropolitan area of the Colombian capital city of Bogotá , usually used for statistical analysis or technical use . The study included the Capital District of Bogotá and 17 of the surrounding municipalities in the Department of Cundinamarca ; Soacha , Facatativá , Zipaquirá , Chía , Mosquera , Madrid , Funza , Cajicá , Sibaté , Tocancipá , La Calera , Sopó , Tabio , Tenjo , Cota , Gachancipá and Bojacá . Bogotá and its metropolitan area ( ranging in altitude from 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) to 4,200 metres ( 13,800 ft ) ) had a population of 9.8 million in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '9,900,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 199,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 19,497', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': "The Lima metropolitan area ( Spanish : Área Metropolitana de Lima , also known as Lima Metropolitana ) , is an area formed by the conurbation of the Peruvian city-provinces of Lima ( the nation 's capital ) and Callao . It is the largest of the metropolitan areas of Peru , the seventh largest in the Americas , the fourth largest in Latin America , and among the thirty largest in the world . The conurbation process started to be evident in the 1980s . The metropolitan area is composed of six subregions . These are Lima Norte , Lima Sur , Lima Este , Residential Lima , Central Lima , and Callao . Its estimated 2018 population is over 10.4 million according to the 2017 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '9,752,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 176,447', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 16,530', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "Santiago Metropolitan Region ( Spanish : Región Metropolitana de Santiago ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It is the country 's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation 's capital , Santiago . Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region , including Chile 's main international airport , Arturo Merino Benítez . With an area of 15,403.2 km2 ( 5,947 sq mi ) and population over 7 million , it is Chile 's smallest by area , most populated and most densely populated region . It is also the country 's only region that does not have a Roman numeral identifier ."}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '7,164,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 171,436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 23,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belo Horizonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Belo_Horizonte', 'summary': 'Greater Belo Horizonte is the name usually used to describe the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region , which is composed of 34 municipalities . As of 2013 , it is the third largest metropolitan area of Brazil with more than five million inhabitants . The largest city by population is Belo Horizonte .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '6,145,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 95,686', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 17,635', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': 'The Guadalajara metropolitan area ( officially , in Spanish : Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara ) is the most populous metropolitan area of the Mexican state of Jalisco and the second largest in the country after Greater Mexico City . It includes the core municipality of Guadalajara and the surrounding municipalities of Zapopan , Tlaquepaque , Tonalá , Tlajomulco de Zúñiga , El Salto , Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos and Juanacatlán .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '4,687,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 80,656', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 17,206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'The Monterrey metropolitan area refers to the surrounding urban agglomeration of Monterrey , Nuevo León . Officially called Area Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Monterrey or AMM , the metropolitan area is the 3rd-largest such area in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '4,344,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 122,896', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 28,290', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Demographics -- Largest cities', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in Latin America . [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'Latin_America_0', 'intro': "Latin America[a] is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish and Portuguese are predominantly spoken; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America. The term Latin America was first used in an 1856 conference with the title Initiative of the Americas. Idea for a Federal Congress of the Republics (Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas), by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao. The term was used also by Napoleon III's French government in the 1860s as Amérique latine to consider French-speaking territories in the Americas (French Canadians, French Louisiana, French Guiana, Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy), along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed, including the Spanish-speaking portions of the United States (Southwestern United States and Florida) Today, areas of Canada (such as Quebec) and the United States (with the exception of Puerto Rico) where Spanish and French are predominant and are typically not included in definitions of Latin America even if technically speaking they are. Latin America consists of 20 countries and 14 dependent territories that cover an area that stretches from Saint Pierre and Miquelon to Tierra del Fuego and includes much of the Caribbean. It has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2 (7,412,000 sq mi), almost 13% of the Earth's land surface area. As of 2018, its population was estimated at more than 642 million[b] and in 2019, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of US$5,188,250 million and a GDP PPP of 10,284,588 million USD."} | null | null | What is the city of the country that is classified as an emerging market with a high level of human development and an upper middle income level with a poverty rate around 19 percent ? | Lima |
06f72af7ecf31833 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Albirex_Niigata_season', 'title': '2009 Albirex Niigata season', 'header': ['No', 'Pos', 'Name', 'MS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Takashi Kitano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takashi_Kitano', 'summary': 'Takashi Kitano ( 北野 貴之 , Kitano Takashi , born October 4 , 1982 ) is a Japanese football player who plays for Gainare Tottori .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Right_back', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jun Uchida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jun_Uchida', 'summary': 'Jun Uchida ( 内田 潤 , Uchida Jun , born October 14 , 1977 ) is a former Japanese football player .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_back', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitsuru Chiyotanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsuru_Chiyotanda', 'summary': 'Mitsuru Chiyotanda ( 千代反田 充 , Chiyotanda Mitsuru , born June 1 , 1980 ) is a former Japanese football player .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_back', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitsuru Nagata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsuru_Nagata', 'summary': 'Mitsuru Nagata ( 永田 充 , Nagata Mitsuru , born 6 April 1983 ) is a Japanese football player . He played for Japan national team .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_back', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Gilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilton_Ribeiro', 'summary': 'Gilton Ribeiro or simply Gilton ( born March 25 , 1989 ) is a Brazilian football defender who last played for Guarani .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Isao Homma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isao_Homma', 'summary': 'Isao Homma ( 本間 勲 , Homma Isao , born April 19 , 1981 ) is a former Japanese football player .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Right_midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcio Richardes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcio_Richardes_De_Andrade', 'summary': 'Márcio Richardes de Andrade ( born 30 November 1981 ) is a Brazilian midfielder . He is currently a free agent .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Toshihiro Matsushita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toshihiro_Matsushita', 'summary': 'Toshihiro Matsushita ( 松下 年宏 , Matsushita Toshihiro , born 17 October 1983 ) is a former Japanese football player .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Right_winger_(football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Kisho Yano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisho_Yano', 'summary': 'Kisho Yano ( 矢野 貴章 , Yano Kishō , born 5 April 1984 ) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays for Tochigi SC .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_forward', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Hideo Ōshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hideo_Ōshima', 'summary': 'Hideo Oshima ( 大島 秀夫 , Ōshima Hideo , born March 7 , 1980 ) is a former Japanese football player .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_winger_(football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Júnior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Bispo_Moreira_Júnior', 'summary': 'Pedro Bispo Moreira Júnior ( born January 29 , 1987 , in Santana do Araguaia , Brazil ) , or simply Pedro Júnior , is a Brazilian striker who plays for Thai League 1 team Samut Prakan City .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- Starting XI', 'section_text': 'Last updated on 3 February 2012 . [ 3 ]', 'uid': '2009_Albirex_Niigata_season_0', 'intro': "The 2009 Albirex Niigata season is Albirex Niigata's sixth consecutive season in J. League Division 1. It also includes the 2009 J. League Cup, and the 2009 Emperor's Cup."} | null | null | What is the MS of the player who is most responsible for scoring goals ? | 33 |
06f8bf4074b04770 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Canadian_Grand_Prix', 'title': '2002 Canadian Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Pablo Montoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya', 'summary': "Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxwan ˈpaβlo monˈtoʝa ] ; born September 20 , 1975 ) , is a Colombian-American racing driver . He currently competes in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship driving for Acura Team Penske , having won the championship in 2019 . He won the International F3000 championship in 1998 , the CART FedEx Championship Series in 1999 in his debut year in the series , and the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship in 2019 . His race wins include the Indianapolis 500 ( 2000 , 2015 ) , Grand Prix of Monaco ( 2003 ) , 24 Hours of Daytona ( 2007 , 2008 , 2013 ) , British Grand Prix ( 2005 ) , Italian Grand Prix ( 2001 , 2005 ) , Grand Prix of Long Beach ( 1999 ) , and the Race of Champions ( 2017 ) . Montoya is , alongside Fernando Alonso , one of only two active drivers who have won two legs of the Triple Crown of Motorsport in its original definition . Montoya also equals Mario Andretti and Dan Gurney by winning races in Indy cars , Formula One cars and NASCAR Cup cars . In October 2009 , Montoya was ranked 30th on Times Online 's list of the Top 50 Formula One drivers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:12.836', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.182', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.280', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.444', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.301', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.465', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimi Räikkönen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimi_Räikkönen', 'summary': "Kimi-Matias Räikkönen ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikːønen ] ; born 17 October 1979 ) , nicknamed Iceman , is a Finnish racing driver currently driving in Formula One for Alfa Romeo Racing . He won the 2007 Formula One World Championship in his first season at Scuderia Ferrari . After nine seasons racing in Formula One he left the sport to compete in the World Rally Championship in 2010 and 2011 , returning to Formula One from 2012 . In addition to this title , Räikkönen also finished second overall in 2003 and 2005 , and third in 2008 , 2012 and 2018 . Räikkönen has won 21 Grands Prix , making him the most successful Finnish driver in terms of Formula One race wins . He is the only driver to take a race win in the V10 , V8 and the hybrid V6 engine eras . Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001 , having competed in only 23 car races previously . He joined McLaren-Mercedes in 2002 , and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the championship to Michael Schumacher in 2003 , and Fernando Alonso in 2005 . Räikkönen 's seasons at McLaren were plagued by severe unreliability from his cars , prompting a move to Ferrari in 2007 . This change saw him crowned Formula One World Drivers ' Champion that season , pipping both McLaren drivers-Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso-to the title by just one point . In 2008 he equalled the record for the greatest number of fastest laps in a season for the second time . Räikkönen left both Scuderia Ferrari and the sport after the 2009 season , his sole victory that year having come in that season 's Belgian Grand Prix due to driving an uncompetitive Ferrari F60 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.898', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.062', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.132', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.296', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Heidfeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld', 'summary': 'Nick Lars Heidfeld ( born 10 May 1977 ) is a German professional racing driver . Despite scoring regular podium finishes in 2005 with Williams , and in 2007 and 2008 with BMW Sauber , Heidfeld never won a race after debuting in Formula One in 2000 . Heidfeld currently holds three Formula One records ; most podium finishes without a Grand Prix win ( 13 ) , most second-place finishes without a win ( 8 ) , and the most consecutive race classifications ( 41 ) . In 2011 , Heidfeld raced in Formula One for the Renault team as a replacement for the injured Robert Kubica , his former BMW Sauber teammate , before being replaced by Bruno Senna . He currently drives for the Rebellion Racing team in the FIA World Endurance Championship and for Mahindra Racing Formula E Team in Formula E .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:14.139', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.303', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.385', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.549', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.564', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.728', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.688', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.852', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Panis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Panis', 'summary': 'Olivier Panis ( born 2 September 1966 ) is a French professional racing driver . Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons , scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team . As of 2019 , he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix . He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis .'}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.713', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.877', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felipe Massa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Massa', 'summary': "Felipe Massa ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ fiˈlipi ˈmasɐ ] , born 25 April 1981 ) is a Brazilian Formula E and former Formula One racing driver . He competed in 15 seasons of Formula One between 2002 and 2017 , where he scored 11 Grand Prix victories , 41 podiums and finished as championship runner-up in 2008 . Massa started his career in go-karting from the age of eight continuing in national and regional championships for seven years . He moved into Formula Chevrolet and claimed the championship . He moved in Italian Formula Renault in 2000 and won the title along with the European championship . Massa went into Euro Formula 3000 taking the championship in 2001 . Massa started his Formula One career with Sauber before joining Scuderia Ferrari as a test driver for 2003 . He returned to Sauber for 2004 and 2005 before rejoining Ferrari where he won two races in 2006 including his home Grand Prix becoming the first Brazilian since Ayrton Senna to win the Brazilian Grand Prix . Massa won three races in 2007 , finishing 4th in the Drivers ' Championship . He finished second in the 2008 Drivers ' World Championship after a long title battle with Lewis Hamilton , winning six races to Hamilton 's five . At the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix , Massa was injured by a suspension spring off the Brawn GP car of Rubens Barrichello . Massa was forced to miss the rest of the season but returned in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:14.823', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenson Button', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenson_Button', 'summary': "Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE ( born 19 January 1980 ) is a British racing driver and former Formula One driver . He won the 2009 Formula One World Championship , driving for Brawn GP . He currently competes in the Japanese Super GT Series driving a Honda NSX-GT for Team Kunimitsu , in which he won the title in 2018 . Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success , before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Williams for the 2000 season . The following year he switched to Benetton , which in 2002 became Renault , and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR . In 2004 he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship , with only the two Ferraris ahead of him . BAR was subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season , during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary , after 113 races . Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008 , he was left without a drive for the 2009 season , until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009 , and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive , Mercedes-engined car . He went on to win a record-tying six of the first seven races of the 2009 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix , having led on points all season ; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors ' Championship . For 2010 , he moved to McLaren , partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton . After finishing fifth for the team in 2010 , Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up ."}]}, {'value': 'Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.854', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:14.882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.046', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takuma Sato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takuma_Sato', 'summary': "Takuma Sato ( 佐藤 琢磨 , Satō Takuma , born 28 January 1977 ) is a Japanese professional racing driver . Sato has raced full-time in the IndyCar Series since 2010 for the Honda-powered KV , Rahal , Foyt , Andretti , and again starting from 2018 , the Rahal teams . Sato won the 2017 Indianapolis 500 , becoming the first Asian driver to win the Indy 500 . He also became the first Japanese driver to win an IndyCar race when he won the 2013 Grand Prix of Long Beach . He competed in Formula One from 2002 to 2008 for the Honda-powered Jordan , BAR and Super Aguri teams , scoring a single podium at the 2004 United States Grand Prix . His 8th-place finish in the 2004 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship is the best-ever result for a Japanese driver in the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.104', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro de la Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa', 'summary': 'Pedro Martínez de la Rosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo ðe la ˈrosa ] ; born 24 February 1971 ) is a Spanish former Formula One driver who has participated in 107 Grands Prix for the Arrows , Jaguar , McLaren , Sauber and HRT teams , debuting on 7 March 1999 , becoming one of very few drivers to score a point at his first race . He has scored a total of 35 championship points , which includes a podium finish at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix . On 21 November 2011 , De la Rosa signed a two-year contract to drive for the HRT F1 team , but he only remained with the team for one season , after HRT withdrew from the 2013 team list , leaving him without a drive for the 2013 season . On 16 January 2013 , De la Rosa was announced as the Ferrari development driver for the 2013 Formula One season . De la Rosa , along with Michael Schumacher was the last F1 driver that had raced in the sport in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:15.089', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.253', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrique Bernoldi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Bernoldi', 'summary': 'Enrique Antônio Langue e Silvério de Bernoldi ( born 19 October 1978 in Curitiba ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who raced for the Arrows Formula One team in 2001 and 2002 , and was the test driver for BAR Honda between 2004 and 2006 . He entered IndyCar racing in 2008 , and competed in the FIA GT World Championship between 2009 and 2011 , in addition to entering multiple other competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:15.102', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.266', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Salo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Salo', 'summary': 'Mika Juhani Salo ( born 30 November 1966 ) is a Finnish former professional racing driver . He competed in Formula One between 1994 and 2002 . His best ranking was 10th in the world championship in 1999 , when he stood in for the injured Michael Schumacher at Ferrari for six races , scoring two podiums . He also won the GT2 class in the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)', 'summary': "Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota Motor Corporation and based in Cologne , Germany . Toyota announced their plans to participate in Formula One in 1999 , and after extensive testing with their initial car , dubbed the TF101 , the team made their debut in 2002 . The new team grew from Toyota 's long-standing Toyota Motorsport GmbH organisation , which had previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . Despite a point in their first-ever race , Toyota never won a Grand Prix , their best finish being 2nd position , which they achieved five times . Toyota drew criticism for their lack of success , as they never managed to win with one of the sport 's biggest budgets . Toyota was a well-funded team , but despite this , strong results had never been consistent . On 4 November 2009 , Toyota announced its immediate withdrawal from Formula One , ending the team 's involvement in the sport after eight consecutive seasons ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.111', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.275', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:15.115', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.279', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allan McNish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_McNish', 'summary': 'Allan McNish ( born 29 December 1969 ) is a British former racing driver , commentator , and journalist from Scotland . He is a three-time winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans , most recently in 2013 , as well as a three-time winner of the American Le Mans Series , which he last won in 2007 . He won the FIA World Endurance Championship ( FIA WEC ) in 2013 . He has also been a co-commentator and pundit for BBC Formula One coverage on TV , radio and online and is currently the team principal of the Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E team .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)', 'summary': "Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota Motor Corporation and based in Cologne , Germany . Toyota announced their plans to participate in Formula One in 1999 , and after extensive testing with their initial car , dubbed the TF101 , the team made their debut in 2002 . The new team grew from Toyota 's long-standing Toyota Motorsport GmbH organisation , which had previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . Despite a point in their first-ever race , Toyota never won a Grand Prix , their best finish being 2nd position , which they achieved five times . Toyota drew criticism for their lack of success , as they never managed to win with one of the sport 's biggest budgets . Toyota was a well-funded team , but despite this , strong results had never been consistent . On 4 November 2009 , Toyota announced its immediate withdrawal from Formula One , ending the team 's involvement in the sport after eight consecutive seasons ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.321', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.485', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_Canadian_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 2002 Canadian Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 2002 Formula One season and was held on 9 June 2002 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. Michael Schumacher won his sixth Grand Prix of the season and his fifth Canadian Grand Prix win. Schumacher fended off the challenges of Juan Pablo Montoya, who later retired, and his teammate Rubens Barrichello, whose race strategy cost him a chance of victory and demoting him to third. Fresh off his victory at Monaco, David Coulthard finished second in the race and earned his fourth podium finish of the season.'} | null | null | Which of the Ferrari drivers won more Formula One titles ? | Michael Schumacher |
06f8d654f488599c | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_2010_Giro_d'Italia", 'title': "List of teams and cyclists in the 2010 Giro d'Italia", 'header': ['Country', 'No . of riders', 'Finishers', 'Stage wins'], 'data': [{'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32 ( 60.38% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 ( Filippo Pozzato , Manuel Belletti , Vincenzo Nibali , Ivan Basso , Stefano Garzelli , Michele Scarponi + Liquigas-Doimo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filippo_Pozzato', 'summary': "Filippo Pippo Pozzato ( born 10 September 1981 ) is an Italian former road racing cyclist , who rode professionally between 2000 and 2018 for the Mapei-Quick-Step , Fassa Bortolo , Quick-Step-Innergetic , Liquigas , Team Katusha , Lampre-Merida , and two spells with the Farnese Vini-Selle Italia/Wilier Triestina-Selle Italia teams . A northern classics specialist , Pozzato finished in second place at both the 2009 Paris-Roubaix and the 2012 Tour of Flanders . Pozzato finished a total of 37 Monument classics , including a victory in the 2006 Milan-San Remo ; he finished second in the race in 2008 as well . Pozzato also won stages at the 2004 Tour de France , the 2007 Tour de France and the 2010 Giro d'Italia , and was the winner of the 2009 Italian National Road Race Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Belletti', 'summary': 'Manuel Belletti ( born 14 October 1985 ) is an Italian professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali', 'summary': "Vincenzo Nibali ( Italian pronunciation : [ vinˈtʃɛntso ˈniːbali ] ; born 14 November 1984 ) is an Italian professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Trek-Segafredo . Born near the Strait of Messina , his nickname is the Shark of the Strait , the Shark of Messina or simply The Shark . His first major win came at the 2006 GP Ouest-France , a UCI ProTour event . However , experts such as Michele Bartoli have said Nibali is most suited to competing in multi-stage races . He is a highly capable descender and bike handler , very good climber and good time trialist . Nibali is an all-rounder , and is considered one of the strongest stage race riders of his era . His biggest wins are the 2010 Vuelta a España , the 2014 Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2013 and 2016 ) , making him one of seven cyclists who have won the three Grand Tours in their career . He has also won the 2012 and 2013 editions of the Tirreno-Adriatico stage race . Nibali is most well known for his Grand Tours performances , but he has proven to be a strong contender in classic cycle races as well , having won the 2014 and 2015 Italian National Championships , the GP Ouest-France in 2006 and three 'Monuments ' of road bicycle racing : the Giro di Lombardia in 2015 and 2017 and Milan-San Remo in 2018 . He has also achieved podiums in Liège-Bastogne-Liège and previous editions of the Milan-San Remo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Basso', 'summary': "Ivan Basso ( born 26 November 1977 ) is an Italian former professional road bicycle racer who last raced with UCI ProTeam Tinkoff-Saxo . Basso , nicknamed Ivan the Terrible , was considered among the best mountain riders in the professional field in the early 21st century , and was considered one of the strongest stage race riders . He is a double winner of the Giro d'Italia , having won the 2006 edition and the 2010 edition of the Italian Grand Tour whilst riding for Team CSC in 2006 and for Liquigas in 2010 . However , in 2007 Basso admitted he was planning to use doping and was suspended for two years . His suspension ended on 24 October 2008 , and he returned to racing two days later in the Japan Cup , where he placed a close third behind Damiano Cunego and Giovanni Visconti . He later returned to racing in his home tour , and in 2010 he won his second Giro d'Italia while riding for Liquigas-Domo , winning two stages along the way ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefano_Garzelli', 'summary': "Stefano Garzelli ( born 16 July 1973 ) is an Italian former professional road racing cyclist , who competed as a professional between 1997 and 2013 . The high point of his career was his overall win in the 2000 Giro d'Italia , after a close three-way competition with Gilberto Simoni and Francesco Casagrande ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michele_Scarponi', 'summary': "Michele Scarponi ( 25 September 1979 - 22 April 2017 ) was an Italian road bicycle racer , who rode professionally from 2002 until his death in 2017 for the Acqua e Sapone-Cantina Tollo , Domina Vacanze-Elitron , Würth , Acqua & Sapone-Caffè Mokambo , Androni Giocattoli , Lampre-Merida and Astana teams . He was declared the winner of the 2011 Giro d'Italia after the disqualification of Alberto Contador . Other major results of his career were the 2009 Tirreno-Adriatico , the 2011 Volta a Catalunya and the 2011 Giro del Trentino stage races ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liquigas', 'summary': 'Cannondale Pro Cycling Team ( UCI team code : CAN ) , previously known as Liquigas , was an Italian professional road bicycle racing team in the UCI ProTour .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 ( 60.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( Jérôme Pineau , Damien Monier )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jérôme_Pineau', 'summary': 'Jérôme Pineau ( born 2 January 1980 ) is a French former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2002 and 2015 for the Bouygues Télécom , Omega Pharma-Quick-Step and IAM Cycling squads . Born in Mont-Saint-Aignan , Pineau now works as the general manager for UCI ProTeam B & B Hotels-Vital Concept .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Damien_Monier', 'summary': 'Damien Monier ( born August 27 , 1982 in Clermont-Ferrand ) is a French professional road bicycle racer for UCI Continental team Aisan Racing Team .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 ( 66.67% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 ( Matthew Lloyd , Cadel Evans , Matthew Goss )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Lloyd_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Matthew Lloyd ( born 24 May 1983 ) is a retired Australian professional road bicycle racer , who last rode for the Jelly Belly-Maxxis team . Lloyd is the first Australian cyclist to win a King of the Mountains competition in a grand tour . He turned professional in 2007 with the Predictor-Lotto team , after riding for the SouthAustralia.com/AIS team . He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder . Lloyd was released by Omega Pharma-Lotto in April 2011 for behavioural reasons rather than a drug problem . Lloyd signed a two-year deal with Lampre-ISD in November 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cadel_Evans', 'summary': "Cadel Lee Evans AM ( /kəˈdɛl/ ; born 14 February 1977 ) is an Australian former professional racing cyclist who finished in the Top 10 of eleven Grand Tours and won the 2011 Tour de France . Early in his career , he was a champion mountain biker , winning the World Cup in 1998 and 1999 and placing seventh in the men 's cross-country mountain bike race at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . Evans is a four time Olympian . Evans turned to full-time road cycling in 2001 , and gradually progressed through the ranks . He finished second in the 2007 and 2008 Tours de France . He became the first Australian to win the UCI ProTour ( 2007 ) and the UCI Road World Championships in 2009 . Finally , he won the Tour de France in 2011 , riding for the BMC Racing Team , after two Tours riddled with bad luck . At age 34 , he was among the five oldest winners in the race 's history . He is one of only three non-Europeans to have officially won the Tour , the others being Greg LeMond and Egan Bernal . In addition to his 2011 victory , he also finished on the podium twice , and also made the podium in the Vuelta a España as well as the Giro d'Italia . Evans retired on 1 February 2015 , after completing a race named in his honour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Goss', 'summary': "Matthew Harley Goss ( born 5 November 1986 ) is a former Australian professional road and track racing cyclist , his final professional team before retirement was the UCI Professional Continental team ONE Pro Cycling . He first competed in track cycling before making a transition to the road . He earned a gold medal at the 2006 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in the Team Pursuit event and came in second place at the 2011 World Championships Road race . He also won the 2010 GP Ouest-France , the 2011 Milan-San Remo as well as 2 stages of the Giro d'Italia , among other victories ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 ( 91.67% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 ( 45.45% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ˙ ( André Greipel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Greipel', 'summary': "André Greipel ( born 16 July 1982 ) is a German professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Israel Start-Up Nation . Born in Rostock , East Germany , Greipel is a pure sprinter who is among the most prolific cyclists of his era with regard to the number of his wins . His major successes have included 22 stage victories at Grand Tours : 11 at the Tour de France , 4 at the Vuelta a España , and 7 at the Giro d'Italia . Greipel also won the points classification in the 2009 Vuelta a España . He also prevailed in the classic Paris-Bourges and won the overall classification of the Australian race Tour Down Under twice , in 2008 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 ( 77.78% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( Johann Tschopp )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Tschopp', 'summary': 'Johann Tschopp ( born 1 July 1982 in Sierre ) is a Swiss professional mountain bike racer . He previously competed as a professional road bicycle racer between 2004 and 2014 , competing with the Phonak , Bouygues Télécom , BMC Racing Team and IAM Cycling squads . He is noted as an especially good climber since he is lightweight ( 1.75 m , 60 kg ) and his training environment is mainly mountainous . He has already a quite important record in cyclo-cross and mountain bike marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 ( 100.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 ( 57.14% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( Bradley Wiggins )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_Wiggins', 'summary': "Sir Bradley Marc Wiggins , CBE ( born 28 April 1980 ) is a British former professional road and track racing cyclist , who competed professionally between 2001 and 2016 . Nicknamed Wiggo , he began his cycling career on the track , but made the transition to road cycling and is one of the few cyclists in the modern era to gain significant elite level success in both those forms of professional cycling . He is the only rider to have combined winning both World and Olympic championships on both the track and the road , as well as winning the Tour de France , and holding the iconic track hour record . In addition , he has worn the leader 's jersey in each of the three Grand Tours of cycling and held the world record in team pursuit on multiple occasions . The son of the Australian cyclist Gary Wiggins , Wiggins was born to a British mother in Ghent , Belgium , and raised in London from the age of two . He competed on the track from the early part of his career until 2008 . Between 2000 and 2008 he won ten medals at the track world championships , of which six were gold : three in the individual pursuit , two in the team pursuit and one in the madison . His first Olympic medal was a bronze in the team pursuit in Sydney 2000 , before winning three medals including the gold in the individual pursuit at the Athens 2004 , and two golds in the individual and team pursuit at the Beijing 2008 . On the road , Wiggins turned professional in 2001 but made it his focus from 2008 . Initially viewed as a time trial specialist and as a rouleur , he showed his ability in stage races when he came fourth in the 2009 Tour de France ; he was later promoted to third after Lance Armstrong 's results were annulled in 2012 . He signed with the newly formed Team Sky in 2010 , and in 2011 he claimed his first victory in a major stage race in the Critérium du Dauphiné , as well as finishing third , later promoted to second , in the Vuelta a España . In 2012 , Wiggins won the Paris-Nice , the Tour de Romandie , the Critérium du Dauphiné , and became the first British cyclist to win the Tour de France and the time trial at the 2012 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 ( 85.71% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( Evgeni Petrov )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evgeni_Petrov_(cyclist)', 'summary': "Evgeni Petrov ( born 25 May 1978 in Ufa ) is a Russian former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2001 and 2016 for the Mapei-Quick-Step , iBanesto.com , Saeco Macchine per Caffè , Lampre-Fondital , Tinkoff Credit Systems , Team Katusha , Astana and Tinkoff teams . He won the 11th stage of the 2010 Giro d'Italia from Lucera to L'Aquila . He was ejected from the 2005 Tour de France and suspended from cycling for two weeks after his haemetocrit was deemed over the limit by morning controls on the tenth stage ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 ( 42.86% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( Tyler Farrar x2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Farrar', 'summary': "Tyler Farrar ( born June 2 , 1984 ) is an American former road racing cyclist , who rode professionally between 2003 and 2017 for the Jelly Belly-Carlsbad Clothing Company , Health Net-Maxxis , Cofidis , Garmin-Sharp and Team Dimension Data squads . Farrar 's achievements include winning the 2009 Circuit Franco-Belge and the 2009 and 2010 Vattenfall Cyclassics . In Grand Tours , Farrar has won six individual stages , as well as assisting in two team time trial wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 ( 80.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( Wouter Weylandt )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wouter_Weylandt', 'summary': "Wouter Weylandt ( 27 September 1984 - 9 May 2011 ) was a Belgian professional cyclist for UCI ProTeam Quick-Step-Davitamon and later for Leopard Trek . His first major win was the 17th stage of the 2008 Vuelta a España . He also won the third stage of the 2010 Giro d'Italia . He died in a crash during the third stage of the 2011 Giro d'Italia ."}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 ( 100.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 ( 80.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( Chris Anker Sørensen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Anker_Sørensen', 'summary': 'Chris Anker Sørensen ( Danish pronunciation : [ kʰʁis aŋkɐ ˈsɶɐ̯nˀsn̩ ] ; born 5 September 1984 ) is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2005 and 2018 for the Team Designa Køkken , Tinkoff-Saxo , Fortuneo-Vital Concept and Riwal CeramicSpeed teams . Sørensen now works as a directeur sportif ( and co-owner ) for his final professional team , racing at UCI Professional Continental level as , Riwal Readynez .'}]}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 50.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 66.67% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 ( 100.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 100.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 100.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 50.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 50.00% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'By nationality', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_2010_Giro_d'Italia_1", 'intro': "The 2010 Giro d'Italia began on May 8 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands, and ended on May 30 in Verona. Twenty-two professional cycling teams entered the race, who each entered a squad of nine riders. This group includes 15 UCI ProTour teams and seven UCI Professional Continental teams. Sixteen teams were guaranteed entry by a September 2008 contract between the UCI and the organizers of the season's three Grand Tours. Two from this group - Euskaltel-Euskadi and Française des Jeux - declined to participate in the race, freeing up spots for two more teams. Two new teams joined the ProTour in 2010, but only one, Team Sky, participated in the Giro, as Team RadioShack opted instead to send their best riders to the 2010 Tour of California, which was partly concurrent to the Giro. Of the seven Professional Continental teams in the race, two, Bbox Bouygues Telecom and Cofidis, were covered by the September 2008 contract, as they were members of the ProTour at that time. The other five Professional Continental teams had to be selected by race organizers. There was minor controversy in that although the Giro begins in the Netherlands, the only Dutch-registered team in the race was Rabobank, which was guaranteed entry. Skil-Shimano and Vacansoleil both sought places in the race, but did not receive them."} | null | null | What is the name of a peninsula in the country with a stage winner who was born in 5 September 1984 ? | Jutland |
06f941de06425d5e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics_gold_post_boxes', 'title': '2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold post boxes', 'header': ['Athlete', 'Event ( s )', 'Town/City', 'Address'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nicola Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicola_Adams', 'summary': "Nicola Adams OBE ( born 26 October 1982 ) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2017 to 2019 . She retired with an undefeated record and held the WBO female flyweight title in 2019 . As an amateur , she became the first female boxer to become an Olympic champion after winning gold at London 2012 , and the first double Olympic champion following a second gold medal at Rio 2016 , both in the flyweight division . As of 27 May 2016 she was the reigning Olympic , World and European Games champion at flyweight , and won the entire set of amateur championships available to her - Olympic , Commonwealth and European Games ' titles , and the World , European and European Union championships ."}]}, {'value': "Boxing - Women 's flyweight", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_flyweight", 'summary': "The women 's flyweight boxing competition at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held from 5 to 9 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre . For the first time at an Olympic Games , the 10 men 's boxing events was joined by three women 's events : flyweight , middleweight , and lightweight . Nicola Adams from Great Britain won the gold medal - the first Olympic gold ever awarded in women 's boxing . Adams beat China 's Ren Cancan by 16 points to seven in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds', 'summary': "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ."}]}, {'value': 'Cookridge Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Ainslie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Ainslie', 'summary': 'Sir Charles Benedict Ainslie , CBE ( born 5 February 1977 ) is an English competitive sailor . Ainslie is one of the most successful sailors in Olympic history . He won medals at five consecutive Olympics from 1996 onwards , including gold at the four Games held between 2000 and 2012 . He is one of three athletes to win medals in five different Olympic Games in sailing , being the third person to win five Olympic medals in that sport ( after Torben Grael and Robert Scheidt ) and also the second to win four gold medals , after Paul Elvstrøm .'}]}, {'value': "Sailing - Men 's Finn", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Finn_class', 'summary': "The Men 's Finn was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics program in Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy . Eleven races ( last one a medal race ) were scheduled and completed . 24 sailors , on 24 boats , from 24 nations competed . Ten boats qualified for the medal race on course area Nothe in front of Weymouth , where each position scored double points ."}]}, {'value': 'Restronguet Lymington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Restronguet_Passage', 'summary': 'Restronguet Passage is a coastal hamlet in Cornwall , United Kingdom . It is situated on the south bank of Restronguet Creek one mile north of Mylor Bridge and five miles ( 8 km ) south of Truro . Restronguet Passage is in Mylor civil parish and was the site of a ferry across Restronguet Creek to Restronguet Point . The creek is a popular location for yachting and dinghy racing and there are moorings for visiting boats at the Pandora Inn , a waterside public house .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lymington', 'summary': 'Lymington /ˈlɪmɪŋtən/ is a port town on the west bank of the Lymington River on the Solent , in the New Forest district of Hampshire , England . It faces Yarmouth , Isle of Wight , to which there is a car ferry service operated by Wightlink . It is within the civil parish of Lymington and Pennington . The town has a large tourist industry , based on proximity to the New Forest and its harbour . It is a major yachting centre with three marinas . As of 2015 , the parish of Lymington and Pennington had a population of 15,726 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pandora Inn High Street , Lymington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Baillie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Baillie', 'summary': 'Timothy Mark Baillie MBE ( born 11 May 1979 in Aberdeen ) is a Scottish slalom canoeist who represented Britain . From Westhill in Aberdeenshire , he started competing at the international level in 1996 , initially in the K1 category , but switching to C2 in 2003 . He retired from the sport in 2013 . He is the Olympic Champion in the C2 event from the 2012 Summer Olympics in London .'}]}, {'value': "Canoeing - Men 's slalom C-2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_slalom_C-2", 'summary': "The men 's canoe slalom C-2 competition at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place between 30 July and 2 August at the Lee Valley White Water Centre . Twenty-eight canoeists from 12 countries competed . Great Britain 's Tim Baillie and Etienne Stott won the gold medal and David Florence and Richard Hounslow won silver . Twin brothers Pavol and Peter Hochschorner of Slovakia won the bronze ."}]}, {'value': 'Westhill Westhill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westhill,_Aberdeenshire', 'summary': 'Westhill is a town in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , approximately 7 miles west of the city of Aberdeen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Westhill,_Aberdeenshire', 'summary': 'Westhill is a town in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , approximately 7 miles west of the city of Aberdeen .'}]}, {'value': 'Westhill Drive North Westhill Drive South', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laura Bechtolsheimer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_Tomlinson', 'summary': 'Laura Tomlinson MBE ( née Bechtolsheimer ; born 31 January 1985 , in Mainz , Germany ) is a German-born British dressage rider competing at Olympic level . As of 30 June 2012 the Fédération Équestre Internationale ( FEI ) ranked her 3rd in the world riding Mistral Højris and 36th on Andretti H. In that year , Tomlinson , riding Mistral Højris under her maiden name of Laura Bechtolsheimer , won two medals in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London ; gold for Great Britain in the team dressage with Carl Hester and Charlotte Dujardin , the first ever Olympic team gold in the discipline for her country , and bronze in the individual dressage behind gold medalist and compatriot Dujardin .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian - Team dressage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Team_dressage', 'summary': 'The team dressage in equestrian at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held at Greenwich Park from 2 to 7 August . Carl Hester has won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympics and came back at the 2016 summer Olympics it was not gold but it was still an worlds big score Carl Hester has won Olympia and Liverpool international horse Show 2017 as well as bolesworth international horse Show 2017'}]}, {'value': 'Ampney St Peter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ampney_St_Peter', 'summary': "Ampney St Peter is a small village and civil parish in the Cotswolds , part of the Cotswold of Gloucestershire , England . According to the 2001 census the parish has a population of 47 . The Ampney Brook flows near the village , which is near to Ampney Crucis and Ampney St Mary , and is about four miles east of Cirencester . The village takes its name from the brook and the local church . The village is the hometown of Dressage Olympians Laura Bechtolsheimer and Lara Butler . Locally the town was known as Easington . In August 2012 the village 's postbox was painted Gold by Royal Mail to signify the gold medal earned by Laura Bechtolsheimer in the 2012 Olympic team dressage ."}]}, {'value': 'High Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Brash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Brash', 'summary': "Scott Brash MBE ( born 23 November 1985 ) is a Scottish showjumper . He began riding the horse Hello Sanctos in early 2012 . They competed as part of the British Team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London winning a gold medal in the team jumping event . In 2015 he became the first rider to win show jumping 's Rolex Grand Slam , all three of the sport 's most prestigious events in a single year , earning the sport 's biggest individual prize of 1m Euros ( £735,000 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian - Team jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Team_jumping', 'summary': "The team jumping in equestrian at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held at Greenwich Park from 4 to 6 August . Great Britain 's team consisting of Scott Brash , Peter Charles , Ben Maher and Nick Skelton won the gold medal in a jump-off , the first win in the event for Great Britain since 1952 . The Netherlands won silver and Saudi Arabia took bronze - the only medal of the 2012 Games for the latter ."}]}, {'value': 'Peebles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peebles', 'summary': 'Peebles ( Scottish Gaelic : Na Pùballan ) is a royal burgh in Peeblesshire , of which it is the county town , within the Scottish Borders region . According to the 2011 census , the population was 8,376 .'}]}, {'value': '41 High Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alistair Brownlee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alistair_Brownlee', 'summary': 'Alistair Edward Brownlee , MBE ( born 23 April 1988 ) is a British triathlete . He is the only athlete to hold two Olympic titles in the triathlon event , winning gold medals in the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games and the only Man to have won Olympic Gold whilst going into the event as favourite for the title . He is also a two-time Triathlon World Champion ( 2009 , 2011 ) , a two-time World Team Champion ( 2011 , 2014 ) , a four-time European Champion ( 2010 , 2011 , 2014 , 2019 ) , and the 2014 Commonwealth champion . His brother , Jonathan Brownlee , is also a triathlete , placing second in the 2016 Olympics , third in the 2012 Olympics , winning the 2012 World Championship and the World Sprint Triathlon Championship in 2010 and 2011 , as well as accompanying his brother in their World and Commonwealth mixed team relay victories . Brownlee was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to triathlon .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's triathlon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's", 'summary': "The men 's triathlon was one of the triathlon events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . It took place on 7 August 2012 , featuring 55 men from 32 countries . It was the fourth appearance of an Olympic men 's triathlon event since the first at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney . The race was around Hyde Park , a 1.42 km2 park in central London . The race was held over the international distance ( also called Olympic distance ) and consisted of 1.5 kilometres ( 0.93 mi ) swimming , 42.959 kilometres ( 26.693 mi ) road cycling , and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) road running . A sub-twenty degree celsius Serpentine River met the athletes in the swimming discipline . A group of six finished the 1,500 metres ( 1,600 yd ) swim leg in a lead group . Great Britain 's Jonathan Brownlee was given a 15-second penalty for an illegal transition between the swimming and cycling disciplines . A large lead group was together at the end of the cycling leg but Jonny Brownlee 's brother Alistair Brownlee ( Great Britain ) broke away on the run to win the gold medal with Spain 's Javier Gómez in second and Jonathan Brownlee in third . Alistair Brownlee earned Great Britain 's nineteenth gold medal at the 2012 Games . Almost immediately after the race , bronze-medallist Jonathan Brownlee collapsed due to heat stroke ; it was confirmed he would suffer no permanent damage ."}]}, {'value': 'Horsforth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horsforth', 'summary': 'Horsforth is a suburb and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough , in West Yorkshire , England , lying about five miles north-west of Leeds city centre . Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire , it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census . Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century . It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974 and became a civil parish with town council in 1999 . The area sits within the Horsforth ward of Leeds City Council , which also includes the southern part of Rawdon .'}]}, {'value': 'Craghill Post Office , New Road Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steven Burke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Burke', 'summary': 'Steven James Burke , MBE ( born 4 March 1988 ) is an English track and road cyclist who rides for the Team Wiggins Le Col cycling team . He represented Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics , beating his pre-Olympics personal best in the individual pursuit by 11 seconds to take the bronze medal . He stood on the podium alongside his cycling idol , gold medalist Bradley Wiggins . In 2012 , Burke was part of the Great Britain team that won the Olympic and World championships in the Team Pursuit discipline . He was part of the GB team that retained the team pursuit title at the 2016 Olympics . Burke was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to cycling .'}]}, {'value': "Cycling - Men 's team pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's cycling team pursuit at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at the London Velopark on 2 and 3 August . The gold medal was won in world record-breaking time by Great Britain 's team consisting of Ed Clancy , Geraint Thomas , Steven Burke and Peter Kennaugh . Australia took the silver medal and New Zealand won bronze ."}]}, {'value': 'Colne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colne', 'summary': 'Colne ( /koʊn/ ) is a town and civil parish in Lancashire , England , six miles northeast of Burnley , 25 miles east of Preston , 25 miles north of Manchester and 30 miles west of Leeds . It is a market town and the cross allowing a market to be held there dates to the 15th century . The cross was originally at the junction of Colne Lane and Church Street . It was first moved to the grounds of The Gables on Albert Road , the location of Colne Library until around 1970 . It has now been relocated to outside the Market Hall on Market Street , part of the main road through the town centre . The town should not be confused with the unrelated Colne Valley around the River Colne near Huddersfield in West Yorkshire . Colne is close to the southern entrance to the Aire Gap , the lowest crossing of the Pennine watershed . The M65 terminates west of the town and from here two main roads take traffic onwards towards the Yorkshire towns of Skipton ( A56 ) and Keighley ( A6068 ) . Colne railway station is the terminus of the East Lancashire railway line . Colne adjoins the Pendle parishes of Foulridge , Laneshaw Bridge , Trawden Forest , Nelson , Barrowford and Blacko .'}]}, {'value': 'Albert Road/Crabtree Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Campbell_(boxer)', 'summary': "Luke Campbell , MBE ( born 27 September 1987 ) is a British professional boxer . He held the WBC Silver and Commonwealth lightweight titles from 2016 to 2017 , and has challenged twice for world championships ; the WBA and The Ring lightweight titles in 2017 , and the WBA , WBO , The Ring and vacant WBC lightweight titles in 2019 . As an amateur , Campbell won gold at the 2008 European Championships and 2012 Olympics , and silver at the 2011 World Championships , all in the bantamweight division . As of September 2019 , Campbell is ranked as the world 's fifth best active lightweight by The Ring , sixth by BoxRec and eighth by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board ."}]}, {'value': "Boxing - Men 's bantamweight", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_bantamweight", 'summary': "The men 's bantamweight boxing competition at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held from 28 July to 11 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre . Twenty-eight boxers from 28 nations competed . Luke Campbell of Great Britain won the gold medal , defeating Ireland 's John Joe Nevin in the final . Nevin took the silver medal and bronze medals were awarded to both semi-final losers ."}]}, {'value': 'Hull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull', 'summary': "Kingston upon Hull , usually abbreviated to Hull , is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary , 25 miles ( 40 km ) inland from the North Sea , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Leeds , 34 miles ( 55 km ) south-east of York and 54 miles ( 87 km ) north-east of Sheffield . With a population of 260,645 ( mid-2018 est . ) , Hull is the fourth-largest city in Yorkshire and the Humber . The town of Wyke on Hull was founded late in the 12th century by the monks of Meaux Abbey as a port from which to export their wool . Renamed Kings-town upon Hull in 1299 , Hull has been a market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling centre and industrial metropolis . Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars . Its 18th-century Member of Parliament , William Wilberforce , took a prominent part in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain . After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War ( the Hull Blitz ) , Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline , gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation , education and policing . In the early 21st century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail , commercial , housing and public service construction spending . Tourist attractions include The Hull People 's Memorial , the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter , Hull Marina and The Deep aquarium . Sports teams include EFL Championship football club Hull City and rugby league clubs Hull F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Hessle Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Charles', 'summary': 'Peter Charles , MBE ( born 1 January 1960 ) is an Irish-British equestrian who competes in the sport of show jumping . Originally a competitor for Great Britain , Charles changed nationalities to Irish in 1992 . In 2007 , he relinquished his status as an Irish rider and once again began representing Great Britain . Charles was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to equestrianism . Charles reportedly sold his gold medal winning horse , Vindicat W , to rock star Bruce Springsteen for his showjumper daughter Jessica .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian - Team jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Team_jumping', 'summary': "The team jumping in equestrian at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held at Greenwich Park from 4 to 6 August . Great Britain 's team consisting of Scott Brash , Peter Charles , Ben Maher and Nick Skelton won the gold medal in a jump-off , the first win in the event for Great Britain since 1952 . The Netherlands won silver and Saudi Arabia took bronze - the only medal of the 2012 Games for the latter ."}]}, {'value': 'Alton Bentworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire', 'summary': 'Alton ( /ˈɔːltən/ ) is a market town and civil parish in Hampshire , England , near the source of the River Wey . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 17,816 . Alton was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Aoltone . During the Saxon period Alton was known as Aweltun . The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War . It also has connections with Sweet Fanny Adams and Jane Austen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bentworth,_Hampshire', 'summary': "Bentworth is an historic village and large civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire , England . The nearest town is Alton , which lies about 3 miles ( 5 km ) east of the village . The parish covers an area of 3,763 acres ( 15.23 km2 ) and at its highest point is King 's Hill , 716 feet ( 218 m ) above sea level . According to the 2011 census , Bentworth had a population of 553 . It lies on the edge of the East Hampshire Hangers . Bronze Age and Roman remains have been found in the area and there is evidence of an Anglo-Saxon church in the village . The manor of Bentworth was not named in the Domesday Survey of 1086 , but it was part of the Odiham Hundred . Land ownership of the village was passed by several English kings until the late Elizabethan era . During the Second World War , Bentworth Hall was requisitioned as an outstation for the Royal Navy and nearby Thedden Grange was used as a prisoner of war camp . The parish contains several manors including Bentworth Hall , Hall Place , Burkham House , Wivelrod Manor , Gaston Grange and Thedden Grange . The 500-acre ( 2.0 km2 ) estate of Bentworth Hall was split up as a result of various sales from the 1950s . St Mary 's Church , a Grade II* listed building which parts of which date back to the late 11th century , lies at the centre of the village ."}]}, {'value': 'Paper Mill Lane Holt End Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Clancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Clancy', 'summary': 'Edward Clancy OBE ( born 12 March 1985 ) is an English professional track and road bicycle racer who rides for the Vitus Pro Cycling Team team . On the track his specialist discipline is the team pursuit , in which he is the reigning Olympic and European champion . In the London 2012 Olympics , he also participated in the Omnium , claiming a bronze medal . In total , Clancy is a five-time world champion ( in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2012 and 2018 ) and four-time European champion ( in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 and 2014 ) in the team pursuit ; he has also won World ( 2010 ) and European ( 2011 ) titles in the omnium . On the road , he won the first stage of the 2005 Tour of Berlin .'}]}, {'value': "Cycling - Men 's team pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's cycling team pursuit at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at the London Velopark on 2 and 3 August . The gold medal was won in world record-breaking time by Great Britain 's team consisting of Ed Clancy , Geraint Thomas , Steven Burke and Peter Kennaugh . Australia took the silver medal and New Zealand won bronze ."}]}, {'value': 'Huddersfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huddersfield', 'summary': 'Huddersfield is a large market town in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire , England . It has a population of 162,949 at the 2011 census . It lies 14 miles ( 23 km ) southwest of Leeds , west of Wakefield and north of Sheffield . As well as 24 miles ( 39 km ) northeast of Manchester . It is the administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of Kirklees . Along with neighbouring towns Dewsbury and Batley . Huddersfield is near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme . Within the historic county boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire , it is the largest urban area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees and the administrative centre of the borough . The town is known for its role in the Industrial Revolution , and for being the birthplaces of rugby league , Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson , and the film star James Mason . Huddersfield is home to rugby league team Huddersfield Giants , founded in 1895 , who play in the Super League , and Championship football team Huddersfield Town A.F.C. , founded in 1908 . The town is home to the University of Huddersfield and the sixth form colleges Greenhead College , Kirklees College and Huddersfield New College . Huddersfield is a town of Victorian architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Railway Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine Copeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Copeland', 'summary': 'Katherine Sarah Copeland MBE ( born 1 December 1990 ) is a retired British Olympic Gold Medal winning rower .'}]}, {'value': "Rowing - Women 's lightweight double sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_lightweight_double_sculls", 'summary': "The Women 's lightweight double sculls competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place are at Dorney Lake which , for the purposes of the Games venue , is officially termed Eton Dorney ."}]}, {'value': 'Ingleby Barwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingleby_Barwick', 'summary': 'Ingleby Barwick /ˈbærɪk/ is a large private residential housing estate and civil parish built on what was the southern perimeter of Thornaby airfield in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire , England . In 2011 , the population was 21,045 . The estate is enclosed by water to the west , north and east . It was officially opened in 1981 by the mayor of Langbaurgh .'}]}, {'value': 'Apsley Way', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Dujardin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Dujardin', 'summary': "Charlotte Susan Jane Dujardin , CBE ( born 13 July 1985 ) is a British dressage rider , equestrian , and writer . The most successful British dressage rider in the history of the sport and the winner of all major titles and world records in the sport , Dujardin has been described as the dominant dressage rider of her era . Riding Valegro , Dujardin held the complete set of the available individual elite dressage titles ; the individual Olympic freestyle , World freestyle and Grand Prix Special , World Cup individual dressage and European freestyle , and Grand Prix Special titles . Dujardin is the first , and to date only , rider to hold this complete set of titles at the same time . In addition , she forms part of the current Great Britain team for Team Dressage . She has also won Olympic and European Team Dressage championships with Great Britain . With three gold medals and one silver medal , she is Great Britain 's most successful Olympic equestrian . Following the retirement of Valegro , Dujardin worked with a number of new horses . At the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games , on new nine year old mare Mount St John Freestyle , Dujardin won bronze medals in both Team Dressage and Individual Grand Prix Spécial ."}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian - Team dressage Equestrian - Individual dressage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Team_dressage', 'summary': 'The team dressage in equestrian at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held at Greenwich Park from 2 to 7 August . Carl Hester has won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympics and came back at the 2016 summer Olympics it was not gold but it was still an worlds big score Carl Hester has won Olympia and Liverpool international horse Show 2017 as well as bolesworth international horse Show 2017'}, {'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Individual_dressage', 'summary': "The individual dressage in equestrian at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held at Greenwich Park from 2 to 9 August . Great Britain 's Charlotte Dujardin won the gold medal and Laura Bechtolsheimer the bronze . The silver was won by Adelinde Cornelissen of the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': 'Enfield Town Newent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enfield_Town', 'summary': 'Enfield is a market town in Greater London , and is the historic centre of the London Borough of Enfield . It is 10.1 miles ( 16.3 km ) north-northeast of Central London . The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . The town was originally in the county of Middlesex , but became part of Greater London on 1 April 1965 when the London Government Act 1963 was implemented . Enfield , including its localities such as Ponders End , Crews Hill and Freezywater , had a total population of 132,640 in 2011 ; the wider borough meanwhile had a population of 333,869 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newent', 'summary': "Newent ( /ˈnjuːənt/ ; originally called Noent ) is a small market town and civil parish about 10 1⁄2 miles ( 16.9 km ) northwest of Gloucester in Gloucestershire , England . Its population at the 2001 census was 5,073 , increasing to 5,207 at the 2011 census . It was a medieval market and fair town . The town 's site has been settled since at least Roman times and appears first in the historical record in the Domesday Book ."}]}, {'value': 'Southbury Road Church Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica Ennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Ennis-Hill', 'summary': 'Dame Jessica Ennis-Hill DBE ( born 28 January 1986 ) is a British former track and field athlete from England , specialising in multi-eventing disciplines and 100 metres hurdles . As a competitor in heptathlon , she is the 2012 Olympic champion , a three-time world champion ( 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) , and the 2010 European champion . She is also the 2010 world indoor pentathlon champion . A member of the City of Sheffield & Dearne athletic club , she is a former British national record holder for the heptathlon . She is a former British record holder in the 100 metres hurdles , the high jump and the indoor pentathlon .'}]}, {'value': "Athletics - Women 's heptathlon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_heptathlon", 'summary': "The Women 's heptathlon competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 3-4 August . The gold medal was won by Jessica Ennis . She bettered Eunice Barber 's World Heptathlon Best in the 100 metres hurdles by .08 of a second . Many others in the field also achieved their personal bests in the same event . 2004 silver medalist Austra Skujytė outperformed Ennis by 6 cm in the high jump , clearing 1m 92 , and in the shot put , where both athletes scored personal bests . In the 200 metres , Ennis regained the lead , tying with Dafne Schippers at 22s 83 , a personal best for both . Ennis ended this first day with a lead of 175 . On the second day , Ennis initially struggled with the long jump , but figured out her marks eventually posting a respectable 6.48 . Reigning World Champion Tatyana Chernova had the best mark in the event with a 6.54 . Sofia Ifadidou came first in the javelin , setting a new Olympic best of 56.96 while Ennis was over 7 metres behind . Ennis went into the 800 metres with almost a 200-point lead over the slower Skujytė ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheffield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield', 'summary': "Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire , England . Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , its name derives from the River Sheaf , which runs through the city . With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire , the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base . The population of the City of Sheffield is 582,506 ( mid-2018 est . ) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group . Sheffield is the third-largest English district by population . The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000 . The city is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines , and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries , the Loxley , the Porter Brook , the Rivelin and the Sheaf . Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield 's entire area is green space , and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park . There are more than 250 parks , woodlands and gardens in the city , which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees . Sheffield played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution , with many significant inventions and technologies developed in the city . In the 19th century , the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade , when stainless steel and crucible steel were developed locally , fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheffield City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield_City_Hall', 'summary': "Sheffield City Hall is a Grade II* listed building in Sheffield , England which dominates Barker 's Pool , one of Sheffield 's central squares . It was built and is owned by Sheffield City Council but is now managed by the Sheffield City Trust , under a 99-year lease and is operated by Sheffield International Venues as a venue for concerts and other events in its various rooms ."}]}, {'value': 'Mo Farah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mo_Farah', 'summary': "Sir Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah , CBE OLY ( born 23 March 1983 ) is a British distance runner . The most successful British track athlete in modern Olympic Games history , he is the 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medalist in both the 5000 m and 10,000 m. Farah is the second athlete in modern Olympic Games history , after Lasse Virén , to win both the 5000 m and 10,000 m titles at successive Olympic Games . He also completed the 'distance double ' at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics . He was the second man in history , after Kenenisa Bekele , to win long-distance doubles at successive Olympics and World Championships , and the first in history to defend both distance titles in both major global competitions - a feat described as the 'quadruple-double ' . Since finishing 2nd in the 10,000 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics , Farah had an unbroken streak of ten global final wins ( the 5000m in 2011 , the 10,000m in 2017 and the double in 2012 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 ) . The streak ended in Farah 's final championship track race , when he finished second to Ethiopia 's Muktar Edris in the 2017 5000 metres final . In his final track race , the 2017 Diamond League Final in Zurich in August 2017 , Farah gained his revenge , edging out world champion Edris to win his only IAAF Diamond League title at 5000 metres . On the track , he mostly competed over 5000 metres and 10,000 metres , but has run competitively from 1500 metres to the marathon . In 2017 he indicated his intention to switch wholly to road racing following victory at his final track race , the 2017 IAAF Diamond League 5000 metres final . His running style has been described as bouncy and tactical , which he has attempted to alter for a more efficient and energy-saving stride pattern , especially in the longer distances . Farah runs distance races tactically , a style which is aided by his quick sprint finish . Born in Mogadishu , Somalia , to an Isaaq Somali family from Gabiley , Somaliland , Farah went on to be based in London and ran for Newham and Essex Beagles athletics club , training at St Mary 's University College , Twickenham from 2001 to 2011 ."}]}, {'value': "Athletics - Men 's 10,000 metres Athletics - Men 's 5000 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_10,000_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 10,000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 4 August . The race was won by Mo Farah , the reigning 5000 metres World Champion , in a time of 27:30.42 . From the beginning Farah stayed close to the race leaders , who on the first lap were the defending champion Kenenisa Bekele and his brother Tariku . After six laps , the half marathon world record holder Zersenay Tadese and his Eritrean teammates began to push the pace . At the same time , Moses Kipsiro went down , causing the field to scatter and Farah to fall back in the field with his American training partner Galen Rupp . When Tariku Bekele came up behind Tadese , his attempt to force the pace slowed . The 5000 metre mark was reached in 14:05.79 , with Tadesse in front , though Bedan Karoki Muchiri took the lead soon after . Thirteen runners remained in the lead pack including three Ethiopians , three Eritreans , two Kenyans , Kipsiro , Kenyan born Polat Kemboi Arikan running for Turkey , Canadian Cameron Levins , Farah and Rupp . Strategic play continued as Tariku elbowed Farah , causing him to step to the outside ready to cover a move . Then the third Ethiopian Gebregziabher Gebremariam , ran to the front , but rather than forcing the pace , he seemed to slow it down . With two laps to go , Tariku Bekele regained the lead , with Farah on his shoulder and Moses Ndiema Masai , Rupp and Michuri following in close formation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 5000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 8-11 August . The final race started out slowly , the first lap in 74.1 and only that fast because Hayle Ibrahimov accelerated the last 100 . The field continued running splits in the 70s , Lopez Lomong leading through 2000 in a pedestrian 5:56.7 . In the seventh lap Yenew Alamirew moved to the front and accelerated the pace , the next several laps down below 62 , Mo Farah the only one to break up the Ethiopian team at the front . With 700 to go , Farah took the lead , his training partner Galen Rupp joining him with 500 to go , as the rest of the field jostling to be in position to sprint . First Hagos Gebrhiwet challenged , then disappeared . Down the backstretch , Thomas Pkemei Longosiwa challenged , with Abdalaati Iguider immediately behind . Dejen Gebremeskel , Bernard Lagat and Isiah Kiplangat Koech packing up around the final turn . At the head of the stretch , Koech contacted Lagat as he was just coming clear to sprint , Lagat stumbling . Meanwhile , Farah was accelerating ahead of Longosiwa , who could n't handle the speed . Gebremeskel went around the outside with Lagat 's delayed sprint unable to catch Longosiwa ."}]}, {'value': 'Isleworth Teddington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isleworth', 'summary': "Isleworth ( /ˈaɪzəlwərθ/ EYE-zəl-wərth ) is a small town of Saxon origin sited within the London Borough of Hounslow in west London , England . It lies immediately east of the town of Hounslow and west of the River Thames and its tributary the River Crane . Isleworth 's original area of settlement , alongside the Thames , is known as 'Old Isleworth ' . The north-west corner of the town , bordering on Osterley to the north and Lampton to the west , is known as 'Spring Grove ' . Isleworth 's former Thames frontage of approximately one mile , excluding that of the Syon Park estate , was reduced to little over half a mile in 1994 when a borough boundary realignment was effected in order to unite the district of St Margaret 's wholly within London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . As a result , most of Isleworth 's riverside is that part overlooking the 8.6-acre ( 3.5 ha ) islet of Isleworth Ait : the short-length River Crane flows into the Thames south of the Isleworth Ait , and its artificial distributary the Duke of Northumberland 's River west of the Isleworth Ait , one of two Colne distributaries constructed for aesthetic reasons in the 1600-1750 period ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Teddington', 'summary': "Teddington is an area of South West London , England . Historically in Middlesex , it has been part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames since 1965 . Teddington is on a long meander of the Thames between Hampton Wick and Strawberry Hill , Twickenham . Mostly residential , it stretches from the river to Bushy Park with a long high street of generally upmarket shops , restaurants and pubs . There is a suspension bridge over the lowest non-tidal lock on the Thames , Teddington Lock . At Teddington 's centre is a mid-rise urban development , containing offices and apartments . Teddington and surrounding areas have some of the highest house prices in the UK outside of Central London ."}]}, {'value': 'Isleworth Post Office , London Road Broad Street/North Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GB Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Cycling', 'summary': 'British Cycling ( formerly the British Cycling Federation ) is the main national governing body for cycle sport in Great Britain . It administers most competitive cycling in Great Britain , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . It represents Britain at the world body , the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and selects national teams , including the Great Britain ( GB ) Cycling Team for races in Britain and abroad . As of 2015 [ update ] , it has a total membership of 116,644 . It is based at the National Cycling Centre on the site of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling - British Cycling HQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The cycling competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at five venues between 28 July and 12 August . The venues were the London Velopark for track cycling and BMX , and Hadleigh Farm , in Essex , for mountain biking . The road races took place over a course starting and ending in The Mall in central London and heading out into Surrey , while the time trials started and finished at Hampton Court Palace in Richmond upon Thames . Eighteen events were contested and around 500 athletes participated . Cycling events have been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics , artistic gymnastics , fencing and swimming . Compared to the cycling at the 2008 Olympics , there were many changes in the Olympic track cycling programme . The men 's and women 's individual pursuit and points race , and the men 's Madison were removed . Team sprint , team pursuit and keirin were added to the women 's programme , while Omnium was a new race for both men and women . Countries were restricted to one entry per track event , a restriction which seemed to be directed at preventing the British team from double-medalling in the same event as they had in four events in 2008 , thus lowering their medal chances . However , similar to the 2008 Beijing Games , the cycling events were dominated by the British team , which , with a haul including eight gold medals , was the only one to win more than a single gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': 'Piccadilly Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens', 'summary': 'Piccadilly Gardens is a green space in Manchester city centre , England , between Market Street and the edge of the Northern Quarter . Piccadilly runs eastwards from the junction of Market Street with Mosley Street to the junction of London Road with Ducie Street ; to the south are the gardens and paved areas . The area was reconfigured in 2002 with a water feature and concrete pavilion by Japanese architect Tadao Ando .'}]}, {'value': 'Helen Glover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Glover_(rower)', 'summary': "Helen Glover MBE ( born 17 June 1986 ) is a British professional rower and a member of the Great Britain Rowing Team . Ranked the number 1 female rower in the world since 2015 , she is a two time Olympic champion , triple World champion , quintuple World Cup champion and triple European champion . As of June 2016 , she and her partner Heather Stanning were the World , Olympic , World Cup and European record holders , plus the reigning Olympic , World and European champions in the women 's coxless pairs . She has also been a British champion in both women 's fours and quad sculls . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , in partnership with Heather Stanning , she set the Olympic record and won the gold medal in the women 's coxless pairs , the inaugural gold medal won by Team GB in 2012 and the first Olympic gold medal for British women 's rowing . At the 2013 World Rowing Championships in South Korea , she became the world champion with her partner Polly Swann , with whom she also won the 2014 European Rowing Championships at Belgrade and thus became the first woman to hold the Olympic , World and European titles for the coxless pair . She retained her world title and set the world record time in partnership with Heather Stanning at the 2014 World Rowing Championships in Amsterdam . They retained their world title at the 2015 World Rowing Championships in Lac d'Aiguebelette , France . In 2016 , they retained their European title at Brandenburg an der Havel , set the World Rowing Cup record time at Poznan and again won gold in the Olympics . She won the BBC Olympic Superstars game show ."}]}, {'value': "Rowing - Women 's coxless pair", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_coxless_pair", 'summary': "The Women 's coxless pair competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place at Dorney Lake which , for the purposes of the Games venue , is officially termed Eton Dorney ."}]}, {'value': 'Penzance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penzance', 'summary': "Penzance ( /pɛnˈzæns/ pen-ZANSS ; Cornish : Pennsans ) is a town , civil parish and port in Cornwall , in England , United Kingdom . It is the most westerly major town in Cornwall and is about 64 miles ( 103 km ) west-southwest of Plymouth and 255 miles ( 410 km ) west-southwest of London . Situated in the shelter of Mount 's Bay , the town faces south-east onto the English Channel , is bordered to the west by the fishing port of Newlyn , to the north by the civil parish of Madron and to the east by the civil parish of Ludgvan . The civil parish includes the town of Newlyn and the villages of Mousehole , Paul , Gulval , and Heamoor . Granted various royal charters from 1512 onwards and incorporated on 9 May 1614 , it has a population of 21,200 ( 2011 census ) . Penzance 's former main street Chapel Street has a number of interesting features , including the Egyptian House , the Union Hotel ( including a Georgian theatre which is no longer in use ) and Branwell House , where the mother and aunt of the famous Brontë sisters once lived . Regency , and Georgian terraces and houses are common in some parts of the town . The nearby sub-tropical Morrab Gardens has a large collection of tender trees and shrubs , many of which can not be grown outdoors anywhere else in the UK . Also of interest is the seafront with its promenade and the open-air seawater Jubilee Bathing Pool ( one of the oldest surviving Art Deco swimming baths in the country ) . Penzance is the home of the pirates in Gilbert and Sullivan 's comic opera , The Pirates of Penzance . At the time the libretto was written , 1879 , Penzance had become popular as a peaceful resort town , so the idea of it being overrun by pirates was amusing to contemporaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Quay Street , TR18 4BD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine Grainger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Grainger', 'summary': "Dame Katherine Jane Grainger DBE ( born 12 November 1975 ) is a British former rower and current chair of UK Sport . With five Olympic medals she is Great Britain 's most decorated female Olympian . She is a 2012 Summer Olympics gold medallist , four-time Olympic silver medallist and six-time World Champion . Since 2015 she has been chancellor of Oxford Brookes University . Grainger first won silver at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 in the woman 's quadruple sculls . In Athens in 2004 , she won silver in the coxless pairs . In Beijing 2008 she won her third silver , again in the quadruple sculls . At the London Olympics 2012 , Anna Watkins and Grainger broke the Olympic record as they qualified for the double sculls final , before winning the gold medal . Grainger won a silver medal at the Rio Olympic Games 2016 with Victoria Thornley , after a two-year break from the sport . Grainger has won eight medals at the World Championship between 1997 and 2011 ."}]}, {'value': "Rowing - Women 's double sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_double_sculls", 'summary': "The Women 's double sculls competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place are at Dorney Lake which , for the purposes of the Games venue , is officially termed Eton Dorney ."}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen', 'summary': "Aberdeen ( /ˌæbərˈdiːn/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Aiberdeen , listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain [ opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ ] ; Latin : Aberdonia ) is a city in northeast Scotland . It is Scotland 's third most populous city , one of Scotland 's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom 's 39th most populous built-up area , with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area . During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries , Aberdeen 's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite , which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content . Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s , Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe . The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years , when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don . The city has a long , sandy coastline and a marine climate , the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters . Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland ( 1124-1153 ) , transforming the city economically . The city has two universities , the University of Aberdeen , founded in 1495 , and Robert Gordon University , which was awarded university status in 1992 , making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland . The traditional industries of fishing , paper-making , shipbuilding , and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen 's seaport . Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland . Aberdeen used to host the Aberdeen International Youth Festival , a major international event which attracted up to 1000 of the most talented young performing arts companies but the council ended funding in 2017 and the festival was wound up in 2018 . In 2015 , Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world , as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Castle Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Gregory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Gregory', 'summary': 'Alex Gregory , MBE ( born 11 March 1984 ) is an English rower and a two-time Olympic Gold medallist from 2012 and 2016 in the Coxless four .'}]}, {'value': "Rowing - Men 's coxless four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_coxless_four", 'summary': "The men 's coxless four competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place at Dorney Lake which , for the purposes of the Games venue , is officially termed Eton Dorney ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheltenham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheltenham', 'summary': 'Cheltenham ( /ˈtʃɛltənəm/ ) is a large spa town and borough on the edge of the Cotswolds in the county of Gloucestershire , England . Cheltenham became known as a health and holiday spa town resort following the discovery of mineral springs in 1716 . The town hosts several festivals of culture , often featuring nationally and internationally famous contributors and attendees , including the Cheltenham Literature Festival , the Cheltenham Jazz Festival , the Cheltenham Science Festival , the Cheltenham Music Festival , the Cheltenham Cricket Festival , and the Cheltenham Food & Drink Festival . In steeplechase horse racing , the Gold Cup is the main event of the Cheltenham Festival , held every March .'}]}, {'value': 'High Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henley-on-Thames Rowers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rowing - Leander Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The rowing competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held from 28 July to 4 August 2012 , at Dorney Lake which , for the purposes of the Games venue , was officially termed Eton Dorney . Fourteen medal events were contested by 550 athletes , 353 men and 197 women . Great Britain was the most successful nation , topping the medal table with four golds and nine in total . New Zealand finished second with three golds and five medals overall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leander_Club', 'summary': 'Leander Club , founded in 1818 , is one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world , and the oldest non-academic club . It is based in Remenham in Berkshire , England and adjoins Henley-on-Thames . Only three other surviving clubs were founded prior to Leander : Brasenose College Boat Club and Jesus College Boat Club ( the two competing in a Head race in 1815 ) and Westminster School Boat Club , founded in 1813 .'}]}, {'value': 'Henley-on-Thames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henley-on-Thames', 'summary': 'Henley-on-Thames ( /ˌhɛnli-/ ( listen ) HEN-lee ) is a town and civil parish on the River Thames in Oxfordshire , England , 9 miles ( 14 km ) northeast of Reading , 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Maidenhead and 23 miles ( 37 km ) southeast of Oxford , near the tripoint of Oxfordshire , Berkshire and Buckinghamshire . The population at the 2011 Census was 11,619 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hart Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Hester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hester', 'summary': 'Carl Hester , MBE ( born 29 June 1967 in Cambridgeshire , England ) is a British dressage rider competing at Olympic level . As of 8 August 2012 the Fédération Équestre Internationale ( FEI ) rank him 12th in the world riding Uthopia .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian - Team dressage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Team_dressage', 'summary': 'The team dressage in equestrian at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held at Greenwich Park from 2 to 7 August . Carl Hester has won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympics and came back at the 2016 summer Olympics it was not gold but it was still an worlds big score Carl Hester has won Olympia and Liverpool international horse Show 2017 as well as bolesworth international horse Show 2017'}]}, {'value': 'Sark , Guernsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sark', 'summary': 'Sark ( French : Sercq ; Sercquiais : Sèr or Cerq ) is a part of the Channel Islands in the southwestern English Channel , off the coast of Normandy , France . It is a royal fief , which forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey , with its own set of laws based on Norman law and its own parliament . It has a population of about 500 . Sark ( including the nearby island of Brecqhou ) has an area of 2.10 square miles ( 5.44 km2 ) . Sark is one of the few remaining places in the world where cars are banned from roads and only tractors and horse-drawn vehicles are allowed . In 2011 , Sark was designated as a Dark Sky Community and the first Dark Sky Island in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guernsey', 'summary': 'Guernsey ( /ˈɡɜːrnzi/ ( listen ) ; Guernésiais : Guernési ) is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy . It lies roughly north of Saint-Malo and to the west of Jersey and the Cotentin Peninsula . With several smaller nearby islands , it forms a jurisdiction within the Bailiwick of Guernsey , a British Crown dependency . The jurisdiction is made up of ten parishes on the island of Guernsey , three other inhabited islands ( Herm , Jethou and Lihou ) , and many small islets and rocks .'}]}, {'value': 'The Avenue', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of gold postboxes -- Olympian boxes', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics_gold_post_boxes_0', 'intro': 'To commemorate British gold medal winners at the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics, various post boxes in the home towns of the medal winners around the United Kingdom, plus one each on Sark and the Isle of Man, were repainted gold. It marked the first occasion in modern times that the colour of post boxes in the United Kingdom had been changed from their traditional red. Originally intended to be a temporary measure, due to the positive public response it was later decided the colour change would become a permanent tribute, with boxes additionally receiving their own special plaques.'} | null | null | between Tim Baillie and Steven Burke what is the date of the earlier birthday ? | 11 May 1979 |
06fa408e2e146f9f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Theta_Chi_members', 'title': 'List of Theta Chi members', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jon Anik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Anik', 'summary': "Jon Anik ( born July 3 , 1978 ) is an American mixed martial arts commentator who currently works for the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . He is also a former ESPN anchor and host of ESPN.com 's MMA Live ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Omicron / Gettysburg College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed martial arts commentator who currently works for the Ultimate Fighting Championship UFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship', 'summary': "The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion company based in Las Vegas , Nevada , which is owned and operated by parent company William Morris Endeavor . It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features on its roster the highest-level fighters in the sport . The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . As of 2019 , the UFC has held over 500 events . Dana White has been UFC president since 2001 . Under White 's stewardship , the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise . The first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The purpose of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines like boxing , kickboxing , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , sambo , wrestling , Muay Thai , karate , and judo . In subsequent events , fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline , which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts . In 2016 , UFC 's parent company , Zuffa , was sold to a group led by William Morris Endeavor ( WME-IMG ) , including Silver Lake Partners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US $ 4.025 billion . With a TV deal and expansion in Australia , Asia , Europe , and new markets within the United States , the UFC has increased in popularity , and has achieved greater mainstream media coverage ; the promotion brought in a total revenue of US $ 609 million in 2015 , and its next domestic media rights agreement with ESPN was valued at $ 1.5 billion over a five-year term ."}]}, {'value': 'John Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Bauer_(American_football)', 'summary': "John Richard Bauer ( March 11 , 1932 - December 26 , 2010 ) was an American football guard and tackle who played for the National Football League 's ( NFL ) New York Giants . Born in Benton , Illinois , Bauer attended the University of Illinois , where he played for the school 's football team from 1951 to 1953 . In the first round of the 1954 NFL Draft , the Cleveland Browns chose him with the 12th overall pick . In August 1954 , Bauer was traded to the Green Bay Packers as part of a six-player transaction . A month later , the Giants acquired Bauer from the Packers in another trade . Bauer played in two games for the Giants during the 1954 NFL season as a backup . He went into the Army and returned to the Giants in 1957 , but left the team before the start of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Rho / Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former offensive lineman for the New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants', 'summary': "The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and are the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre-Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 29 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y . A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the New York National League Football Company , Inc. in 1929 and changed to New York Football Giants , Inc. in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use New York Football Giants , Inc. as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the New York Football Giants . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including Big Blue , the G-Men , and the Jints , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Marv Berschet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marv_Berschet', 'summary': 'Marvin Walter Berschet ( December 28 , 1929 - July 12 , 2011 ) was an American football defensive end and guard in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Illinois and was drafted in the sixteenth round of the 1952 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Rho / Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former lineman for the Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Brown_(defensive_end)', 'summary': 'Dennis Trammel Brown ( born November 6 , 1967 ) is a former defensive end who played 7 seasons for the San Francisco 49ers in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Rho / Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional football player , San Francisco 49ers , Super Bowl Champion : 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Cardinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Cardinal', 'summary': 'Brian Lee Cardinal ( born May 2 , 1977 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played 456 games in the NBA between 2000 and 2012 , and won an NBA championship with the Dallas Mavericks in 2011 . Before his NBA career , he was one of the all-time great players in the history of Purdue University .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Delta / Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': 'Former Purdue basketball player , currently in the NBA playing for the Dallas Mavericks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks', 'summary': "The Dallas Mavericks ( often referred to as the Mavs ) are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the American Airlines Center , which it shares with the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Throughout the 1980s , the Mavericks were a perennial playoff team , led by All-Stars Rolando Blackman and Mark Aguirre . The team struggled during the 1990s , entering into a period of rebuilding . In 1998 , the franchise 's fortunes would change drastically with the acquisition of Dirk Nowitzki , who would become the cornerstone of the most successful period in franchise history , leading the team to its first NBA championship in 2011 . As of the 2017 season , the Mavericks have sold out 707 consecutive games since December 15 , 2002 , the longest currently running sellout streak in North American major league sports . Since their inaugural 1980-81 season , the Mavericks have won three division titles ( 1987 , 2007 , 2010 ) , two conference championships ( 2006 , 2011 ) , and one NBA championship ( 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ernie Conwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernie_Conwell', 'summary': 'Ernest Harold Conwell ( born August 17 , 1972 ) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League . He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the second round of the 1996 NFL Draft . He played college football at Washington . Conwell also played for the New Orleans Saints . He currently works for the NFL Players Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Rho / Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional football player , New Orleans Saints , Super Bowl Champion : 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manny Diaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manny_Diaz_(American_football_coach)', 'summary': 'Manuel Alberto Diaz II ( born March 13 , 1974 ) is an American college football coach who is the head coach at the University of Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Rho / Florida State', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Head Football Coach for the University of Miami', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turk Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turk_Edwards', 'summary': 'Albert Glen Turk Edwards ( September 28 , 1907 - January 12 , 1973 ) was an American football tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played his entire career for the Washington Redskins , starting with their first six seasons in Boston , and later became the head coach . Edwards was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Omicron / Washington State', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former NFL player', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Fosbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Fosbury', 'summary': 'Richard Douglas Fosbury ( born March 6 , 1947 ) is an American retired high jumper , who is considered one of the most influential athletes in the history of track and field . Besides winning a gold medal at the 1968 Olympics , he revolutionized the high jump event with a back-first technique , now known as the Fosbury Flop , adopted by almost all high jumpers today . His method was to sprint diagonally towards the bar , then curve and leap backwards over the bar , which gave him a much lower center of mass in flight than traditional techniques . He continues to be involved in athletics and serves on the executive board of the World Olympians Association . In 2014 Fosbury unsuccessfully challenged Steve Miller for a seat in the Idaho House of Representatives . Fosbury ran for Blaine County Commissioner against incumbent Larry Schoen in 2018 . He won the seat and took office in January 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sigma / Oregon State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_University', 'summary': "Oregon State University ( OSU ) is a public flagship research university in Corvallis , Oregon . The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees . With a student enrollment approaching 32,000 , it is Oregon 's largest university . More than 230,000 students have graduated from OSU since its founding . The Carnegie Foundation designates Oregon State University as a Community Engagement university and classifies it as a doctoral university with a status of Highest research activity . OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States . The school is also a sea-grant , space-grant , and sun-grant institution , making it one of only four U.S. institutions to obtain all four designations . ( University of Hawaii at Manoa , Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University are the only others with similar designation . ) OSU received $ 441 million in research funding for the 2017 fiscal year ."}]}, {'value': '1968 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the high jump and creator of the Fosbury Flop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1968 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968 ) , officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City , Mexico , from October 12 to the 27th . These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country . They were the first Games to use an all-weather ( smooth ) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track . The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year , after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo . The Mexican Student Movement of 1968 happened concurrently and the Olympic Games were correlated to the government 's repression . The United States won the most gold and overall medals for the last time until 1984 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/High_jump', 'summary': "The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it . In its modern most practiced format , a bar is placed between two standards with a crash mat for landing . In the modern era , athletes run towards the bar and use the Fosbury Flop method of jumping , leaping head first with their back to the bar . Since ancient times , competitors have introduced increasingly effective techniques to arrive at the current form . The discipline is , alongside the pole vault , one of two vertical clearance events to feature on the Olympic athletics programme . It is contested at the World Championships in Athletics and IAAF World Indoor Championships , and is a common occurrence at track and field meetings . The high jump was among the first events deemed acceptable for women , having been held at the 1928 Olympic Games . Javier Sotomayor ( Cuba ) is the current men 's record holder with a jump of 2.45 m ( 8 ft 1⁄4 in ) set in 1993 - the longest standing record in the history of the men 's high jump . Stefka Kostadinova ( Bulgaria ) has held the women 's world record at 2.09 m ( 6 ft 10 1⁄4 in ) since 1987 , also the longest-held record in the event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fosbury_Flop', 'summary': "The Fosbury Flop is a style used in the athletics event of high jump . It was popularized and perfected by American athlete Dick Fosbury , whose gold medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics ( Mexico ) brought it to the world 's attention . Over the next few years , the flop became the dominant style of the event and remains so today . Before Fosbury , most elite jumpers used the straddle technique , Western Roll , Eastern cut-off or scissors jump to clear the bar . Given that landing surfaces had previously been sandpits or low piles of matting , high jumpers of earlier years had to land on their feet or at least land carefully to prevent injury . With the advent of deep foam matting high jumpers were able to be more adventurous in their landing styles and hence experiment with styles of jumping ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Fraser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Fraser', 'summary': "Ronald Fraser ( June 25 , 1933 - January 20 , 2013 ) was the college baseball coach at the University of Miami from 1963 to 1992 . Nicknamed the Wizard of College Baseball , he was one of the most successful coaches in NCAA baseball history , and was also responsible for bringing college baseball to a new level of public awareness . The Miami Hurricanes baseball team went from being on the brink of being contracted to being the toast of college baseball under Fraser 's tenure ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Rho / Florida State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_University', 'summary': "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Miami Head Baseball Coach 1962-1992 , two national championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Miami', 'summary': "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Lefty Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lefty_Grove', 'summary': "Robert Moses Lefty Grove ( March 6 , 1900 - May 22 , 1975 ) was an American professional baseball pitcher . After having success in the minor leagues during the early 1920s , Grove became a star in Major League Baseball with the American League 's Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox . One of the greatest pitchers in history , Grove led the American League in wins in four separate seasons , in strikeouts seven years in a row , and had the league 's lowest earned run average a record nine times . Over the course of the three years from 1929 to 1931 he twice won the pitcher 's Triple Crown , leading the league in wins , strikeouts , and ERA , while amassing a 79-15 record and leading the Athletics to three straight AL championships . Overall , Grove won 300 games in his 17-year MLB career . He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Eta / Washington College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League Baseball pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles , Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox ( 1925-1941 ) , and inductee of the National Baseball Hall of Fame ( honorary membership )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame , located in Cooperstown , New York , and operated by private interests . It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond , displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits , honoring those who have excelled in playing , managing , and serving the sport . The Hall 's motto is Preserving History , Honoring Excellence , Connecting Generations . The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand ( or a metonym ) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , similar to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark , an heir to the Singer Sewing Machine fortune . Clark sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression , which reduced the local tourist trade , and Prohibition , which devastated the local hops industry . Clark constructed the Hall of Fame 's building , and it was dedicated on June 12 , 1939 . ( His granddaughter , Jane Forbes Clark , is the current chairman of the Board of Directors . ) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall . An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994 . Dale Petroskey became the organization 's president in 1999 . In 2002 , the Hall launched Baseball As America , a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Haller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Haller', 'summary': 'Thomas Frank Haller ( June 23 , 1937 - November 26 , 2004 ) , was an American professional baseball catcher , coach , and executive , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants , Los Angeles Dodgers , and Detroit Tigers , from 1961 through 1972 . In the late 1960s , Haller was considered one of the top catchers in the National League ( NL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Rho/Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former MLB catcher for the San Francisco Giants , Los Angeles Dodgers and Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke Hancock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Hancock', 'summary': 'Patrick Lucas Luke Hancock ( born January 30 , 1990 ) is an American former professional basketball player and current financial adviser . He played in six games for Panionios of the Greek Basket League before tearing a muscle in his calf , ending his career . He played college basketball for the University of Louisville after transferring from George Mason University . While at Louisville , he won the 2013 NCAA championship ( a title which was later stripped from the university ) and was named the Final Four Most Outstanding Player , becoming the first substitute to ever win the award ( later vacated ) . On September 30 , 2019 the NCAA reinstated Luke Hancocks MOP status ( without an * ) in his individual capacity . This decision did not , however , change the status of the vacated 2013 Louisville Cardinals Division I Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Eta Chi / George Mason', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current NCAA forward for the Louisville Cardinals and formerly the George Mason Patriots , Most Outstanding Player of the 2013 Final Four', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunch Ilkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunch_Ilkin', 'summary': 'Tunch Ilkin ( born Tunç Ali İlkin , September 23 , 1957 in Istanbul ) is a Turkish American sports broadcaster and a former American football player . He currently serves as a television and radio analyst for the Pittsburgh Steelers . He is distinguished as being the first Turk to play in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Pi / Indiana State', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former NFL athlete and voice of the Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the seventh-oldest franchise in the NFL , and they are the oldest franchise in the AFC . In contrast with their status as perennial also-rans in the pre-merger NFL , where they were the oldest team never to have won a league championship , the Steelers of the post-merger ( modern ) era are among the most successful NFL franchises . The team is tied with the New England Patriots for the most Super Bowl titles at six , and they have both played in ( 16 times ) and hosted ( 11 times ) more conference championship games than any other team in the NFL . The Steelers have also won eight AFC championships , tied with the Denver Broncos , but behind the Patriots ' record 11 AFC championships . The team is tied with the Broncos and Dallas Cowboys for the second-most Super Bowl appearances with eight . They lost their most recent championship appearance , Super Bowl XLV , on February 6 , 2011 . The Steelers , whose history may be traced to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s , joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8 , 1933 . The team was owned by Art Rooney and took its original name from the baseball team of the same name , as was common practice for NFL teams at the time . To distinguish them from the baseball team , local media took to calling the football team the Rooneymen , an unofficial nickname that persisted for decades after the team had adopted its current nickname . The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since the organization 's founding ."}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Shug Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shug_Jordan', 'summary': "James Ralph Shug Jordan ( /ˈʃʊɡ ˈdʒɜːrdən/ SHUUG JURD-ən ; September 25 , 1910 - July 17 , 1980 ) was an American football , basketball , and baseball player and coach of football and basketball . He served as the head football coach at Auburn University from 1951 to 1975 , where he compiled a record of 176-83-6 . He has the most wins of any coach in Auburn Tigers football history . Jordan 's 1957 Auburn squad went undefeated with a record of 10-0 and was named the national champion by the Associated Press . Jordan was also the head men 's basketball coach at Auburn ( 1933-1942 , 1945-1946 ) and at the University of Georgia ( 1946-1950 ) , tallying a career college basketball record of 136-103 . During his time coaching basketball , he also served as an assistant football coach at the two schools . Auburn 's Jordan-Hare Stadium was renamed in Jordan 's honor in 1973 . Jordan was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chi/Auburn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Head Football Coach , Auburn University , 1957 NCAA National Champions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_University', 'summary': "Auburn University ( AU or Auburn ) is a public research and land-grant university in Auburn , Alabama . With more than 23,000 undergraduate students and a total enrollment of more than 30,000 with 1,260 faculty members , Auburn is the second largest university in Alabama . It is one of the state 's two public flagship universities . The university is classified as an R1 : Doctoral Research - Very High Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . Auburn was chartered on February 1 , 1856 , as East Alabama Male College , a private liberal arts school affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church , South . In 1872 , under the Morrill Act , it became the state 's first land-grant university and was renamed as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama . In 1892 , it became the first four-year coeducational school in Alabama , and in 1899 was renamed Alabama Polytechnic Institute ( API ) to reflect its changing mission . In 1960 , its name was changed to Auburn University to acknowledge the varied academic programs and larger curriculum of a major university ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Raven Levy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raven_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Scott Levy ( born September 8 , 1964 ) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler , actor , and podcaster better known by his ring name , Raven . He is known for his appearances with professional wrestling promotions including Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment ( WWF/E ) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . Widely recognized as one of the best talkers in wrestling , Raven is known for his psychological heel tactics and grunge-inspired gimmick . His feud with The Sandman in the mid-1990s has been described as one of the most emotional rivalries in professional wrestling 's history . Championships held by Raven include the ECW World Heavyweight Championship , ECW World Tag Team Championship , NWA World Heavyweight Championship , WCW Light Heavyweight Championship , WCW United States Heavyweight Championship , WCW World Tag Team Championship and WWF/E Hardcore Championship . He is one of the most decorated wrestlers in history , with 36 title reigns under the WWE , WCW and ECW banners , including a record 27 reigns as WWF/E Hardcore Champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Xi / Delaware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional wrestler , actor , writer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vern Mikkelsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vern_Mikkelsen', 'summary': "Arild Verner Agerskov Mikkelsen ( October 21 , 1928 - November 21 , 2013 ) was an American professional basketball player . He was one of the National Basketball Association 's first power forwards in the 1950s and was known for his tenacious defense ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Kappa / Hamline University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former basketball player for the Minneapolis Lakers & in the Basketball Hall of Fame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference in the Pacific Division . The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center , an arena shared with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA , and have won 16 NBA championships , the second-most behind the Boston Celtics . The franchise began with the 1947 purchase of a disbanded team , the Detroit Gems of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The new team began playing in Minneapolis , calling themselves the Minneapolis Lakers . Initially a member of the NBL , the Lakers won the 1948 NBL championship before joining the rival Basketball Association of America , where they would win five of the next six championships , led by star George Mikan . After struggling financially in the late 1950s following Mikan 's retirement , they relocated to Los Angeles before the 1960-61 season . Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West , Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s , but lost each series to the Celtics , beginning their long and storied rivalry . In 1968 , the Lakers acquired four-time NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Wilt Chamberlain , and won their sixth NBA title - and first in Los Angeles - in 1972 , led by new head coach Bill Sharman . After the retirement of West and Chamberlain , the team acquired Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , who also won multiple MVP awards , but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s . The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed Showtime due to their fast break-offense led by Magic Johnson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame , located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield , Massachusetts . It serves as basketball 's most complete library , in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball . Dedicated to Canadian-American physician and inventor of the sport James Naismith , it was opened and inducted its first class in 1959 . As of the induction of the Class of 2018 , the Hall has formally inducted 389 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike The Miz Mizanin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Mizanin', 'summary': "Michael Gregory Mizanin ( born October 8 , 1980 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor and media personality . He is currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name The Miz . Mizanin first gained fame as a reality television participant . He was a cast member on MTV 's The Real World : Back to New York in 2001 and subsequently appeared in its spinoff series , Real World/Road Rules Challenge from 2002 to 2005 , where he reached the finals in The Gauntlet and The Inferno while winning Battle of the Seasons and The Inferno II . Furthermore , he reached the final in Battle of the Network Reality Stars and won a 3-part Reality Stars-themed episode of Fear Factor in 2006 . After becoming the runner-up in the fourth season of Tough Enough and subsequently launching his WWE career , Mizanin appeared on Diva Search , Total Divas and Tough Enough . He and his wife Maryse also starred in their own reality show titled Miz & Mrs. that premiered in 2018 . He has also come to star in several films produced by WWE Studios , portraying Jake Carter in The Marine 3 : Homefront , The Marine 4 : Moving Target and The Marine 5 : Battleground as well as starring in Christmas Bounty and Santa 's Little Helper . After being trained at Deep South Wrestling and Ohio Valley Wrestling , he was promoted to the main roster in 2006 . Within WWE , The Miz has won eighteen total championships : the WWE Championship once , the Intercontinental Championship eight times , the United States Championship twice , and seven tag team championships ( two World Tag Team , four WWE ( now Raw ) Tag Team , and one SmackDown Tag Team ) , making him the 25th Triple Crown Champion and 14th Grand Slam Champion in company history . The Miz also won the 2010 Raw Money in the Bank ladder match , and was ranked number one on Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 's annual PWI 500 list for 2011 . He is one of the 10 most prolific pay-per-view performers in WWE history ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Kappa / Miami ( OH )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional wrestler , actor , reality TV star', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Murphy_(safety_b._1955)', 'summary': "Mark Hodge Murphy ( born July 13 , 1955 ) is the current president and chief executive officer for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Prior to that , he was the athletic director at Northwestern University and Colgate University . He also played in the NFL as a safety for the NFL 's Washington Redskins for eight seasons from 1977 to 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Iota/Colgate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former All-Pro defensive back for the Washington Redskins , 1977-84 , former Athletic Director for Northwestern University , President and CEO of the Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_University', 'summary': "Northwestern University ( NU ) is a private research university based in Evanston , Illinois , with other campuses in Chicago and Doha , Qatar , and academic programs and facilities in Miami , Florida ; Washington , D.C. ; and San Francisco , California . Along with its selective undergraduate programs , Northwestern is known for its Kellogg School of Management , Pritzker School of Law , Feinberg School of Medicine , Bienen School of Music , Medill School of Journalism , Media , Integrated Marketing Communications , School of Communication , and McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science . Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program , attracting nearly $ 800 million in sponsored research each year . As of January 2020 , Northwestern has the twelfth-largest university endowment in the United States , valued at $ 11.1 billion . The university 's former and present faculty and alumni include 19 Nobel Prize laureates , 38 Pulitzer Prize winners , six MacArthur Genius Fellows , 16 Rhodes Scholars , 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and two Supreme Court Justices . Northwestern 's School of Communication is a leading producer of Academy Award , Emmy Award and Tony Award-winning actors , actresses , playwrights , writers and directors . Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans , for whom the city of Evanston is named , and eight other lawyers , businessmen and Methodist leaders . Its founding purpose was to serve the Old Northwest Territory , an area that includes the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota . Instruction began in 1855 and women were admitted in 1869 . Today , the main campus is a 240-acre ( 97 ha ) parcel in Evanston , along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago . The university 's law , medical , and professional schools , along with its nationally ranked affiliated Northwestern Memorial Hospital , are located on a 25-acre ( 10 ha ) campus in Chicago 's Streeterville neighborhood . In 2008 , the university opened a campus in Education City , Doha , Qatar with programs in journalism and communication ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers', 'summary': "The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay , Wisconsin . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL , dating back to 1919 , and is the only non-profit , community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States . [ a ] Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957 . The Packers are the last of the small town teams which were common in the NFL during the league 's early days of the 1920s and 1930s . Founded in 1919 by Earl Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun , the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896 . Between 1919 and 1920 , the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest , before joining the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , the forerunner of today 's NFL , in 1921 . Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America , Forbes ranked the Packers as the world 's 27th most valuable sports franchise in 2019 , with a value of $ 2.63 billion . The Packers have won 13 league championships , the most in NFL history , with nine pre-Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories . The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the AFL-NFL merger . The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers ' coach Vince Lombardi , who guided them to their first two Super Bowls . Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Norlander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Norlander', 'summary': "John Arthur Norlander ( March 5 , 1921 - March 6 , 2002 ) was an American professional basketball player born in Virginia , Minnesota . A 6 ' 3 forward from Hamline University , where he joined Theta Chi fraternity , Norlander played five seasons ( 1946-1951 ) in the Basketball Association of America and National Basketball Association as a member of the Washington Capitols . He averaged 8.3 points per game in his career . He died one day after his 81st birthday in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Kappa / Hamline', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former professional basketball player and Hamline University NCAA Champion Basketball team with Vern Mikkelson', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Theta_Chi_members_7', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable members of Theta Chi fraternity.'} | null | null | What is the original chapter of the brother who was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1982 ? | Chi/Auburn |
06fb3fc1130e6c12 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Romanian_Air_Force', 'title': 'List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force', 'header': ['Type', 'Origin', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Airco DH.9', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airco_DH.9', 'summary': "The Airco DH.9 ( from de Havilland 9 ) - also known after 1920 as the de Havilland DH.9 - was a British single-engined biplane bomber developed and deployed during the First World War . The DH.9 was a development of Airco 's earlier successful DH.4 , with which it shared many components . These were mated to an all-new fuselage and the BHP/Galloway Adriatic engine , which promised increased performance . Anticipating its usefulness , the type was ordered in very large numbers for Britain 's Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) . Upon entering service , the DH.9 's performance was found to be unsatisfactory . The Adriatic engine was unreliable and failed to provide the expected power , which gave the DH.9 poorer performance than the aircraft it had been meant to replace . The performance deficit was blamed for the heavy losses they suffered over the Western Front . The redesigned DH.9A was fitted with a more powerful and reliable American Liberty L-12 engine which rectified the shortcomings of the original DH.9 model ."}]}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bomber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arado Ar 66 C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arado_Ar_66', 'summary': "The Arado Ar 66 was a German single-engined , two-seat training biplane , developed in 1933 . It was also used for night ground-attack missions on the Eastern Front . It was engineer Walter Rethel 's last design in collaboration with Arado , before Walter Blume , assigned as Arado Flugzeugwerke 's chief design engineer in 1933 , took over the bulk of the Arado firm 's design duties ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'trainer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arado Ar 196 A-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arado_Ar_196', 'summary': 'The Arado Ar 196 was a shipboard reconnaissance low-wing monoplane aircraft built by the German firm of Arado starting in 1936 . The next year it was selected as the winner of a design contest and became the standard aircraft of the Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) throughout World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'reconnaissance ( Unconfirmed )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avia BH-25 J', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avia_BH-25', 'summary': 'The Avia BH-25 was a biplane airliner built in Czechoslovakia in 1926 . Typical of airliners of its time , it seated five passengers within its fuselage , whilst the pilots sat in an open cockpit above . Of conventional configuration , it was a single-bay bi-plane of equal span and unstaggered wings , with fixed tailskid landing gear . Originally designed for a Lorraine-Dietrich engine , this was changed to a Bristol Jupiter in service . After their withdrawal from airline use in 1936 , some were used by the military for a while before finally becoming training targets .'}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloch MB.210 BN.5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloch_MB.210', 'summary': 'The MB.210 and MB.211 were the successors of the French Bloch MB.200 bomber built by Societé des Avions Marcel Bloch in the 1930s and differed primarily in being low wing monoplanes rather than high wing monoplanes .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bomber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol Blenheim Mk.I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim', 'summary': 'The Bristol Blenheim is a British light bomber aircraft designed and built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company ( Bristol ) which was used extensively in the first two years and in some cases throughout the Second World War . The aircraft was developed as Type 142 , a civil airliner , in response to a challenge from Lord Rothermere to produce the fastest commercial aircraft in Europe . The Type 142 first flew in April 1935 , and the Air Ministry , impressed by its performance , ordered a modified design as the Type 142M for the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) as a bomber . Deliveries of the newly named Blenheim to RAF squadrons commenced on 10 March 1937 . A development of the Type 142M was the Type 149 which Bristol named the Bolingbroke , retrospectively changed by the Air Ministry to Blenheim Mk IV and the Type 142M to the Blenheim Mk I. Fairchild Canada built the Type 149 under licence as the Bolingbroke . Blenheims Mk I and the Mk IV were adapted as fighters by the addition of a gun pack of four Browning .303 machine guns in the bomb bay . The Mk IV was used as a long range fighter and as a maritime patrol aircraft ; both aircraft were used as bomber/gunnery trainers . The Blenheim was one of the first British aircraft with an all-metal stressed-skin construction , retractable landing gear , flaps , a powered gun turret and variable-pitch propellers . The Mk I was faster than most fighters in the late 1930s but the advance in development of monoplane fighters made all bombers more vulnerable particularly if flown in daylight , though it proved successful as a night fighter . The Blenheim was effective as a bomber but many were shot down . Both Blenheim types were used by overseas operators , being licence built in Yugoslavia and Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bomber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CANT Z.501', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CANT_Z.501', 'summary': 'The CANT Z.501 Gabbiano ( Italian : Gull ) was a high-wing central-hull flying boat , with two outboard floats . It was powered by a single engine installed in the middle of the main-plane and had a crew of 4-5 men . It served with the Italian Regia Aeronautica during World War II , as a reconnaissance aeroplane . During its debut in 1934 , it set a world distance record . It was obsolete by 1940 , but was still used throughout World War II , suffering many losses . A few remained in service until 1949 .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'reconnaissance flying boat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'de Havilland Dragonfly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragonfly', 'summary': 'The de Havilland DH.90 Dragonfly is a 1930s British twin-engined luxury touring biplane built by the de Havilland Aircraft Company at Hatfield Aerodrome .'}]}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'de Havilland Dragon Rapide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide', 'summary': "During summer 1933 , the de Havilland aircraft company commenced work upon an aircraft to meet an Australian requirement , producing a four-engined faster passenger aircraft capable of seating ten passengers , the DH.86 Dragon Express . An important feature of the DH.86 was the newly developed and powerful Gipsy Six engine , a six-cylinder variant of the four cylinder Gipsy Major engine . The DH.86 would serve as the a key starting point for the later DH.89 . During late 1933 , a team at de Havilland , led by aircraft designer Arthur Ernest Hagg , began working on a new design , intended to be a faster and more comfortable successor to the earlier DH.84 Dragon . The new aircraft was , in effect , a twin-engined , scaled-down version of the four-engined DH.86 Express . It shared many common features with the earlier DH.86 Express , including its tapered wings , streamlined fairings and fuselage , as well as the same Gipsy Six engines . However , the DH.89 demonstrated none of the operational vices of the Express . On 17 April 1934 , the prototype conducted its maiden flight at Hatfield Aerodrome , Hertfordshire . Flown by senior de Havilland test pilot H.S . Broad , it was powered by a pair of 200 horsepower ( 150 kW ) Gypsy Six engines . Even prior to the prototype 's first flight , plans to proceed with serial production of DH.89 had already received the go-ahead from management . During May 1934 , airworthiness trials commenced at RAF Martlesham Heath using the prototype ; during one such flight , upon attaining a speed of roughly 175 miles per hour ( 282 km/h ) , the tip of the aircraft 's nose buckled ."}]}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dewoitine D.27', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dewoitine_D.27', 'summary': 'The Dewoitine D.27 was a parasol monoplane fighter aircraft designed by Émile Dewoitine in 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fighter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fieseler Fi 156 C-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156', 'summary': 'The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch ( English : Stork ) was a small German liaison aircraft built by Fieseler before and during World War II . Production continued in other countries into the 1950s for the private market . It remains famous for its excellent STOL performance and low stall speed of 31 mph ( 50 km/h ) ; French-built later variants often appear at air shows .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'reconnaissance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fleet 10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fleet_10', 'summary': 'The Fleet Model 1 ( originally the Consolidated Model 14 Husky Junior ) and its derivatives were a family of two-seat trainer and sports biplanes produced in the United States and Canada in the 1920s and 1930s . They all shared the same basic design and varied mainly in their powerplants .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'trainer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Focke-Wulf Fw 44 C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_44', 'summary': 'The Focke-Wulf Fw 44 is a 1930s German two-seat biplane known as the Stieglitz ( Goldfinch ) . It was produced by the Focke-Wulf company as a pilot training and sport flying aircraft . It was also eventually built under license in several other countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'trainer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Focke-Wulf Fw 58 C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_58', 'summary': 'The Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe ( Harrier ) was a German aircraft , built to fill a request by the Luftwaffe for a multi-role aircraft , to be used as an advanced trainer for pilots , gunners and radio operators .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Focke-Wulf Fw 189 A-1/2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_189', 'summary': 'The Focke-Wulf Fw 189 Uhu ( Eagle Owl ) is a German twin-engine , twin-boom , three-seat tactical reconnaissance and army cooperation aircraft . It first flew in 1938 ( Fw 189 V1 ) , entered service in 1940 and was produced until mid-1944 . In addition , Focke-Wulf used this airframe in response to a tender request by the RLM for a dedicated ground-attack airplane , and later submitted an armored version for trials . However , the Henschel Hs 129 was selected instead .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'reconnaissance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-8/F-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190', 'summary': "The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Würger ( English : Shrike ) is a German single-seat , single-engine fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank in the late 1930s and widely used during World War II . Along with its well-known counterpart , the Messerschmitt Bf 109 , the Fw 190 became the backbone of the Luftwaffe 's Jagdwaffe ( Fighter Force ) . The twin-row BMW 801 radial engine that powered most operational versions enabled the Fw 190 to lift larger loads than the Bf 109 , allowing its use as a day fighter , fighter-bomber , ground-attack aircraft and , to a lesser degree , night fighter . The Fw 190A started flying operationally over France in August 1941 , and quickly proved superior in all but turn radius to the Royal Air Force 's main front-line fighter , the Spitfire Mk . V , particularly at low and medium altitudes . The 190 maintained superiority over Allied fighters until the introduction of the improved Spitfire Mk . IX . In November/December 1942 , the Fw 190 made its air combat debut on the Eastern Front , finding much success in fighter wings and specialised ground attack units called Schlachtgeschwader ( Battle Wings or Strike Wings ) from October 1943 onwards . The Fw 190A series ' performance decreased at high altitudes ( usually 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) and above ) , which reduced its effectiveness as a high-altitude interceptor . From the Fw 190 's inception , there had been ongoing efforts to address this with a turbosupercharged BMW 801 in the B model , the much longer-nosed C model with efforts to also turbocharge its chosen Daimler-Benz DB 603 inverted V12 powerplant , and the similarly long-nosed D model with the Junkers Jumo 213 . Problems with the turbocharger installations on the -B and -C subtypes meant only the D model entered service in September 1944 . These high-altitude developments eventually led to the Focke-Wulf Ta 152 , which was capable of extreme speeds at medium to high altitudes ( 755 km/h ( 408 kn ; 469 mph ) at 13,500 m ( 44,300 ft ) ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fighter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fokker D.VII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fokker_D.VII', 'summary': 'The Fokker D.VII was a German World War I fighter aircraft designed by Reinhold Platz of the Fokker-Flugzeugwerke . Germany produced around 3,300 D.VII aircraft in the second half of 1918 . In service with the Luftstreitkräfte , the D.VII quickly proved itself to be a formidable aircraft . The Armistice ending the war specifically required , as the fourth clause of the Clauses Relating to the Western Front , that Germany was required to surrender all D.VIIs to the Allies . Surviving aircraft saw much service with many countries in the years after World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fighter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fokker D.XI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fokker_D.XI', 'summary': 'The Fokker D.XI was a 1920s Dutch single-seat fighter designed and built by Fokker'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fighter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fokker D.XVI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fokker_D.XVI', 'summary': 'The Fokker D.XVI ( sometimes written as Fokker D.16 ) was a sesquiplane fighter aircraft developed in the Netherlands in the late 1920s .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fighter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gotha Go 242 A-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotha_Go_242', 'summary': 'The Gotha Go 242 was a transport glider used by the Luftwaffe during World War II . It was an upgrade over the DFS 230 in both cargo/troop capacity and flight characteristics . Though it saw limited action , it appeared in multiple variants .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'transport glider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glider_aircraft', 'summary': 'A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces , and whose free flight does not depend on an engine . Most gliders do not have an engine , although motor-gliders have small engines for extending their flight when necessary by sustaining the altitude ( normally a sailplane is on a continuously descending slope ) with some being powerful enough to take off self-launch . There is a wide variety of types differing in the construction of their wings , aerodynamic efficiency , location of the pilot , controls and intended purpose . Most exploit meteorological phenomena to maintain or gain height . Gliders are principally used for the air sports of gliding , hang gliding and paragliding . However some spacecraft have been designed to descend as gliders and in the past military gliders have been used in warfare . Some simple and familiar types of glider are toys such as the paper plane and balsa wood glider .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Inter-War period & World War II', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_aircraft_of_the_Romanian_Air_Force_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Romanian Air Force aircraft, those types in service since its formation in 1912, and also those types that are currently in service. In each section, the aircraft are listed in alphabetic order.'} | null | null | Who designed the fighter jets from Germany ? | Kurt Tank |
06fb47c3b8dc2ab1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_buildings_by_Alfred_Waterhouse', 'title': 'List of educational buildings by Alfred Waterhouse', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Date', 'Notes', 'Grade'], 'data': [{'value': 'Main Building , Reading School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading_School', 'summary': 'Reading School is a selective grammar school for boys with academy status in the English town of Reading , the county town of Berkshire . It traces its history back to the school of Reading Abbey , making it one of the oldest schools in England . There are no tuition fees for day pupils , and boarders only pay for food and lodging .'}]}, {'value': 'Reading , Berkshire 51°26′52″N 0°57′17″W / 51.4478°N 0.9546°W / 51.4478 ; -0.9546 ( Main Building , Reading School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire', 'summary': "Reading ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen ) RED-ing ) is a large , historic university and minster town in Berkshire , South East England . It is in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet , and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway . Reading is 70 miles ( 110 km ) east of Bristol , 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Oxford , 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of London , 14 miles ( 23 km ) north of Basingstoke , 12 miles ( 19 km ) south-west of Maidenhead and 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of Newbury . The first evidence for Reading as a town dates from the 8th century . It was an important trading and ecclesiastical centre in the medieval period , as the site of Reading Abbey , one of the largest and richest monasteries of medieval England with strong royal connections , of which the 12th-century abbey gateway and significant ancient ruins remain . By 1525 , Reading was the largest town in Berkshire , and tax returns show that Reading was the 10th largest town in England when measured by taxable wealth . The medieval town was seriously affected by the English Civil War , with a major siege and loss of trade , and played a pivotal role in the Revolution of 1688 , with that revolution 's only significant military action fought on the streets of the town . The 18th century saw the beginning of a major iron works in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous . The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway and the development of the town 's brewing , baking and seed growing businesses . During that period , the town grew rapidly as a manufacturing centre . Today , [ when ? ] Reading is a major commercial centre , with involvement in information technology and insurance , and despite its proximity to London , has a net inward commuter flow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Berkshire', 'summary': 'Berkshire ( /ˈbɑːrkʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) BARK-shər , -\u2060sheer ; in the 17th century sometimes spelt phonetically as Barkeshire ; abbreviated Berks . ) is a county in South East England . One of the home counties , Berkshire was recognised by the Queen as the Royal County of Berkshire in 1957 because of the presence of Windsor Castle , and letters patent were issued in 1974 . Berkshire is a county of historic origin , a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council . The county town is Reading . The River Thames formed the historic northern boundary , from Buscot in the west to Old Windsor in the east . The historic county therefore includes territory that is now administered by the Vale of White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire in Oxfordshire , but excludes Caversham , Slough and five less populous settlements in the east of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead . All the changes mentioned , apart from the change to Caversham , took place in 1974 . The towns of Abingdon , Didcot , Faringdon , Wallingford and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire , the six places joining came from Buckinghamshire . Berkshire County Council was the main local government of most areas from 1889 to 1998 and was based in Reading , the county town which had its own County Borough administration ( 1888-1974 ) . Since 1998 , Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest , Reading , Slough , West Berkshire , Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham . The ceremonial county borders Oxfordshire ( to the north ) , Buckinghamshire ( to the north-east ) , Greater London ( to the east ) , Surrey ( to the south-east ) , Wiltshire ( to the west ) and Hampshire ( to the south ) .'}]}, {'value': '1865-71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A two-storey building in red brick with blue brick diapering and a tiled roof in Gothic style , To the right of the centre is an octagonal turret with a pyramidal roof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diapering', 'summary': 'Diaper is any of a wide range of decorative patterns used in a variety of works of art , such as stained glass , heraldic shields , architecture , and silverwork . Its chief use is in the enlivening of plain surfaces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic architecture ( Latin : francigenum opus ) is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th-century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . Some key architectural features , such as the pointed arch and a decorative kind of rib vault , existed earlier outside Europe , and may have been derived from Islamic architecture . These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher , stronger , and filled with light . The first important example is generally considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis , near Paris , whose choir was reconstructed with Gothic rib vaults and large stained glass windows between 1140 and 1144 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turret', 'summary': 'In architecture , a turret ( from Italian : torretta , little tower ; Latin : turris , tower ) is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle . Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification . As their military use faded , turrets were used for decorative purposes , as in the Scottish baronial style . A turret can have a circular top with crenelations as seen in the picture at right , a pointed roof , or other kind of apex . It might contain a staircase if it projects higher than the building ; however , a turret is not necessarily higher than the rest of the building ; in this case , it is typically part of a room , that can be simply walked into - see the turret of Chateau de Chaumont on the collection of turrets , which also illustrates a turret on a modern skyscraper . A building may have both towers and turrets ; turrets might be smaller or higher but turrets instead project from the edge of a building rather than continue to the ground . The size of a turret is therefore limited , since it puts additional stresses on the structure of the building . Turrets were traditionally supported by a corbel . In modern times , a gun turret is a weapon mount that houses the crew or mechanism of a projectile-firing weapon , allowing the weapon to be aimed and fired in some degree of azimuth and elevation . It can be found on warships , combat vehicles , military aircraft , and land fortifications , and usually offers some degree of armour or protection .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge Union Society Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Union_Society', 'summary': "The Cambridge Union Society , also known as the Cambridge Union , is a debating and free speech society in Cambridge , England and the largest society in the University of Cambridge . Founded in 1815 , it is the oldest continuously running debating society in the world . Additionally , the Cambridge Union has served as a model for the foundation of similar societies at several other prominent universities , including the Oxford Union and the Yale Political Union . The Union is a private society with membership open to all students of Cambridge University , and more recently Anglia Ruskin University . The Cambridge Union is a registered charity and is completely separate from the Cambridge University Students ' Union . The Cambridge Union has a long and extensive tradition of hosting prominent figures from all areas of public life in its chamber , both state- and international-based , including the Dalai Lama , President Ronald Reagan , Bill Gates , Stephen Hawking , Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , Margaret Thatcher and John Major , presidential candidate Bernie Sanders , and comedian Stephen Fry . Previous presidents of the Cambridge Union have included Arianna Huffington , and the economist John Maynard Keynes ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′31″N 0°07′10″E / 52.2086°N 0.1194°E / 52.2086 ; 0.1194 ( Cambridge Union Society Building )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Built in red brick with coloured brick decoration and stone dressings . It has a tiled roof with gables and finials . Extensions were added later', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gable', 'summary': 'A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finial', 'summary': 'A finial or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object , often formed to be a decorative feature . In architecture it is a decorative device , typically carved in stone , employed to emphasize the apex of a dome , spire , tower , roof , or gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top , end , or corner of a building or structure . Where there are several such elements they may be called pinnacles . Smaller finials in materials such as metal or wood are used as a decorative ornament on the tops or ends of poles or rods such as tent-poles or curtain rods or any object such as a piece of furniture . These are frequently seen on top of bed posts or clocks . Decorative finials are also commonly used to fasten lampshades , and as an ornamental element at the end of the handles of souvenir spoons . The charm at the end of a pull chain ( such as for a ceiling fan or a lamp ) is also known as a finial . During the various dynasties in China , a finial was worn on the top of the hats civil or military officials wore during formal court ceremonies . The finial was changed to a knob for other daily usage ( including semi-formal ceremonies ) . The Pickelhaube is a Central European military helmet with a finial topped by a spike .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brackenbury Buildings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balliol College , Oxford 51°45′16″N 1°15′25″W / 51.7545°N 1.2570°W / 51.7545 ; -1.2570 ( Brackenbury Buildings , Balliol College , Oxford )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': '1867-69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the frontage of the college on Broad Street in Gothic style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford', 'summary': "Broad Street is a wide street in central Oxford , England , just north of the former city wall . The street is known for its bookshops , including the original Blackwell 's bookshop at number 50 , located here due to the University . Locally the street is traditionally known as The Broad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic architecture ( Latin : francigenum opus ) is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th-century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . Some key architectural features , such as the pointed arch and a decorative kind of rib vault , existed earlier outside Europe , and may have been derived from Islamic architecture . These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher , stronger , and filled with light . The first important example is generally considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis , near Paris , whose choir was reconstructed with Gothic rib vaults and large stained glass windows between 1140 and 1144 .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Master 's Lodge", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Balliol College , Oxford 51°45′16″N 1°15′28″W / 51.7544°N 1.2578°W / 51.7544 ; -1.2578 ( Master 's Lodge , Balliol College , Oxford )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': '1867-69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the frontage of the college on Broad Street in Gothic style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford', 'summary': "Broad Street is a wide street in central Oxford , England , just north of the former city wall . The street is known for its bookshops , including the original Blackwell 's bookshop at number 50 , located here due to the University . Locally the street is traditionally known as The Broad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic architecture ( Latin : francigenum opus ) is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th-century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . Some key architectural features , such as the pointed arch and a decorative kind of rib vault , existed earlier outside Europe , and may have been derived from Islamic architecture . These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher , stronger , and filled with light . The first important example is generally considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis , near Paris , whose choir was reconstructed with Gothic rib vaults and large stained glass windows between 1140 and 1144 .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gonville Court and Caius Court , Gonville and Caius College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Gonville & Caius College ( often referred to simply as Caius /kiːz/ KEEZ ) is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge , England . The college is the fourth-oldest college at the University of Cambridge and one of the wealthiest . The college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment , including fifteen Nobel Prize winners , the second-most of any Oxbridge college ( after Trinity College , Cambridge ) . The college has long historical associations with medical teaching , especially due to its alumni physicians : John Caius ( who gave the college the caduceus in its insignia ) and William Harvey . Other famous alumni in the sciences include Francis Crick ( joint discoverer , along with James Watson , of the structure of DNA ) , James Chadwick ( discoverer of the neutron ) and Howard Florey ( developer of penicillin ) . Stephen Hawking , previously Cambridge 's Lucasian Chair of Mathematics Emeritus , was a fellow of the college until his death in 2018 . The college also maintains reputable academic programmes in many other disciplines , including law , economics , English literature and history . Several streets in the city , such as Harvey Road , Glisson Road and Gresham Road , are named after alumni of the College . The college and its masters have been influential in the development of the university , founding other colleges like Trinity Hall and Darwin College and providing land on the Sidgwick Site , e.g . for the Squire Law Library ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′22″N 0°07′02″E / 52.2062°N 0.1173°E / 52.2062 ; 0.1173 ( Gonville Court and Caius Court , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1868-70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East range almost completely rebuilt , and other alterations', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North range , Second Court Jesus College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Jesus College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge , England . The college 's full name is The College of the Blessed Virgin Mary , Saint John the Evangelist and the glorious Virgin Saint Radegund , near Cambridge . Its common name comes from the name of its chapel , Jesus Chapel . Jesus College was established between 1496 and 1516 on the site of the twelfth-century Benedictine nunnery of St Mary and St Radegund by John Alcock , then Bishop of Ely . The cockerel is the symbol of Jesus College , after the surname of its founder . Jesus College has assets of approximately £336m making it Cambridges fifth-wealthiest college . The college is known for its particularly expansive grounds which include its sporting fields and for its close proximity to its boathouse . Three members of Jesus College have received a Nobel Prize . Two fellows of the college have been appointed to the International Court of Justice . Notable alumni include Thomas Cranmer , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Thomas Robert Malthus , Lord Reid , Lord Toulson , Sir Rupert Jackson , Sir David Hare , Sir Roger Scruton , Nick Hornby , and the members of the band Clean Bandit . Sonita Alleyne was elected master of Jesus College in 2019 . She will be the first woman to hold the role , 40 years after the college began admitting women as students ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′36″N 0°07′25″E / 52.2100°N 0.1235°E / 52.2100 ; 0.1235 ( North range , Second Court , Jesus College , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1869-70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In red brick with stone dressings in three storeys ; Tudor style . Includes a four-stage gate tower with a turret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tudor_architecture', 'summary': "The Tudor architectural style is the final development of Medieval architecture in England , during the Tudor period ( 1485-1603 ) and even beyond , and also the tentative introduction of Renaissance architecture to England . It is generally not used to refer to the whole period of the Tudor dynasty ( 1485-1603 ) , but to the style used in buildings of some prestige in the period roughly between 1500 and 1560 . It followed the Late Gothic Perpendicular style and was superseded by Elizabethan architecture from about 1560 in domestic building of any pretensions to fashion . In the much more slow-moving styles of vernacular architecture Tudor has become a designation for styles like half-timbering that characterize the few buildings surviving from before 1485 and others from the Stuart period . In this form the Tudor style long retained its hold on English taste . Nevertheless , 'Tudor style ' is an awkward style-designation , with its implied suggestions of continuity through the period of the Tudor dynasty and the misleading impression that there was a style break at the accession of James I in 1603 , first of the House of Stuart . The low Tudor arch was a defining feature . Some of the most remarkable oriel windows belong to this period . Mouldings are more spread out and the foliage becomes more naturalistic . During the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI , many Italian artists arrived in England ; their decorative features can be seen at Hampton Court Palace , Layer Marney Tower , Sutton Place , and elsewhere . However , in the following reign of Elizabeth I , the influence of Northern Mannerism , mainly derived from books , was greater . Courtiers and other wealthy Elizabethans competed to build prodigy houses that proclaimed their status ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Turret', 'summary': 'In architecture , a turret ( from Italian : torretta , little tower ; Latin : turris , tower ) is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle . Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification . As their military use faded , turrets were used for decorative purposes , as in the Scottish baronial style . A turret can have a circular top with crenelations as seen in the picture at right , a pointed roof , or other kind of apex . It might contain a staircase if it projects higher than the building ; however , a turret is not necessarily higher than the rest of the building ; in this case , it is typically part of a room , that can be simply walked into - see the turret of Chateau de Chaumont on the collection of turrets , which also illustrates a turret on a modern skyscraper . A building may have both towers and turrets ; turrets might be smaller or higher but turrets instead project from the edge of a building rather than continue to the ground . The size of a turret is therefore limited , since it puts additional stresses on the structure of the building . Turrets were traditionally supported by a corbel . In modern times , a gun turret is a weapon mount that houses the crew or mechanism of a projectile-firing weapon , allowing the weapon to be aimed and fired in some degree of azimuth and elevation . It can be found on warships , combat vehicles , military aircraft , and land fortifications , and usually offers some degree of armour or protection .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterhouse Building , Tree Court , Gonville and Caius College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Gonville & Caius College ( often referred to simply as Caius /kiːz/ KEEZ ) is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge , England . The college is the fourth-oldest college at the University of Cambridge and one of the wealthiest . The college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment , including fifteen Nobel Prize winners , the second-most of any Oxbridge college ( after Trinity College , Cambridge ) . The college has long historical associations with medical teaching , especially due to its alumni physicians : John Caius ( who gave the college the caduceus in its insignia ) and William Harvey . Other famous alumni in the sciences include Francis Crick ( joint discoverer , along with James Watson , of the structure of DNA ) , James Chadwick ( discoverer of the neutron ) and Howard Florey ( developer of penicillin ) . Stephen Hawking , previously Cambridge 's Lucasian Chair of Mathematics Emeritus , was a fellow of the college until his death in 2018 . The college also maintains reputable academic programmes in many other disciplines , including law , economics , English literature and history . Several streets in the city , such as Harvey Road , Glisson Road and Gresham Road , are named after alumni of the College . The college and its masters have been influential in the development of the university , founding other colleges like Trinity Hall and Darwin College and providing land on the Sidgwick Site , e.g . for the Squire Law Library ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′22″N 0°07′05″E / 52.2061°N 0.1180°E / 52.2061 ; 0.1180 ( Waterhouse Building , Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two ashlar -faced ranges in the style of a French châteaux with a tall five-storey tower at the corner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashlar', 'summary': "Ashlar ( /ˈæʃlər/ ) is finely dressed ( cut , worked ) stone , either an individual stone that was worked until squared or the structure built from it . Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit , generally rectangular cuboid , mentioned by Vitruvius as opus isodomum , or less frequently trapezoidal . Precisely cut on all faces adjacent to those of other stones , ashlar is capable of very thin joints between blocks , and the visible face of the stone may be quarry-faced or feature a variety of treatments : tooled , smoothly polished or rendered with another material for decorative effect . One such decorative treatment consists of small grooves achieved by the application of a metal comb . Generally used only on softer stone ashlar , this decoration is known as mason 's drag . Ashlar is in contrast to rubble masonry , which employs irregularly shaped stones , sometimes minimally worked or selected for similar size , or both . Ashlar is related but distinct from other stone masonry that is finely dressed but not quadrilateral , such as curvilinear and polygonal masonry . Ashlar may be coursed , which involves lengthy horizontals layers of stone blocks laid in parallel , and therefore with continuous horizontal joints . Ashlar may also be random , which involves stone blocks laid with deliberately discontinuous courses and therefore discontinuous joints both vertically and horizontally . In either case , it generally uses a joining material such as mortar to bind the blocks together , although dry ashlar construction , metal ties , and other methods of assembly have been used . The dry ashlar of Inca architecture in Cusco and Machu Picchu is particularly fine and famous ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Château', 'summary': 'A château ( plural châteaux ; all pronounced [ ʃɑto ] ) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry , with or without fortifications , originally , and still most frequently , in French-speaking regions .'}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria University of Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester', 'summary': 'The former Victoria University of Manchester , now the University of Manchester , was founded in 1851 as Owens College . In 1880 , the college joined the federal Victoria University , gaining an independent university charter in 1904 as the Victoria University of Manchester after the collapse of the federal university . On 1 October 2004 , the Victoria University of Manchester merged with the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology ( UMIST ) to form a new , larger entity , and the new university was named the University of Manchester .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester 53°27′56″N 2°14′05″W / 53.4656°N 2.2347°W / 53.4656 ; -2.2347 ( Victoria University of Manchester )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': '1870-88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West range began 1870 , east range ( including the Beyer Building ) built in 1883-87 , north range in 1888 , forming a courtyard . Constructed in sandstone with red tiled roofs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beyer_building_(University_of_Manchester)', 'summary': 'The architect was the celebrated Alfred Waterhouse ( Waterhouse also designed the Natural History Museum in London ) . The building was designed to house the natural sciences ( Biology , Geology ) departments . It also featured state of the art laboratories and lecture theatres . It connects to the Manchester museum ( the third side of the Quadrangle ) , which was also built in 1887 , also by Waterhouse . This allowed students to access the many specimens from the museum .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandstone', 'summary': "Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized ( 0.0625 to 2 mm ) mineral particles or rock fragments . Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar ( both silicates ) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth 's surface , as seen in the Goldich dissolution series . Like uncemented sand , sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals , but the most common colors are tan , brown , yellow , red , grey , pink , white , and black . Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features , certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions . Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities , making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs . Fine-grained aquifers , such as sandstones , are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices , such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity . Quartz-bearing sandstone can be changed into quartzite through metamorphism , usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts ."}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red building , Pembroke College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge , England . The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has over seven hundred students and fellows . Physically , it is one of the university 's larger colleges , with buildings from almost every century since its founding , as well as extensive gardens . Its members are termed Valencians . Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges ; in 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2018 Pembroke was placed second in the Tompkins Table . Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister , in Pembroke 's case William Pitt the Younger . The college library , with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower , is endowed with an original copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams . The college 's current master is Chris Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′05″N 0°07′08″E / 52.2013°N 0.1188°E / 52.2013 ; 0.1188 ( Red building , Pembroke College , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1871-72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A building in brick with stone dressings , it has an irregular plan incorporating a tower and is in Gothic style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic architecture ( Latin : francigenum opus ) is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th-century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . Some key architectural features , such as the pointed arch and a decorative kind of rib vault , existed earlier outside Europe , and may have been derived from Islamic architecture . These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher , stronger , and filled with light . The first important example is generally considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis , near Paris , whose choir was reconstructed with Gothic rib vaults and large stained glass windows between 1140 and 1144 .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Old Master 's Lodge , Pembroke College", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge , England . The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has over seven hundred students and fellows . Physically , it is one of the university 's larger colleges , with buildings from almost every century since its founding , as well as extensive gardens . Its members are termed Valencians . Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges ; in 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2018 Pembroke was placed second in the Tompkins Table . Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister , in Pembroke 's case William Pitt the Younger . The college library , with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower , is endowed with an original copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams . The college 's current master is Chris Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury ."}]}, {'value': "Cambridge 52°12′08″N 0°07′11″E / 52.2023°N 0.1198°E / 52.2023 ; 0.1198 ( Old Master 's Lodge , Pembroke College , Cambridge )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1871-73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A two-storey brick building in Tudor style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tudor_architecture', 'summary': "The Tudor architectural style is the final development of Medieval architecture in England , during the Tudor period ( 1485-1603 ) and even beyond , and also the tentative introduction of Renaissance architecture to England . It is generally not used to refer to the whole period of the Tudor dynasty ( 1485-1603 ) , but to the style used in buildings of some prestige in the period roughly between 1500 and 1560 . It followed the Late Gothic Perpendicular style and was superseded by Elizabethan architecture from about 1560 in domestic building of any pretensions to fashion . In the much more slow-moving styles of vernacular architecture Tudor has become a designation for styles like half-timbering that characterize the few buildings surviving from before 1485 and others from the Stuart period . In this form the Tudor style long retained its hold on English taste . Nevertheless , 'Tudor style ' is an awkward style-designation , with its implied suggestions of continuity through the period of the Tudor dynasty and the misleading impression that there was a style break at the accession of James I in 1603 , first of the House of Stuart . The low Tudor arch was a defining feature . Some of the most remarkable oriel windows belong to this period . Mouldings are more spread out and the foliage becomes more naturalistic . During the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI , many Italian artists arrived in England ; their decorative features can be seen at Hampton Court Palace , Layer Marney Tower , Sutton Place , and elsewhere . However , in the following reign of Elizabeth I , the influence of Northern Mannerism , mainly derived from books , was greater . Courtiers and other wealthy Elizabethans competed to build prodigy houses that proclaimed their status ."}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemical Laboratories , University of Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester', 'summary': 'The former Victoria University of Manchester , now the University of Manchester , was founded in 1851 as Owens College . In 1880 , the college joined the federal Victoria University , gaining an independent university charter in 1904 as the Victoria University of Manchester after the collapse of the federal university . On 1 October 2004 , the Victoria University of Manchester merged with the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology ( UMIST ) to form a new , larger entity , and the new university was named the University of Manchester .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester 53°27′54″N 2°14′04″W / 53.4650°N 2.2345°W / 53.4650 ; -2.2345 ( Manchester University Laboratories )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': '1871-73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Built in buff brick with stone dressings and a red tile roof . Consisting of one and two storeys over a basement . Contains a lecture hall , two laboratories and other rooms . This is part of the same listing as the Schorlemmer Laboratory ( 1895 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girton College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Girton College is one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge . The college was established in 1869 by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon as the first women 's college in Cambridge . In 1948 , it was granted full college status by the university , marking the official admittance of women to the university . In 1976 , it was the first Cambridge women 's college to become coeducational . The main College site , situated on the outskirts of the village of Girton , about 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) northwest of the university town , comprises 33 acres ( 13.4 ha ) of land . In a typical Victorian red brick design , most was built by architect Alfred Waterhouse between 1872 and 1887 . It provides extensive sports facilities , an indoor swimming pool , an award-winning library and a chapel with two organs . There is an accommodation annexe , known as Swirles Court , situated in the Eddington neighborhood of the North West Cambridge development . Swirles opened in 2017 and provides up to 325 en-suite single rooms for graduates , and for second-year undergraduates and above . The College 's formal governance is led by a Mistress , Susan J. Smith , who has held the position since 2009 . The College has several equal-access admittance schemes . It has a reputation for musical talent ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°13′42″N 0°05′02″E / 52.2284°N 0.0838°E / 52.2284 ; 0.0838 ( Girton College , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Built as a residential college for women , it is a red brick building with terracotta dressings and tiled roofs in Gothic style . Additions to the building in 1876 , 1883 and 1886 , the last including a gatehouse with a tower . There were further additions by Waterhouse 's son , Paul , and his grandson , Michael", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terracotta', 'summary': "Terracotta , terra cotta or terra-cotta ( pronounced [ ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta ] ; Italian : baked earth , from the Latin terra cocta ) , a type of earthenware , is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic , where the fired body is porous . Terracotta is the term normally used for sculpture made in earthenware , and also for various practical uses including vessels ( notably flower pots ) , water and waste water pipes , roofing tiles , bricks , and surface embellishment in building construction . The term is also used to refer to the natural brownish orange color of most terracotta , which varies considerably . [ citation needed ] This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture , as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines , and architectural decoration . Asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered . Glazed architectural terracotta and its unglazed version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in Asia for some centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century . Architectural terracotta can also refer to decorated ceramic elements such as antefixes and revetments , which made a large contribution to the appearance of temples and other buildings in the classical architecture of Europe , as well as in the Ancient Near East . [ citation needed ] In archaeology and art history , terracotta is often used to describe objects such as figurines not made on a potter 's wheel . Vessels and other objects that are or might be made on a wheel from the same material are called earthenware pottery ; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or firing technique . Unglazed pieces , and those made for building construction and industry , are also more likely to be referred to as terracotta , whereas tableware and other vessels are called earthenware ( though sometimes terracotta if unglazed ) , or by a more precise term such as faience . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic architecture ( Latin : francigenum opus ) is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th-century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . Some key architectural features , such as the pointed arch and a decorative kind of rib vault , existed earlier outside Europe , and may have been derived from Islamic architecture . These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher , stronger , and filled with light . The first important example is generally considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis , near Paris , whose choir was reconstructed with Gothic rib vaults and large stained glass windows between 1140 and 1144 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Waterhouse', 'summary': 'Paul Waterhouse , ( 29 October 1861 - 19 December 1924 ) , was a British architect .'}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterhouse Building , Trinity Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge', 'summary': 'Trinity Hall ( formally The College or Hall of the Holy Trinity in the University of Cambridge ) is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge , England . It is the fifth-oldest college of the university , having been founded in 1350 by William Bateman , Bishop of Norwich . Historically , Trinity Hall was known for teaching law ; today , it teaches the sciences , arts , and humanities . Notable alumni include theoretical physicists Stephen Hawking and Nobel Prize winner David Thouless , Australian Prime Minister Stanley Bruce , Canadian Governor General David Johnston , philosopher Marshall McLuhan , and Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Nottingham .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′20″N 0°06′57″E / 52.2055°N 0.1159°E / 52.2055 ; 0.1159 ( Waterhouse Building , Trinity Hall , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A three-storey building in 16th-century Flemish style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Schoolroom , Chetham 's Hospital", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Chetham's_School_of_Music", 'summary': "Chetham 's School of Music ( /ˈtʃiːtəmz/ ) is an independent co-educational music school in Manchester , England . Chetham 's educates students between the ages of 8 and 18 , all of whom enter via musical auditions . Students receive a full academic education alongside specialist group and individual music tuition . Chetham 's offers a year-round programme of concerts at the school , Manchester Cathedral , the Royal Northern College of Music , Band on the Wall and Bridgewater Hall . Recitals also take place in churches and community spaces , at festivals and internationally . Its senior ensembles , Chetham 's Symphony Orchestra and Big Band , alongside many individual students , have won awards for their music , and many alumni have progressed to highly successful careers as professional musicians or in other sectors . The music school was established in 1969 from Chetham 's Hospital School , founded as a charity school by Humphrey Chetham in 1653 . After becoming a boys ' grammar school in 1952 , the school turned to music as its speciality , at the same time becoming an independent school and accepting its first female students . There are approximately 300 students on roll , including a large sixth form making up around half of the school . Approximately two-thirds of students board on site , with others travelling in as day students from around Greater Manchester . The oldest parts of the school date to the 1420s , when the building was constructed as a residence for priests of the church which is now Manchester Cathedral . These parts are listed buildings housing Chetham 's Library , the oldest free public reference library in the English-speaking world ."}]}, {'value': "Manchester 53°29′10″N 2°14′36″W / 53.4861°N 2.2433°W / 53.4861 ; -2.2433 ( Schoolroom , Chetham 's Hospital )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': '1873-78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A sandstone building in Tudor style . It is a three-storey building with a four-storey gate-tower in six bays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandstone', 'summary': "Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized ( 0.0625 to 2 mm ) mineral particles or rock fragments . Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar ( both silicates ) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth 's surface , as seen in the Goldich dissolution series . Like uncemented sand , sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals , but the most common colors are tan , brown , yellow , red , grey , pink , white , and black . Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features , certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions . Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities , making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs . Fine-grained aquifers , such as sandstones , are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices , such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity . Quartz-bearing sandstone can be changed into quartzite through metamorphism , usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tudor_architecture', 'summary': "The Tudor architectural style is the final development of Medieval architecture in England , during the Tudor period ( 1485-1603 ) and even beyond , and also the tentative introduction of Renaissance architecture to England . It is generally not used to refer to the whole period of the Tudor dynasty ( 1485-1603 ) , but to the style used in buildings of some prestige in the period roughly between 1500 and 1560 . It followed the Late Gothic Perpendicular style and was superseded by Elizabethan architecture from about 1560 in domestic building of any pretensions to fashion . In the much more slow-moving styles of vernacular architecture Tudor has become a designation for styles like half-timbering that characterize the few buildings surviving from before 1485 and others from the Stuart period . In this form the Tudor style long retained its hold on English taste . Nevertheless , 'Tudor style ' is an awkward style-designation , with its implied suggestions of continuity through the period of the Tudor dynasty and the misleading impression that there was a style break at the accession of James I in 1603 , first of the House of Stuart . The low Tudor arch was a defining feature . Some of the most remarkable oriel windows belong to this period . Mouldings are more spread out and the foliage becomes more naturalistic . During the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI , many Italian artists arrived in England ; their decorative features can be seen at Hampton Court Palace , Layer Marney Tower , Sutton Place , and elsewhere . However , in the following reign of Elizabeth I , the influence of Northern Mannerism , mainly derived from books , was greater . Courtiers and other wealthy Elizabethans competed to build prodigy houses that proclaimed their status ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bay_(architecture)', 'summary': 'In architecture , a bay is the space between architectural elements , or a recess or compartment . The term bay comes from Old French baee , meaning an opening or hole .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houldsworth School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reddish , Stockport , Greater Manchester 53°26′20″N 2°09′49″W / 53.4390°N 2.1635°W / 53.4390 ; -2.1635 ( Houldsworth School , Reddish )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reddish', 'summary': 'Reddish is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) north of Stockport and 4.6 miles ( 7.4 km ) southeast of Manchester . At the 2011 Census , the population was 28,052 . Historically part of Lancashire , Reddish grew rapidly in the Industrial Revolution and still retains landmarks from that period , such as Houldsworth Mill , a former textile mill . Reddish Vale is a country park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Stockport is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England . As well as the town of Stockport , it includes the outlying areas of Bramhall , Cheadle , Cheadle Hulme , Marple , Bredbury , Reddish , Woodley and Romiley . In 2001 , it had a population of 284,500 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greater_Manchester', 'summary': 'Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in North West England , with a population of 2.8 million ; the third largest in England after Greater London and the West Midlands . It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs : Bolton , Bury , Oldham , Rochdale , Stockport , Tameside , Trafford , Wigan , and the cities of Manchester and Salford . Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , and designated a functional city region on 1 April 2011 . Greater Manchester spans 493 square miles ( 1,277 km2 ) , which roughly covers the territory of the Greater Manchester Built-up Area , the second most populous urban area in the UK . It is landlocked and borders Cheshire ( to the south-west and south ) , Derbyshire ( to the south-east ) , West Yorkshire ( to the north-east ) , Lancashire ( to the north ) and Merseyside ( to the west ) . There is a mix of high-density urban areas , suburbs , semi-rural and rural locations in Greater Manchester , but land use is mostly urban - the product of concentric urbanisation and industrialisation which occurred mostly during the 19th century when the region flourished as the global centre of the cotton industry . It has a focused central business district , formed by Manchester city centre and the adjoining parts of Salford and Trafford , but Greater Manchester is also a polycentric county with ten metropolitan districts , each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs . Greater Manchester is governed by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority ( GMCA ) , which consists of political leaders from each of the ten metropolitan borough councils , plus a directly elected mayor , with responsibility for economic development , regeneration and transport . Andy Burnham is the inaugural Mayor of Greater Manchester , elected in 2017 . For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government ; district councils shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council . The county council was abolished in 1986 , and so its districts ( the metropolitan boroughs ) effectively became unitary authority areas . However , the metropolitan county continued to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and as a ceremonial county , with a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff .'}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Part of a development for the mill-owner William Houldsworth , including the school , a rectory , and St Elisabeth 's Church . It is a brick E-shaped building in late Gothic style , with two large gables facing the street", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Houldsworth', 'summary': "Sir William Henry Houldsworth , 1st Baronet DL ( 20 August 1834 in Ardwick , Manchester - 18 April 1917 in Kilmarnock ) was a mill-owner in Reddish , Lancashire . He was Conservative MP for Manchester North West from 1883 to 1906 , and sometime chairman of the Fine Cotton Spinners ' Association . He was made a baronet in 1887 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/St._Elisabeth's_Church_(Reddish)", 'summary': "St. Elisabeth 's Church is an Anglo Catholic church in Reddish , Stockport designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the Victorian Gothic style . It is a grade I listed building ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic architecture ( Latin : francigenum opus ) is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th-century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . Some key architectural features , such as the pointed arch and a decorative kind of rib vault , existed earlier outside Europe , and may have been derived from Islamic architecture . These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher , stronger , and filled with light . The first important example is generally considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis , near Paris , whose choir was reconstructed with Gothic rib vaults and large stained glass windows between 1140 and 1144 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gable', 'summary': 'A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .'}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Medical School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Manchester 53°27′55″N 2°14′10″W / 53.4653°N 2.2361°W / 53.4653 ; -2.2361 ( Former Medical School , University of Manchester )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Manchester', 'summary': "The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester , England , formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester . The University of Manchester is a red brick university , a product of the civic university movement of the late 19th century . The main campus is south of Manchester city centre on Oxford Road . The university owns and operates major cultural assets such as the Manchester Museum , Whitworth Art Gallery , John Rylands Library and Jodrell Bank Observatory - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In 2016/17 , the university had 40,490 students and 10,400 staff , making it the second largest university in the UK ( out of 167 including the Open University ) , and the largest single-site university . The university had a consolidated income of £1.1 billion in 2018-19 , of which £323.6 million was from research grants and contracts ( 6th place nationally behind Oxford , UCL , Cambridge , Imperial and Edinburgh ) . It has the fifth-largest endowment of any university in the UK , after the universities of Cambridge , Oxford , Edinburgh and King 's . It is a member of the worldwide Universities Research Association , the Russell Group of British research universities and the N8 Group . In global university league tables , the university was ranked 27th in the QS World University Rankings 2020 , 57th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 , and 33rd in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019 , while in national tables it was ranked 15th by the Complete University Guide 2020 , 34th by the Guardian University Guide 2020 and joint 19th by the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2019 . Manchester was ranked 15th in the UK amongst multi-faculty institutions for the quality ( GPA ) of its research and 5th for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . The University of Manchester has 25 Nobel laureates among its past and present students and staff , the fourth-highest number of any single university in the United Kingdom . Four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff - more than any other British university ."}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An L-shaped building in yellow brick with sandstone dressings . Later used by different departments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandstone', 'summary': "Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized ( 0.0625 to 2 mm ) mineral particles or rock fragments . Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar ( both silicates ) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth 's surface , as seen in the Goldich dissolution series . Like uncemented sand , sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals , but the most common colors are tan , brown , yellow , red , grey , pink , white , and black . Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features , certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions . Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities , making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs . Fine-grained aquifers , such as sandstones , are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices , such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity . Quartz-bearing sandstone can be changed into quartzite through metamorphism , usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts ."}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buildings surrounding the Old Court , Pembroke College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge , England . The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has over seven hundred students and fellows . Physically , it is one of the university 's larger colleges , with buildings from almost every century since its founding , as well as extensive gardens . Its members are termed Valencians . Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges ; in 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2018 Pembroke was placed second in the Tompkins Table . Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister , in Pembroke 's case William Pitt the Younger . The college library , with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower , is endowed with an original copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams . The college 's current master is Chris Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′07″N 0°07′08″E / 52.2019°N 0.1188°E / 52.2019 ; 0.1188 ( East range , Pembroke College , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterhouse added the east range and hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Library , Pembroke College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge , England . The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has over seven hundred students and fellows . Physically , it is one of the university 's larger colleges , with buildings from almost every century since its founding , as well as extensive gardens . Its members are termed Valencians . Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges ; in 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2018 Pembroke was placed second in the Tompkins Table . Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister , in Pembroke 's case William Pitt the Younger . The college library , with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower , is endowed with an original copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams . The college 's current master is Chris Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge 52°12′06″N 0°07′10″E / 52.2016°N 0.1194°E / 52.2016 ; 0.1194 ( Library , Pembroke College , Cambridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1875-77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A brick building with stone dressings in two storeys and seven bays with a clock tower and spire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_(architecture)', 'summary': 'In architecture , a bay is the space between architectural elements , or a recess or compartment . The term bay comes from Old French baee , meaning an opening or hole .'}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire 54°34′18″N 1°14′09″W / 54.5717°N 1.2358°W / 54.5717 ; -1.2358 ( High School , Middlesbrough )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesbrough', 'summary': "Middlesbrough ( /ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ ( listen ) MID-əlz-brə ) is a large post-industrial town in North Yorkshire , England . The local council , a unitary authority , is Middlesbrough Borough Council . The 2011 Census recorded the borough 's total resident population as 138,400 and the wider urban settlement with a population of 174,700 making it the largest settlement within the ceremonial County of North Yorkshire . Middlesbrough is part of the larger built-up area of Teesside which had an overall population of 376,333 at the 2011 Census . Middlesbrough became a county borough within the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1889 . In 1968 the borough was merged with a number of others to form the County Borough of Teesside , which was absorbed in 1974 by the county of Cleveland . In 1996 Cleveland was abolished , and Middlesbrough Borough Council became a unitary authority within the county of North Yorkshire . Erimus ( We shall be in Latin ) was chosen as Middlesbrough 's motto in 1830 . It recalls Fuimus ( We have been ) the motto of the Norman/Scottish Bruce family , who were lords of Cleveland in the Middle Ages . The town 's coat of arms is an azure lion , from the arms of the Bruce family , a star , from the arms of Captain James Cook , and two ships , representing shipbuilding and maritime trade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Yorkshire', 'summary': "North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county ( or shire county ) and the largest ceremonial county in England by area . It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber but partly in the region of North East England . The estimated ( by ONS ) population of North Yorkshire was 602,300 in mid-2016 ( not including the unitary districts of York , Middlesbrough , Stockton and Redcar & Cleveland ) . Created by the Local Government Act 1972 , it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres ( 3,341 sq mi ) , making it the largest county in England . The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire 's boundaries , and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks . The largest towns are Middlesbrough ( 174,700 ) , York ( 152,841 ) , Harrogate ( 73,576 ) and Scarborough ( 61,749 ) ; the county town , Northallerton , has a population of 16,832 ."}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A two-storey brick building with slate roofs in Gothic style . Subsequently part of the campus of Teesside University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slate', 'summary': 'Slate is a fine-grained , foliated , homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism . It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock . Foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering , but instead is in planes perpendicular to the direction of metamorphic compression . The foliation in slate is called slaty cleavage . It is caused by strong compression causing fine grained clay flakes to regrow in planes perpendicular to the compression . When expertly cut by striking parallel to the foliation , with a specialized tool in the quarry , many slates will display a property called fissility , forming smooth flat sheets of stone which have long been used for roofing , floor tiles , and other purposes . Slate is frequently grey in color , especially when seen , en masse , covering roofs . However , slate occurs in a variety of colors even from a single locality ; for example , slate from North Wales can be found in many shades of grey , from pale to dark , and may also be purple , green or cyan . Slate is not to be confused with shale , from which it may be formed , or schist . The word slate is also used for certain types of object made from slate rock . It may mean a single roofing tile made of slate , or a writing slate . They were traditionally a small , smooth piece of the rock , often framed in wood , used with chalk as a notepad or notice board , and especially for recording charges in pubs and inns .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic architecture ( Latin : francigenum opus ) is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th-century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . Some key architectural features , such as the pointed arch and a decorative kind of rib vault , existed earlier outside Europe , and may have been derived from Islamic architecture . These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher , stronger , and filled with light . The first important example is generally considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis , near Paris , whose choir was reconstructed with Gothic rib vaults and large stained glass windows between 1140 and 1144 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Teesside_University', 'summary': 'Teesside University is a public university with its main campus in Middlesbrough , Teesside in North East England . It has 18,576 students , according to the 2015/16 HESA student record .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Range , Garden Quadrangle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balliol College , Oxford 51°45′20″N 1°15′30″W / 51.7555°N 1.2582°W / 51.7555 ; -1.2582 ( North Range , Garden Quadrangle , Balliol College , Oxford )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Buildings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_educational_buildings_by_Alfred_Waterhouse_0', 'intro': "Alfred Waterhouse (1830-1905) was a prolific English architect who worked in the second half of the 19th century. His buildings were largely in Victorian Gothic Revival style. Waterhouse's biographer, Colin Cunningham, states that between about 1865 and about 1885 he was the most widely employed British architect. He worked in many fields, designing commercial, public, educational, domestic, and ecclesiastical buildings. Waterhouse was born in Liverpool of Quaker parents. After being articled to Richard Lane in Manchester, he took a ten-month tour of the Continent, then established his own practice in Manchester. Many of his early commissions came from Quakers and other nonconformist patrons. He came to national recognition when he won a competition for the design of Manchester assize courts. His next major public commissions in Manchester were for Strangeways Gaol and Manchester Town Hall. In 1865 he opened an office in London, which was followed by his first major commission in London, the Natural History Museum. Meanwhile he was also designing country houses. Here his major work was the rebuilding of Eaton Hall in Cheshire for the 1st Duke of Westminster, which was the most expensive country house of the [19th] century."} | null | null | What is the name of the building whose notes include the term for the finest stone masonry unit , generally rectangular cuboid , mentioned by Vitruvius as opus isodomum ? | Gonville and Caius College |
06fb6a8b649753fe | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan', 'title': 'List of power stations in Pakistan', 'header': ['Station', 'Location', 'Capacity ( MW )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kot Addu Power Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kot_Addu_Power_Company', 'summary': 'The Kot Addu Power Company ( KAPCO ) is a Pakistani power company owns , operates , and maintains a multi-fuel fired power plant in Kot Addu , District Muzaffargarh , Punjab , Pakistan . It produces 1,600 MW of electricity . In , 2005 , the company was formally listed on the stock exchanges of Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'Kot Addu , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kot_Addu', 'summary': 'Kot Addu is a city and tehsil in the Muzaffargarh District of the southern part of the Punjab province of Pakistan . This city is subdivided into 30 Union Councils and has a population of over 104 thousand , making it the 67th largest city in Pakistan . It is located just east of the Indus River , about 866 km ( 538 mi ) from Karachi , 600 km ( 370 mi ) from Islamabad , 100 km from Multan , 80 km from D.G.Khan , 60 km ( 37 mi ) from Muzaffargarh , 60 km from Layyah , and 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) from Taunsa Barrage . Kot Addu City attracts a large number of tourists every year , due to the Indus river and public gardens among other things . The city is served by Kot Addu Junction railway station.The Zip code of Kot Addu is 34050 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '1,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multi Fuel-Fired Thermal Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hub Power Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hub_Power_Company', 'summary': "Hub Power Company Limited , colloquially known as HUBCO , is Pakistan 's biggest Independent Power Producer headquartered in Karachi , Pakistan . It has a combined capacity of 3,581 Mega Watts ( MW ) and contributes over 10% of Pakistan 's electricity generation . Its power generation is spread across the country with four power generation units already contributing to the national grid , whereas two of them are under construction . Following is the list of Power generation units under HUBCO 's portfolio :"}]}, {'value': 'Hub , Balochistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hub,_Balochistan', 'summary': 'Hub ( Urdu : حب ) ( also known as Hub Chowki ) is the capital city of the Hub Tehsil , located in the Lasbela District of Balochistan , Pakistan . Hub is an industrial city and its original name was Hub Chowki because once there was a police and customs check post ( which is known as chowki in Urdu ) , named Nakahi . After the development of factories and many other industries , the town was renamed to Hub . Hub is one of the largest industrial centres of Balochistan , and because of its proximity to Karachi , it is becoming a Commuter town of the Karachi metro area .'}]}, {'value': '1,292', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubco Narowal Power Plant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HUBCO', 'summary': "Hub Power Company Limited , colloquially known as HUBCO , is Pakistan 's biggest Independent Power Producer headquartered in Karachi , Pakistan . It has a combined capacity of 3,581 Mega Watts ( MW ) and contributes over 10% of Pakistan 's electricity generation . Its power generation is spread across the country with four power generation units already contributing to the national grid , whereas two of them are under construction . Following is the list of Power generation units under HUBCO 's portfolio :"}]}, {'value': 'Narowal , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narowal', 'summary': 'Narowal ( Urdu : نارووال ) , is a city in the northeast of the Punjab province of Pakistan . According to an old legend Narowal was founded about 900 years ago . The city is the capital of Narowal District and become Narowal Tehsil in 1989 . According to the census of 2017 the City of Narowal has 103 067 inhabitants . Narowal is known for its University the campus of which was established in 2012 and for various famous politicians . The city is also known for its Faiz Ahmed Park named after the Urdu poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz who was born in the village Kala Qadir in Narowal District . A famous Sikh Temple , Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur can be visited in the East of Narowal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishat Power Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lahore , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishat Chunian Power Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lahore , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saba Power Company Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheikhupura , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheikhupura', 'summary': 'Shekhupura also known as Qila Sheikhupura ( Urdu : شیخُوپُورہ , Punjabi : شیخُوپُور ) is a city in the Pakistani province of Punjab . Founded by the Mughal Emperor Jehangir in 1607 , Sheikhupura is now the 16th largest city in Pakistan , and is the headquarters of Sheikhupura District . Sheikhupura is also the headquarters of Sheikhupura Division . The city is an industrial center , and satellite town , located about 38 km northwest of Lahore . According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan , its population is 473,129 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Electric Power Company Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raiwind , Lahore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raiwind', 'summary': 'Raiwind ( Urdu : راۓوِنڈ ) is a town ( now promoted to Tehsil Head Quarter ) located within union council 149 ( Dholanwal ) in Allama Iqbal Town of Lahore , Punjab , Pakistan . The town serves as the headquarters of Tablighi Jamaat and hosts the annual Raiwind Markaz Ijtema . Raiwind is also home to Pakistan Railways Junction and Railways Track Workshop and serves as the political base for former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}]}, {'value': '136', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tapal Energy Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tapal_Tea', 'summary': 'Tapal Tea is a Pakistani tea company which is based in Karachi , Pakistan . The company is known for their Family Mixture brand . It was founded by Adam Ali Tapal in 1947 . It is the largest tea brand in the country . Their biggest competitor in Pakistan is Lipton Tea . They are also known for their popular commercials . In 2004 , the company expanded their operations in Saudi Arabia .'}]}, {'value': 'Karachi , Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachi', 'summary': "Karachi ( Urdu : کراچی ; Sindhi : ڪراچي ; ALA-LC : Karācī , IPA : [ kəˈraːtʃi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh . It is the most populous city in Pakistan , and fifth-most-populous city proper in the world . Ranked as a beta-global city , the city is Pakistan 's premier industrial and financial centre . It is the cultural , economic , philanthropic , educational , and political hub of the country , and Pakistan 's most cosmopolitan city . Situated on the Arabian Sea , Karachi serves as a transport hub , and is home to Pakistan 's two largest seaports , the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim , as well as Pakistan 's busiest airport , Jinnah International Airport . Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia , the city was founded as the fortified village of Kolachi in 1729 . The settlement drastically increased in importance with the arrival of British East India Company in the mid 19th century , who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport , but also connected it with their extensive railway network . By the time of the Partition of British India , the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 . Following the independence of Pakistan , the city 's population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from India . The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence , attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia . Karachi is one of Pakistan 's most secular and socially liberal cities . It is also the most linguistically , ethnically , and religiously diverse city in Pakistan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sindh', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': '126', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan Power Generation Pvt Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raiwind , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raiwind', 'summary': 'Raiwind ( Urdu : راۓوِنڈ ) is a town ( now promoted to Tehsil Head Quarter ) located within union council 149 ( Dholanwal ) in Allama Iqbal Town of Lahore , Punjab , Pakistan . The town serves as the headquarters of Tablighi Jamaat and hosts the annual Raiwind Markaz Ijtema . Raiwind is also home to Pakistan Railways Junction and Railways Track Workshop and serves as the political base for former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '135', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kohinoor Energy Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lahore , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '131', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberty Power Tech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faisalabad , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faisalabad', 'summary': "Faisalabad ( Urdu : فیصل آباد ; English : /fɑːɪsɑːlˌbɑːd/ ) , formerly known as Lyallpur , is the third-most-populous city in Pakistan , and the second-largest in the eastern province of Punjab . Historically one of the first planned cities within British India , it has long since developed into a cosmopolitan metropolis . Faisalabad was restructured into city district status ; a devolution promulgated by the 2001 local government ordinance ( LGO ) . The total area of Faisalabad District is 5,856 km2 ( 2,261 sq mi ) while the area controlled by the Faisalabad Development Authority ( FDA ) is 1,280 km2 ( 490 sq mi ) . :8 Faisalabad has grown to become a major industrial and distribution centre because of its central location in the region and connecting roads , rails , and air transportation . It has been referred to as the Manchester of Pakistan . Faisalabad contributes over 20 percent of Punjab 's GDP , and has an average annual GDP of $ 20.5 billion . Agriculture and industry remain its hallmark . :41 The surrounding countryside , irrigated by the lower Chenab River , produces cotton , wheat , sugarcane , maize , vegetables and fruits . The city is an industrial centre with major railway repair yards , engineering works , and mills that process sugar , flour , and oil seed . Faisalabad is a major producer of superphosphates , cotton and silk textiles , hosiery , dyes , industrial chemicals , beverages , clothing , pulp and paper , printing , agricultural equipment , and ghee ( clarified butter ) . The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry monitors industrial activity in the city and reports their findings to the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry and provincial government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AES Lal Pir Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lal_Pir_Power', 'summary': 'The Lalpir Power Company Limited , was incorporated in 1994 , located in Mehmood Kot , District Muzaffargarh , Punjab , Pakistan . Lal Pir Power Plant produces 362 MW of electricity whereas PakGen produces 365MW of electricity . It is owned by Nishat Group . Nichimen Japan was hired as an EPC contractor . The plant started its operation in 1997 and was operated by an American company AES Corporation . In 2010 , Nishat Group and consortium acquired the two plants , AES Lalpir and PakGen . Nishat Group would have controlling shares of 50 percent , whereas Abu Dhabi Investment Council ( ADIC ) , which is owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi , would have 30 percent shares , and The City School would have 20 percent shares . The company is listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Muzaffargarh , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muzaffargarh', 'summary': 'Muzaffargarh ( Punjabi : مُظفّرگڑھ , lit . Fort of Muzaffar ) is a city in the province of Punjab , Pakistan . Located on the bank of the Chenab River , it is the capital of the district with the same name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '362', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AES PakGen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lal_Pir_Power', 'summary': 'The Lalpir Power Company Limited , was incorporated in 1994 , located in Mehmood Kot , District Muzaffargarh , Punjab , Pakistan . Lal Pir Power Plant produces 362 MW of electricity whereas PakGen produces 365MW of electricity . It is owned by Nishat Group . Nichimen Japan was hired as an EPC contractor . The plant started its operation in 1997 and was operated by an American company AES Corporation . In 2010 , Nishat Group and consortium acquired the two plants , AES Lalpir and PakGen . Nishat Group would have controlling shares of 50 percent , whereas Abu Dhabi Investment Council ( ADIC ) , which is owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi , would have 30 percent shares , and The City School would have 20 percent shares . The company is listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Muzaffargarh , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muzaffargarh', 'summary': 'Muzaffargarh ( Punjabi : مُظفّرگڑھ , lit . Fort of Muzaffar ) is a city in the province of Punjab , Pakistan . Located on the bank of the Chenab River , it is the capital of the district with the same name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '365', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attock Group / Attock Gen Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attock_Oil_Company', 'summary': 'Attock Oil Company , informally called Attock Group , also known as Pharaon Group , is a UK-domiciled conglomerate company based in Manchester , England , United Kingdom . It is the sole vertically integrated oil conglomerate company active in Pakistani market . The group is owned by Pharaon family .'}]}, {'value': 'Rawalpindi , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rawalpindi', 'summary': "Rawalpindi ( /ˌrɑːwəlˈpɪndi/ or /rɔːlˈpɪndi/ ; Punjabi , Urdu : راولپِنڈى , Rāwalpiṇḍī ) , commonly known as Pindi ( Punjabi : پِنڈی ) , is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan . Rawalpindi is adjacent to Pakistan 's capital of Islamabad , and the two are jointly known as the twin cities on account of strong social and economic links between the cities . Rawalpindi is the fourth-largest city in Pakistan by population , while the larger Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country 's third-largest metropolitan area . Rawalpindi is located on the Pothohar Plateau , known for its ancient Buddhist heritage , especially in the neighbouring town of Taxila - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city was destroyed during the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni before being taken over by Gakhars in 1493 . In 1765 , the ruling Gakhars were defeated as the city came under Sikh rule , and eventually became a major city within the Sikh Empire based in Lahore . The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849 , and in 1851 became the largest garrison town for the British Indian Army . Following the partition of British India in 1947 , the city became home to the headquarters of Pakistan Army hence retaining its status as a major military city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab', 'summary': 'The Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , /-ˈdʒæb/ , /ˈpʌndʒɑːb/ , /-dʒæb/ ; native pronunciation : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) , also spelled and romanised as Panjāb , [ a ] is a geopolitical , cultural and historical region in South Asia , specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent , comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India . The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts . The geographical definition of the term Punjab has changed over time : in the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area lying between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers . In British India , until the Partition of Punjab in 1947 , the Punjab Province encompassed the present-day Indian states and union territories of Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Chandigarh , and Delhi ; and the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory . It bordered the Balochistan and Pashtunistan regions to the west , Kashmir to the north , the Hindi Belt to the east , and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south . The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis , and their principal language is Punjabi . The main religion of the Pakistani Punjab region is Islam . The main religion of the Indian Punjab region is Sikhism . Other religious groups are Christianity , Jainism , Zoroastrianism , Buddhism , Hinduism , and Ravidassia . The Punjab region was the cradle for the Indus Valley Civilisation . The region had numerous migration by the Indo-Aryan peoples . The land was later contested by the Persians , Indo-Greeks , Indo-Scythians , Kushans , Macedonians , Ghaznavids , Turkic , Mongols , Timurids , Mughals , Marathi , Arabs , Pashtuns , British and other peoples .'}]}, {'value': '165', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamshoro Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamshoro_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Jamshoro Power Station ( GENCO-I ) is a thermal power plant fueled by natural gas and fuel oil located near Sindh . It is operated by the Jamshoro Power Company . It was commissioned in between 1989-1991 under the leadership of Engr . A.K . Siddiqui and Project Director Engr . M. M. Chandio . It consists of one 250 MW unit and three 200 MW units . In February 2014 , the Asian Development Bank agreed to loan $ 900 million to the government of Pakistan for a project to install 600MW supercritical coal-fired power plant at Jamshoro . The Islamic Development Bank ( IDB ) approves $ 220 million for Jamshoro Coal Power generation project . The Asian Development Bank has already approved $ 900m for the project , whereas $ 380m will be contributed by the government to meet the overall estimated project cost of $ 1.5 billion . The 600MW supercritical coal-fired power generation plant , using an 80/20 blend of imported sub-bituminous coal and domestic lignite when available , will be in accordance with international and national environmental standards .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamshoro , Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamshoro', 'summary': 'Jamshoro ( Sindhi : ڄام شورو ) , ( Urdu : جامشورو ) , is an education city of Sindh located on the west bank of River Indus . Jamshoro , the site of largest University residential campus in the country , situated about 18 kilometers from Hyderabad on the right bank of River Indus , was a rather desolate hilly track until 1955 when it was selected for the establishment of Sindh University Campus . The site was selected to be a University township away from the humdrum of Hyderabad city which lacked room to meet the ambitious expansion programs of the University . Jamshoro is virtually the gate-way to the Indus Valley , now world-famous for its civilization and rich cultural heritage . The Ranikot Fort is located 40 km . to the north of the campus , in the northward continuation of the same hilly track which become Laki Ranges , merging with the Khirthars northwards . Amri , an important archeological site , lies about 15 km . further north . Sehwan , a well known township lies 25 km . to the north of Amri . Mancher Lake the largest fresh water lake in the region , is situated to the west north west of Sehwan . Travelling about 150 km .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sindh', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': '850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil and Natural Gas-Fired Thermal Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bin Qasim Power Plant I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachi_Electric_Supply_Company', 'summary': "K-Electric ( KE ) is a Pakistani investor-owned utility managing all three key stages - generation , transmission and distribution - of producing and delivering energy to consumers . KE is a Pakistani electric supply company , based in Karachi , Sindh , Pakistan . KE supplies power to whole Pakistan home to an estimated 22 million people ( as of 2018 ) . The company has a customer account base of over 2.5 million , and around 10,000 employees . KE engages in the generation , transmission , and distribution of electric energy to industrial , commercial , agricultural and residential areas that falls under its network . In January 2018 , the utility also initiated the process of distributed generation under a net metering program . KE 's network has improved multiple folds over the course of many years : projects like Aerial Bundled Cabling ( ABC ) to improve secondary distribution system and reduce power thefts , TP-1000 transmission upgrade of the system by building numerous grid stations and expanding 1000 MVA in transmission and distribution infrastructure , collaborations with World Bank and IFC on network system improvement , generation fleet efficiency improvement by ISO 50001 energy management system certifications of KE Bin Qasim-II , Korangi Combined Cycle Power Plant , and energy efficiency and renewable programs for KE consumers , including energy audits , power factor improvement surveys , solar consultancy and outreach and awareness programs . Timeline In 1913 , the Karachi Electric Supply Corporation ( KESC ) was formed to meet the power needs of a small port town called Karachi , incorporated under the now currently Companies Ordinance , 1984 . In 1952 , The Government of Pakistan nationalized KESC in order to facilitate the much needed investment in its infrastructure . In 2005 , KESC was privatized , with the government retaining a stake of approximately 26% , while 71% was transferred to a foreign consortium . In 2009 , the new management , led by Abraaj Capital , took charge , beginning a turnaround story which has thus far seen investments of over US $ 2.1 billion . As of 2017 , the Abraaj Group and Aljomaih/NIG have a 66.4% stake in KE ; the Government of Pakistan 's shareholding stands at 24.36% ."}]}, {'value': 'Karachi , Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachi', 'summary': "Karachi ( Urdu : کراچی ; Sindhi : ڪراچي ; ALA-LC : Karācī , IPA : [ kəˈraːtʃi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh . It is the most populous city in Pakistan , and fifth-most-populous city proper in the world . Ranked as a beta-global city , the city is Pakistan 's premier industrial and financial centre . It is the cultural , economic , philanthropic , educational , and political hub of the country , and Pakistan 's most cosmopolitan city . Situated on the Arabian Sea , Karachi serves as a transport hub , and is home to Pakistan 's two largest seaports , the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim , as well as Pakistan 's busiest airport , Jinnah International Airport . Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia , the city was founded as the fortified village of Kolachi in 1729 . The settlement drastically increased in importance with the arrival of British East India Company in the mid 19th century , who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport , but also connected it with their extensive railway network . By the time of the Partition of British India , the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 . Following the independence of Pakistan , the city 's population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from India . The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence , attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia . Karachi is one of Pakistan 's most secular and socially liberal cities . It is also the most linguistically , ethnically , and religiously diverse city in Pakistan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sindh', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': '1,260', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil and Natural Gas-Fired Thermal Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sitara Energy Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faisalabad , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faisalabad', 'summary': "Faisalabad ( Urdu : فیصل آباد ; English : /fɑːɪsɑːlˌbɑːd/ ) , formerly known as Lyallpur , is the third-most-populous city in Pakistan , and the second-largest in the eastern province of Punjab . Historically one of the first planned cities within British India , it has long since developed into a cosmopolitan metropolis . Faisalabad was restructured into city district status ; a devolution promulgated by the 2001 local government ordinance ( LGO ) . The total area of Faisalabad District is 5,856 km2 ( 2,261 sq mi ) while the area controlled by the Faisalabad Development Authority ( FDA ) is 1,280 km2 ( 490 sq mi ) . :8 Faisalabad has grown to become a major industrial and distribution centre because of its central location in the region and connecting roads , rails , and air transportation . It has been referred to as the Manchester of Pakistan . Faisalabad contributes over 20 percent of Punjab 's GDP , and has an average annual GDP of $ 20.5 billion . Agriculture and industry remain its hallmark . :41 The surrounding countryside , irrigated by the lower Chenab River , produces cotton , wheat , sugarcane , maize , vegetables and fruits . The city is an industrial centre with major railway repair yards , engineering works , and mills that process sugar , flour , and oil seed . Faisalabad is a major producer of superphosphates , cotton and silk textiles , hosiery , dyes , industrial chemicals , beverages , clothing , pulp and paper , printing , agricultural equipment , and ghee ( clarified butter ) . The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry monitors industrial activity in the city and reports their findings to the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry and provincial government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diesel and Natural Gas Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saif Power Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saif_Group', 'summary': 'Saif Group is a Pakistani conglomerate company largely focused on textile industry and is owned by Saifullah Khan family . It is based in Islamabad and is involved in power , health care , textiles , real estate and telecommunications .'}]}, {'value': 'Sahiwal , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahiwal', 'summary': 'Sahiwal ( Punjabi and Urdu : ساہِيوال ) is a city in Punjab , Pakistan . It is the administrative center of Sahiwal District , and Sahiwal Division . It is the 14th largest city in Punjab and the 21st largest city in Pakistan . Sahiwal is approximately 180 km from the major city Lahore and lies between Lahore and Multan . A small village on the Karachi-Lahore railway line during 1865 was named Montgomery after Sir Robert Montgomery , then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab . Later , it was made the capital of the Montgomery District . Its name was reinstated as Sahiwal in 1966 . The city is in the densely populated region between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers . The principal crops are wheat , cotton , tobacco , legumes , potato and oil seeds . Cotton goods and lacquered woodwork are manufactured .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diesel and Natural Gas Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attock Refinery Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attock_Refinery', 'summary': 'The Attock Refinery Limited is a Pakistani petroleum company which is a subsidiary of UK-domiciled Attock Oil Company . It is active in crude oil refining in the country . The company is based in Rawalpindi , Punjab , Pakistan . The company is listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Rawalpindi , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rawalpindi', 'summary': "Rawalpindi ( /ˌrɑːwəlˈpɪndi/ or /rɔːlˈpɪndi/ ; Punjabi , Urdu : راولپِنڈى , Rāwalpiṇḍī ) , commonly known as Pindi ( Punjabi : پِنڈی ) , is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan . Rawalpindi is adjacent to Pakistan 's capital of Islamabad , and the two are jointly known as the twin cities on account of strong social and economic links between the cities . Rawalpindi is the fourth-largest city in Pakistan by population , while the larger Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country 's third-largest metropolitan area . Rawalpindi is located on the Pothohar Plateau , known for its ancient Buddhist heritage , especially in the neighbouring town of Taxila - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city was destroyed during the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni before being taken over by Gakhars in 1493 . In 1765 , the ruling Gakhars were defeated as the city came under Sikh rule , and eventually became a major city within the Sikh Empire based in Lahore . The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849 , and in 1851 became the largest garrison town for the British Indian Army . Following the partition of British India in 1947 , the city became home to the headquarters of Pakistan Army hence retaining its status as a major military city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heavy Fuel Oil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas Power Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheikhpura , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheikhpura', 'summary': 'Sheikhpura is a city and a municipality in Sheikhpura district in the Indian state of Bihar . Sheikhpura is also an administrative headquarter of Sheikhpura district .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heavy Fuel Oil', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Thermal -- In service', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan_0', 'intro': "This is a list of Power Stations in Pakistan. Pakistan had a total installed power generation capacity of over 34 GW by December 2018. However, de-rated capacity is approximately 31 GW during the year. Under China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project, with an investment of $25 Billion, the power plants of 12,334 MW capacity would be completed on a priority basis. Pakistan has witnessed a sharp increase in electricity production of almost 11 GW in last five years bridging much needed gap between supply and demand. Pakistan has an installed electricity generation capacity of 33,836 MW in 2018. Furnace oil (16 percent), hydel (27 percent), Natural gas (12 percent), LNG (26 percent), Coal (9 percent), Renewable (Solar & Wind 5 percent) and nuclear (5 per cent) are the principal sources. In the next 10 years, peak electricity demand is expected to rise by four to five per cent, which is roughly 1,500 MW. Pakistan has a lopsided energy mix, diminishing indigenous fuel reserves, increasing circular debt and transmission hold-ups. Pakistan has almost exhausted its gas reserves. Imported oil's price hikes affect the budget and its constant supply cannot be guaranteed. Pakistan has the potential to meet these energy challenges through hydroelectric power, but there are political and environmental issues in building dams."} | null | null | How many MW is the power station owned by a UK-domiciled conglomerate company based in Manchester , England , United Kingdom ? | 165 |
06fdf3eccd8289ce | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2009 Santos FC season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving from', 'Type', 'Ends'], 'data': [{'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Madson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madson_Formagini_Caridade', 'summary': 'Madson Formagini Caridade , or simply Madson ( born May 21 , 1986 in Volta Redonda ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as attacking midfielder for Fortaleza . He is known for his small stature and his set pieces .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama', 'summary': "Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁɛˈgataʃ ˈvaʃku dɐ ˈgɐ̃mɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club that was founded on August 21 , 1898 ( although the professional football department started on November 5 , 1915 ) , by Portuguese immigrants , and still has a strong fanbase among the Portuguese community of Rio de Janeiro . It is one of the most popular clubs in Brazil , with more than 30 million supporters . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Vasco is mostly known for its football team . It plays in the Campeonato Carioca , the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league and in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of Brazilian football league system . Its statute defines the club as a sportive , recreative , educational , assistant and philanthropic non-profit organization of public utility . Their home stadium is São Januário , with a capacity of 21,880 , the third biggest in Rio de Janeiro ( after Maracanã and Engenhão ) , but some matches ( especially the city derbies ) are played at the Maracanã ( capacity of about 80,000 ) . They play in black shirts with a white diagonal sash that contains a Cross pattée , black shorts and black socks . The club is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Lúcio Flávio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lúcio_Flávio_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Lúcio Flávio dos Santos or simply Lúcio Flávio ( born February 3 , 1979 in Curitiba ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder , he currently plays for Joinville .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botafogo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botafogo_FR', 'summary': "Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɔtaˈfoɡu dʒi futʃiˈbɔw i ʁeˈɡataʃ ] ; Botafogo Football and Rowing ) , also known as Botafogo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Botafogo , Rio de Janeiro . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Botafogo is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of the Brazilian football league system , and in the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league . In 2000 , Botafogo finished 12th in a vote by subscribers of FIFA Magazine for the FIFA Club of the Century . In addition , the club has some of Brazilian football 's most notable records , as the largest number of unbeaten matches : 52 games between 1977 and 1978 ; the most unbeaten matches record in the Brazilian Championship games : 42 , also between 1977 and 1978 ; the largest number of player participations in total matches of the Brazil national football team ( considering official and unofficial games ) : 1,094 participations and the largest number of players assigned to the Brazilian national team for World Cup . The club is still responsible for the greatest victory ever recorded in Brazilian football : 24-0 against Sport Club Mangueira in 1909 ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Triguinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triguinho', 'summary': 'Luciano da Silva or simply Triguinho ( born 25 February 1979 in Piquete ) , is a Brazilian left back , who currently plays for Red Bull Brasil .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Caetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AD_São_Caetano', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva São Caetano , commonly known as São Caetano , is a Brazilian football team based in the city of São Caetano , Brazil , part of the São Paulo greater metropolitan area . The club finished as runner-up in the Série A twice and once in the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Germano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germano_Borovicz_Cardoso_Schweger', 'summary': 'Germano Borovicz Cardozo Schweger or simply Germano ( born 21 March 1981 ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerezo Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka', 'summary': 'Cerezo Osaka ( セレッソ大阪 , Seresso Ōsaka ) is a Japanese football team , currently playing in the J1 League , the top tier of football in Japan . The team name Cerezo ( Spanish for cherry tree ) is also the flower of Osaka City . The official home town for the team are Osaka City and Sakai City .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Luizinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiz_Antônio_de_Oliveira', 'summary': 'Luiz Antônio de Oliveira or simply Luizinho ( born November 5 , 1982 in Divinópolis ) , is a Brazilian right back .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruzeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruzeiro_EC', 'summary': "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kɾuˈzejɾu esˈpoɾtʃi ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known as Cruzeiro and nicknamed Raposa ( English : Fox ) , is one of the biggest Brazilian ( and South American ) multisport clubs ; based in Barro Preto , Belo Horizonte . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Mineiro , [ nb 1 ] the state of Minas Gerais 's premier state league , as well as in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , [ nb 2 ] the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded on January 2 , 1921 by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte , some members of Yale Atlético Clube and many Italian immigrant workers decided to create a new club called Societá Sportiva Ypiranga , changing the name months later to Palestra Mineiro and after one game to Palestra Itália . As a result of the Second World War , the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942 . The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol : the Cruzeiro do Sul 's constellation . Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineirão stadium , which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators . Cruzeiro 's regular kit colours are blue shirts and white shorts with blue socks ( although the team has worn white socks with their home kit for certain periods of time ) . Umbro are the side 's current kit manufacturers . Cruzeiro is one of Brazil 's most successful clubs despite its relatively young age ( compared with other major Brazilian clubs ) . It won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time in 1966 , after defeating Santos ' Os Santásticos in the final series . Cruzeiro has won the Brasileirão again in 2003 , 2013 and 2014 , obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Roni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rôni', 'summary': 'Roniéliton Pereira Santos or simply Roni ( born 28 April 1977 in Aurora ) , is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamba Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gamba_Osaka', 'summary': "Gamba Osaka ( ガンバ大阪 , Gamba Ōsaka ) is a Japanese professional association football club currently playing in the J1 League , the top division of Japanese football . The team 's name Gamba comes from the Italian word gamba meaning leg and the Japanese ganbaru ( 頑張る ) , meaning to do your best or to stand firm . Located in Suita , Osaka , the team 's home stadium is Suita City Football Stadium . Gamba Osaka is currently the second-most accomplished J.League club , having won 8 top-tier domestic titles as well as the 2008 AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Bolaños', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Bolaños', 'summary': 'Luis Alberto Chucho Bolaños León ( born March 27 , 1985 in Quito ) is an Ecuadorian football midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LDU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LDU_Quito', 'summary': 'Liga Deportiva Universitaria ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ðepoɾˈtiβa uniβeɾsiˈtarja ] ) , often referred to as Liga de Quito , LDU , is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Quito . They play in the Serie A , the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league . They play their home games at the Estadio Rodrigo Paz Delgado , more commonly referred to as Casa Blanca . Rival clubs include Quito-based clubs El Nacional , Deportivo Quito , Aucas and Universidad Católica . Liga Deportiva Universitaria has its roots in the semi-pro sports teams in 1918 competing as Universitario at the Central University of Ecuador , and was officially founded on January 11 of 1930 . They began making an impact in the provincial leagues , winning nine Pichincha titles ( six in the professional era ) . Their provincial success continued into the national league , where they have won 11 national title ( 4th overall ) having won their most recent title in 2018 . They are the most successful Ecuadorian club in international competitions , where they were the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores ( 2008 ) , the Copa Sudamericana ( 2009 ) , and the Recopa Sudamericana ( 2009 and 2010 ) . They are one of only six teams - Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate , Internacional and São Paulo being the other five - to have achieved the CONMEBOL treble , winning all three continental club tournaments . LDU is the only team to win all three mentioned cups one after another between the years 2008 to 2010 causing them to be rated as the best South American team of 2008 and 2009 . Liga de Quito was additionally the runner-up at the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Paulo Henrique Rodrigues', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético-GO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Goianiense', 'summary': "Atlético Clube Goianiense , usually known as Atlético Goianiense or just as Atlético , is a Brazilian football team from the city of Goiânia , Goiás state . Atlético Goianiense is the oldest Goiânia city football club . The club is the first team of its state to win a national competition , which was the Série C. Atlético Goianiense made a comeback to Brazil 's top level Série A in 2010 after a 23-year absence . In 2016 , Atlético Goianiense won the title of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B for the first time . They won the title with two rounds in advance , beating the already relegated Tupi by 5 to 3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'André Astorga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Astorga', 'summary': 'André Izepon Astorga ( born 7 January 1980 ) is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cluj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFR_Cluj', 'summary': 'Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj ( Romanian pronunciation : [ t͡ʃefeˌre ˈkluʒ ] or [ ˌt͡ʃefere ˈkluʒ ] ) is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005-06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007-08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2018 and 2019 , the White and Burgundies won back-to-back championships for the first time . CFR has won a total of twelve domestic trophies , all in the 21st century - five Liga I , four Cupa României , and three Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as the Derbiul Clujului .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Léo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_Lourenço_Bastos', 'summary': 'Leonardo Lourenço Bastos ( born 6 July 1975 ) , commonly known as Léo , is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a left back . He spent most of his professional career with Santos and Benfica , arriving at the latter at the age of 25 and winning eight major titles , winning the same amount with the former during his two spells . Léo represented Brazil in two Confederations Cups .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benfica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.L._Benfica', 'summary': "Sport Lisboa e Benfica ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɨˈpɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i βɐ̃jˈfikɐ ] ) , commonly known as Benfica , is a professional football club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , where they are the current champions and the most successful team in terms of overall titles . Founded on 28 February 1904 as Sport Lisboa , Benfica is one of the Big Three clubs in Portugal that have never been relegated from Primeira Liga , along with rivals Sporting CP and FC Porto . Benfica are nicknamed As Águias ( The Eagles ) , for the symbol atop the club 's crest , and Os Encarnados ( The Reds ) , for the shirt colour . Since 2003 , their home ground has been the Estádio da Luz , which replaced the larger , original one , built in 1954 . Benfica is the most supported Portuguese club and the European club with the highest percentage of supporters in its own country , having over 230,000 members and an estimated 14 million supporters worldwide . The club 's anthem , Ser Benfiquista , refers to Benfica supporters , who are called benfiquistas . E pluribus unum is the club motto ; Águia Vitória , the mascot . Benfica is honoured with three Portuguese Orders : those of Christ ( Commander ) , of Prince Henry ( Honorary Member ) and of Merit ( Officer ) . With 83 major trophies won - 84 including the Latin Cup - Benfica is the most decorated club in Portugal . They have won 80 domestic trophies : a record 37 Primeira Liga titles , a record 26 Taça de Portugal , a record 7 Taça da Liga , 8 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and 3 Campeonato de Portugal . Internationally , they won back-to-back European Cups in 1961 and 1962 - a unique feat in Portuguese football - and were runners-up at the Intercontinental Cup in 1961 and '62 , at the European Cup in 1963 , '65 , '68 , '88 and '90 , and at the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 1983 , 2013 and '14 . Benfica 's ten European finals are a domestic record and ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Rafael Caldeira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Caldeira', 'summary': 'Rafael Caldeira Pires ( born 11 February 1991 ) , known as Rafael Caldeira , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Jaraguá-GO as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marília', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marília_Atlético_Clube', 'summary': 'Marília Atlético Clube , or Marília as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Marília in São Paulo , founded on April 12 , 1942 . Home stadium is the Bento de Abreu , with a capacity of 19,800 . They play in light blue shirts , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Santos', 'summary': 'Alan Santos da Silva ( born 24 April 1991 ) , known as Alan Santos , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Chapecoense , on loan from Tigres UANL as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitória', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vitória', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Vitória , usually known simply as Vitória , is a Brazilian football team from Salvador in Bahia , founded on May 13 , 1899 . The team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B and the Campeonato Baiano . Vitória 's home games are played at the club 's own stadium , Manoel Barradas , capacity 35,632 . The team plays in red and black horizontal striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . The stripes have changed over time : they have been sometimes vertical , horizontal , wide and narrow . The youth system of the club is one of the most successful of the world , holding , between 1995 and 2000 , at its peak , at least 21 international titles . Recent names that started playing in the club are Bebeto , Vampeta , Dida , Júnior , Hulk , David Luiz , Dudu Cearense , Marcelo Moreno , Gabriel Paulista and others . The rivals of Vitória are Esporte Clube Bahia . Their matches are known as Ba-Vi ( Ba from Bahia and Vi from Vitória ) . It is one of the most intense rivalries in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Felipe Azevedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Azevedo_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Felipe Azevedo dos Santos ( born 10 January 1987 ) , known as Felipe Azevedo , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for América Mineiro as an attacking midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulista_FC', 'summary': 'Paulista Futebol Clube , or Paulista as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí , in São Paulo , founded on 17 May 1909 . They play at the fourth tier of Brazilian football professional league . Home stadium is the Jayme Cintra stadium , capacity 15,000 . They play in black , white and red stripes , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Eli Sabiá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eli_Sabiá', 'summary': 'Eli Sabiá Filho ( born 31 August 1988 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a center back for Indian Super League Club Chennaiyin . He has played professionally in Brazil , Saudi Arabia and India .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulista_FC', 'summary': 'Paulista Futebol Clube , or Paulista as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí , in São Paulo , founded on 17 May 1909 . They play at the fourth tier of Brazilian football professional league . Home stadium is the Jayme Cintra stadium , capacity 15,000 . They play in black , white and red stripes , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Garcia_dos_Prazeres', 'summary': 'Felipe Garcia dos Prazeres ( born 10 January 1988 ) , simply known as Mão de Alface , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Tombense as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguesa Santista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguesa_Santista', 'summary': "Associação Atlética Portuguesa , usually known as Portuguesa Santista , is a Brazilian football club based in Santos , São Paulo , founded in 1917 by the Portuguese descendants of the city . They play in red shirts , red shorts and socks . The club 's mascot is a female donkey . The club 's nickname , Briosa , was given between 1918 and 1920 , when the club competed in several amateur football festivals . Briosa means courageous , graceful , in Portuguese language ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Wagner Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wagner_Diniz', 'summary': 'Wagner Diniz Gomes de Araújo ( born September 21 , 1983 in Maceió ) , or simply Wagner Diniz , is a Brazilian right back .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_FC', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodrigo Mancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigo_Mancha', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Marcos dos Santos , better known as Rodrigo Mancha ( born 16 June 1986 in Curitiba ) is a Brazilian footballer , who last played as a defensive midfielder for Fortaleza .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coritiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coritiba_Foot_Ball_Club', 'summary': 'Coritiba Foot Ball Club , commonly known as Coritiba , and colloquially as Coxa Branca or simply Coxa , is a Brazilian football club from Curitiba in the state of Paraná . Founded in 1909 , it is the oldest football club in the state . Coritiba have won the Paraná State Championship 37 times - more than both of its main rivals combined ( Athletico Paranaense have 22 titles and Paraná Clube have 7 ) . Coritiba has won the Brazilian Championship once in 1985 . Coritiba is the first club from southern Brazil to have won a national title , the 1973 Torneio do Povo , and is also the first southern club to have competed in both main continental competitions - the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana . Coritiba was both the first club from Paraná to have won the Série A ( the main title in Brazil ) , and to reach the semi-finals in the second main competition in the country - the Copa do Brasil - in 1991 , 2001 , 2009 , and to reach the finals in 2011 and 2012 . Coritiba is the only club who have six consecutive Paranaense titles , between 1971 and 1976 . Coritiba is also the club with the most appearances in this championship . The club are currently in first place on the FPF ranking , 14th place on the CBF ranking , 83rd place on the Conmebol ranking and 125th on the international IFFHS ranking . The club has more than 30,000 members [ citation needed ] . As of 2013 , Coritiba has partnerships ( including loans and exchanges of youth players ) with Porto and Benfica of Portugal , Chivas Guadalajara of Mexico , Daegu of South Korea and VVV-Venlo of the Netherlands . Coritiba is the first football club in the south of Brazil to begin to embrace American football .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerson_Ferreira_da_Rosa', 'summary': 'Emerson Ferreira da Rosa ( born 4 April 1976 ) , simply known as Emerson , is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Miami Dade FC as a defensive midfielder . At international level , he played 73 games for the Brazil national team between 1997 and 2006 , scoring 6 goals . With Brazil , he has taken part in two FIFA World Cups ( 1998 , 2006 , missing out on the 2002 FIFA World Cup due to injury ) , two editions of the Copa América ( 1999 , 2001 ) , and three Confederations Cups ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) , winning the 1999 Copa América and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup , while also reaching the 1998 World Cup Final . An experienced footballer who was nicknamed the Puma due to his powerful but elegant , ball-winning style of play , Emerson has played for two Brazilian clubs , Grêmio and Santos , as well as several European clubs in Germany , Italy , and Spain , including Bayer Leverkusen , Roma , Juventus , Real Madrid and Milan , winning several titles . In addition to his Brazilian passport , Emerson also holds Italian , German and Qatari passports .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'George Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Lucas_Coser', 'summary': 'George Lucas Coser ( born 20 February 1984 ) , known as Lucas , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right back . He also holds Italian nationality .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celta de Vigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celta_de_Vigo', 'summary': "Real Club Celta de Vigo ( Galician pronunciation : [ reˈal ˈkluβ ˈθeltɐ ðɪ ˈβiɣʊ ] ; Royal Club Celta de Vigo ) , commonly known as Celta Vigo or simply Celta , is a Spanish professional football club based in Vigo , Galicia , currently playing in La Liga . It was founded on 23 August 1923 following the merger of Real Vigo Sporting and Real Fortuna Football Club . Nicknamed Os Celestes ( The Sky Blues ) , they play in sky blue shirts and socks along with white shorts . The club 's home stadium is the Abanca-Balaídos , which seats 29,000 spectators . Celta 's name is derived from the Celts who were once present in the region . Its main rival is fellow Galician club Deportivo de La Coruña , with whom it contests the Galician derby . Celta have never won the league title nor Copa del Rey , although they have reached the final three times in the latter . One of the team 's best seasons was 1970-71 , when they finished unbeaten at home and were known as the giant-killers . Celta came sixth that season and qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time . The club finished in their best-ever position of fourth in 2002-03 , qualifying for the 2003-04 UEFA Champions League , where they were eliminated by Arsenal in the Round of 16 . In the 2016-17 UEFA Europa League , Celta reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Europa League for the first time , losing to Manchester United ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sérgio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sérgio_Luís_de_Araújo', 'summary': 'Sérgio Luís de Araújo , usually known as Sérgio ( born 11 May 1970 in Kaloré , Paraná ) , is a Brazilian football player who played as goalkeeper . Sergio retired in 2013 after playing for Imbituba . He played for Palmeiras , Portuguesa and Vitória in the Campeonato Brasileiro .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Itumbiara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itumbiara_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': 'Itumbiara Esporte Clube , usually known simply as Itumbiara , is a Brazilian football club from Itumbiara , Goiás state . The club competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 1979 and won the state championship in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- In', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2009_Santos_FC_season_1', 'intro': "The 2009 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-seventh season in existence and the club's fifty consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football."} | null | null | When did the contract of the player who moved from the team known as Coxa end ? | 2012 |
06ff1d96d3ad3122 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_49th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film', 'title': 'List of submissions to the 49th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film', 'header': ['Submitting country', 'Film title used in nomination', 'Language ( s )', 'Original title', 'Director ( s )', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': "Yesterday 's Guys Used No Arsenic", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Yesterday's_Guys_Used_No_Arsenic", 'summary': "Yesterday 's Guys Used No Arsenic ( Spanish : Los Muchachos de antes no usaban arsénico ) is a 1976 Argentine black comedy crime film directed by José A. Martínez Suárez . The film was selected as the Argentine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los muchachos de antes no usaban arsénico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José A. Martínez Suárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_A._Martínez_Suárez', 'summary': 'José Antonio Martínez Suárez ( 2 October 1925 - 17 August 2019 ) was an Argentine film director and screenwriter . He worked on more than 20 films between 1949 and 2003 . He was the brother of actress Mirtha Legrand .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'High Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Street_(film)', 'summary': 'High Street ( French : Rue Haute ) is a 1976 Belgian drama film directed by André Ernotte . The film was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rue Haute', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Ernotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Ernotte', 'summary': 'André Ernotte ( 3 June 1943 - 8 March 1999 ) was a Belgian film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Xica da Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xica_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Xica ( Portuguese : Xica da Silva ) is a 1976 Brazilian comedy film directed and written by Carlos Diegues , based on the novel by João Felício dos Santos , which is a romanticized retelling of the true story of Chica da Silva , an 18th-century African slave in Brazil , who attracts the attention of a powerful Portuguese land-owner and eventually rises into the Brazilian high society . The movie stars Zezé Motta , Walmor Chagas and José Wilker . It was chosen as the Brazilian submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but it failed to get a nomination .'}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xica', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Diegues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Diegues', 'summary': "Carlos Diegues , also known as Cacá Diegues ( born May 19 , 1940 ) , is a Brazilian film director . He was born in Maceió , Alagoas , and is best known as a member of the Cinema Novo movement . He is popularly known for his unconventional , yet intriguing film techniques [ according to whom ? ] among other film producers of the Cinema Novo movement . Diegues is also widely known for his dynamic use visuals , ideas , plots , themes , and other cinematic techniques . He incorporated many musical acts in his film as he favored musical pieces to be complementary of his ideas . Diegues remains very popular and is regarded one the most cinematic producers of his generation . Of the Cinema Novo directors , he would go on to produce films , plays , musicals and other forms of entertainment in Brazil . Diegues ' contributions to Brazilian cinema developed the film industry . He would pioneer expensive film projects that domestic filmmakers had ever seen . Films such as Bye Bye Brazil were two million dollar projects and later on films such as God is Brazilian would be over 10 million dollars . This was a new era in Brazil as domestic directors had yet to produce any films with that kind of financial support ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czechoslovakia', 'summary': 'Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .'}]}, {'value': 'One Silver Piece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Silver_Piece', 'summary': 'One Silver Piece ( Czech : Jeden Stříbrný ) is a 1976 Czechoslovakian drama film directed by Jaroslav Balík . It was selected as the Czechoslovakian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeden Stříbrný', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaroslav Balík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaroslav_Balík', 'summary': 'Jaroslav Balík ( 23 June 1924 - 17 October 1996 ) was a Czechoslovak film director and screenwriter . He directed 26 films between 1952 and 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'The Olsen Gang Sees Red', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Olsen_Gang_Sees_Red', 'summary': 'The Olsen Gang Sees Red ( Danish : Olsen-banden ser rødt ) is a 1976 Danish comedy film directed by Erik Balling and starring Ove Sprogøe , Morten Grunwald and Poul Bundgaard . The film was the eighth in the Olsen Gang-series , and was selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Danish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olsen-banden ser rødt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erik Balling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Balling', 'summary': "Erik Balling ( 29 November 1924 - 19 November 2005 ) was a Danish TV and film director . He created two of Denmark 's most popular TV-series , Matador and Huset på Christianshavn . His feature film Qivitoq ( 1956 ) was nominated for a Golden Palm at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival , and for an Oscar as Best Foreign Language Film . His 1962 film Den kære familie was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival . Together with Henning Bahs , he also created the hugely popular series of Olsen Gang feature films ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Whom Should We Shoot ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whom_Should_We_Shoot?', 'summary': 'Whom Should We Shoot ? ( Arabic : على مَن نطلق الرَصاص؟ , translit . ` Alā mann Notlīq Ar-rasās , IPA [ ʕælɑ : mʌn nʊtˤlq ərəsˤʌs ] ) is a 1975 Egyptian drama film directed by Kamal El Sheikh . The film was selected as the Egyptian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominée .'}]}, {'value': 'Arabic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'على من نطلق الرصاص', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamal El Sheikh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamal_El_Sheikh', 'summary': 'Kamal El Sheikh ( Arabic : كمال الشيخ ; 2 February 1919 - 2 January 2004 ) was an Egyptian film director . He directed 28 films between 1952 and 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cousin , cousine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cousin,_cousine', 'summary': "Cousin Cousine is a 1975 French romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Charles Tacchella and starring Marie-Christine Barrault , Victor Lanoux , and Marie-France Pisier . Written by Jean-Charles Tacchella and Danièle Thompson , the film is about two cousins by marriage who meet at a wedding and develop a close friendship . After their spouses prove unfaithful , the cousins ' friendship leads to a passionate love affair . Cousin Cousine received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film , a César Award nomination for Best Film , a Golden Globe nomination for Best Foreign Film , and the U.S. National Board of Review Award as one of the Top 5 Foreign Films of the Year . In 1989 , an English language remake was released , Cousins ."}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cousin , Cousine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Charles Tacchella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Charles_Tacchella', 'summary': 'Jean-Charles Tacchella ( born 23 September 1925 ) is a French screenwriter and film director . He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film Cousin Cousine ( 1975 ) , which was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and which was later ( 1989 ) remade in a US version starring Ted Danson and titled Cousins .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacob the Liar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_the_Liar_(1975_film)', 'summary': 'Jacob the Liar ( German : Jakob der Lügner ) is a 1975 East German-Czechoslovakian Holocaust film directed by Frank Beyer , and based on the novel of the same name by Jurek Becker . It starred Vlastimil Brodský in the title role . Work on the picture began in 1965 , but production was halted in summer 1966 . Becker , who had originally planned Jacob the Liar as a screenplay , decided to make it a novel instead . In 1972 , after the book garnered considerable success , work on the picture resumed .'}]}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jakob der Lügner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Beyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Beyer', 'summary': 'Frank Paul Beyer ( 26 May 1932 - 1 October 2006 ) was a German film director . In East Germany he was one of the most important film directors , working for the state film monopoly DEFA and directed films that dealt mostly with the Nazi era and contemporary East Germany . His film Trace of Stones was banned for 20 years in 1966 by the ruling SED . His 1975 film Jacob the Liar was the only East German film ever nominated for an Academy Award . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 until his death he mostly directed television films .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Clown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Clown_(1976_film)', 'summary': "The Clown ( German : Ansichten eines Clowns ) is a 1976 West German film directed by Vojtěch Jasný . It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Nobel Prize winner Heinrich Böll . It was chosen as West Germany 's official submission to the 49th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film , but did not manage to receive a nomination ."}]}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ansichten eines Clowns', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vojtěch Jasný', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vojtěch_Jasný', 'summary': 'Vojtěch Jasný ( 30 November 1925 - 15 November 2019 ) was a Czech director , screenwriter and professor who has written and directed over 50 films . Jasný made feature and documentary films in Czechoslovakia , Germany , Austria , USA & Canada . He is best remembered for his movies The Cassandra Cat and All My Compatriots , both of which won prizes at Cannes Film Festival . In addition to his film career he taught directing at film schools in Salzburg , Vienna , Münich and New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'The Last Tempest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Tempest', 'summary': 'The Last Tempest ( Chinese : 瀛台泣血 , translit . Ying tai qi xue ) is a 1976 Hong Kong drama film directed by Li Han-hsiang . The film was selected as the Hong Kong entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Mandarin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '瀛台泣血', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Han Hsiang Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Han-hsiang', 'summary': 'Richard Li Han Hsiang ( Chinese : 李翰祥 ; pinyin : Lǐ Hànxiáng ; 7 March 1926 in Jinxi , Liaoning - 17 December 1996 in Beijing ) was a Chinese film director . Li directed more than 70 films in his career beginning in the 1950s and lasting till the 1990s . His The Enchanting Shadow , The Magnificent Concubine , and Empress Wu Tse-Tien were entered into the Cannes Film Festival in 1960 , 1962 , and 1963 respectively . Li also won the Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards for his work on the movie Xi Shi in 1965 . Most of his movies in the 1970s and 1980s were Chinese historical dramas . He died in Beijing due to a heart attack . He was seventy .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'The Fifth Seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fifth_Seal', 'summary': 'The Fifth Seal ( Hungarian : Az ötödik pecsét ) is a 1976 film by Hungarian director Zoltán Fábri based on a novel of the same name by Hungarian author Ferenc Sánta . It won the Golden Prize at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival and it was entered into the 27th Berlin International Film Festival . The film was also selected as the Hungarian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Az Ötödik pecsét', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zoltán Fábri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoltán_Fábri', 'summary': 'Zoltán Fábri ( 15 October 1917 - 23 August 1994 ) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter . His films The Boys of Paul Street ( 1969 ) and Hungarians ( 1978 ) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . His 1965 film Twenty Hours shared the Grand Prix with War and Peace at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1969 film The Toth Family was entered into the 7th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1975 film 141 Minutes from the Unfinished Sentence was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival , where he won a Special Prize for Directing . Fábri wanted to become an artist from an early age on . He studied painting and graduated at the Hungarian College of Fine Arts . He began working in the Hungarian film industry in 1950 as a production designer . He directed his first film Vihar ( Storm ) in 1951 . He became an internationally acclaimed director with his third feature Körhinta ( Merry Go-Round ) in 1956 . He continued directing and writing until the early 1980s . After his retirement from the film industry Fábri taught on the Hungarian University of Theatrical and Film Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Beauties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Beauties', 'summary': "Seven Beauties ( Italian : Pasqualino Settebellezze ) is a 1975 Italian language film written and directed by Lina Wertmüller and starring Giancarlo Giannini , Fernando Rey , and Shirley Stoler . Written by Wertmüller , the film is about an Italian everyman who deserts the army during World War II and is then captured by the Germans and sent to a prison camp , where he does anything to survive . Through flashbacks , we learn about his family of seven unattractive sisters , his accidental murder of one sister 's lover , his imprisonment in an insane asylum - where he rapes a patient - and his volunteering to be a soldier to escape confinement . For her work on the film , Wertmüller became the first woman nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director , a feat not matched again until 1993 , when New Zealand filmmaker Jane Campion was nominated for The Piano . The film received three other Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Foreign Language Film . It also received one Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Foreign Film . [ citation needed ] The production design and costume design were by the director 's husband , Enrico Job ."}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pasqualino Settebellezze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lina Wertmüller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lina_Wertmüller', 'summary': 'Lina Wertmüller ( Italian : [ ˈliːna vertˈmjuller , -mul- ] ; born 14 August 1928 ) is an Italian screenwriter and film director . She was the first woman nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for Seven Beauties in 1977 . She is also known for her films The Seduction of Mimi , Love and Anarchy and Swept Away . In 2019 , Wertmüller was announced as one of the four recipients of the Academy Honorary Award for her career .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivory Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Coast', 'summary': "Ivory Coast , formally Côte d'Ivoire , [ a ] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire , is a country located on the south coast of West Africa . Ivory Coast 's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country , while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan . It borders Guinea to the northwest , Liberia to the west , Mali to the northwest , Burkina Faso to the northeast , Ghana to the east , and the Gulf of Guinea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the south . The official language of the republic is French , with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé , Dioula , Dan , Anyin , and Cebaara Senufo . In total , there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast . The country has large populations of Muslims , Christians ( primarily Roman Catholics ) and various indigenous religions . Before its colonization by Europeans , Ivory Coast was home to several states , including Gyaaman , the Kong Empire and Baoulé . The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa . It achieved independence in 1960 , led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny , who ruled the country until 1993 . Relatively stable by regional standards , Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbors while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West , especially France . Ivory Coast experienced a coup d'état in 1999 and two religiously-grounded civil wars , first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010-2011 . In 2000 , the country adopted a new constitution ."}]}, {'value': 'Black and White in Color', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_and_White_in_Color', 'summary': "Black and White in Color ( French : La Victoire en chantant , then Noirs et Blancs en couleur for the 1977 re-issue ) is an Ivorian 1976 war film and black comedy directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud in his directorial debut . It depicts French colonists at war with the Germans in Central Africa during World War I , and is set in the then German colony of Kamerun . The film adopts a strong antimilitaristic point of view , and is noteworthy for ridiculing the French side even more harshly than their German counterparts . The original French title is the first four words ( the first line ) of the song Le Chant du départ , a French military song . It won the 1976 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ; it was submitted to the Académie de Côte d'Ivoire , resulting in that country 's first and only Oscar ."}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noirs et blancs en couleur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Jacques Annaud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud', 'summary': "Jean-Jacques Annaud ( born 1 October 1943 ) is a French film director , screenwriter and producer , best known for directing Quest for Fire ( 1981 ) , The Name of the Rose ( 1986 ) , The Bear ( 1988 ) , The Lover ( 1992 ) , Seven Years in Tibet ( 1997 ) , Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) and Wolf Totem ( 2015 ) . Annaud has received numerous awards for his work , including five César Awards , one David di Donatello Award , and one National Academy of Cinema Award . Annaud 's first film , Black and White in Color ( 1976 ) , received an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ."}]}, {'value': 'Won Academy Award', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Length of War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Length_of_War', 'summary': 'Length of War ( Spanish : Longitud de guerra ) is a 1976 Mexican drama film directed by Gonzalo Martínez Ortega . The film was selected as the Mexican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longitud de guerra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gonzalo Martínez Ortega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonzalo_Martínez_Ortega', 'summary': 'Gonzalo Martínez Ortega ( 27 April 1934 - 2 June 1998 ) was a Mexican actor , director , screenwriter and producer . He directed thirteen films and television series between 1973 and 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Havelaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Havelaar_(film)', 'summary': "Max Havelaar ( Dutch : Max Havelaar of de koffieveilingen der Nederlandsche handelsmaatschappij ) is a 1976 Dutch drama film directed by Fons Rademakers , based on the 1860 novel Max Havelaar by Multatuli . It was the country 's submission for Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Dutch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max Havelaar of de koffieveilingen der Nederlandsche handelsmaatschappij', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fons Rademakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fons_Rademakers', 'summary': 'Alphonse Marie Fons Rademakers ( 5 September 1920 - 22 February 2007 ) was a Dutch actor , film director , film producer and screenwriter . His 1960 film Makkers Staakt uw Wild Geraas was entered into the 11th Berlin International Film Festival , where it won the Silver Bear Award . During a career spanning several decades he directed 11 films , including The Assault , which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1986 , and The Village on the River , nominated for the same award in 1959 . Making him both the first Dutch director to be nominated and win this award . He granted a wide-ranging interview to Radio Netherlands in 1987 . He died in 2007 in a Geneva hospital of emphysema , after the life-support machines were switched off at his request .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Ganito Kami Noon , Paano Kayo Ngayon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ganito_Kami_Noon,_Paano_Kayo_Ngayon', 'summary': "Ganito Kami Noon , Paano Kayo Ngayon ? ( English : This Is How We Were Before , How Are You Doing Now ? ) is a 1976 Filipino romantic musical drama film set in the era of Spanish colonization in the Philippines . It was directed by Eddie Romero and starred Christopher De Leon and Gloria Diaz . The film was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . In 2013 , ABS-CBN Film Archives in partnership with Central Digital Lab digitally restored and remastered the film and was subsequently released in select theaters for a limited period of time . The digitally restored version was also released on DVD and iTunes . The film is the first entry in Eddie Romero 's epic historical trilogy , the other two being Aguila and Kamakalawa , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Tagalog', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ganito Kami Noon , Paano Kayo Ngayon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Romero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Romero', 'summary': 'Edgar Sinco Romero ( July 7 , 1924 - May 28 , 2013 ) was a Filipino film director , film producer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nights and Days', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nights_and_Days', 'summary': "Nights and Days ( Polish : Noce i dnie ) is a 1975 Polish film directed by Jerzy Antczak . This epic family drama was based on Maria Dąbrowska 's novel Noce i dnie , and was described by The Washington Post as Poland 's Gone With the Wind . Set in Kalisz and the Kalisz Region in the second half of the 19th century after the failure of the January Uprising in 1863 , the film presents a unique portrait of an oppressed society , life in exile , and the confiscation of private property as told through the loves and struggles of the Niechcic family . This sweeping historical epic was the highest-grossing film in Poland 's history upon its release and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1977 . The film score was composed by Waldemar Kazanecki , which includes a Viennese waltz that is frequently played at Polish weddings as the first dance of bride and groom . Amid the turbulence of World War I , elderly Barbara Niechcic ( Jadwiga Barańska ) recalls her dramatic life with husband Bogumił ( Jerzy Bińczycki ) over a half-century of Polish history , starting with the failed January Uprising in 1863 . Barbara , running away from burning city of Kalisz is reminiscing her unfulfilled love , her marriage to a man she does not initially love , death of her first child , birth of three others , confiscation of her family property , abandoning her husband , his illness , death and other numerous family struggles ."}]}, {'value': 'Polish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noce i dnie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerzy Antczak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerzy_Antczak', 'summary': 'Jerzy Antczak ( born 25 December 1929 , in Włodzimierz Wołyński ) is a Polish film director . His film Nights and Days was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival . Jerzy Antczak was the co-founder , Artistic Director and Chief Producer of Masterpiece Theatre which was produced on Polish Television . He is a professor at the UCLA . In 2009 Jerzy Antczak received a star on the prestigious Alley of the Stars in Łódź .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'The Doom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Doom', 'summary': 'The Doom ( Romanian : Osînda ) is a 1976 Romanian drama film directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu . The film was entered into the 10th Moscow International Film Festival where Amza Pellea won the award for Best Actor . The film was also selected as the Romanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Romanian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osânda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergiu Nicolaescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergiu_Nicolaescu', 'summary': 'Sergiu Florin Nicolaescu ( Romanian : [ ˈserd͡ʒju floˈrin nikolaˈesku ] ; 13 April 1930 - 3 January 2013 ) was a Romanian film director , actor and politician . He is widely regarded as the most influential Romanian filmmaker of all time . He was best known for his historical films , such as Mihai Viteazul ( 1970 , released in English both under the equivalent title Michael the Brave and also as The Last Crusade ) , Dacii ( 1966 , Les Guerriers ) , Razboiul Independenței ( 1977 , War of Independence ) , as well as for his series of thrillers that take place in the interwar Kingdom of Romania , such as Un comisar acuză ( 1973 , A Police Inspector Calls ) . Joanna Pacuła starred in his film Ultima noapte de dragoste ( The Last Night of Love ) in 1979 before eventually emigrating to the U.S. where he went on to a very successful career .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Raise Ravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cría_cuervos', 'summary': 'Cría Cuervos ( Raise ravens ) is a 1976 Spanish drama film directed by Carlos Saura . The film is an allegorical drama about an eight-year-old girl dealing with loss . Highly acclaimed , it received the Special Jury Prize Award at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cría cuervos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Saura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Saura', 'summary': 'Carlos Saura Atarés ( born 4 January 1932 ) is a Spanish film director , photographer and writer . Along with Luis Buñuel and Pedro Almodóvar , he is counted among Spains three most renowned filmmakers . He has a long and prolific career that spans over half a century . Several of his films have won many international awards . Saura began his career in 1955 making documentary shorts . He quickly gained international prominence when his first feature-length film premiered at Cannes Film Festival in 1960 . Although he started filming as a neorealist , Saura quickly switched to films encoded with metaphors and symbolism in order to get around the Spanish censors . In 1966 , he was thrust into the international spotlight when his film La Caza won the Silver Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival . In the following years , he forged an international reputation for his cinematic treatment of emotional and spiritual responses to repressive political conditions . By the 1970s , Saura was the best known filmmaker working in Spain . His films employed complex narrative devices and were frequently controversial . He won Special Jury Awards for La Prima Angélica ( 1973 ) and Cría Cuervos ( 1975 ) in Cannes ; and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film nomination in 1979 for Mama Cumple 100 Años .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'City of My Dreams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_My_Dreams_(film)', 'summary': 'City of My Dreams ( Swedish : Mina drömmars stad ) is a 1976 Swedish drama film directed by Ingvar Skogsberg and based on the book with the same name , written by Per Anders Fogelström . It was screened at the 1978 San Francisco International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Swedish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 49th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Swedish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mina drömmars stad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingvar Skogsberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingvar_Skogsberg', 'summary': 'Ingvar Skogsberg ( born 16 January 1937 ) is a Swedish film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Submissions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_submissions_to_the_49th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film_0', 'intro': "The following 24 films, all from different countries, were submitted for the 49th Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film which took place in 1977. The highlighted titles were the five nominated films, which came from Côte d'Ivoire, East Germany, France, Italy and Poland. The Côte d'Ivoire became the first sub-Saharan African country to submit a film to the competition, and it ended up winning the Oscar for the dark comedy Black and White in Color. It is likely the film would not have even been accepted under today's rules, since the director was French and the film was a majority French production. The Ivorians have submitted just one film for the Foreign Language Oscar since, Run, which was submitted for the 88th Academy Awards but was not nominated. Japan failed to submit a film, for the first and only time. East Germany received its only nomination ever for Jacob the Liar."} | null | null | The director of `` Nights and Days '' is a professor at what university ? | UCLA |
07005b9900d6f57d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX', 'title': 'Liga MX', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Azteca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '87,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlas', 'summary': "Atlas Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈatɬas ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) is a Mexican football club . Atlas plays in Guadalajara , Mexico , in the Liga MX . The club 's home stadium is Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalajara', 'summary': "Guadalajara ( /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/ , Spanish : [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco , and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara . The city is in the central region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico . With a population of 1,460,148 inhabitants , it is Mexico 's second most populous municipality . The Guadalajara metropolitan area has a reported population of 5,002,466 inhabitants , making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico , behind Mexico City . The municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico , the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico . It is a strong business and economic center in the Bajío region . Guadalajara is the tenth-largest Latin American city in population , urban area and gross domestic product . The city 's economy is based on services and industry , especially information technology , with many international firms having regional offices and manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area , and several domestic IT companies headquartered in the city . Other , more traditional industries , such as shoes , textiles and food processing are also important contributing factors . Guadalajara is a major Mexican cultural center , as it is considered by most to be the home of the famous mariachi genre of music , and plays host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the Guadalajara International Film Festival , the Guadalajara International Book Fair , and other globally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds . It is home to C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most popular football clubs in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Jalisco', 'summary': 'The Jalisco Stadium is a football stadium located in Guadalajara , Mexico . It is the third largest Mexican football stadium behind Estadio Azteca and Estadio Olímpico Universitario . The facility is located in the city of Guadalajara , Jalisco , 400 kilometers north-west of Mexico City , and has a maximum capacity of 55,110 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '56,713', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético San Luis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_San_Luis', 'summary': "Club Atlético de San Luis , commonly known as Atlético San Luis , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Luis Potosí , replacing San Luis Potosí 's Liga MX team San Luis FC after its relocation . San Luis was promoted to Liga MX in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'San Luis Potosí City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Potosí_City', 'summary': "San Luis Potosí , commonly called SLP or simply San Luis , is the capital and the most populous city of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí . The city lies at an elevation of 1,864 metres ( 6,115 feet ) . It has an estimated population of 824,229 in the city proper and a population of approximately 1,221,526 in its metropolitan area , formed with the neighbour city of Soledad de Graciano Sánchez and other surrounding municipalities , which makes the metropolitan area of Greater San Luis Potosí the eleventh largest in Mexico . The city is in the west-central part of the state of San Luis Potosí , at 22.16°N , 100.98°W . The municipality has an area of 1,443.14 square kilometres ( 557.20 square miles ) . It is part of the macroregion of Bajío . The city is named after Louis IX of France ( also known in Mexico as San Luis Rey de Francia , Saint Louis , King of France ) , who is the city 's patron saint . Potosí was added in reference to the fabulously rich mines of Potosí , Bolivia , discovered some forty years before the city was founded , as the exploitation of silver and gold mines in Cerro de San Pedro , near San Luis , was the main reason for the founding of the city in 1592 . Now , the city is one of the main industrial centres in central Mexico with a prolific manufacturing industry . A number of foreign industries have chosen to invest in San Luis Potosí in the last decades thanks to its strategic location for trade , as the city is located halfway between Mexico City and the United States border , as well as in the middle of the triangle formed by the three largest cities in Mexico : Mexico City , Guadalajara , and Monterrey . Besides its industry-based economy , recently the city has been promoted as a touristic destination in central Mexico by state and federal programs . San Luis Potosí 's historic center displays a great mixture of different artistic styles in many buildings and is a major example of colonial architecture in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfonso Lastras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alfonso_Lastras', 'summary': 'Estadio Alfonso Lastras is a multi-use unfinished stadium in San Luis Potosí , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches , and also music concerts . It used to be the home stadium of San Luis F.C . but after it dissolved Atlético San Luis is the current team that play in Alfonso Lastras . The stadium holds 25,111 people and was built in 2002 . It is named after the late Alfonso Lastras Ramírez , who was co-founder of an early football club called Cachorros de San Luis . As of 2017 , the stadium was owned by Jacobo Payan Latuff and Atletico de Madrid . The stadium hosted a 2018 World Cup qualifying match against Trinidad and Tobago .'}]}, {'value': '25,111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Juárez', 'summary': 'Fútbol Club Juárez , commonly referred to as Bravos de Juárez , or simply as Juárez , is a Mexican football club based in the city of Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua that currently competes in Liga MX .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Juárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciudad_Juárez', 'summary': 'Ciudad Juárez ( /ˈhwɑːrɛz/ HWAH-rez ; Juarez City . Spanish pronunciation : [ sjuˈðað ˈxwaɾes ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua . The city is commonly referred to as simply Juárez , and was known as El Paso del Norte ( The Pass of the North ) until 1888 . Juárez is the seat of the Juárez Municipality with an estimated population of 1.5 million people . It lies on the Rio Grande ( Río Bravo del Norte ) river , south of El Paso , Texas , United States ( U. S. ) . Together with the surrounding areas , the cities form El Paso-Juárez , the second largest binational metropolitan area on the Mexico-U.S. border ( after San Diego-Tijuana ) , with a combined population of over 2.7 million people . Four international points of entry connect Ciudad Juárez and El Paso : the Bridge of the Americas , the Ysleta International Bridge , the Paso del Norte Bridge , and the Stanton Street Bridge . Combined , these bridges allowed 22,958,472 crossings in 2008 , making Ciudad Juárez a major point of entry and transportation into the U. S. for all of central northern Mexico . The city has a growing industrial center , which in large part is made up by more than 300 maquiladoras ( assembly plants ) located in and around the city . According to a 2007 New York Times article , Ciudad Juárez was absorbing more new industrial real estate space than any other North American city . In 2008 , fDi Magazine designated Ciudad Juárez The City of the Future . Since the launch of the Mexican Drug War in 2006 , however , the amount of violence has increased dramatically .'}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico Benito Juárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_Benito_Juárez', 'summary': 'Estadio Olimpico Benito Juarez is a multi-purpose stadium in Ciudad Juárez , Mexico , located just across the Rio Grande from El Paso , Texas . It is currently used mostly for football matches and concerts and is the home stadium of FC Juárez of the Liga MX . On May 12 , 1981 , the stadium was opened with a scoreless draw between the Mexico national football team and Atlético Madrid . The stadium is part of the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez and holds 19,703 people .'}]}, {'value': '19,703', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul', 'summary': "Cruz Azul ( pronounced [ kɾus a'sool ] ) is a Mexican football club that plays in the top division of Mexican football , Liga MX . Originally from Hidalgo in the town of Jasso ( now part of the city cooperative Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ) , south of Tula de Allende , the club moved to Mexico City in 1971 . Estadio Azteca , the nation 's largest sports venue , served as their home venue until 1996 , when they moved to the Estadio Azul . After 22 years , however , the team returned to the Azteca at the conclusion of the 2017-18 Liga MX season . Its headquarters are in La Noria , a suburb within Xochimilco in the southern part of Mexico City . Cruz Azul has been the Primera División champion eight times , trailing Toluca 's 10 , C.D . Guadalajara 's 12 , and Club América 's 13 . Cruz Azul 's six titles makes it the second-most successful club in the history of the CONCACAF Champions League , the most prestigious international club competition in North American football , trailing intracity rival Club America . Cruz Azul was also the first CONCACAF team to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , the most prestigious club competition in South American football ( which invited top Liga MX clubs from 1998 to 2017 ) , losing on penalties to Argentine football giants Boca Juniors in 2001 . In the 1968-69 season , Cruz Azul was the first CONCACAF club ( and third worldwide ) to complete a rare Continental Treble , winning the Mexican Primera División championship , the Copa México national tournament , and the CONCACAF Champions League . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics , in its Club World Ranking for year ending December 31 , 2014 , places Cruz Azul as the 99th-best club in the world and the third-best club in CONCACAF . According to several polls published , Cruz Azul is the third-most popular team in Mexico , behind only C.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Azteca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '87,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara', 'summary': "Club Deportivo Guadalajara S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ ðepoɾˈtiβo ɣwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ) ; often simply known as Guadalajara ( [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ) and Chivas ( [ ˈtʃiβas ] ) , is a Mexican professional football club based in Guadalajara , Jalisco . Guadalajara is one of the ten founding members of the Mexican First Division and along with Club América is one of only two teams that have never been relegated to the second-tier division . Guadalajara is the only football club in Mexico that does n't allow foreign players to play in their club . The team has constantly emphasized home-grown ( cantera ) players and has been the launching pad of a few internationally successful players , including Omar Bravo , Javier Hernández , Francisco Javier Rodríguez , and Marco Fabián . The team 's three colors ( red , white , and blue ) symbolize Fraternity , Union , and Sports . The founders of the team adopted the colors that linked them back to their home country , France . Chivas supporters use a flag identical to the French flag to support their team . The team mascot , as well as their nickname , is the goat or chiva . Chivas was one Mexico 's most successful teams and holds the Mexican league record for the longest winning streak at the beginning of a season , with 8 consecutive wins . Internationally , Guadalajara is the best Mexican side to compete in Copa Libertadores having reached the semifinals twice ( 2005 and 2006 ) and being runner-ups in the 2010 edition . According to a study of preferred football clubs published in April 2016 by Euroamericas Sport Marketing Spain , Guadalajara is the most popular team in Mexico , with 44.2% of supporters in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Zapopan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zapopan', 'summary': "Zapopan ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saˈpopan ] ) is a city and municipality located in the Mexican state of Jalisco . Part of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area , the population of Zapopan city proper makes it the second largest city in the state , very close behind the population of Guadalajara proper . It is best known as being the home of the Virgin of Zapopan , an image of the Virgin Mary which was made in the 16th century . This image has been credited with a number of miracles and has been recognized by popes and even visited by Pope John Paul II . The municipality is also the home of the Centro Cultural Universitario , which contains one of the most important concert venues in Latin America and is the home of the new stadium for the C.D . Guadalajara . The name Zapopan means among the sapote trees . It derives from the Nahuatl word tzapotl sapote with the addition of the locative suffix -pan . It also has the nickname of Villa Exmaicera ( ex-corn village ) , as it used to be a major producer of corn . Its seal was designed by José Trinidad Laris in 1941 for the 400th anniversary of the city 's founding ."}]}, {'value': 'Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Akron', 'summary': "The Estadio Akron , formerly known as the Estadio Omnilife and Estadio Chivas ( Estadio Chivas , Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo ˈtʃiβas ] ) , is a multipurpose stadium that is used mostly for football matches , including home matches for Club Deportivo Guadalajara , commonly known as the Chivas . It is part of the JVC complex , and has a capacity of 49,850 . Construction started in February 2004 , but due to financial problems and other issues , the stadium 's completion was delayed for a number of years . The stadium hosted its first major international event with the first leg of the 2010 Finals of the Copa Libertadores , and hosted the 2011 Pan American Games opening and closing ceremonies . The stadium 's artificial field caused great controversy , drawing criticism from many notable players , and in May 2012 , it was announced that the stadium would replace the artificial turf with natural grass ."}]}, {'value': '45,364', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_León', 'summary': "Club León , simply known as León , is a Mexican professional football club based in the city of León , Guanajuato , Mexico . León has won the Liga MX México Primera División ( Mexico First Division ) title seven times : in 1948 , 1949 , 1952 , 1956 , 1992 , Apertura 2013 , and most recently Clausura 2014 . They became the first Mexican Campeonísimo ( winner of the League and the México Cup in the same year ) in 1949 . In 1993 León was the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup runner-up , losing the final match against Costa Rican team Deportivo Saprissa , in one of the greatest upsets among the defeats in the club 's history . They are also only the second Liga MX team to win back-to-back championships in short tournaments . They also qualified for the Champion 's Cup in 1998 , but were eliminated in the semi-final . The team has been a consistent contender for the Primera División A title since relegation from the Primera División in 2002 ; they failed to obtain the promotion due to constant mediocre performances in the play-offs despite good appearances during the regular season until the Clausura 2012 Tournament when León defeated Correcaminos UAT 6-2 and after ten years were finally promoted to the Primera División . In the Apertura 2013 season they became champions after defeating América 5-1 , giving them their sixth championship star . The next season , Clausura 2014 , they became champions for the second year in a row defeating Pachuca 4-3 , giving them their seventh championship star and becoming bicampeones . In recent years , Club Leon games have even attracted non-Spanish speaking football fans ; in addition to new Spanish-language broadcast partnerships with Fox Sports Latinoamérica in Mexico and Telemundo / NBC Deportes in the U.S . Since 2016 , Univision Deportes holds the U.S. broadcasting rights to León home games . León is ranked No ."}]}, {'value': 'León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/León,_Guanajuato', 'summary': "León ( Spanish pronunciation : [ leˈon ] ) is the most populous city and municipality in the Mexican state of Guanajuato . In the 2015 Intercensal Survey INEGI reported 1,578,626 people living in the municipality of León , making it the fourth most populous municipality in Mexico . The metropolitan area of León recorded a population of 1,630,094 in the 2010 Census , making it the seventh most populous metropolitan area in Mexico . León is part of the macroregion of Bajío within the Central Mexican Plateau . León has a strong leather industry , offering shoes , boots , belts , jackets , and other leather accessories to both national and international markets . The leather industry earned its inhabitants the nickname of Green belly ( panzaverde in Spanish ) , because of the green tainting in the workers ' bodies resulting from treating leather . Its first-class services and hotel industry make it one of the most important centers in Mexico with numerous opportunities for entertainment , gastronomy , leisure activities , arts , and recreation . It is also considered one of the most environmentally friendly cities in Mexico and has a high number of cyclists , in part because of integrating a network of bike lanes into the SIT system . In March 2012 it received an award as City Water Champion , mainly due to great progress in the areas of sanitation , wastewater reuse , and energy cogeneration from biogas ."}]}, {'value': 'León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_León', 'summary': 'The Estadio León , unofficially known as Nou Camp , is a mid-sized football stadium with a seating capacity of 31,297 built in 1967 , and located in the city of León , Guanajuato , in the Bajío region of central Mexico . This sport facility is used mostly for football matches and is the home of the Club León . Because of its excellent location and facilities , this stadium hosted matches for the 1970 FIFA World Cup , 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship , and the 1986 FIFA World Cup . It also hosted football matches during the 1968 Summer Olympics . During those games , it seated 23,609 . On March 8 , 2017 , judiciary officials of the city of León determined that ownership of Estadio León is still in fact property of Zermeño Reyes y Héctor González . It is unknown if negotiations will begin for Grupo Pachuca to purchase the stadium . One possible alternative was the New Estadio León , originally proposed in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '31,297', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._Monterrey', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Monterrey is a Mexican football club from Monterrey , Nuevo León which currently plays in the Liga MX . Founded on 28 June 1945 , it is the oldest active team in the professional division from the northern part of Mexico . The club is owned by FEMSA , Latin America 's largest bottling company . Its home games have been played in the Estadio BBVA since 2015 . Monterrey has won five league titles , two domestic cups , and four CONCACAF Champions League titles ( notably , three consecutive tournaments in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ) . The team is commonly known as the Rayados ( the striped ones ) , due to the club 's traditional navy blue striped uniform . The uniform is reflected in the club 's current crest , which is also decorated with stars above the crest representing the club 's league titles and stars below the crest representing continental titles . In terms of overall performance , it is the strongest club from Mexico and all of CONCACAF at the FIFA Club World Cup , with a third-place ranking in the all-time table . The club 's oldest rival is Tigres UANL of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León . The local derby , known as the Clásico Regiomontano , is known for being one of the most intensely competed derbies in Mexican football and is regarded by people in the city of Monterrey as the most important Mexican derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalupe,_Nuevo_León', 'summary': 'Guadalupe is a city and surrounding municipality located in the state of Nuevo León , in northern Mexico . It is part of the Greater Monterrey Metropolitan area . The municipality of Guadalupe , which lies adjacent to the east side of Monterrey , also borders the municipalities of San Nicolás de los Garza , Apodaca , Pesquería , and Juárez . Covering a territory of 151.3 km² , it is located at 25°40′39″N 100°15′35″W / 25.67750°N 100.25972°W / 25.67750 ; -100.25972 , at an altitude of 500 meters above sea level . As of the 2005 census its official population was 691,434 in the city and 691,931 in the entire municipality . It is the second-largest city and municipality in the state . The municipality has an area of 151.3 km² ( 58.42 sq mi ) . The city was founded on January 4 , 1716 , but the land was inhabited long before that . When Monterrey was founded in 1596 , the land , which was populated by various indigenous tribes , was ceded to Diego de Montemayor , the founder of Monterrey , but he did not make use of the land . In 1627 , the land was turned into large plantations , where sugar cane and corn was raised . The owner of the land during around the time of the turn of the 18th century was named Capitán Nicolás Ochoa de Elejalde , but the land was taken from him by the Spanish government and converted into a mission in February , 1715 . In 1756 , the city was renamed the Pueblo de la Nueva Tlaxcala de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Horcasitas .'}]}, {'value': 'BBVA Bancomer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_BBVA_Bancomer', 'summary': 'The Estadio BBVA , nicknamed El Gigante de Acero ( Spanish for The Steel Giant ) , is a stadium developed by FEMSA and C.F . Monterrey in Guadalupe , Greater Monterrey . The stadium replaced the Estadio Tecnológico as the home of Monterrey , ending 63 years of residency at that stadium . The project was met with much controversy , stemming from multiple accusations of the construction as an apparent impediment to wildlife growth on a local scale. [ why ? ] It was inaugurated on 2 August 2015 with the eighth edition of the Eusébio Cup , where Monterrey defeated Benfica 3-0 .'}]}, {'value': '53,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morelia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Monarcas Morelia is a Mexican professional football club based in Morelia , Michoacán , playing in Liga MX . The team is owned by Grupo Salinas and plays its home games in Estadio Morelos .'}]}, {'value': 'Morelia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morelia', 'summary': "Morelia ( Spanish pronunciation : [ moˈɾelja ] ; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid ) is a city and municipality in the north central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico . The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and largest city of the state . The main pre-Hispanic cultures here were the Purépecha and the Matlatzinca , but no major cities were founded in the valley during this time . The Spanish took control of the area in the 1520s . The Spanish under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza founded a settlement here in 1541 with the name of Valladolid , which became rival to the nearby city of Pátzcuaro for dominance in Michoacán . In 1580 , this rivalry ended in Valladolid 's favor and it became the capital of the colonial province . After the Mexican War of Independence , the city was renamed Morelia in honor of José María Morelos , who hailed from the city . In 1991 , the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved colonial buildings and layout of the historic center ."}]}, {'value': 'Morelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Morelos', 'summary': "Estadio Morelos is a football stadium located along Periférico Independencia , in the Independencia sector , near the base of Cerro del Quinceo in northwest Morelia , Michoacán , México . It 's the site of professional football teams , Monarcas Morelia in the top division of Mexican football and Monarcas Primera A in the league under that . This structure holds various events , such as concerts and religious gatherings and mass . Its official name Estadio José María Morelos y Pavón is meant to honor this hero of the Mexican War of Independence The stadium has an irregular shape , because the areas behind the goals only have one level and 32 rows , along the side there are 4 levels ( one grandstand , one other seating area and 2 box areas ) and 49 stands . According to the Monarcas Morelia website , the capacity of the stadium is 35,000 ."}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Necaxa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Necaxa', 'summary': 'Impulsora del Deportivo Necaxa S.A. de C.V. ( pronounced [ ne.ˈkak.sa ] ) ; often simply known as Club Necaxa , is a Mexican football club in Liga MX based in the city of Aguascalientes . It plays in the Estadio Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Aguascalientes City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aguascalientes_City', 'summary': 'Aguascalientes ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˌaɣwaskaˈljentes ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the state of Aguascalientes and is its most populous city , with a metropolitan population of 1,000,000 . It is located in North-Central Mexico . It is part of the macroregion of Bajío , which is among the safest and most prosperous regions in Mexico . It was part of the kingdom of Nueva Galicia . In 1835 Aguascalientes became the capital of the Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes . Aguascalientes has been called the cleanest city in Latin America . Aguascalientes is experiencing an ongoing social , economic , and aesthetic revitalization process . Aguascalientes has a population which includes Japanese , Koreans , and Germans . It stands on the banks of the Aguascalientes river , 1880 meters above sea level , at 21°51′N 102°18′W / 21.850°N 102.300°W / 21.850 ; -102.300 . It is the municipal seat for the Aguascalientes Municipality . The Aguascalientes metropolitan area includes the municipality of Jesús María and San Francisco de los Romo . It was a Chichimeca Indian territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Victoria', 'summary': 'Estadio Victoria is sports stadium in the Mexican city of Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes . The stadium opened in 2003 and has a capacity of 23,851 seats . Although the stadium is capable of multi-use , its main use is for soccer games . It is the home stadium of the Necaxa football club , which played in Mexico City at the Estadio Azteca before relocating to Aguascalientes and Estadio Victoria . The stadium is named after a leading brand of beer brewed by Grupo Modelo .'}]}, {'value': '25,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pachuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._Pachuca', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Pachuca is a Mexican professional football team based in Pachuca , Hidalgo , that competes in Liga MX . Founded by Cornish miners in 1901 , it is one of the oldest football clubs in the Americas . After decades of mediocre or poor performances between the 1st and 2nd division , Pachuca was promoted once again to the Primera División in 1998 . Since then , it has been one of the most successful clubs in Mexico , winning six national championships , four CONCACAF Champions ' Cups , the 2007 SuperLiga , and one Copa Sudamericana . In 2006 , Pachuca became the first CONCACAF team to win a CONMEBOL tournament . Pachuca was one of the founding members of the Mexican Primera División ."}]}, {'value': 'Pachuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pachuca', 'summary': "Pachuca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ paˈtʃuka ] ( listen ) ) , formally known as Pachuca de Soto , is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Hidalgo . It is located in the south-central part of the state . Pachuca de Soto is also the name of the municipality of which the city serves as municipal seat . Pachuca is located about 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) from Mexico City via Mexican Federal Highway 85 . There is no consensus about the origin of the name Pachuca . It has been traced to the word pachoa ( strait ; opening ) , Pachoacan ( place of government ; place of silver and gold ) , and patlachuican ( place of factories ; place of tears ) . The official name of Pachuca is Pachuca de Soto in honor of congressman Manuel Fernando Soto , who is given credit for the creation of Hidalgo state . Its nickname of La bella airosa ( Beautiful Airy City ) comes from the strong winds that blow into the valley through the canyons to the north of the city . In the indigenous Otomi language , Pachuca is known as Nju̱nthe . The area had been long inhabited , but except for some green obsidian the mining that Pachuca is famous for began in the mid-16th century , during Spanish colonial rule . Pachuca remained a major mining center until the mid-20th century , with the city 's fortunes going up and down with the health of the mining sector . In the mid-20th century , a major downturn in mining pushed Pachuca to change the basis of its economy to industry , resulting in the revamping of the Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo ."}]}, {'value': 'Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Hidalgo', 'summary': "The Estadio Hidalgo is a football stadium named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . It is located in Pachuca in the Mexican state of Hidalgo , also named in honor of Miguel Hidalgo . This sport facility is one of Mexico 's mid-sized soccer stadiums , with a capacity of 27,512 . It opened in January 1993 , but recently was refurbished and modernized . It is located in the city of Pachuca , formerly a large mining site . This building is used mostly for soccer games and is the home of C.F . Pachuca ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puebla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Puebla', 'summary': 'Club Puebla , formerly Puebla F.C . is a Mexican professional football club based in the city of Puebla , competing in the Liga MX . The team shirt features a diagonal stripe ( traditionally blue on white on the home kit , and a combination of different colors on the away kits ) that crosses the chest diagonally from right to left , which is considered a distinctive element of its identity . Since 1904 , the city of Puebla had an official football team . It started as club Puebla AC , founded by Englishmen . It was later incorporated into the Mexican football league during the amateur era . In the 1944-45 season , they won their first official tournament , the Copa Mexico ( nowadays known as Copa MX ) . They won that trophy again in the 1953-54 season . Their first league title came in the 1982-83 season after defeating Guadalajara on penalty kicks . The team won a third Copa Mexico on the 1987-88 season , and in the 1989-90 season , they won both their fourth Copa Mexico and their second league title after beating Universidad de Guadalajara . This feat ( winning both the league and the Copa Mexico championships ) earned the team the right to be counted among the Campeonísimos . In 1991 , they defeated Police from Trinidad and Tobago for their first CONCACAF championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Puebla City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puebla_City', 'summary': "Puebla ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpweβla ] ) known in Spanish as Puebla de Zaragoza , formally Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza and in colonial times as Puebla de los Ángeles , is the seat of Puebla Municipality , the capital and largest city of the state of Puebla , and the second largest in colonial Mexico and the richest Catholic diocese . A colonial era planned city , it is located in ( southern ) Central Mexico on the main route between the capital , Mexico City , and Mexico 's main Atlantic port , Veracruz - about 100 km east southeast of Mexico City and about 220 km west of Veracruz . The city was founded in 1531 in an area called Cuetlaxcoapan , which means where serpents change their skin , in between of two of the main indigenous settlements at the time , Tlaxcala and Cholula . This valley was not populated in the 16th century , as in the pre-Hispanic period this area was primarily used for the flower wars between a number of populations . [ failed verification ] Due to its history and architectural styles ranging from Renaissance to Mexican Baroque , the city was named a World Heritage Site in 1987 . The city is also famous for mole poblano , chiles en nogada and Talavera pottery . However , most of its economy is based on industry . Being both the fourth largest city in Mexico and the fourth largest Metropolitan area in Mexico , it has a current population of 3,250,000 people , and the city serves as one of the main hubs for eastern Central Mexico . Many students come from all over the country to study in its many renowned and prestigious universities , such as BUAP , UDLAP , Ibero , UPAEP and Tecnológico de Monterrey , among others . The city also excels because of its industry , with the world 's largest Volkswagen factory outside Germany located in the Municipality of Cuautlancingo and Audi plant in San José Chiapa being the most technologically advanced plant in the western hemisphere . As a result , many suppliers to Volkswagen and Audi assembly plants have opened factories in the metropolitan area of Puebla ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuauhtémoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Cuauhtémoc', 'summary': 'Estadio Cuauhtémoc is a football stadium in the city of Puebla , Mexico . It is the home of Club Puebla . It is currently the fourth biggest football stadium in Mexico by capacity . The stadium has been the host of the 1970 FIFA World Cup and the 1986 FIFA World Cup . From November 2014 - 2015 , the stadium went through massive renovations . As of November 2015 , Cuauhtémoc Stadium is considered to be an innovation in textile design and sports architecture in Mexico , since it is the first and only stadium in Latin America to have a facade totally covered with ETFE .'}]}, {'value': '51,726', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Querétaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Querétaro_F.C.', 'summary': 'Querétaro Fútbol Club , also called Gallos Blancos de Querétaro , is a Mexican professional football club based in Querétaro City , Mexico . Querétaro plays in the Liga MX , the top level of the Mexican football league system . Their colors are blue , black , and white and the team mascot is a rooster . They were to be relegated to the Liga de Ascenso in 2013 , but Chiapas F.C . was relocated to Querétaro .'}]}, {'value': 'Querétaro City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Querétaro_City', 'summary': "Santiago de Querétaro ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sanˈtjaɣo ðe keˈɾetaɾo ] ) , known simply as Querétaro City , is the capital and largest city of the state of Querétaro , located in central Mexico . It is part of the macroregion of Bajío . It is located 213 kilometers ( 132 mi ) northwest of Mexico City , 63 kilometers ( 39 mi ) southeast of San Miguel de Allende and 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) south of San Luis Potosí . The city of Querétaro is divided into seven boroughs : Josefa Vergara y Hernández , Felipe Carrillo Puerto , Centro Histórico , Cayetano Rubio , Santa Rosa Jáuregui , Félix Osores Sotomayor and Epigmenio González . In 1996 , the historic center of Querétaro was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . It is a strong business and economic centre and a vigorous service city that is experiencing an ongoing social and economic revitalization . Querétaro has seen an outstanding industrial and economic development since the mid-1990s . Querétaro metropolitan area has the 2nd highest GDP per capita among Mexico 's metropolitan areas with 20,000 USD after Monterrey . The city is the fastest-growing in the country , basing its economy on IT and data centers , logistics services , aircraft manufacturing and maintenance , call centers , the automotive and machinery industries , and the production of chemicals and food products . The region of Querétaro has a rapidly growing vineyards agriculture and hosts the famous wine producer from Spain Freixenet . Wine production in Querétaro is now the second largest in Mexico after that of the Baja California region . All this has caused the city and the metropolitan area to attract many migrants from other parts of Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Corregidora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Corregidora', 'summary': 'Estadio Corregidora de Querétaro is a stadium in Querétaro City , Mexico . Named for Mexican War of Independence heroine Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez ( La Corregidora ) , it has a capacity of 33,162 and is located on the outskirts of the city of Querétaro , 211 kilometres ( 131 mi ) north of Mexico City . This venue is used mostly for football ( soccer ) games . It is the home of the team Querétaro FC and hosted the 1986 FIFA World Cup . Built in 1985 in a collaboration between Mexican and European partners , it is considered one of the most notable stadiums in Mexico . [ citation needed ] Its design allows for the safe exit of all spectators even if full in less than seven minutes . It is one of the largest football venues in Mexico , after the Estadio Azteca , the Estadio Olímpico Universitario , the Estadio Azul ( all in Mexico City ) , Estadio Cuauhtémoc in Puebla , Estadio BBVA Bancomer in greater Monterrey and Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara , Jalisco It is also used for concerts , hosting internationally known pop stars like Rod Stewart , Miguel Bosé and Shakira , among others .'}]}, {'value': '33,162', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos_Laguna', 'summary': "Club Santos Laguna S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsantos laˈɣuna ] ) , commonly known as Santos Laguna or Santos , is a Mexican professional football club who were the champions of the Liga MX Clausura . Located in northern Mexico and representing the urban area of La Comarca Lagunera , made up of Torreón , Gómez Palacio and Lerdo Municipalities , Santos Laguna plays in Liga MX . Santos Laguna was founded in 1983 and reached Mexico 's top division after buying the Ángeles de Puebla club . The club debuted in Mexico 's top division in the 1988-89 tournament . They have won six tournaments : Invierno 1996 , Verano 2001 , Clausura 2008 , Clausura 2012 , Clausura 2015 , Clausura 2018 . The club reached the finals in the 1993-94 season , Verano 2000 , Bicentenario 2010 , Apertura 2010 and Apertura 2011 . Santos Laguna won the Apertura 2014 Copa MX . Santos is the third football club formed in the Laguna region , after the unsuccessful Laguna Football Club and Football Club Torreon ( which formed the Black Lions of the University Deportivo Guadalajara and Neza , respectively ) . In 2018 , the club celebrated its 35th anniversary with a change in their logo . In a February 17 , 2013 poll , by Consulta Mitofsky , it was the fifth-most-popular team in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Torreón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torreón', 'summary': "Torreón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ toreˈon ] ( listen ) ) is a city and seat of Torreón Municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila . As of 2015 , the city 's population was 679,288 . The Metropolitan population as of 2015 was 1,497,734 , making it the ninth-biggest metropolitan area in the country and the largest Metropolitan area in the state of Coahuila , as well as one of Mexico 's most important economic and industrial centers . The cities of Torreón , Gómez Palacio , Lerdo , Matamoros , Francisco I. Madero , San Pedro , Bermejillo , and Tlahualilo form the area of La Laguna or the Comarca Lagunera , a basin within the Chihuahuan Desert . The area was originally a center for ranching . With irrigation , the city became an important center for farming and the processing of cotton . In the middle of the 20th century , it became an industrial city . The city has industries in textiles , clothing and metals processing . Some important industries and companies have business here , like Peñoles , Motores John Deere , Grupo Lala , Yura Corporation , as well as stores like Soriana , Cimaco , and Extra . There are also several shopping malls in the city , including Galerias Laguna , Almanara , Plaza Cuatro Caminos and InterMall . Torreón is served by Francisco Sarabia International Airport , an airport with flights to several cities in Mexico and the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Corona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Corona', 'summary': 'The Estadio TSM Corona is a stadium in Torreón , Coahuila , México , and the home stadium of Santos Laguna of Liga MX .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tijuana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Tijuana', 'summary': 'Club Tijuana Xoloitzcuintles de Caliente , commonly referred to as Xolos de Tijuana , or simply as Xolos , is a Mexican professional football club from Tijuana , Baja California , Mexico . Founded in January 2007 , the club was promoted to Liga MX in 2011 , where they have played since . They won their first title in the 2012 Apertura .'}]}, {'value': 'Tijuana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tijuana', 'summary': "Tijuana ( US : /tiːˈ ( h ) wɑːnə/ tee- ( H ) WAH-nə , [ a ] Spanish : [ tiˈxwana ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of both Baja California State and the Baja Peninsula . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana transborder urban agglomeration and the larger Southern California megalopolis . As the 6th-largest city in Mexico and center of the 6th-largest metro area in Mexico , Tijuana exerts a strong influence in education and politics - across Mexico , in transportation , culture and art - across all three Californias ( the U.S. state of California , Baja California and Baja California Sur ) , and in manufacturing and as a migration hub - across the North American continent . Currently one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in Mexico , Tijuana maintains GaWC 'sufficiency city ' status . As of 2015 [ update ] , the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,641,570 . Tijuana is located on the Gold Coast of Baja California , and is the municipal seat and the cultural and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality ( Mexican states are divided into municipalities , rather than counties as in the U.S. ) . Tijuana covers 70% of the territory of the municipality and contains 80% of its population . A dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent , the city maintains facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies . In the early 21st century , Tijuana became the medical-device manufacturing capital of North America . Tijuana is also a growing cultural center and has been recognized as an important new cultural mecca . The city is the most visited border city in the world ; sharing a border of about 24 km ( 15 mi ) with its sister city San Diego . More than fifty million people cross the border between these two cities every year ."}]}, {'value': 'Caliente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Caliente', 'summary': "The Estadio Caliente Xoloitzcuintles is a multi-use stadium in Tijuana , Baja California , Mexico , that is mostly used for football matches . The stadium hosts home matches for the football club Club Tijuana , who play in Liga MX , Mexico 's top league ."}]}, {'value': '27,333', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toluca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Toluca_F.C.', 'summary': "Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ depoɾˈtiβo toˈluka ˈfutβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly known as Deportivo Toluca or just Toluca , is a Mexican football club , playing in the Liga MX , the top-flight of Mexican football . Toluca 's stadium , Estadio Nemesio Díez is located in Toluca , State of Mexico in Mexico . The team was founded in 1917 . Toluca has won the Mexican Primera División 10 times , making it the third most winning team , behind América ( 13 ) and Guadalajara ( 12 ) . Besides this , the team has also won two domestic cups and two CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . According to a 2018 poll , Toluca is the eighth most popular team in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Toluca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toluca', 'summary': 'Toluca [ toˈluka ] , officially called Toluca de Lerdo [ toˈluka ðe ˈleɾðo ] , is the state capital of the State of Mexico as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca . It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area , now the fifth largest in Mexico . It is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) west-southwest of Mexico City , about 40 minutes by car to the western edge of the city . According to the 2010 census , the city of Toluca has a population of 819,561 . The city is the fifth largest in Mexico by population . The municipality of Toluca , along with thirteen other municipalities , make up the metropolitan population of 2,116,506 in Greater Toluca as of 2015 [ update ] , making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Nemesio Díez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nemesio_Díez', 'summary': 'The Estadio Nemesio Díez , nicknamed La Bombonera , is one of the oldest football stadiums in Mexico . Opened on August 8 , 1954 , with a capacity of 30,000 seats , it is located in the city of Toluca , Mexico , near Mexico City . It is the home of Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club . Because of its location this stadium has hosted two World Cups ( 1970 and 1986 ) . The stadium sits at an altitude of roughly 8,750 feet ( 2,670 m ) above sea level , one of the highest altitude stadiums in North America . A former nuance about this stadium is that it did not have a lighting system , which forced the local team as a tradition to play at noon . The stadium was previously known as : Estadio Toluca 70-86 , Estadio Toluca 70 , Estadio Luis Gutiérrez Dosal and Estadio Héctor Barraza .'}]}, {'value': '31,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UANL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tigres_UANL', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , simply known as Tigres UANL or Tigres , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Nicolás de los Garza , a city in the Monterrey metropolitan area . Founded in 1960 , the club has spent 60 years in Liga MX , the top tier of the Mexican football league system . The club had their first major success in the 1975-76 season , becoming the first team from Nuevo León to win a trophy by conquering the Copa MX against Club América . Tigres have been Mexican champions 7 times , and have won the Copa MX three times . The team was the 2015 Copa Libertadores Finals runner-up to River Plate . Tigres is the official team of the University of the state of Nuevo León . Their home is the 41,615 capacity Estadio Universitario , located inside the University complex in San Nicolás de los Garza . The team 's traditional kit colours are gold and blue . Tigres is one of the two professional football teams of Nuevo León , along with rival CF Monterrey ."}]}, {'value': 'San Nicolás de los Garza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Nicolás_de_los_Garza', 'summary': 'San Nicolás de los Garza , sometimes known only as San Nicolás , is a city and coextensive municipality in the Mexican state of Nuevo León that is part of the Monterrey Metropolitan area . It has become primarily a city for residencies and family houses , although it still has several factories that tend to relocate to the periphery of the metropolitan area . It is the third-largest city in the state , behind Monterrey and Guadalupe . It houses the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León ( Autonomous University of Nuevo León ) , one of the most prestigious public schools in Mexico and Latin America . San Nicolás , although less populated than Monterrey , has the higher population density .'}]}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Universitario_(UANL)', 'summary': 'The Estadio Universitario ( University Stadium ) - nicknamed El Volcán ( Spanish for The Volcano ) is a football stadium located on the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León in San Nicolás de los Garza , Nuevo León , Mexico .'}]}, {'value': '42,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Universidad Nacional A.C. , commonly known as Pumas de la UNAM , Pumas UNAM , UNAM , or Pumas , is a Mexican league football club based in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City . Club Universidad Nacional represent the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) and play their home matches at Estadio Olímpico Universitario , located on UNAM 's main campus . Universidad Nacional is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico . They have won seven Primera División championships and four international titles . The team is also known for their youth development system which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez , Manuel Negrete , Luis Flores , Claudio Suárez , Luis García , Alberto García Aspe , David Patiño , Jorge Campos , Gerardo Torrado , Efraín Juárez , Héctor Moreno , Pablo Barrera , Israel Castro , Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_Universitario', 'summary': 'Estadio Olímpico Universitario is a multi-purpose stadium located in Ciudad Universitaria , Mexico City . It was built in 1952 and at that time was the largest stadium in Mexico . This stadium has a capacity of 72,000 . The first major event held in the stadium was the 1955 Pan American Games . During the 1950s and the 1960s this stadium was used mostly for college American football matches between the largest Mexican public universities at the time : UNAM and IPN . From the late 1950s it was used for football matches , some American football matches and athletics . American architect Frank Lloyd Wright called it the most important building in the modern America . [ dubious - discuss ] The Olímpico Universitario hosted the 1968 Summer Olympics ; for the event the seating capacity was increased from 70,000 to 83,700 spectators ( without substantially modifying the original structure ) to cover the IOC requirements for an Olympic stadium . It was the location of the track and field competitions , equestrian events , certain association football matches , the arrival of the marathon and the opening and closing ceremonies . This was the Olympics in which Tommie Smith and John Carlos protested against the treatment of African Americans in the United States by performing a black power salute during the medal ceremony for the 200 metres . The stadium also hosted the track and field events at the 1975 Pan American Games . The stadium hosted four games of the 1986 FIFA World Cup , but the final match was played in the bigger Estadio Azteca in Mexico City .'}]}, {'value': '52,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadiums and locations', 'section_text': 'GuadalajaraAtlasAtl . San LuisLeónUANLMonterreyMoreliaNecaxaPachucaPueblaJuárezQuerétaroSantos LagunaTijuanaTolucaMexico City Location of the 2019–20 Liga MX teams AméricaCruz AzulUNAM Location of the 2018–19 Liga MX teams in Greater Mexico City', 'uid': 'Liga_MX_1', 'intro': "The Liga MX (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system. Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México, it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX. The season has two tournaments: Apertura, which starts in the summer, and Clausura, which starts in the winter. As of 2020, the league comprises 18 clubs, with one being relegated every year (two tournaments) based upon its league performances over the previous three years. The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla (mini-league, or playoff). Until July 2011, the league was divided into 3 tiers. The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format. The league is considered the strongest in North America, and among the strongest in all of Latin America. According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics, the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century (2001-2010). According to CONCACAF, the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America, behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball, and ahead of the Canadian Football League. It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany's Bundesliga, England's Premier League and Spain's La Liga. Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league, América has won the title 13 times, followed by Guadalajara (12), Toluca (10), Cruz Azul (8), León, UANL and UNAM (7), and Pachuca and Santos Laguna (6)."} | null | null | Which Liga MX team holds their home matches in the stadium that hosted the 2011 Pan American Games opening and closing ceremonies ? | Guadalajara |
07032522a28219c1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-107_(1940)', 'title': 'German submarine U-107 (1940)', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Flag', 'Tonnage ( GRT )', 'Convoy', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '8 April 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helena Margareta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '3,316', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OG 57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33°00′N 23°52′W / 33.000°N 23.867°W / 33.000 ; -23.867', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 April 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eskdene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '3,829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OG 57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34°43′N 24°21′W / 34.717°N 24.350°W / 34.717 ; -24.350', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 April 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harpathian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '4,671', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OG 57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32°22′N 22°53′W / 32.367°N 22.883°W / 32.367 ; -22.883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 April 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duffield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,516', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OG 57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31°13′N 23°24′W / 31.217°N 23.400°W / 31.217 ; -23.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 April 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calchas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '10,305', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23°50′N 27°00′W / 23.833°N 27.000°W / 23.833 ; -27.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 April 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lassell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OB 309', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12°55′N 28°56′W / 12.917°N 28.933°W / 12.917 ; -28.933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 May 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '8,029', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '06°10′N 18°09′W / 6.167°N 18.150°W / 6.167 ; -18.150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 May 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piako', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,286', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '07°52′N 14°57′W / 7.867°N 14.950°W / 7.867 ; -14.950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 May 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '5,108', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OB 318', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Convoy_OB_318', 'summary': 'OB 318 was a North Atlantic convoy which ran during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II . During Operation Primrose Royal Navy convoy escorts HMS Bulldog , Broadway and Aubrietia captured U-110 with an intact Enigma machine and a wealth of signals intelligence , which led to the Allied breakthrough into cracking the German naval Enigma code .'}]}, {'value': '09°13′N 15°09′W / 9.217°N 15.150°W / 9.217 ; -15.150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 May 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Papalemos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '3,748', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08°06′N 16°18′W / 8.100°N 16.300°W / 8.100 ; -16.300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 May 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1941 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '5,664', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08°50′N 15°30′W / 8.833°N 15.500°W / 8.833 ; -15.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_June_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in June 1941 includes ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during June 1941 . { { dynamic list }'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '5,013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OB 320', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08°00′N 15°00′W / 8.000°N 15.000°W / 8.000 ; -15.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_June_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in June 1941 includes ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during June 1941 . { { dynamic list }'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7,816', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy OB 323', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08°30′N 14°39′W / 8.500°N 14.650°W / 8.500 ; -14.650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pandias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_June_1941', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in June 1941 includes ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during June 1941 . { { dynamic list }'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '4,981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '07°49′N 23°28′W / 7.817°N 23.467°W / 7.817 ; -23.467', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Service history -- Second patrol and most successful period', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'German_submarine_U-107_(1940)_1', 'intro': "German submarine U-107 was a Type IXB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II. Between January 1941 and August 1944, she sailed on 16 active patrols at a time when a U-boat averaged a lifespan of seven to ten patrols. During that time, U-107 sank 39 Allied ships, in addition to damaging another four ships. The U-boat was launched on 2 July 1940, based at the U-boat port of Lorient, with a crew of 53 under the initial command of Günther Hessler. She was later commanded, in order, by Harald Gelhaus, Valker Simmermacher and her final commander, Karl Heinz Fritz."} | null | null | What was the position of the submarine with the flag from the country that hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts ? | 06°10′N 18°09′W / 6.167°N 18.150°W / 6.167 ; -18.150 |
07034b3aa2193cc7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_hip_hop_music', 'title': '2012 in hip hop music', 'header': ['Number', 'Album', 'Artist', '1st-week sales', '1st-week position'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded', 'summary': "Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded ( stylized as Pink Friday . Roman Reloaded ) is the second studio album by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj . It was released on April 2 , 2012 , by Young Money , Cash Money and Universal Republic . Looking to transition from her debut studio album , Pink Friday ( 2010 ) , Minaj wanted to make a follow-up record about just having fun . Stylistically , the album is divided by a first half of hip hop tracks and a second half of dance-pop songs . As its executive producer , Minaj enlisted a variety of collaborators . Upon its release , Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards its production . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 selling 253,000 copies in its first week . In doing so , it became Minaj 's second number-one album in the country , and was additionally her first to debut in the peak position . The album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for combined album sales , track sales , on-demand audio and video streams equivalent of two million album-sale units . Internationally , the album peaked at number one in Canada and the United Kingdom , and reached the top five in Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand . The album was promoted with five singles ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicki Minaj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicki_Minaj', 'summary': "Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty ( born December 8 , 1982 ) , known professionally as Nicki Minaj ( /mɪˈnɑːʒ/ ) , is an American rapper and singer . Born in Saint James , Port of Spain , and raised in Queens , New York City , she gained public recognition after releasing the mixtapes Playtime Is Over ( 2007 ) , Sucka Free ( 2008 ) , and Beam Me Up Scotty ( 2009 ) . After signing with Young Money Entertainment in 2009 , Minaj released her first studio album , Pink Friday ( 2010 ) , which peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was ultimately certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Her second album , Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded , was released in 2012 and debuted at number one in several countries . Minaj made her film debut in the 2012 animated film Ice Age : Continental Drift . In 2013 , she was a judge on the twelfth season of American Idol . Minaj 's third studio album , The Pinkprint , was released in 2014 . She subsequently played supporting roles in the films The Other Woman ( 2014 ) and Barbershop : The Next Cut ( 2016 ) . Her fourth studio album , Queen , was released in 2018 . Early in her career , Minaj was known for her colorful costumes and wigs . Her rapping is distinctive for its fast flow and the use of alter egos and accents , primarily British cockney . Minaj was the first female artist included on MTV 's annual Hottest MC List ."}]}, {'value': '253,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good Kid , M.A.A.D City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Good_Kid,_M.A.A.D_City', 'summary': "Good Kid , M.A.A.D City ( stylized as good kid , m.A.A.d city ) is the second studio album by American rapper Kendrick Lamar . It was released on October 22 , 2012 , through Top Dawg Entertainment , distributed by Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records . The album is Lamar 's major label debut , after his independently released first album Section.80 in 2011 and his signing to Aftermath and Interscope the following year . Good Kid , M.A.A.D City was recorded mostly at several studios in California , with producers such as Dr. Dre , Just Blaze , Pharrell Williams , Hit-Boy , Scoop DeVille , Jack Splash , and T-Minus , among others , contributing to the album . Billed as a short film by Kendrick Lamar on the album cover , the concept album follows the story of Lamar 's teenage experiences in the drug-infested streets and gang lifestyle of his native Compton . The album received widespread acclaim from critics , who praised its thematic scope and Lamar 's lyrics . It earned Lamar four Grammy Award nominations at the 2014 Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year . Good Kid , M.A.A.D City debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 , selling 242,000 copies in its first week - earning the highest first-week hip hop album sales of 2012 from a male artist , along with the best-selling debut from a male artist of the year . It became Lamar 's first album to enter the UK Albums Chart , peaking at number 16 , and entering the UK R & B Albums Chart at number two . The album was also named to many end-of-the-year lists , often topping them . It was later certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in June 2018 . By April 2018 , the album had sold 1.7 million copies domestically ."}]}, {'value': 'Kendrick Lamar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar', 'summary': "Kendrick Lamar Duckworth ( born June 17 , 1987 ) is an American rapper , songwriter , and record producer . He is regarded by many critics and contemporaries as one of the most important and influential rappers of his generation , and as one of the greatest rappers of all time . Raised in Compton , California , Lamar embarked on his musical career as a teenager under the stage name K-Dot , releasing a mixtape that garnered local attention and led to his signing with indie record label Top Dawg Entertainment ( TDE ) . He began to gain recognition in 2010 after his first retail release , Overly Dedicated . The following year , he independently released his first studio album , Section.80 , which included his debut single HiiiPoWeR . By that time , he had amassed a large online following and collaborated with several prominent hip hop artists , including The Game , Busta Rhymes , and Snoop Dogg . Lamar 's major label debut album , Good Kid , M.A.A.D City , was released in 2012 by TDE , Aftermath , and Interscope Records to critical acclaim . It debuted at No . 2 on the U.S . Billboard 200 and was later certified platinum by the RIAA . The record contained the top 40 singles Swimming Pools ( Drank ) , Bitch , Do n't Kill My Vibe , and Poetic Justice . His critically acclaimed third album To Pimp a Butterfly ( 2015 ) incorporated elements of funk , soul , jazz , and spoken word ."}]}, {'value': '242,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': "God Forgives , I Do n't", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/God_Forgives,_I_Don't", 'summary': "God Forgives , I Do n't is the fifth studio album by American rapper Rick Ross . It was released on July 30 , 2012 , by Maybach Music Group and Slip-n-Slide Records , and distributed by Def Jam Recordings . The album was produced by several record producers , including Cool & Dre , J.U.S.T.I.C.E . League , Pharrell , Jake One , and Rico Love , among others . God Forgives , I Do n't received generally positive reviews from critics , who complimented its opulent production style and Ross ' performance . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , selling 218,000 copies in its first week , and charted in several other countries . By October 2012 , the album had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and had sold 588,000 copies in the United States . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album , presented at the 2013 Grammy Awards , but lost to Drake 's 2011 album , Take Care ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Ross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Ross', 'summary': "William Leonard Roberts II ( born January 28 , 1976 ) , known professionally as Rick Ross , is an American rapper , songwriter , entrepreneur and record executive . After releasing his debut single , Hustlin ' in 2006 , Ross became the subject of a bidding war , receiving offers from Diddy 's Bad Boy Entertainment and Irv Gotti 's Murder Inc. , before signing a multimillion-dollar deal with Jay Z 's Def Jam Records . Ross released his debut album Port of Miami through the label later that year , debuting at the top spot on the U.S . Billboard 200 album chart , with sales of 187,000 units during the first week . Ross released his second studio album , Trilla in 2008 , once again debuting atop the Billboard 200 . Rick Ross founded the record label Maybach Music Group in 2009 , on which he released his studio albums Deeper Than Rap ( 2009 ) , Teflon Don ( 2010 ) , God Forgives , I Do n't ( 2012 ) , Mastermind , Hood Billionaire ( 2014 ) , Black Market ( 2015 ) , and Rather You Than Me ( 2017 ) . Ross was also the first artist signed to Diddy 's management company Ciroc Entertainment . In early 2012 , MTV named Ross as the Hottest MC in the Game ."}]}, {'value': '218,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruel Summer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruel_Summer_(GOOD_Music_album)', 'summary': "Kanye West Presents : Good Music - Cruel Summer , commonly referred to as Cruel Summer , is a compilation album by recording artists of American record label GOOD Music , released on September 14 , 2012 , by the label and Def Jam Recordings . American rapper Kanye West , head of the label , first revealed plans for a label collaborative album in October 2011 . The album produced four singles - Mercy , Cold , New God Flow , and Clique - that charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The album features West himself , alongside GOOD Music signees Pusha T , Big Sean , Teyana Taylor , Cyhi the Prynce , Kid Cudi , John Legend , Common , D'banj and Malik Yusef , as well as affiliates 2 Chainz , Jay-Z and Travis Scott , among others . Production on the album was primarily handled by members of GOOD Music 's production wing , Very GOOD Beats , including West , Hit-Boy , Hudson Mohawke , Travis Scott and Lifted , among others . Cruel Summer received generally lukewarm reviews from critics , who commended its hubristic style and the tracks featuring West , but found it uneven as an album . It debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 , selling 205,000 copies in its first week . The album also reached the top 10 of charts in Australia , Canada , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . As of November 4 , 2012 , Cruel Summer has sold 389,000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan ."}]}, {'value': 'GOOD Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GOOD_Music', 'summary': 'GOOD Music ( stylized as G.O.O.D . Music ) ( a backronym of Getting Out Our Dreams ) is an American record label founded by rapper Kanye West in 2004 . The label signed an exclusive long-term worldwide label agreement with The Island Def Jam Music Group in 2011 . In 2012 , the label released its debut compilation album Cruel Summer . In 2015 , Pusha T was appointed the president of the label by West . The label has released two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles ; All of Me and Panda , and six number-one Billboard 200 albums ; Finding Forever , Dark Sky Paradise , The Life of Pablo , I Decided , Ye , and Jesus Is King .'}]}, {'value': '205,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trouble Man : Heavy Is the Head', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trouble_Man:_Heavy_Is_the_Head', 'summary': "Trouble Man : Heavy Is the Head is the eighth studio album by American hip hop recording artist T.I . It was released on December 18 , 2012 , by Grand Hustle Records and Atlantic Records . The production was provided by some of T.I . 's longtime collaborators ; including DJ Toomp , Jazze Pha , Pharrell Williams and Lil ' C. These high-profile record producers such as T-Minus , Cardiak , No I.D. , Rico Love , Planet VI , Tommy Brown and Chuck Diesel , also contributed to the album . The album features guest appearances from P ! nk , Lil Wayne , André 3000 , R. Kelly , Akon , Meek Mill , CeeLo Green , ASAP Rocky , Trae tha Truth , Victoria Monet and Grand Hustle 's own D.O.P.E . The album 's first single , Go Get It ( released on July 17 , 2012 ) , becoming a moderate hit , peaking at number 77 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The second single , Ball featuring Lil Wayne , was released on October 16 , 2012 . The single peaked at number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , logging 20 weeks on the chart . In April 2013 , the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The album debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 179,000 copies in its first week of release ; also debuting at number one on both the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums and the Top Rap Albums charts , respectively . Upon its release , Trouble Man : Heavy Is the Head received generally favorable reviews from most music critics , where most music critics saw it as an improvement from his previous album No Mercy ( 2010 ) . As of September 28 , 2013 , the album has sold 502,000 copies in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'T.I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T.I.', 'summary': "Clifford Joseph Harris Jr. ( born September 25 , 1980 ) , known professionally as T.I . and Tip ( often stylized as TIP or T.I.P . ) , is an American rapper , actor , songwriter , producer , entrepreneur , record executive , and author . Harris signed his first major-label record deal in 1999 with Arista subsidiary LaFace . In 2001 , Harris formed the Southern hip hop group P $ C , alongside his longtime friends and fellow Atlanta-based rappers Big Kuntry King , Mac Boney , and C-Rod . Upon being released from Arista , Harris signed to Atlantic and subsequently became the co-chief executive officer ( CEO ) of his own label imprint , Grand Hustle Records , which he launched in 2003 . Harris is also known as one of the artists who popularized the hip hop subgenre trap music , along with Jeezy and Gucci Mane . Harris has released ten studio albums , with seven of them reaching the top five of the US Billboard 200 chart . Throughout his career , Harris has also released several highly successful singles , including Billboard Hot 100 number one hits Whatever You Like and Live Your Life , the later replaced the former atop the chart and helped Harris join a select group of artists to replace themselves at number one and simultaneously occupy the top two positions . Harris began to gain major recognition in 2003 following his first high-profile feature on fellow Atlanta-based rapper Bone Crusher 's single Never Scared . Harris earned more prominence with the release of Trap Muzik ( 2003 ) , which includes the Top 40 songs Rubber Band Man and Let 's Get Away . The next year , Harris appeared on Destiny 's Child 's international hit Soldier alongside Lil Wayne , and released his third album Urban Legend ( 2004 ) ."}]}, {'value': '179,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dreams & Nightmares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dreams_&_Nightmares', 'summary': "Dreams and Nightmares is the debut studio album by American hip hop recording artist Meek Mill . It was released on October 30 , 2012 , by Maybach Music Group and Warner Bros. Records . The album features guest appearances from Nas , Rick Ross , Wale , Trey Songz , Drake , Big Sean , John Legend , Louie V , 2 Chainz , Kirko Bangz , Sam Sneak and Mary J. Blige . Mill said that it would be more cohesive than his mixtapes by having more connection in both vocal delivery and clearer beats . The album was supported by four singles in total including , Amen , Burn , Young & Gettin ' It and Believe It . Upon its release , Dreams and Nightmares received generally positive reviews from music critics . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 165,000 copies in its first week in the United States . The album has gone on to be certified gold for sales of over a 500,000 copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Meek Mill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meek_Mill', 'summary': "Robert Rihmeek Williams ( born May 6 , 1987 ) , known professionally as Meek Mill , is an American rapper , songwriter , and activist . Born and raised in Philadelphia , he embarked on his music career as a battle rapper , and later formed a short-lived rap group , The Bloodhoundz . In 2008 , Atlanta-based rapper T.I . signed Meek Mill to his first record deal . In February 2011 , after leaving Grand Hustle Records , Mill signed with Miami-based rapper Rick Ross 's Maybach Music Group ( MMG ) . Mill 's debut album , Dreams and Nightmares , was released in 2012 under MMG and Warner Bros. Records . The album , preceded by the lead single Amen ( featuring Drake ) , debuted at number two on the U.S . Billboard 200 . In October 2012 , Mill announced the launch of his own label imprint , Dream Chasers Records , named after his mixtape series . Meek Mill often collaborates with fellow MMG label-mates ; he is also known for his appearances on MMG 's Self Made compilation series , with his first two singles , Tupac Back and Ima Boss , being included on volume one . He released his second album , Dreams Worth More Than Money , in 2015 and his third album , Wins & Losses , in 2016 . His fourth studio album , Championships , was released in November 2018 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 ."}]}, {'value': '165,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life Is Good', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_Is_Good_(Nas_album)', 'summary': "Life Is Good is the eleventh studio album by American rapper Nas . It was released on July 13 , 2012 , by Def Jam Recordings . The album was recorded at various studios in New York and California , with guest appearances from rappers Large Professor and Rick Ross , and singers Mary J. Blige , Miguel , and Amy Winehouse , among others . No I.D . and Salaam Remi 's production for the album incorporated orchestral elements and musical references to both contemporary and golden age hip hop , including boom bap beats and old school samples . Nas wanted to draw on 1980s hip hop influences in order to complement the nostalgic tone of the lyrics . With Life Is Good , the rapper wanted to vent personal feelings and address moments in his life and rapping career , lending it themes of adulthood and nostalgia . Its songs were written after his divorce from singer Kelis , whose original green wedding dress was featured in the cover photo . Nas later compared the album to the 1978 Marvin Gaye record Here , My Dear . Life Is Good received widespread critical acclaim and debuted at number one on the American Billboard 200 chart . It also reached the top 10 of record charts in Canada , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . The album was promoted with three singles - Nasty , The Don , and Daughters - five music videos , and Nas touring from June to December 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nas', 'summary': "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones ( /nɑːˈsɪər/ ; born September 14 , 1973 ) , known professionally as Nas ( /nɑːz/ ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , entrepreneur , and investor . The son of jazz musician Olu Dara , Nas has released eight consecutive platinum and multi-platinum albums and has sold over 30 million records worldwide . He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label ; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records . His musical career began in 1991 , as a featured artist on Main Source 's Live at the Barbeque . His debut album Illmatic ( 1994 ) received universal acclaim from both critics and the hip hop community and is frequently ranked as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time . Nas 's follow-up It Was Written debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , stayed on top for four consecutive weeks , went Double Platinum in two months , and made Nas internationally known . From 2001 to 2005 , Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z , popularized by the diss track Ether . Nas signed to Def Jam in 2006 . In 2010 , he released Distant Relatives , a collaboration album with Damian Marley , donating all royalties to charities active in Africa . His 11th studio album , Life Is Good ( 2012 ) was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards . In 2006 , MTV ranked Nas at # 5 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time . In 2012 , The Source ranked him # 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time ."}]}, {'value': '149,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Based on a T.R.U . Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Based_on_a_T.R.U._Story', 'summary': "Based on a T.R.U . Story is the debut studio album by American rapper 2 Chainz . It was released on August 14 , 2012 , by Def Jam Recordings . The album features guest appearances from fellow rappers Rick Ross , French Montana , Tyga , Nicki Minaj and Playaz Circle cohort Dolla Boy , along with singer-songwriters The-Dream , Mike Posner , The Weeknd and Chris Brown . The album 's production was handled by Brick Squad Monopoly 's Southside , Mike Will Made It , Sonny Digital , Kanye West , Hit-Boy , Drumma Boy , DJ Mustard , Mr. Bangladesh and DJ Spinz , among others . The album was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Grammy Awards , but lost to Take Care by Drake . The album was officially certified platinum on March 22 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2 Chainz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2_Chainz', 'summary': "Tauheed Epps ( born September 12 , 1977 ) , known professionally as 2 Chainz ( formerly Tity Boi ) , is an American rapper , songwriter and media personality . Born and raised in College Park , Georgia , he initially gained recognition for being one-half of the Southern hip hop duo Playaz Circle , alongside his longtime friend and fellow rapper Earl Dolla Boy Conyers . The duo was signed to fellow Georgia-based rapper Ludacris ' Disturbing tha Peace label , and are best known for their debut single Duffle Bag Boy . In February 2012 , Epps signed a solo record deal with Def Jam Recordings , an imprint of Universal Music Group . The following August , he released his debut studio album Based on a T.R.U . Story on August 14 , 2012 , to mixed reviews . The album spawned three successful singles : No Lie , Birthday Song , and I 'm Different , all of which charted in the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100 and were certified Gold or higher by the RIAA , along with the album being certified Gold . His second studio album B.O.A.T.S . II : Me Time was released on September 11 , 2013 ; supported by the lead singles Feds Watching and Used 2 . Epps began working with TV network Viceland on a show called Most Expensivest , which debuted on November 15 , 2017 , and has aired two seasons with a third season scheduled for 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '147,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O.N.I.F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O.N.I.F.C.', 'summary': "O.N.I.F.C . is the fourth studio album by American rapper Wiz Khalifa . The album was released on December 4 , 2012 , by Atlantic Records and Rostrum Records . The album 's title was inspired by the album H.N.I.C . by Prodigy of Mobb Deep , and is an initialism for Only Ni -- a In First Class . Upon release , O.N.I.F.C . received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 148,000 copies in its first week ."}]}, {'value': 'Wiz Khalifa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa', 'summary': 'Cameron Jibril Thomaz ( born September 8 , 1987 ) , known professionally as Wiz Khalifa , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter and actor . He released his debut album , Show and Prove , in 2006 , and signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2007 . His Eurodance-influenced single , Say Yeah , received urban radio airplay , charting on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008 , becoming his first minor hit . Khalifa parted with Warner Bros. and released his second album , Deal or No Deal , in November 2009 . He released the mixtape Kush and Orange Juice as a free download in April 2010 ; he then signed with Atlantic Records . He is also well known for his debut single for Atlantic , Black and Yellow , which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . His debut album for the label , Rolling Papers , was released on March 29 , 2011 . He followed that album with O.N.I.F.C . on December 4 , 2012 , which was backed by the singles Work Hard , Play Hard and Remember You . Wiz released his fifth album Blacc Hollywood on August 18 , 2014 , backed by the lead single We Dem Boyz . In March 2015 , he released See You Again for the soundtrack of the film Furious 7 and the song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks .'}]}, {'value': '141,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gespaltene Persönlichkeit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kool Savas & Xavier Naidoo as Xavas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kool_Savas', 'summary': 'Savaş Yurderi ( born 10 February 1975 ) also known as Kool Savas , is a German rapper and hip hop artist . Along with Taktlo $ $ he formed the highly influential German rap duo Westberlin Maskulin ( 1997-2000 ) . Also he was a founding member of the German rap crew Masters of Rap in 1996 . To the present day Kool Savas is one of the most successful German rappers . In 2012 , he also collaborated in Xavas , a duo formation with Xavier Naidoo , a German Soul and R & B singer songwriter and actor in the album Gespaltene Persönlichkeit . The two had already worked together on a number of other releases .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Xavier_Naidoo', 'summary': "Xavier Kurt Naidoo ( born 2 October 1971 ) , also known by his stage name Kobra , is a German soul and R & B singer/songwriter , record producer , and occasional actor . He is a founding member of the German band Söhne Mannheims , and started two record labels , Beats Around the Bush and Naidoo Records . Naidoo also has a successful solo career . His debut album Nicht von dieser Welt ( 1998 ) has sold over 1 million records , and all his next six albums Zwischenspiel - Alles für den Herrn ( 2002 ) , Telegramm für X ( 2005 ) , Alles kann besser werden ( 2009 ) , Danke für 's Zuhören ( 2012 ) , Bei meiner Seele ( 2013 ) und Nicht von dieser Welt 2 ( 2016 ) reached number 1 on the German album charts . Most of his songs are in German , however , he has also released a couple of English songs ."}]}, {'value': '+100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest first-week sales', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_in_hip_hop_music_0', 'intro': 'This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 2012.'} | null | null | How many 1st-week sales did the album distributed by Aftermath Entertainment reach ? | 242,000 |
0703db44b6968748 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_(association_football)', 'title': 'Treble (association football)', 'header': ['Club', 'Country', 'Number won', 'Season ( s ) won', 'Titles won'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': "Rangers Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in the Govan district of Glasgow . It has played in the Scottish Premiership , the first tier of the Scottish Professional Football League , since winning the 2015-16 Scottish Championship . Their home ground , Ibrox Stadium , in the southwest of the city , is the third largest football stadium in the country . Although not the club 's official name , it is occasionally referred to as Glasgow Rangers . Rangers have played in royal blue shirts since the inception of the club . Rangers are the second most successful club in world football in terms of trophies won , behind only Egyptian club Al Ahly . The club has won more league titles and domestic trebles than any other team in the world , winning the league title 54 times , the Scottish Cup 33 times and the Scottish League Cup 27 times , and achieving the treble of all three in the same season seven times . Rangers won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1972 after being losing finalists twice , in 1961 ( the first British club to reach a UEFA tournament final ) and 1967 . A third runners-up finish in Europe came in the UEFA Cup in 2008 . Rangers have a long-standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm , which is considered one of the world 's biggest football derbies . Founded in March 1872 , Rangers is the fourth-oldest football club in Scotland and was one of the 11 original members of the Scottish Football League and it remained in the top division continuously until a financial crisis during the 2011-12 season saw an administration event occur and the original company liquidated with the assets moved to a new company structure . The club was accepted as an associate member of the Scottish Football League and placed in the fourth tier of Scottish football league system in time for the start of the following season ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929-30 , 1933-34 , 1948-49 , 1963-64 , 1975-76 , 1977-78 , 1992-93 , 1998-99 , 2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1929–30_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1929-30 season was the 56th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1933–34_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1933-34 season was the 60th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1948–49_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1948-49 season was the 69th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1963–64_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1963-64 season is the 84th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1975–76_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1975-76 season was the 96th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1977–78_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1977-78 season was the 98th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1992–93_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1992-93 season was the 113th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1998–99_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 1998-99 season was the 119th season of competitive football by Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2002–03_Rangers_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 season was the 123rd season of competitive football by Rangers .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League , Scottish Cup , Glasgow Cup ( 1930 , 1934 ) Scottish League , Scottish Cup , Scottish League Cup ( 1949 onwards )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions', 'summary': 'The Scottish football champions are the winners of the highest league in Scottish football , namely the Scottish Football League ( SFL ) from 1890 until 1998 , the Scottish Premier League ( SPL ) from 1998 until 2013 and the Scottish Premiership thereafter . The SFL was established in 1890 , initially as an amateur league until professionalism in Scottish football was legalised in 1893 . At the end of the first season Dumbarton and Rangers finished level on points at the top of the table . The rules in force at the time required that the teams contest a play-off match for the championship , which finished in a 2-2 draw , and the first ever championship was thus shared between two clubs , the only occasion on which this has happened . In 1893 a Second Division was formed , with the existing single division renamed the First Division . The league continued during the First World War but was suspended during the Second World War . Although there were several short spells when a third division was created , the two-division structure remained largely in place until 1975 , when a major re-organisation of the league led to a new three-tier set-up and the creation of a new Premier Division at the highest level . In 1998 , the teams then in the Premier Division broke away to form the SPL , which supplanted the Premier Division as the highest level of football in Scotland . The SPL and SFL merged in 2013 to form the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) , which branded its top division as the Scottish Premiership . Throughout its existence the championship of Scottish football has been dominated by two Glasgow clubs , Celtic and Rangers . The two rivals , who are collectively known as the Old Firm , have claimed the majority of league titles . As of 2019 , Rangers have won 54 and Celtic 50 , while no other club has won the title on more than four occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Cup', 'summary': "The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the Scottish Cup ( Scots : Scots Cup ; Scottish Gaelic : Cupa na h-Alba ) , is an annual association football knock-out cup competition for men 's football clubs in Scotland . The competition was first held in 1873-74 . Entry is open to all 98 clubs with full membership of the Scottish Football Association ( SFA ) , along with up to eight other clubs who are associate members . The competition is called the William Hill Scottish Cup for sponsorship reasons . Although it is the second oldest competition in association football history , after the FA Cup , the Scottish Cup trophy is the oldest in association football and is also the oldest national trophy in the world . It was first presented to Queen 's Park , who won the final match of the inaugural tournament in March 1874 . The current holders are Celtic , who won the tournament for a 39th time by defeating Hearts 2-1 in the 2019 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Cup', 'summary': "The Glasgow Cup is a football tournament open to teams from Glasgow , Scotland . Operated by the Glasgow Football Association , it was competed for annually by senior Glasgow clubs from 1887 until 1989 . It is now ( since the 2019-20 amended rules ) competed for between the senior teams of Clyde , Partick Thistle and Queen 's Park and the youth teams of Celtic and Rangers , and has used both knockout and round robin formats to determine the finalists . The cup was dominated by the city 's Old Firm rivals , Rangers and Celtic , who won the competition 44 times and 29 times respectively ( including one shared win ) while it was a senior competition . Only five times did the final not feature either Rangers or Celtic ( 1889 , 1915 , 1946 , 1947 and 1989 ) . The advent of European football led to the Glasgow Cup becoming less valued , and the tournament did not take place at all or was not finished several times in its later years . Since it was reinstated for youth teams , Rangers have won a further 13 editions , ahead of Celtic with 11 ( following the 2019 final ) . The Glasgow Cup should not be confused with the Scottish Youth Cup , which is open to youth sections of clubs across Scotland since but has featured a Celtic v Rangers final nine times since its inception in 1983 , often played within a few weeks of the Glasgow Cup final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions', 'summary': 'The Scottish football champions are the winners of the highest league in Scottish football , namely the Scottish Football League ( SFL ) from 1890 until 1998 , the Scottish Premier League ( SPL ) from 1998 until 2013 and the Scottish Premiership thereafter . The SFL was established in 1890 , initially as an amateur league until professionalism in Scottish football was legalised in 1893 . At the end of the first season Dumbarton and Rangers finished level on points at the top of the table . The rules in force at the time required that the teams contest a play-off match for the championship , which finished in a 2-2 draw , and the first ever championship was thus shared between two clubs , the only occasion on which this has happened . In 1893 a Second Division was formed , with the existing single division renamed the First Division . The league continued during the First World War but was suspended during the Second World War . Although there were several short spells when a third division was created , the two-division structure remained largely in place until 1975 , when a major re-organisation of the league led to a new three-tier set-up and the creation of a new Premier Division at the highest level . In 1998 , the teams then in the Premier Division broke away to form the SPL , which supplanted the Premier Division as the highest level of football in Scotland . The SPL and SFL merged in 2013 to form the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) , which branded its top division as the Scottish Premiership . Throughout its existence the championship of Scottish football has been dominated by two Glasgow clubs , Celtic and Rangers . The two rivals , who are collectively known as the Old Firm , have claimed the majority of league titles . As of 2019 , Rangers have won 54 and Celtic 50 , while no other club has won the title on more than four occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Cup', 'summary': "The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the Scottish Cup ( Scots : Scots Cup ; Scottish Gaelic : Cupa na h-Alba ) , is an annual association football knock-out cup competition for men 's football clubs in Scotland . The competition was first held in 1873-74 . Entry is open to all 98 clubs with full membership of the Scottish Football Association ( SFA ) , along with up to eight other clubs who are associate members . The competition is called the William Hill Scottish Cup for sponsorship reasons . Although it is the second oldest competition in association football history , after the FA Cup , the Scottish Cup trophy is the oldest in association football and is also the oldest national trophy in the world . It was first presented to Queen 's Park , who won the final match of the inaugural tournament in March 1874 . The current holders are Celtic , who won the tournament for a 39th time by defeating Hearts 2-1 in the 2019 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup', 'summary': 'The Scottish League Cup , currently known as the Betfred Cup for sponsorship reasons , is a football competition open to all Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) clubs . The competition had a straight knockout format but became a group and knockout competition from 2016-17 . Rangers are the record holders of the cup , winning 27 times . Celtic are the current holders , after beating Rangers 1-0 at Hampden Park on 8 December 2019 . Currently , the domestic television rights are held by BT Sport who replaced BBC Scotland from the 2016-17 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Celtic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celtic_F.C.', 'summary': "The Celtic Football Club ( /ˈsɛltɪk/ SEL-tik ) is a Scottish professional football club based in Glasgow , which plays in the Scottish Premiership . The club was founded in 1887 [ nb 1 ] with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the immigrant Irish population in the East End of Glasgow . They played their first match in May 1888 , a friendly match against Rangers which Celtic won 5-2 . Celtic established themselves within Scottish football , winning six successive league titles during the first decade of the 20th century . The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s under Jock Stein when they won nine consecutive league titles and the 1967 European Cup . Celtic have played in green and white for the entirety of its history , adopting hoops in 1903 , those being used ever since . Celtic are one of only five clubs in the world ( which also includes their rivals Rangers ) to have won over 100 trophies in their history . The club has won the Scottish league championship 50 times , most recently in 2018-19 , the Scottish Cup 39 times and the Scottish League Cup 19 times . The club 's greatest season was 1966-67 , when Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup , also winning the Scottish league championship , the Scottish Cup , the League Cup and the Glasgow Cup . Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final , losing in both . Celtic have a long-standing fierce rivalry with Rangers , and the clubs are known as the Old Firm , seen by some as the world 's biggest football derby . The club 's fanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around nine million worldwide , and there are more than 160 Celtic supporters clubs in over 20 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906-07 , 1907-08 , 1966-67 , 1968-69 , 2000-01 , 2016-17 , 2017-18 , 2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1906–07_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': 'During the 1906-07 Scottish football season , Celtic competed in the Scottish First Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1907–08_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': 'During the 1907-08 Scottish football season , Celtic competed in the Scottish First Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1966–67_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': 'Celtic competed in five tournaments in the 1966-67 season . They won all five competitions and completed the only ever European Quintuple . Over the course of the season , Celtic scored a world record 196 goals in the major competitions they took part in . The team from this season are commonly known as the Lisbon Lions , because the European Cup final was held in Lisbon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1968–69_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': 'During the 1968-69 Scottish football season , Celtic competed in the Scottish First Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2000–01_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': "Celtic played the 2000-01 season in the Scottish Premier League . Martin O'Neill became manager and Celtic won a domestic treble of the three major Scottish trophies : the Scottish League Cup , the Scottish Premier League trophy and the Scottish FA Challenge Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2016–17_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 season was the 128th season of competitive football by Celtic . They competed in the Scottish Premiership , Champions League , League Cup and Scottish Cup . They won all three domestic tournaments , completing a domestic treble ( the 11th in Scottish football ) , while going undefeated in 47 domestic games and were nicknamed the Invincibles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017–18_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 season was the 129th season of competitive football by Celtic . They competed in the Scottish Premiership , League Cup , Scottish Cup , Champions League and Europa League . Celtic won all three domestic tournaments , completing a double treble .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 2018-19 season was Celtic 's 130th season of competitive football . They competed in the Scottish Premiership , League Cup , Scottish Cup , Champions League and Europa League . Celtic won all three domestic tournaments , completing an unprecedented treble treble ."}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League , Scottish Cup , Glasgow Cup ( 1907 , 1908 ) Scottish League , Scottish Cup , Scottish League Cup ( 1967 onwards )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions', 'summary': 'The Scottish football champions are the winners of the highest league in Scottish football , namely the Scottish Football League ( SFL ) from 1890 until 1998 , the Scottish Premier League ( SPL ) from 1998 until 2013 and the Scottish Premiership thereafter . The SFL was established in 1890 , initially as an amateur league until professionalism in Scottish football was legalised in 1893 . At the end of the first season Dumbarton and Rangers finished level on points at the top of the table . The rules in force at the time required that the teams contest a play-off match for the championship , which finished in a 2-2 draw , and the first ever championship was thus shared between two clubs , the only occasion on which this has happened . In 1893 a Second Division was formed , with the existing single division renamed the First Division . The league continued during the First World War but was suspended during the Second World War . Although there were several short spells when a third division was created , the two-division structure remained largely in place until 1975 , when a major re-organisation of the league led to a new three-tier set-up and the creation of a new Premier Division at the highest level . In 1998 , the teams then in the Premier Division broke away to form the SPL , which supplanted the Premier Division as the highest level of football in Scotland . The SPL and SFL merged in 2013 to form the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) , which branded its top division as the Scottish Premiership . Throughout its existence the championship of Scottish football has been dominated by two Glasgow clubs , Celtic and Rangers . The two rivals , who are collectively known as the Old Firm , have claimed the majority of league titles . As of 2019 , Rangers have won 54 and Celtic 50 , while no other club has won the title on more than four occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Cup', 'summary': "The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the Scottish Cup ( Scots : Scots Cup ; Scottish Gaelic : Cupa na h-Alba ) , is an annual association football knock-out cup competition for men 's football clubs in Scotland . The competition was first held in 1873-74 . Entry is open to all 98 clubs with full membership of the Scottish Football Association ( SFA ) , along with up to eight other clubs who are associate members . The competition is called the William Hill Scottish Cup for sponsorship reasons . Although it is the second oldest competition in association football history , after the FA Cup , the Scottish Cup trophy is the oldest in association football and is also the oldest national trophy in the world . It was first presented to Queen 's Park , who won the final match of the inaugural tournament in March 1874 . The current holders are Celtic , who won the tournament for a 39th time by defeating Hearts 2-1 in the 2019 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Cup', 'summary': "The Glasgow Cup is a football tournament open to teams from Glasgow , Scotland . Operated by the Glasgow Football Association , it was competed for annually by senior Glasgow clubs from 1887 until 1989 . It is now ( since the 2019-20 amended rules ) competed for between the senior teams of Clyde , Partick Thistle and Queen 's Park and the youth teams of Celtic and Rangers , and has used both knockout and round robin formats to determine the finalists . The cup was dominated by the city 's Old Firm rivals , Rangers and Celtic , who won the competition 44 times and 29 times respectively ( including one shared win ) while it was a senior competition . Only five times did the final not feature either Rangers or Celtic ( 1889 , 1915 , 1946 , 1947 and 1989 ) . The advent of European football led to the Glasgow Cup becoming less valued , and the tournament did not take place at all or was not finished several times in its later years . Since it was reinstated for youth teams , Rangers have won a further 13 editions , ahead of Celtic with 11 ( following the 2019 final ) . The Glasgow Cup should not be confused with the Scottish Youth Cup , which is open to youth sections of clubs across Scotland since but has featured a Celtic v Rangers final nine times since its inception in 1983 , often played within a few weeks of the Glasgow Cup final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions', 'summary': 'The Scottish football champions are the winners of the highest league in Scottish football , namely the Scottish Football League ( SFL ) from 1890 until 1998 , the Scottish Premier League ( SPL ) from 1998 until 2013 and the Scottish Premiership thereafter . The SFL was established in 1890 , initially as an amateur league until professionalism in Scottish football was legalised in 1893 . At the end of the first season Dumbarton and Rangers finished level on points at the top of the table . The rules in force at the time required that the teams contest a play-off match for the championship , which finished in a 2-2 draw , and the first ever championship was thus shared between two clubs , the only occasion on which this has happened . In 1893 a Second Division was formed , with the existing single division renamed the First Division . The league continued during the First World War but was suspended during the Second World War . Although there were several short spells when a third division was created , the two-division structure remained largely in place until 1975 , when a major re-organisation of the league led to a new three-tier set-up and the creation of a new Premier Division at the highest level . In 1998 , the teams then in the Premier Division broke away to form the SPL , which supplanted the Premier Division as the highest level of football in Scotland . The SPL and SFL merged in 2013 to form the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) , which branded its top division as the Scottish Premiership . Throughout its existence the championship of Scottish football has been dominated by two Glasgow clubs , Celtic and Rangers . The two rivals , who are collectively known as the Old Firm , have claimed the majority of league titles . As of 2019 , Rangers have won 54 and Celtic 50 , while no other club has won the title on more than four occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Cup', 'summary': "The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the Scottish Cup ( Scots : Scots Cup ; Scottish Gaelic : Cupa na h-Alba ) , is an annual association football knock-out cup competition for men 's football clubs in Scotland . The competition was first held in 1873-74 . Entry is open to all 98 clubs with full membership of the Scottish Football Association ( SFA ) , along with up to eight other clubs who are associate members . The competition is called the William Hill Scottish Cup for sponsorship reasons . Although it is the second oldest competition in association football history , after the FA Cup , the Scottish Cup trophy is the oldest in association football and is also the oldest national trophy in the world . It was first presented to Queen 's Park , who won the final match of the inaugural tournament in March 1874 . The current holders are Celtic , who won the tournament for a 39th time by defeating Hearts 2-1 in the 2019 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup', 'summary': 'The Scottish League Cup , currently known as the Betfred Cup for sponsorship reasons , is a football competition open to all Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) clubs . The competition had a straight knockout format but became a group and knockout competition from 2016-17 . Rangers are the record holders of the cup , winning 27 times . Celtic are the current holders , after beating Rangers 1-0 at Hampden Park on 8 December 2019 . Currently , the domestic television rights are held by BT Sport who replaced BBC Scotland from the 2016-17 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Linfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linfield_F.C.', 'summary': "Linfield Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Belfast , Northern Ireland , which plays in the NIFL Premiership - the highest level of the Northern Ireland Football League . The club was founded in 1886 as Linfield Athletic Club and in 1905 moved into their current home of Windsor Park , which is also the home of the Northern Ireland national team . The club 's badge displays Windsor Castle , in reference to the ground 's namesake . Historically , Linfield 's main rival has been Glentoran with whom they contest the Big Two derby . This rivalry traditionally includes a league derby played on Boxing Day each year , which usually attracts the largest league attendance of the season . Linfield 's average league home attendance is approximately 2,500 , the highest in the division and more than double the league 's overall average of about 1,000 . The club , nick-named the Blues , are managed by former Northern Ireland international and current all-time NI record goalscorer , David Healy . Healy was appointed on 14 October 2015 to succeed Warren Feeney , who had resigned in order to become assistant manager of Newport County . Linfield holds several domestic records and even a world record . The club was inaugural winners and one of the eight founding members of the Irish League in 1890 , and is one of only three clubs ( along with Glentoran and Cliftonville ) to have remained in the top division continuously , having never suffered relegation . Linfield has won 53 league championships to date - more than twice as many titles as any other Northern Irish club , and the second-highest total of top division league titles won by any club in the world ( one behind the current record holders , Rangers , with 54 Scottish titles ) . In 1922 , Linfield completed a clean sweep of all seven available trophies in a single season , and in 2006 won all four domestic trophies available in the modern era , in a single season , to achieve a domestic quadruple ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921-22 , 1961-62 , 1993-94 , 2005-06 , 2007-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irish League , Irish Cup , County Antrim Shield ( 1922 , 1962 ) Irish League , Irish Cup , Irish League Cup ( 1994 , 2006 , 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NIFL_Premiership', 'summary': 'The NIFL Premiership , known as the Irish Premiership or Danske Bank Premiership for sponsorship purposes , and colloquially as the Irish League , is a professional association football league which operates as the highest division of the Northern Ireland Football League - the national league in Northern Ireland . It was formerly called the IFA Premiership until 2013 . Still known in popular parlance simply as the Irish League or the Irish Premiership , the Premiership was established in 2008 under the auspices of the Irish Football Association before the Northern Ireland Football League was created for the start of the 2013-14 season . At the end of the season , the champion club is presented with the Gibson Cup . Linfield are the current champions , lifting the league title for a record 53rd time . The title win was confirmed on 13 April 2019 , following a 0-0 draw at home against the outgoing champions , Crusaders , which left them 12 points clear with three games remaining .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Cup', 'summary': "The Irish Football Association Challenge Cup ( also known as the Sadler 's Peaky Blinder Irish Cup for sponsorship purposes ) is the primary football knock-out cup competition in Northern Ireland . Inaugurated in 1881 , it is the fourth-oldest national cup competition in the world . Prior to the break-away from the Irish Football Association by clubs from what would become the Irish Free State in 1921 , the Irish Cup was the national cup competition for the whole of Ireland . Since December 2019 , the cup has been sponsored by Sadler 's Peaky Blinder Lager . It was previously sponsored by Nationwide Building Society , Bass Ireland Ltd , JJB Sports and Tennent 's Lager . 126 clubs entered the 2018-19 competition . Crusaders are the current holders , having defeated second-tier side Ballinamallard United 3-0 in the 2019 final to lift the Cup for the fourth time overall , and the first time in the 10 years since winning the 2009 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Antrim_Shield', 'summary': 'The County Antrim & District Football Association Senior Shield ( more commonly known as the County Antrim Shield ) is a football competition in Northern Ireland . The competition is open to senior teams who are members of the North East Ulster Football Association ( also known as the County Antrim & District Football Association ) ( membership of which extends beyond County Antrim itself ) , often plus intermediate teams who qualify via the Steel & Sons Cup , depending on the numbers required . For the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons , only the winners took part . The current Shield champions are Cliftonville , who beat Ballymena United 2-1 in the 2019-20 final . During the later 1980s and early 1990s , the North East Ulster F.A . invited senior clubs from outside its jurisdiction to participate . Hence the Shield has been won by Newry Town ( later Newry City ) and Glenavon , neither of which are members of the North East Ulster F.A . The Shield has been regularly sponsored since the late 1980s . The 2014-15 competition was sponsored by Toals Bookmakers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NIFL_Premiership', 'summary': 'The NIFL Premiership , known as the Irish Premiership or Danske Bank Premiership for sponsorship purposes , and colloquially as the Irish League , is a professional association football league which operates as the highest division of the Northern Ireland Football League - the national league in Northern Ireland . It was formerly called the IFA Premiership until 2013 . Still known in popular parlance simply as the Irish League or the Irish Premiership , the Premiership was established in 2008 under the auspices of the Irish Football Association before the Northern Ireland Football League was created for the start of the 2013-14 season . At the end of the season , the champion club is presented with the Gibson Cup . Linfield are the current champions , lifting the league title for a record 53rd time . The title win was confirmed on 13 April 2019 , following a 0-0 draw at home against the outgoing champions , Crusaders , which left them 12 points clear with three games remaining .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Cup', 'summary': "The Irish Football Association Challenge Cup ( also known as the Sadler 's Peaky Blinder Irish Cup for sponsorship purposes ) is the primary football knock-out cup competition in Northern Ireland . Inaugurated in 1881 , it is the fourth-oldest national cup competition in the world . Prior to the break-away from the Irish Football Association by clubs from what would become the Irish Free State in 1921 , the Irish Cup was the national cup competition for the whole of Ireland . Since December 2019 , the cup has been sponsored by Sadler 's Peaky Blinder Lager . It was previously sponsored by Nationwide Building Society , Bass Ireland Ltd , JJB Sports and Tennent 's Lager . 126 clubs entered the 2018-19 competition . Crusaders are the current holders , having defeated second-tier side Ballinamallard United 3-0 in the 2019 final to lift the Cup for the fourth time overall , and the first time in the 10 years since winning the 2009 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Football_League_Cup', 'summary': "The Northern Ireland Football League Cup ( BetMcLean League Cup for sponsorship purposes ) , also known as the Irish League Cup , is a national football knock-out cup competition in Northern Ireland open to the 36 Northern Ireland Football League clubs . It is the third-most prestigious competition in domestic Northern Irish football after the NIFL Premiership and Irish Cup . It should not be confused with the Irish League Floodlit Cup which ran from 1987-88 to 1997-98 initially under the sponsorship of Budweiser and latterly Coca-Cola . Unlike the Irish Cup , the competition does not have a berth for UEFA Europa League qualification . The cup is operated by the Northern Ireland Football League , who in 2013 took over the administration from the Irish Football Association ( IFA ) for the 2013-14 season onwards , after which the cup was renamed as the Northern Ireland Football League ( NIFL ) Cup . Since the 2017-18 season , the Cup has been sponsored by McLean Bookmakers . The competition 's previous sponsors are JBE ( 2015-16 ) , WASP Solutions ( 2013-14 and 2014-15 ) , Irn Bru ( 2011-12 and 2012-13 ) , Co-operative Insurance ( 2001-02 to 2010-11 ) , Coca-Cola ( 1998-99 to 2000-01 ) , Wilkinson Sword ( 1991-92 to 1997-98 ) , and Roadferry Freight ( 1986-87 to 1990-91 ) . Coleraine are the current holders , after they defeated Crusaders 2-1 in the 2020 final to win the competition for a second time , the first time they had won the trophy since 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'Glasgow City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Glasgow City Football Club is a women 's football team based in Glasgow that plays in SWPL 1 , the top division of women 's football in Scotland and also the higher of two levels of the Scottish Women 's Premier League . The club has competed in the UEFA Women 's Cup and UEFA Women 's Champions League . They also have a reserve team and youth teams . Glasgow City has won the most Premier League titles and the most Scottish Cups in Scotland since 2000 . In 2016 , Glasgow City won their tenth Scottish Women 's Premier League title in a row , a Scottish record surpassing the previous record of nine achieved by the men 's teams of Celtic and Rangers . However they lost their monopoly on the domestic trophies with Hibernian L.F.C . winning the SWPL Cup and Scottish Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09 , 2011-12 , 2012-13 , 2013-14 , 2014-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Scottish Women 's Premier League , Scottish Women 's Cup , SWPL Cup", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Scottish_Women's_Premier_League", 'summary': "The Scottish Women 's Premier League ( SWPL ) is the highest level of league competition in women 's football in Scotland . The league consists of two divisions , SWPL 1 and SWPL 2 , each with eight teams and is owned and managed by Scottish Women 's Football . The league was formed in 2002 when the Premier Division of the Scottish Women 's Football League ( SWFL ) broke away to form the SWPL . Initially operating as a single division of twelve teams , the current format was introduced in 2015 with the creation of SWPL 2 . The champions and runners-up of SWPL 1 qualify directly for the Round of 32 of the UEFA Women 's Champions League . Since 2009 the league has operated a summer season , running from March to November each year ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Scottish_Women's_Cup", 'summary': "The Scottish Women 's Football Scottish Cup , commonly known as the Scottish Women 's Cup and currently as the SSE Scottish Women 's Cup for sponsorship reasons , is the national knockout cup competition for women 's football in Scotland . The competition is owned and managed by Scottish Women 's Football ( SWF ) , an affiliated body of the Scottish Football Association ( SFA ) , and is open to all senior teams affiliated with the SWF . The competition was first held in 1971 . Glasgow City is its most successful teams , having won it nine times ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Scottish_Women's_Premier_League_Cup", 'summary': "The Scottish Women 's Premier League Cup is a cup competition in Scottish women 's football , a competition only open to teams in the Scottish Women 's Premier League . There are four rounds , including the final . The competition was launched in 2002 along with the Scottish Women 's Premier League . Since 2009 , women 's football in Scotland has adopted a summer season which now runs from March to November each year , which is why the competition is now played in a single calendar year ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924-25 , 1931-32 , 1963-64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'League of Ireland , FAI Cup , League of Ireland Shield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/League_of_Ireland', 'summary': "The League of Ireland ( Irish : Sraith na hÉireann ) , together with the Football Association of Ireland , is one of the two main governing bodies responsible for organising association football in the Republic of Ireland . The term was originally used to refer to a single division league . However today the League of Ireland features five divisions - the Premier Division , the First Division , an U19 Division , an U17 Division , an U15 Division and starting March 2019 an U13 Division . The League of Ireland has always worked closely with the FAI and in 2006 the two bodies formally merged . All the divisions are currently sponsored by Airtricity and as a result the league is also known as the SSE Airtricity League . In 2007 , it became one of the first leagues in Europe to introduce a salary cap . The league 's most successful club is Shamrock Rovers who have won 17 titles . Together with Dundalk , Bohemians and Shelbourne they are one of four clubs in the league to feature a golden star above their badge in recognition of winning ten titles . Bohemians are the only club in the league to have played every season in the top division ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FAI_Cup', 'summary': 'The Football Association of Ireland Senior Challenge Cup ( FAI Cup ) , known as the Extra.ie FAI Cup for sponsorship reasons , is a knock-out association football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland ( as well as Derry City from Northern Ireland ) . Organised by the FAI ( Football Association of Ireland ) , the competition is currently sponsored by Extra.ie . It was known as the Free State Cup from 1923 to 1936 . Shamrock Rovers hold the record of most wins with 25 . As of November 2019 , the current holders are Shamrock Rovers'}, {'url': '/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Shield', 'summary': 'The League of Ireland Shield ( Irish : Sciath Sraithe na hÉireann ) is a defunct Irish football tournament which was introduced when the League of Ireland started in 1921 and ran uninterrupted until 1972 . It was played before the league season began and was seen as the 3rd most important trophy in Irish football , after the league and FAI Cup . The winners of the Shield gained entry to the following seasons Inter-Cities Fairs Cup until 1971-1972 . It was played in a variety of formats ; from complete round robin series to group stages followed by knock out games to complete knock out tournaments . It was replaced by the League of Ireland Cup in 1973 . The LOI Shield should not be confused with the League of Ireland First Division Shield , a competition that ran in the 1980s and 1990s and , as the name suggests , was confined to First Division clubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Buriram United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buriram_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Buriram United Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลบุรีรัมย์ ยูไนเต็ด ) is a professional football club based in Buriram , Thailand . The club has played at the top level of Thai football for the majority of their existence and is competing in the Thai League 1 . The club was founded in 1970 as PEA FC ( Provincial Electricity Authority Football Club ) before reformed in to Buriram PEA then Buriram United in 2010 and 2012 respectively . Their home stadium is Chang Arena which has a capacity of 32,600 . Buriram United won their first Thai League 1 title in 2008 and the Kor Royal Cup in 1998 , as PEA FC . The club was previously based in Ayutthaya before moving east to Buriram for the 2010 season . In the 2011 season , Buriram PEA were the first team in Thai football history to win all the domestic trophies , as the triple champions of the ( 2011 Thai Premier League , 2011 Thai FA Cup , and 2011 Thai League Cup ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 , 2013 , 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Buriram_United_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 2015 season is Buriram United 's fourth season in the Thai Premier League . The club enters the season as the TPL Champion , and will participate in the Thai Premier League , FA Cup , League Cup , Kor Royal Cup and the AFC Champions League . The season covers the period from 20 December 2014 to 26 December 2015 . This is Buriram United 's name changing ."}]}, {'value': 'Thai League 1 , Thai FA Cup , Thai League Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thai_League_1', 'summary': "The Thai League 1 ( Thai : ไทยลีก 1 ) , commonly known as the T1 , is a Thai professional league for Football Association of Thailand clubs . At the top of the Thai football league system , it is the country 's premier football competition . Contested by 16 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Thai League 2 . The Thai League is a corporation in which the 16 member clubs act as shareholders . Seasons run from February to October , with teams playing 30 games each with a total of 240 games in the season . It is sponsored by Toyota and therefore officially known as the Toyota Thai League . In the Thai League , most of the games are played during Saturdays and Sundays , with a few games played on Wednesdays and Fridays ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thai_FA_Cup', 'summary': "The Thai FA Cup ( Thai : ไทยเอฟเอคัพ ) , known officially as The Football Association of Thailand Cup , is a football cup competition in Thailand . Thai FA Cup is an annual knockout association football competition in men 's domestic football . It was held between 1980 and 2001 and relaunched in 2009 . Bangkok Bank won the first two editions . In 2009 it was announced that the Thai FA Cup would return to the Thai football calendar . All the teams from the Thai League 1 and Division 1 League were automatically entered and teams from the Division 2 League as well as university and schools teams could apply to enter . The qualifying round took place from 27-30 June . The first round proper will see sixteen qualifiers progress to the second round where they will each meet a Division 1 side . The sixteen TPL teams enter at the third round stage . The final will be played at National Stadium with the winning team receiving 1,000,000 Thai baht . The runners-up will receive 500,000 Thai baht ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thai_League_Cup', 'summary': 'The League Cup ( Thai : ไทยลีกคัพ ) is a football cup competition in Thailand . It is also known as Toyota League Cup for sponsorship reasons . It was re-formed during the 2010 domestic football league season in Thailand and runs along the same lines as the Thai FA Cup except that the earlier rounds would be regional rather than an open draw .'}]}, {'value': 'Paris Saint-Germain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain', 'summary': "Paris Saint-Germain Football Club ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ] ) , commonly referred to as Paris Saint-Germain , Paris SG , or simply Paris or PSG , is a French professional football club based in Paris . Founded in 1970 , the club has traditionally worn red and blue kits . PSG has played their home matches in the 47,929-capacity Parc des Princes , in the 16th arrondissement of Paris , since 1974 . The club plays in the highest tier of French football , Ligue 1 . The Parisian club established itself as a major force in France , and one of the major forces of European football in the 2010s . PSG have won a total of 40 titles , 39 of them top-flight trophies , making it the most successful French club in history by this measure . Paris SG is also the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1 , the club with most consecutive seasons in the top-flight ( they have played 45 seasons in Ligue 1 since 1974 ) , one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title , the most popular football club in France , and one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Domestically , the Parisians have won eight Ligue 1 titles , a record twelve Coupe de France , a record eight Coupe de la Ligue , and a record nine Trophée des Champions titles . In European football , they have won one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup . The capital club has also won one Ligue 2 , regarded as a minor official title . PSG have a long-standing rivalry with Olympique de Marseille . The duo contest French football 's most notorious match , known as Le Classique ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-15 , 2015-16 , 2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 2014-15 season was Paris Saint-Germain Football Club 's 45th in existence and their 42nd in the top-flight of French football . The team competed in Ligue 1 , the Coupe de France , the Coupe de la Ligue , the Trophée des Champions and the UEFA Champions League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2015–16_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 2015-16 season was Paris Saint-Germain Football Club 's 43rd professional season since its creation in 1970 , and its 42nd consecutive season in the top-flight of French football ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2017–18_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 2017-18 season was Paris Saint-Germain Football Club 's 45th professional season since its creation in 1970 , and its 44th consecutive season in the top-flight of French football . They broke the world transfer record by acquiring Neymar for a world record fee of €222 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Ligue 1 , Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ligue_1', 'summary': "Ligue 1 , [ a ] also called Ligue 1 Conforama for sponsorship reasons , is a French professional league for men 's association football clubs . At the top of the French football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . Administrated by the Ligue de Football Professionnel , Ligue 1 is contested by 20 clubs and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Ligue 2 . Seasons run from August to May . Clubs play two matches against each of the other teams in the league - once home and once away - totalling to 38 matches over the course of the season . Most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays , with a few games played during weekday evenings . Play is regularly suspended the last weekend before Christmas for two weeks before returning in the second week of January . Ligue 1 is one of the top national leagues , currently ranked fifth in Europe behind Spain 's La Liga , England 's Premier League , Germany 's Bundesliga and Italy 's Serie A. Ligue 1 was inaugurated on 11 September 1932 under the name National before switching to Division 1 after a year of existence . The name lasted until 2002 before switching to its current name . AS Saint-Étienne is the most successful club with ten league titles in France while Olympique Lyonnais is the club that has won the most consecutive titles ( seven between 2002 and 2008 ) . With the presence of 69 seasons in Ligue 1 , Olympique de Marseille hold the record for most seasons among the elite , while Paris Saint-Germain hold the league record for longevity with 45 consecutive seasons ( from 1974 until at least 2019 ) . The current champions are Paris Saint-Germain , who won their eighth title in the 2018-19 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coupe_de_France', 'summary': "The Coupe de France , also known as the Coupe Charles Simon , is the premier knockout cup competition in French football organized by the French Football Federation ( FFF ) . It was first held in 1917 and is open to all amateur and professional football clubs in France , including clubs based in the overseas departments and territories . Between 1917 and 1919 , the competition was called the Coupe Charles Simon , in tribute of Charles Simon , a French sportsman and the founder of the French Interfederal Committee ( the ancestor of the French Football Federation ) , who died in 1915 while serving in World War I . The final is played at the Stade de France and the winner qualifies for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League and a place in the Trophée des Champions match . A concurrent women 's tournament is also held , the Coupe de France Féminine . Combined with random draws and one-off matches ( no replays ) , the Coupe de France can be difficult for the bigger clubs to win . The competition is usually beneficial to the amateur clubs as it forces higher-ranked clubs , usually professional clubs , to play as the away team when drawn against lower-league opposition if they are competing two levels below them . Despite the advantages , only two amateur clubs have reached the final since professionalism was introduced in French football in 1932 : Calais RUFC in 2000 and Les Herbiers VF in 2018 . Two clubs from outside Ligue 1 have won the competition , Le Havre in 1959 and Guingamp in 2009 . The reigning champions are Rennes , who defeated Paris Saint-Germain in the final of the 2018-19 competition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue', 'summary': "The Coupe de la Ligue ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ kup də la liɡ ] ) , known outside France as the French League Cup , is a knockout cup competition in French football organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel . The tournament was established in 1993 and , unlike the Coupe de France , is only open to professional clubs in France which play in country 's top three football divisions , though only four professional clubs currently play in the Championnat National . [ citation needed ] Strasbourg are the current champions , having defeated Guingamp 4-1 on penalties following a 0-0 draw for a fourth title in the 2018-19 competition . The 2019-20 edition of the tournament will be its last , after the LFP voted to suspend the competition indefinitely to reduce the season schedule ."}]}, {'value': 'Valletta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valletta_F.C.', 'summary': "Valletta Football Club is a professional football club based in Valletta , the capital city of Malta , and competes in the Maltese Premier League , the top flight of Maltese football . The club was founded in 1943 after a merge of Valletta Prestons , Valletta St. Paul 's and Valletta United , the latter being a two-time league winner before the Second World War . Considered as one of the most supported and successful clubs in Maltese football , the club has won 25 league titles , 14 FA Trophies and a record 13 Super Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-97 , 2000-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maltese Premier League , Maltese Cup , Löwenbräu Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maltese_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Maltese Premier League , known as BOV Premier League for sponsorship reasons with Bank of Valletta ( colloquially known as Il-Kampjonat Premjer ) , is a full-time professional league and the highest level of football in Malta . Managed by the Malta Football Association , the Premier League is contested by 14 teams and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the First Division . As of August 2018 , the Premier League ranks 45th out of 55 members in the UEFA coefficient . The league was first competed in 1909 as the First Division , before switching to its current name in 1980 ; the First Division in turn replaced the Second Division . Sliema Wanderers have won the title a record 26 times . The current champions are Valletta who won their 25th title in the 2018-19 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maltese_Cup', 'summary': 'The FA Trophy is an annual football cup competition that takes place in Malta . The cup was founded in 1933 ; following a match between England and Italy , played in Rome in May 1933 , to where a number of pro-British Maltese supporters travelled to support the English side , The Football Association as recognition donated a silver trophy to be played on the model of the FA Cup . The team who wins the cup , wins a place in the second qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League . This competition is now played on a knock-out basis between all the senior clubs in the Maltese and Gozitan football pyramids . The cup winners play a match for the Maltese Super Cup against the league champions of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Kedah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kedah_FA', 'summary': 'Kedah Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bola Sepak Kedah ) is a football association that supervises football in the state of Kedah , Malaysia . They are the only team in the history of Malaysian football to have achieved treble titles twice , in 2006-07 and 2007-08 seasons . Kedah FA is a professional football team from Malaysia that is based in Alor Setar . It represents the state of Kedah , under the supervision of Kedah Football Association . Kedah FA currently plays in the Malaysia Super League .'}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysian Super League , Malaysia Cup , Malaysian FA Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysian_Super_League', 'summary': "The Malaysia Super League ( Malay : Liga Super Malaysia ) is the men 's top professional football division of the Malaysia football league system . Administered by the Football Malaysia Limited Liability Partnership ( FMLLP ) , now known as the Malaysia Football League ( MFL ) , Malaysia Super League is contested by twelve teams , with the two lowest-placed teams relegated to the Malaysia Premier League division and replaced by the top two teams in that division . 32 clubs have competed since the inception of the Malaysia Super League in 2004 ; eight of them have won the title : Johor Darul Ta'zim ( 6 ) , Kedah , Selangor , Kelantan ( 2 each ) , Pahang , Perlis , Negeri Sembilan , and LionsXII ( 1 each ) . The current champions are Johor Darul Ta'zim , which won the 2019 edition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malaysia_Cup', 'summary': "The Malaysia Cup ( Malay : Piala Malaysia ) is an annual association football tournament in Malaysia . The cup was first held in 1921 . Even though it is the nation 's oldest cup tournament , it is currently a secondary cup to the Malaysia FA Cup as the Malaysia FA Cup is the cup which is given the nation 's slot for continental cup tournament . The competition was previously managed by Football Association of Malaysia ( FAM ) before it was transferred to Football Malaysia LLP ( now known as Malaysian Football League ( MFL ) ) in the 2016 season . A new format was introduced for 2016 season where only the best eleven teams from Malaysia Super League ( MSL ) and five others from Malaysia Premier League ( MPL ) qualified to play in Malaysia Cup that season where the final position for the qualification was determined after the least game of first round of MSL and MPL . After all 16 teams has been identified , the team will be divided into four groups which then will compete in the tournament for the cup . The Malaysia Cup was played at the end of each year 's football season until the 2016 season where it was changed to be played near the end of the football season in order to promote competitive league within Malaysian football league . The current title holder is Johor Darul Ta'zim , who won the 2019 edition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malaysian_FA_Cup', 'summary': 'The Malaysia FA Cup ( Malay : Piala FA ) , known as Shopee Piala FA for sponsorship reasons , is an annual national knock-out football tournament in Malaysia . The cup was first held in 1990 . The competition was previously managed by Football Association of Malaysia ( FAM ) before it was transferred to Football Malaysia LLP ( MFL ) ( now known as Malaysian Football League ( MFL ) ) in the 2016 season . The cup is contested among the clubs from the Malaysia Super League , Malaysia Premier League , Malaysia M3 League and Malaysia M4 League . The preliminary and first rounds are played between the clubs that qualified from the M3 and M4 League . The winners advance to the second round and join the rest of the clubs . The winners of the competition are awarded with a slot to compete in the AFC Cup alongside the champions of the Malaysia Super League . The current title holders are Kedah , which won their fifth title in the 2019 edition .'}]}, {'value': 'The New Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_New_Saints_F.C.', 'summary': 'The New Saints of Oswestry Town & Llansantffraid Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Pêl-droed y Seintiau Newydd ) , also known as The New Saints or TNS is a professional football club representing Oswestry in Shropshire , England ; and Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain in Powys , Wales- the two places are 8 miles ( 13 km ) apart . They play in the Cymru Premier , which they have won a record thirteen times - including the past eight seasons . Founded in 1959 as Llansantffraid F.C. , from 1997 to 2006 , the club was known as Total Network Solutions F.C . after its sponsor . In 2003 , it merged with Oswestry Town F.C . and three years later it adopted its current name . TNS play at Park Hall in Oswestry after moving there in 2007 from the Recreation Ground in Llansantffraid . Park Hall accommodates 2,034 spectators of which 1,000 are seated and there are plans to upgrade the ground to 3,000 capacity in the future .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-15 , 2015-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh Premier League , Welsh Cup , Welsh League Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Cymru Premier is the national football league of Wales . It has both professional and semi-professional status clubs and is at the top of the Welsh football league system . Prior to 2002 , the league was known as the League of Wales ( LoW ) , but changed its name as part of a sponsorship deal to the Welsh Premier League . The league has been rebranded as the Cymru Premier for the 2019-20 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Cup', 'summary': "The Welsh Football Association Cup ( Welsh : Cwpan Cymdeithas Pêl-droed Cymru ) is a knock-out football competition contested annually by teams in the Welsh football league system . It is considered the most prestigious of the cup competitions in domestic Welsh association football . The Football Association of Wales is the organising body of this competition , which has been run ( except during the two World Wars ) every year since its inception in 1877-78 . In the early years of organised football in Wales , football was very much the sport of north Wales rather than the rugby union playing south - the FAW was founded in Ruabon , near Wrexham in 1876 , and Wrexham remained the site of the FAW 's head office until 1986 ; it was not until 1912 that a southern team , Cardiff City , won the Welsh Cup for the first time . The winning team qualifies to play in the following season 's UEFA Europa League ( previously teams qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , which was discontinued in 1999 ) . Currently , the full sponsored name of the competition is the JD Welsh Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Welsh_League_Cup', 'summary': 'The Welsh Premier League Cup ( also known as the Nathaniel MG Cup ) is a cup competition in Welsh football organised by the Welsh Premier League . The competition was established in 1992 and is considered to be the second-most important domestic cup competition for Welsh football clubs , after the older and more prestigious Welsh Cup . Unlike the Welsh Cup , where 135 teams entered in 2008-09 , the competition is only open to the members of the Welsh Premier League , the Cymru North , Cymru South and a very select few other clubs . It should not be confused with the Welsh Football League Cup , which is for the clubs in the Welsh Football League , which despite its name only covers the south and centre of Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Bohemians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohemian_F.C.', 'summary': "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'League of Ireland , FAI Cup , League of Ireland Shield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/League_of_Ireland', 'summary': "The League of Ireland ( Irish : Sraith na hÉireann ) , together with the Football Association of Ireland , is one of the two main governing bodies responsible for organising association football in the Republic of Ireland . The term was originally used to refer to a single division league . However today the League of Ireland features five divisions - the Premier Division , the First Division , an U19 Division , an U17 Division , an U15 Division and starting March 2019 an U13 Division . The League of Ireland has always worked closely with the FAI and in 2006 the two bodies formally merged . All the divisions are currently sponsored by Airtricity and as a result the league is also known as the SSE Airtricity League . In 2007 , it became one of the first leagues in Europe to introduce a salary cap . The league 's most successful club is Shamrock Rovers who have won 17 titles . Together with Dundalk , Bohemians and Shelbourne they are one of four clubs in the league to feature a golden star above their badge in recognition of winning ten titles . Bohemians are the only club in the league to have played every season in the top division ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FAI_Cup', 'summary': 'The Football Association of Ireland Senior Challenge Cup ( FAI Cup ) , known as the Extra.ie FAI Cup for sponsorship reasons , is a knock-out association football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland ( as well as Derry City from Northern Ireland ) . Organised by the FAI ( Football Association of Ireland ) , the competition is currently sponsored by Extra.ie . It was known as the Free State Cup from 1923 to 1936 . Shamrock Rovers hold the record of most wins with 25 . As of November 2019 , the current holders are Shamrock Rovers'}, {'url': '/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Shield', 'summary': 'The League of Ireland Shield ( Irish : Sciath Sraithe na hÉireann ) is a defunct Irish football tournament which was introduced when the League of Ireland started in 1921 and ran uninterrupted until 1972 . It was played before the league season began and was seen as the 3rd most important trophy in Irish football , after the league and FAI Cup . The winners of the Shield gained entry to the following seasons Inter-Cities Fairs Cup until 1971-1972 . It was played in a variety of formats ; from complete round robin series to group stages followed by knock out games to complete knock out tournaments . It was replaced by the League of Ireland Cup in 1973 . The LOI Shield should not be confused with the League of Ireland First Division Shield , a competition that ran in the 1980s and 1990s and , as the name suggests , was confined to First Division clubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Fall River Marksmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fall_River_Marksmen', 'summary': "Fall River Marksmen was an American soccer club , based in Fall River , Massachusetts . They originally played as Fall River United before becoming known as the Marksmen after their owner , Sam Mark . During the 1920s and early 1930s they were one of the most successful soccer clubs in the United States , winning the American Soccer League on six occasions . They also won the National Challenge Cup four times . In 1924 they won the first ASL / Challenge Cup double and were subsequently the American soccer champions three times in succession . Between 1928 and 1930 they won a further three titles in a row . In 1930 they completed a treble , winning the ASL title , the Challenge Cup and the Lewis Cup . The same year they also toured Central Europe . The Marksmen played their home games at Mark 's Stadium , one of the earliest examples of a soccer-specific stadium in the United States . In 1931 the franchise relocated and merged twice . They first moved to New York , where they merged with New York Soccer Club and became the New York Yankees . They actually won their fourth National Challenge Cup after they became the Yankees , but due to complications following the merger it was credited to the Marksmen ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League , National Challenge Cup , Lewis Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1921–1933)', 'summary': "The American Soccer League has been a name used by four different professional soccer sports leagues in the United States . The first American Soccer League was established in 1921 by the merger of teams from the National Association Football League and the Southern New England Soccer League . For several years The ASL 's popularity rivaled the popularity of the National Football League . Disputes with the United States Football Association and FIFA , and the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 led to the league 's collapse in spring 1933 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Challenge_Cup', 'summary': "The Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , commonly known as the U.S. Open Cup ( USOC ) , is a knock-out cup competition in American soccer . It is the oldest ongoing national soccer competition in the U.S . The 107th edition , to be held in 2020 , will be contested by 100 clubs from the four professional leagues sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation : Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the United Soccer League 's Championship and League One divisions , and the National Independent Soccer Association ( NISA ) , as well as amateur clubs in the earlier rounds of the tournament after qualifying through their leagues . The overall champion earns a total of $ 300,000 in prize money , while the runner-up receives $ 100,000 , and the furthest-advancing team from each lower division league receives $ 25,000 . In addition , the tournament winner qualifies for the group stage of the CONCACAF Champions League . The competition was first held during the 1913-14 season as the National Challenge Cup , with Brooklyn Field Club winning a trophy donated by Thomas Dewar for the promotion of American soccer . It was renamed and then dedicated to MLS owner Lamar Hunt by the United States Soccer Federation in 1999 . Major League Soccer teams have dominated the competition since MLS began play in 1996 . No lower division team has won the U.S. Open Cup since the Rochester Rhinos in 1999 or reached the U.S. Open Cup final since the Charleston Battery in 2008 . The most recent champions of the competition , Atlanta United FC , won their first title after defeating Minnesota United FC 2-1 in the 2019 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lewis_Cup', 'summary': "The Lewis Cup was an American soccer trophy established in 1914 as the championship trophy for the amateur Blue Mountain League , which was composed of clubs from the Lehigh Valley region of northwestern Pennsylvania . It was later awarded to the winners of the American Soccer League 's League Cup . The last winner received the trophy in 1963 and it resides in the Museum of Sports Glory in Kiev , Ukraine ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletic Bilbao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao', 'summary': "Athletic Club , also commonly known as Athletic Bilbao ( Basque : Bilboko Athletic Kluba / Spanish : Athletic Club de Bilbao ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in the city of Bilbao in the Basque Country ( Spain ) . They are known as Los Leones ( The Lions ) because their stadium was built near a church called San Mamés ( Saint Mammes ) . Mammes was an early Christian thrown to the lions by the Romans . Mammes pacified the lions and was later made a saint and The team plays it 's home matches at the San Mamés Stadium . Athletic have won La Liga on eight occasions , fourth most in the history of the league . In the table of Copa del Rey titles , Athletic is second only to Barcelona , having won it 23 times . [ note 1 ] The club also has one of the most successful women 's teams in Spain , which has won five championships in the Primera División Femenina . The club is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , the others being Real Madrid and Barcelona . These three clubs , along with Osasuna , are the only four professional clubs in Spain that are not sports corporations ; instead they are owned and operated by club members . Athletic 's main rivals are Real Sociedad , against whom it contests the Basque derby , and Real Madrid , due to sporting and political rivalry . At various points in the club 's history , further Basque league derbies have been contested against Alavés , Eibar and Osasuna . The club is known for its cantera policy of bringing young Basque players through the ranks , as well as recruiting players from other Basque clubs like Joseba Etxeberria and Javi Martínez ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930-31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Liga , Copa del Rey , Biscay Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930–31_La_Liga', 'summary': 'The 1930-31 La Liga season started December 7 , 1930 , and finished April 5 , 1931 . Athletic Bilbao defended the title successfully and won the league thanks to its better goal difference in a three-way draw in the first position .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1930–31_Copa_del_Rey', 'summary': "The Republic 's Cup 1931 was the 31st staging of the Copa del Rey , the Spanish football cup competition . With the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14 , all teams with Real ( Royal ) in their names , changed it due to anti-monarchic reasons . Real Sociedad changes to Donostia FC . Most of this changes were done between first and second legs of the first round . The competition started on April 12 , 1931 , and concluded on June 21 , 1931 , with the final , held at the Estadio Chamartín in Madrid . Athletic Bilbao won their 11th title , the second in a row ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biscay_Championship', 'summary': 'The Biscay Regional Championship ( Campeonato Regional de Vizcaya ) , also called the North Regional Championship ( Campeonato Regional Norte ) in its early editions , was an official football tournament in Spain organised by the North Football Federation . It was played annually between 1913 and 1940 and served to elect the representatives of the region in the Spanish Cup , which at that time served as the overall annual national championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Brookhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookhattan', 'summary': 'Brookhattan was an American soccer club based in New York , New York that was a member of the professional American Soccer League ( ASL ) . In 1942 they won the Lewis Cup . In 1945 they won the treble ; the ASL , National Challenge Cup and Lewis Cup . In 1948 , coffee importer Eugene Diaz , previous owner of New York Galicia , bought the team . In that year they finished second in the 1948 National Challenge Cup . During the 1948-49 season , Pito Villanon led the ASL in scoring . In the 1949-50 season , Joe Gaetjens was the top scorer in the ASL . Pito Villanon led the ASL in scoring in 1952-53 and was also the ASL MVP . They finished runner-up in the ASL in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League , National Challenge Cup , Lewis Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1921–1933)', 'summary': "The American Soccer League has been a name used by four different professional soccer sports leagues in the United States . The first American Soccer League was established in 1921 by the merger of teams from the National Association Football League and the Southern New England Soccer League . For several years The ASL 's popularity rivaled the popularity of the National Football League . Disputes with the United States Football Association and FIFA , and the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 led to the league 's collapse in spring 1933 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Challenge_Cup', 'summary': "The Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , commonly known as the U.S. Open Cup ( USOC ) , is a knock-out cup competition in American soccer . It is the oldest ongoing national soccer competition in the U.S . The 107th edition , to be held in 2020 , will be contested by 100 clubs from the four professional leagues sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation : Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the United Soccer League 's Championship and League One divisions , and the National Independent Soccer Association ( NISA ) , as well as amateur clubs in the earlier rounds of the tournament after qualifying through their leagues . The overall champion earns a total of $ 300,000 in prize money , while the runner-up receives $ 100,000 , and the furthest-advancing team from each lower division league receives $ 25,000 . In addition , the tournament winner qualifies for the group stage of the CONCACAF Champions League . The competition was first held during the 1913-14 season as the National Challenge Cup , with Brooklyn Field Club winning a trophy donated by Thomas Dewar for the promotion of American soccer . It was renamed and then dedicated to MLS owner Lamar Hunt by the United States Soccer Federation in 1999 . Major League Soccer teams have dominated the competition since MLS began play in 1996 . No lower division team has won the U.S. Open Cup since the Rochester Rhinos in 1999 or reached the U.S. Open Cup final since the Charleston Battery in 2008 . The most recent champions of the competition , Atlanta United FC , won their first title after defeating Minnesota United FC 2-1 in the 2019 final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lewis_Cup', 'summary': "The Lewis Cup was an American soccer trophy established in 1914 as the championship trophy for the amateur Blue Mountain League , which was composed of clubs from the Lehigh Valley region of northwestern Pennsylvania . It was later awarded to the winners of the American Soccer League 's League Cup . The last winner received the trophy in 1963 and it resides in the Museum of Sports Glory in Kiev , Ukraine ."}]}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos_FC', 'summary': "Santos Futebol Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tus futʃiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known simply as Santos , is a Brazilian sports club based in Vila Belmiro , a bairro in the city of Santos . It plays in the Paulistão , the State of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as the Brasileirão , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded in 1912 by the initiative of three sports enthusiasts from Santos by Raimundo Marques , Mário Ferraz de Campos , and Argemiro de Souza Júnior as a response to the lack of representation the city had in football . Since then , Santos became one of Brazil 's most successful clubs , becoming a symbol of Jogo Bonito ( English : the Beautiful Game ) in football culture , hence the motto Técnica e Disciplina ( Technique and discipline ) . The most recognized Santista anthem is the Leão do Mar written by Mangeri Neto . This was largely thanks to the Peixe 's golden generation of the 1960s which contained players such as Gilmar , Mauro Ramos , Mengálvio , Coutinho , Pepe and Pelé , named the Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee , and widely regarded as the best and most accomplished footballer in the game 's history . Os Santásticos , considered by some the best club team of all times , won a total of 24 titles during that decade including five consecutive Brasileirões , a feat that remains unequaled today . Os Santásticos won four competitions in 1962 , thus completing a quadruple , comprising the Paulistão , the Brasileirão , the Copa Libertadores and the European/South American Cup . Santos is one of the most successful clubs in the Brasileirão , becoming national champions on eight occasions . It has also won 21 Paulistãos , three Copa Libertadores , two Intercontinental Cups , one Supercopa de Campeones Intercontinentales , one Copa CONMEBOL ( the precursor of current Copa Sudamericana ) , one Copa do Brasil and one Recopa Sudamericana . On January 20 , 1998 , Santos became the first team , in any category in the world , to reach the milestone of 10,000 goals in the entire history of football and was voted by FIFA as one of the most successful clubs of the 20th century . The Peixe play their home games at the Vila Belmiro , which currently holds up to 20,120 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taça Brasil , Torneio Rio-São Paulo , Campeonato Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taça_Brasil', 'summary': 'The Taça Brasil ( English : Brazil Cup ) was the Brazilian national football championship contested from 1959 to 1968 . Bahia , Cruzeiro and Botafogo were the only champions to have played all phases of the tournament , because until the 1968 edition teams from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were already qualified to the semi-finals . Both Cruzeiro and Bahia , the only champions not from Rio or São Paulo , beat the great and world-famous Santos of Pelé , Coutinho and Pepe . In 1989 the Copa do Brasil was created , in the same cup-style and also qualifying to the Copa Libertadores .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Torneio_Rio-São_Paulo', 'summary': "The Torneio Rio - São Paulo ( English : Rio - São Paulo Tournament ) was a traditional Brazilian football competition contested between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro teams from 1933 to 1966 , in 1993 and from 1997 to 2002 . Organized by the state football associations of the state of São Paulo and the city of Rio de Janeiro ( after unification of the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro ) , the official name of the tournament became the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa in 1954 , named after former goalkeeper of the Brazilian national team and president of the São Paulo Football Association who died in that year . This name was not broadly popularized used until 1967 when the tournament was first opened to teams from the states of Minas Gerais , Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul , and later also from Pernambuco and Bahia . The Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa , also often referred to as Taça Prata ( Silver Cup ) and contested until 1970 , is generally considered the predecessor of the Brazilian Football Championship which started in 1971 . Due to its continental size and historical peculiarities , Brazil has a short history of national competitions , with the modern Campeonato Brasileiro starting in 1971 supported by the military regime and only made possible due to the improvements in civil aviation and air transport . The CBF does not officially recognize the Torneio Rio - São Paulo or Taça Brasil as national titles . In 2010 , the CBF officially recognized the expanded Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa from 1967 to 1970 as a legitimate national championship . In the era prior to officially recognized national competition , given that the majority of Brazil 's strongest teams were located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , some historians consider that up until 1959 , despite its schedule irregularity , the Torneio Rio - São Paulo was the most prestigious title for any team to claim outside of state championships . From 2000 to 2002 , the Torneio Rio - São Paulo champions were granted qualification to the Copa dos Campeões ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_de_Futebol', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , commonly known as Campeonato Paulista , nicknamed Paulistão , is the top-flight professional football league in the Brazilian state of São Paulo . Run by the FPF , the league is contested between 16 clubs and typically lasts from January to April . Rivalries amongst four of the most well-known Brazilian teams ( Corinthians , Palmeiras , Santos and São Paulo ) have marked the history of the competition . The Campeonato Paulista is the oldest established league in Brazil , being held since 1902 and professionally since 1933 .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Croatia', 'summary': "C.N.S.C . Toronto Croatia ( Croatian National Sports Club Toronto Croatia ) is a Canadian soccer team based in Toronto , Ontario , that plays in the Supergroup Open Division in the Canadian Academy of Futbol . The team 's colours are red , white and blue , similar to those of the Croatian national football team . The club was founded in 1956 by the Croatian diaspora in Toronto . Initially the team played in various local amateur leagues before making the transition to the professional ranks by joining the Canadian National Soccer League ( CNSL ) in 1962 . In 1972 , after a period of dominance in the CNSL , the organization purchased the Toronto Metros of the North American Soccer League and retained their heritage by inserting Croatia into the team 's name . Their greatest success occurred in the 1976 season , where Toronto captured the Soccer Bowl . The 1976 team was later inducted into the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame . In 1979 the club sold its share to Global Television Network and returned to the CNSL . Toronto Croatia became a founding member of the Canadian International Soccer League in 1994 , returned to the CNSL in 1997 , and the following year became a charter member of the Canadian Professional Soccer League ( later the Canadian Soccer League [ CSL ] ) . They established themselves as an elite club with a league record of six championships . The team has been among the most-successful clubs in Canadian soccer history , and one of the most-successful Croatian diaspora clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSL Cup , NSL Regular Season Champion , NSL Playoff Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_National_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The Canadian National Soccer League , known as the National Soccer League until 1993 , was a soccer league in Canada that existed from 1926 to 1997 . The league was also known as the National Soccer League of Ontario and Quebec . Adding 'Canadian ' in 1993 was a result of the folding of the original CSL , and the accepting of the Winnipeg Fury , making the league more national . It was then re-branded as the Canadian Professional Soccer League in 1998 , primarily as a result of the restructuring in conjunction with the OSA ; and subsequently as the second Canadian Soccer League in 2006 with aspirations for national expansion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_National_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The Canadian National Soccer League , known as the National Soccer League until 1993 , was a soccer league in Canada that existed from 1926 to 1997 . The league was also known as the National Soccer League of Ontario and Quebec . Adding 'Canadian ' in 1993 was a result of the folding of the original CSL , and the accepting of the Winnipeg Fury , making the league more national . It was then re-branded as the Canadian Professional Soccer League in 1998 , primarily as a result of the restructuring in conjunction with the OSA ; and subsequently as the second Canadian Soccer League in 2006 with aspirations for national expansion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_National_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The Canadian National Soccer League , known as the National Soccer League until 1993 , was a soccer league in Canada that existed from 1926 to 1997 . The league was also known as the National Soccer League of Ontario and Quebec . Adding 'Canadian ' in 1993 was a result of the folding of the original CSL , and the accepting of the Winnipeg Fury , making the league more national . It was then re-branded as the Canadian Professional Soccer League in 1998 , primarily as a result of the restructuring in conjunction with the OSA ; and subsequently as the second Canadian Soccer League in 2006 with aspirations for national expansion ."}]}, {'value': 'Levski Sofia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia', 'summary': "Levski Sofia ( Bulgarian : Левски София ) is a professional association football club based in Sofia , Bulgaria , ranked 1st in the All-time Bulgarian League table . The team competes in the First League , the top division of the Bulgarian football league system . The club was founded on May 24 , 1914 , as a football department of Sport Club Levski by a group of students and is named after Vasil Levski , a Bulgarian revolutionary renowned as the national hero of the country . Levski have participated in more seasons of the Bulgarian football championship than any other team and are the only Bulgarian team to have never been relegated . They have won 26 A Group titles , 25 Bulgarian Cups and 3 Super Cups , which include a record 13 Doubles and 4 Trebles . On an international basis , Levski have reached five European Cup Winners ' Cup and UEFA Cup quarterfinals , two Balkans Cup finals , and in 2006 , they became the first Bulgarian club to reach the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . The team 's regular kit colour is all-blue . Levski 's home ground is the Vivacom Arena - Georgi Asparuhov in Sofia , which has a capacity of 25,000 spectators . The club 's biggest rivals are CSKA Sofia , and matches between the two capital sides are commonly referred to as The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria . Levski is also a regular member of the European Club Association and the European Multisport Club Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , Bulgarian Cup , Cup of the Soviet Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgarian_A_Professional_Football_Group', 'summary': "The First Professional Football League ( Bulgarian : Първа професионална футболна лига ) , also known as the Bulgarian First League or Parva liga , currently known as the efbet League for sponsorship reasons , is a professional association football league , located at the top of the Bulgarian football league system . Contested by 14 teams , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Vtora liga . The Bulgarian football championship was inaugurated in 1924 as the Bulgarian State Football Championship and has been played in a league format since 1948 , when the A Group was established . The champions of the First League have the right to participate in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League based on the league 's European coefficient . Additionally , two UEFA Europa League spots are allocated to the second team in the final standings and the winner of the European playoffs . A further fourth spot may also be granted to the fourth placed team in the final league ranking , given that the Bulgarian Cup holder has finished among the top three teams at the end of the season . A total of 67 clubs have competed in the Bulgarian top-tier since its establishment . In the last decade , many teams such as the current champions Ludogorets were introduced for the first time in the league . In 2016-17 , Vereya Stara Zagora became the 67th club to participate in the competition . Since 1948 , eleven different teams have been crowned champions of Bulgaria . The three most successful clubs are CSKA Sofia with 31 titles , Levski Sofia with 26 titles and Ludogorets Razgrad with 8 titles respectively . The current champions Ludogorets Razgrad won their eight consecutive title in their eight First League season in 2018-19 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulgarian_Cup', 'summary': "The Bulgarian Cup ( Bulgarian : Купа на България , romanized : Kupa na Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian annual football competition . It is the country 's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it . The tournament 's format is single-elimination , with all matches being one-legged , except the semi-finals . The competition 's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League . If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it . The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based teams . The Sofia teams have won together a total number of 61 titles . The three most successful teams are Levski Sofia ( 25 cups ) , CSKA Sofia ( 20 cups ) and Slavia Sofia ( 8 cups ) . The most recent winner of the Bulgarian Cup is Lokomotiv Plovdiv , who beat Botev Plovdiv 1-0 in the 2019 Bulgarian Cup Final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulgarian_Cup', 'summary': "The Bulgarian Cup ( Bulgarian : Купа на България , romanized : Kupa na Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian annual football competition . It is the country 's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it . The tournament 's format is single-elimination , with all matches being one-legged , except the semi-finals . The competition 's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League . If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it . The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based teams . The Sofia teams have won together a total number of 61 titles . The three most successful teams are Levski Sofia ( 25 cups ) , CSKA Sofia ( 20 cups ) and Slavia Sofia ( 8 cups ) . The most recent winner of the Bulgarian Cup is Lokomotiv Plovdiv , who beat Botev Plovdiv 1-0 in the 2019 Bulgarian Cup Final ."}]}, {'value': 'CSKA Sofia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Sofia', 'summary': "CSKA ( Bulgarian : ЦСКА ) is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Sofia and currently competing in the country 's premier football competition , the First League . CSKA is an abbreviation for Central Sports Club of the Army ( Bulgarian : Централен Спортен Клуб на Армията ) . Officially established on 5 May 1948 , CSKA 's roots date back to an army officers ' club founded in 1923 . The club has won a record 31 Bulgarian titles and 20 Bulgarian Cups . Internationally , CSKA are the only Bulgarian club to have reached the semi-finals of the European Cup , which they have done twice , and they have also reached the semi-final of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup once . CSKA 's home colors are red and white and its home ground is the Bulgarian Army Stadium . The club 's biggest rivals are Levski Sofia and matches between the two sides are known as The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , Bulgarian Cup , Cup of the Soviet Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgarian_A_Professional_Football_Group', 'summary': "The First Professional Football League ( Bulgarian : Първа професионална футболна лига ) , also known as the Bulgarian First League or Parva liga , currently known as the efbet League for sponsorship reasons , is a professional association football league , located at the top of the Bulgarian football league system . Contested by 14 teams , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Vtora liga . The Bulgarian football championship was inaugurated in 1924 as the Bulgarian State Football Championship and has been played in a league format since 1948 , when the A Group was established . The champions of the First League have the right to participate in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League based on the league 's European coefficient . Additionally , two UEFA Europa League spots are allocated to the second team in the final standings and the winner of the European playoffs . A further fourth spot may also be granted to the fourth placed team in the final league ranking , given that the Bulgarian Cup holder has finished among the top three teams at the end of the season . A total of 67 clubs have competed in the Bulgarian top-tier since its establishment . In the last decade , many teams such as the current champions Ludogorets were introduced for the first time in the league . In 2016-17 , Vereya Stara Zagora became the 67th club to participate in the competition . Since 1948 , eleven different teams have been crowned champions of Bulgaria . The three most successful clubs are CSKA Sofia with 31 titles , Levski Sofia with 26 titles and Ludogorets Razgrad with 8 titles respectively . The current champions Ludogorets Razgrad won their eight consecutive title in their eight First League season in 2018-19 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulgarian_Cup', 'summary': "The Bulgarian Cup ( Bulgarian : Купа на България , romanized : Kupa na Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian annual football competition . It is the country 's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it . The tournament 's format is single-elimination , with all matches being one-legged , except the semi-finals . The competition 's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League . If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it . The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based teams . The Sofia teams have won together a total number of 61 titles . The three most successful teams are Levski Sofia ( 25 cups ) , CSKA Sofia ( 20 cups ) and Slavia Sofia ( 8 cups ) . The most recent winner of the Bulgarian Cup is Lokomotiv Plovdiv , who beat Botev Plovdiv 1-0 in the 2019 Bulgarian Cup Final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulgarian_Cup', 'summary': "The Bulgarian Cup ( Bulgarian : Купа на България , romanized : Kupa na Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian annual football competition . It is the country 's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it . The tournament 's format is single-elimination , with all matches being one-legged , except the semi-finals . The competition 's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League . If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it . The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based teams . The Sofia teams have won together a total number of 61 titles . The three most successful teams are Levski Sofia ( 25 cups ) , CSKA Sofia ( 20 cups ) and Slavia Sofia ( 8 cups ) . The most recent winner of the Bulgarian Cup is Lokomotiv Plovdiv , who beat Botev Plovdiv 1-0 in the 2019 Bulgarian Cup Final ."}]}, {'value': 'Derry City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derry_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Derry City Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Chathair Dhoire ) is a professional football club based in Derry , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . It plays in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of league football in the Republic of Ireland , and is the League of Ireland 's only participant from Northern Ireland . The club 's home ground is the Brandywell Stadium and the players wear red and white striped shirts from which its nickname , the Candystripes , derives . The club is also known as the Red and White Army , Derry or City . The club , founded in 1928 , initially played in the Irish League , the domestic league in Northern Ireland , and won a title in 1964-65 . In 1971 , security concerns related to the Troubles meant matches could not be played at the Brandywell . The team played home fixtures 30 miles ( 48 km ) away in Coleraine . The security forces withdrew their objections to the use of the Brandywell the following year , but in the face of insistence from the Irish League that the unsustainable arrangement continue , the club withdrew from the league . After 13 years in junior football , it joined the League of Ireland 's new First Division for 1985-86 . Derry won the First Division title and achieved promotion to the Premier Division in 1987 , and remained there until an administrative relegation in 2009 . The club won a domestic treble in 1988-89 , the only League of Ireland club so far to do so . After spending the majority of its time in the League of Ireland in the Premier Division , the club was expelled in November 2009 when it was discovered there were secondary , unofficial contracts with players ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'League of Ireland , FAI Cup , League of Ireland Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/League_of_Ireland', 'summary': "The League of Ireland ( Irish : Sraith na hÉireann ) , together with the Football Association of Ireland , is one of the two main governing bodies responsible for organising association football in the Republic of Ireland . The term was originally used to refer to a single division league . However today the League of Ireland features five divisions - the Premier Division , the First Division , an U19 Division , an U17 Division , an U15 Division and starting March 2019 an U13 Division . The League of Ireland has always worked closely with the FAI and in 2006 the two bodies formally merged . All the divisions are currently sponsored by Airtricity and as a result the league is also known as the SSE Airtricity League . In 2007 , it became one of the first leagues in Europe to introduce a salary cap . The league 's most successful club is Shamrock Rovers who have won 17 titles . Together with Dundalk , Bohemians and Shelbourne they are one of four clubs in the league to feature a golden star above their badge in recognition of winning ten titles . Bohemians are the only club in the league to have played every season in the top division ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FAI_Cup', 'summary': 'The Football Association of Ireland Senior Challenge Cup ( FAI Cup ) , known as the Extra.ie FAI Cup for sponsorship reasons , is a knock-out association football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland ( as well as Derry City from Northern Ireland ) . Organised by the FAI ( Football Association of Ireland ) , the competition is currently sponsored by Extra.ie . It was known as the Free State Cup from 1923 to 1936 . Shamrock Rovers hold the record of most wins with 25 . As of November 2019 , the current holders are Shamrock Rovers'}, {'url': '/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Cup', 'summary': 'The League of Ireland Cup ( Irish : Corn Sraithe na hÉireann ) is a football competition open to all League of Ireland clubs . Some invited clubs from the lower levels of the Republic of Ireland football league system participate and occasionally these sides have included junior league representative selections . The format has changed from year to year . For the most part it has been used as a precursor to the league season , with 6 groups of 4 teams ( geographically based ) , with the winners and two best runners up going on to the last eight ( which started the knockout phase ) . The knockout stage would be played midweek through the season . In the late 1990s the cup went into a straight knockout format and recently has reverted to again starting with a group phase , this time with 8 groups of 3 with only the winners progressing . In 2006 , the competition was once again contested on a straight knock-out basis , with a regionalised seeding system determining pairings and byes in the early rounds . The winners of the cup receive a €25,000 prize . The League Cup Final has also changed format many times . They have been played on neutral grounds , with two-legged games and currently ( and historically most times ) a draw is made to see which finalist gets home advantage . The competition began in 1973 , replacing the earlier League of Ireland Shield . From 2009 , the League of Ireland Cup has been sponsored by Electronic Arts and branded for sponsorship reasons as the EA Sports Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'South China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_China_AA', 'summary': 'South China Athletic Association ( also known as South China , SCAA , Chinese : 南華體育會 ) is a football club which currently competes in the Hong Kong First Division , the second-level league in Hong Kong football league system . The club has won a record 41 First Division titles , a record 31 Senior Shields , a record 10 FA Cups and 3 League Cups . Nicknamed Shaolin Temple and Caroliners , South China has produced many great Hong Kong footballers over the years . In November 2007 , the club entered into a charity partnership with Hong Kong Red Cross . The partnership is a pioneer between a sports association and a humanitarian organisation in Hong Kong . The club plays most of its home matches at Happy Valley Recreation Ground .'}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield , Hong Kong FA Cup , Viceroy Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong_First_Division_League', 'summary': 'The Hong Kong First Division League ( Chinese : 香港甲組聯賽 ) is the second-highest division in the Hong Kong football league system . Established in 1908 , it is the oldest in Asia . The league was formerly the highest division in Hong Kong until the formation of the Hong Kong Premier League in 2014 . Since 1908 , a total of 29 clubs have been crowned champions of the Hong Kong football system . South China are the most successful club , having won 41 times since their first participation in 1941 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong_Senior_Challenge_Shield', 'summary': 'The Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield ( Chinese : 香港高級組銀牌 ) , known commonly as the Senior Shield , is the oldest football knockout inter-club competition in Asia . Traditionally , only the teams in the Hong Kong Premier League are entered into the competition . However , on occasion teams in lower divisions , usually the champions of the Junior Shield , are invited in order to increase the number of participating teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup', 'summary': 'Hong Kong FA Cup ( Chinese : 香港足總盃 ) is a knockout cup competition in Hong Kong football , run by and named after The Hong Kong Football Association . The first edition of the competition was held in 1975 , before then the cup was known as the Golden Jubilee Cup . The current season is the 33rd edition of the event . 11 different teams have won the cup with 10-time champions South China being the most successful . In the first three years , the semi-finals and the finals were two-legged event . If the aggregate result was drawn , there would be extra time after the second leg . Drawn ties after extra time would be settled by a replay . However , this practice was abandoned in 1977 . Since 1978 , all matches have become one-legged , draws are settled by extra time and penalty shootouts . Moreover , teams from the Second Division and Third Division were allowed to enter the competition before . However , due to the huge difference in playing level between the First Division and the inferior levels below it , the cup has been limited to top-flight teams since 1981 . The current HKFA Cup holders are Kitchee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Viceroy_Cup', 'summary': 'Hong Kong Viceroy Cup ( Chinese : 總督盃 ) was a football competition in Hong Kong held by British American Tobacco . Started in 1969 , it was the first football competition in Hong Kong which allowed commercial sponsorship . Together with First Division League , FA Cup and Senior Shield , they were considered as Big Four competitions in Hong Kong football circle . Since July 1999 , the Hong Kong government has forbidden the sponsorship of sports events by tobacco firms , although the Chinese name of it suggests Governor , which was the leader of British Hong Kong colony before Hong Kong Handover in 1997 . The 29th and the last competition was held in 1998 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Domestic trebles', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Treble_(association_football)_1', 'intro': "A treble in association football is achieved when a club team wins three trophies in a single season. A continental treble involves winning the club's national league competition, main national cup competition, and a continental trophy. A domestic treble involves winning three national competitions - normally the league title, the primary cup competition, and one secondary competition."} | null | null | In which year was this league formed that was won by the club with the most Premier League titles in Scotland ? | 2002 |
070a2690c7833369 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Inyo_County', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Inyo County', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bend City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bend_City,_California', 'summary': 'Bend City is a former settlement in Inyo County , California . It was located on the Owens River near the modern-day town of Kearsarge . Founded in the 1863 , Bend City was originally a mining camp . Bend City was the site of the first county bridge spanning the Owens River . The 1872 Lone Pine earthquake changed the course of the river away from the townsite , which had already declined . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 209 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mazourka Canyon Rd . 36°49′09″N 118°07′50″W / 36.819167°N 118.130556°W / 36.819167 ; -118.130556 ( Bend City )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '444', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bennett-Arcane Long Camp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°09′48″N 116°51′48″W / 36.163404°N 116.863351°W / 36.163404 ; -116.863351 ( Bennett-Arcane Long Camp )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '811', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop Creek Battleground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Bishop_Creek', 'summary': "Battle of Bishop Creek was one of the early engagements of the Owens Valley Indian War fought on April 6 , 1862 along Bishop Creek , in what is now Inyo County , California . In 1861 , cattle were being driven over the Sierra Nevada Mountains to feed the mining boom town of Aurora . Some cattlemen had begun ranching nearby in the Owens Valley . The consequences of the disastrous winter caused by the Great Flood of 1862 and the encroachment of the cattle on the food supply of the Owens Valley Paiute led to the threat of starvation for them . They were forced to take cattle to feed themselves . This led to a conflict with these ranchers in several incidents . Despite a meeting and an attempt at peace between the two sides , that peace broke down in further incidents and broke into open warfare , that became known as the Owens Valley Indian War . Threatened settlers concentrated their herds 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Owens Lake at the meadows on Oak Creek . They then sent messages for help to Aurora , then the county seat of nearby Mono County , and to Visalia , county seat of their own Tulare County , over the Sierra 's mountains , for help . William Mayfield led a band of Tulare County militiamen to the aid of the settlers there . John J. Kellogg , a former Army captain led 18 men from Aurora to aid the settlers . Following the arrival of these militia forces , they were combined with the local settlers under Colonel William Mayfield , as senior officer ."}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 168 and Bishop Creek Rd . 37°20′29″N 118°28′52″W / 37.341517°N 118.4812°W / 37.341517 ; -118.4812 ( Bishop Creek Battleground )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '441', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burned Wagons Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burnt_Wagons,_California', 'summary': "Burnt Wagons is a former settlement in Inyo County , California . It was located in Death Valley 7 miles ( 11 km ) northwest of Death Valley Junction . The name recalls the emigrants of 1849 who abandoned and burnt their wagons at the site . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 441 . The monument 's plaque reads :"}]}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°36′24″N 117°08′46″W / 36.606753°N 117.146181°W / 36.606753 ; -117.146181 ( Burned Wagons Point )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': '349', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Independence_(California)', 'summary': 'Fort Independence , originally named Camp Independence , was a fort located in the Owens Valley , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north of present-day Independence , Inyo County , eastern California . The U.S. Army post was active from 1862 to 1877 .'}]}, {'value': 'Miller Ln . & Salvabell Ln . 36°49′59″N 118°13′21″W / 36.833183°N 118.222567°W / 36.833183 ; -118.222567 ( Camp Independence )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': '537', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottonwood Charcoal Kilns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owens_Lake', 'summary': 'Owens Lake is a mostly dry lake in the Owens Valley on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo County , California . It is about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) south of Lone Pine , California . Unlike most dry lakes in the Basin and Range Province that have been dry for thousands of years , Owens held significant water until 1913 , when much of the Owens River was diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct , causing Owens Lake to desiccate by 1926 . Today , some of the flow of the river has been restored , and the lake now contains some water . Nevertheless , as of 2013 , it is the largest single source of dust pollution in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 395 36°24′55″N 118°00′43″W / 36.4152°N 118.012033°W / 36.4152 ; -118.012033 ( Cottonwood Charcoal Kilns )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cartago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartago,_California', 'summary': 'Cartago ( formerly Carthage , Daniersburg , and Lakeville ) is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California , United States . Cartago is located on the west side of Owens Lake 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north-northwest of Olancha , at an elevation of 3629 feet ( 1106 m ) . The population was 92 at the 2010 census , down from 109 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '442', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Valley 49ers Gateway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California Route 190 , near Badwater Rd . 36°26′55″N 116°51′10″W / 36.448583°N 116.8527°W / 36.448583 ; -116.8527 ( Death Valley 49ers Gateway )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California', 'summary': 'Furnace Creek is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California . The population was 24 at the 2010 census , down from 31 at the 2000 census . The elevation of the village is 190 feet ( 58 m ) below sea level . Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature on Earth at 134 °F ( 56.7 °C ) on July 10 , 1913 , as well as the highest recorded natural ground surface temperature on Earth at 201 °F ( 93.9 °C ) on July 15 , 1972 . The visitor center , museum , and headquarters of the Death Valley National Park are located at Furnace Creek .'}]}, {'value': '848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eichbaum Toll Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°36′20″N 117°08′51″W / 36.605501°N 117.147497°W / 36.605501 ; -117.147497 ( Eichbaum Toll Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': '796', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Farley 's Olancha Mill Site", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olancha,_California', 'summary': 'Olancha ( formerly , Olanche ) is a census designated place in Inyo County of the U.S. state of California . Olancha is located on U.S. Route 395 in California , 37 miles ( 60 km ) south-southeast of Independence , at an elevation of 3658 feet ( 1115 m ) . As of the 2010 census , the population was 192 , up from 134 at the 2000 census . Located in the Owens Valley next to the now mostly dry Owens Lake , the arid settlement is home to a major bottled water plant for Crystal Geyser Natural Alpine Spring Water .'}]}, {'value': "State Hwy 395 36°16′30″N 118°00′10″W / 36.274944°N 118.002900°W / 36.274944 ; -118.002900 ( Farley 's Olancha Mill Site )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olancha,_California', 'summary': 'Olancha ( formerly , Olanche ) is a census designated place in Inyo County of the U.S. state of California . Olancha is located on U.S. Route 395 in California , 37 miles ( 60 km ) south-southeast of Independence , at an elevation of 3658 feet ( 1115 m ) . As of the 2010 census , the population was 192 , up from 134 at the 2000 census . Located in the Owens Valley next to the now mostly dry Owens Lake , the arid settlement is home to a major bottled water plant for Crystal Geyser Natural Alpine Spring Water .'}]}, {'value': '752', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace of Owens Lake Silver-Lead Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Hwy 136 36°31′49″N 117°54′49″W / 36.53014°N 117.913556°W / 36.53014 ; -117.913556 ( Furnace of Owens Lake Silver-Lead Company )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keeler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keeler,_California', 'summary': 'Keeler , formerly known as Hawley is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California , United States . Keeler is located on the east shore of Owens Lake 11.5 miles ( 19 km ) south-southeast of New York Butte , at an elevation of 3602 feet ( 1098 m ) . The population was 66 people at the 2010 census , unchanged from the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '507', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grave of 1872 Earthquake Victims', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Lone_Pine_earthquake', 'summary': 'The 1872 Owens Valley earthquake - also known as the Lone Pine earthquake - struck on March 26 at 02:30 local time in the Owens Valley ( California , along the east side of the Sierra Nevada ) , with the epicenter near the town of Lone Pine . Its magnitude has been estimated at Mw 7.4 to 7.9 , with a maximum Mercalli Intensity of X ( Extreme ) . It was one of the largest earthquakes to hit California in recorded history and was similar in size to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Twenty-seven people were killed and fifty-six were injured .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 395 36°37′06″N 118°04′07″W / 36.61835°N 118.068517°W / 36.61835 ; -118.068517 ( Grave of 1872 Earthquake Victims )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lone Pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California', 'summary': 'Lone Pine is a census designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California , United States . Lone Pine is located 16 miles ( 26 km ) south-southeast of Independence , at an elevation of 3,727 feet ( 1,136 m ) . The population was 2,035 at the 2010 census , up from 1,655 at the 2000 census . The town is located in the Owens Valley , near the Alabama Hills and Mount Whitney , between the eastern peaks of the Sierra Nevada to the west and the Inyo Mountains to the east . From possible choices of urban , rural , and frontier , the Census Bureau identifies this area as frontier . The local hospital , Southern Inyo Hospital , offers standby emergency services . The town is named after a solitary pine tree that once existed at the mouth of Lone Pine Canyon . On March 26 , 1872 , the very large Lone Pine earthquake destroyed most of the town and killed 27 of its 250 to 300 residents .'}]}, {'value': '953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laws Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laws,_California', 'summary': 'Laws ( formerly , Station and Bishop Depot ) is an unincorporated community in Inyo County , California . Laws is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) northeast of Bishop on U.S. Route 6 , towards the Nevada state line . Laws has been noted for its unusual place name .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver Canyon Rd . 37°24′04″N 118°20′46″W / 37.401°N 118.346°W / 37.401 ; -118.346 ( Laws Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manzanar Relocation Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manzanar', 'summary': "Manzanar is best known as the site of one of ten American concentration camps , where more than 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II from December 1942 to 1945 . Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California 's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north , it is approximately 230 miles ( 370 km ) north of Los Angeles . Manzanar ( which means apple orchard in Spanish ) was identified by the United States National Park Service as the best-preserved of the former camp sites , and is now the Manzanar National Historic Site , which preserves and interprets the legacy of Japanese American incarceration in the United States . Long before the first of the Japanese American detainees arrived in March 1942 , Manzanar was home to Native Americans , who lived mostly in villages near several creeks in the area . Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910 , but it had been abandoned by 1929 , after the City of Los Angeles purchased the water rights to virtually the entire area . As different as these groups were , their histories displayed a common thread of forced relocation . Since the last of those incarcerated left in 1945 , former detainees and others have worked to protect Manzanar and to establish it as a National Historic Site to ensure that the history of the site , along with the stories of those who were incarcerated there , is recorded for current and future generations . The primary focus is the Japanese American incarceration era , as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site . The site also interprets the former town of Manzanar , the ranch days , the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute , and the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 395 36°43′34″N 118°08′41″W / 36.7262°N 118.144783°W / 36.7262 ; -118.144783 ( Manzanar Relocation Center )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '229', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mary Austin 's Home", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Hunter_Austin', 'summary': 'Mary Hunter Austin ( September 9 , 1868 - August 13 , 1934 ) was an American writer . One of the early nature writers of the American Southwest , her classic The Land of Little Rain ( 1903 ) describes the fauna , flora and people - as well as evoking the mysticism and spirituality - of the region between the High Sierra and the Mojave Desert of southern California .'}]}, {'value': "253 Market St. 36°48′06″N 118°12′07″W / 36.8017°N 118.2019°W / 36.8017 ; -118.2019 ( Mary Austin 's Home )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '211', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayfield Canyon Battlefield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayfield Canyon 37°26′49″N 118°38′14″W / 37.446876°N 118.637344°W / 37.446876 ; -118.637344 ( Mayfield Canyon Battlefield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayfield_Canyon', 'summary': 'Mayfield Canyon , a canyon northwest of the town of Bishop in Inyo County , California . It was the site of the Battle of Mayfield Canyon in the Owens Valley Indian War . During the battle Colonel William Mayfield , leader of the Owens Valley settler militia was killed . His name was given to the canyon .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '773', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Harmony Borax Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmony_Borax_Works', 'summary': 'The Harmony Borax Works is located in Death Valley at Furnace Creek Springs , then called Greenland . It is now located within Death Valley National Park in Inyo County , California . It is on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°28′48″N 116°52′24″W / 36.48°N 116.873472°W / 36.48 ; -116.873472 ( Old Harmony Borax Works )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Furnace Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California', 'summary': 'Furnace Creek is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California . The population was 24 at the 2010 census , down from 31 at the 2000 census . The elevation of the village is 190 feet ( 58 m ) below sea level . Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature on Earth at 134 °F ( 56.7 °C ) on July 10 , 1913 , as well as the highest recorded natural ground surface temperature on Earth at 201 °F ( 93.9 °C ) on July 15 , 1972 . The visitor center , museum , and headquarters of the Death Valley National Park are located at Furnace Creek .'}]}, {'value': '726', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°39′33″N 117°04′44″W / 36.659167°N 117.078889°W / 36.659167 ; -117.078889 ( Old Stovepipe Wells )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': '230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owensville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owensville,_California', 'summary': 'Owensville ( also , Glen Mary ) is a former settlement in Inyo County , California . It was located west of the future site of the modern-day town of Laws . Owensville was started as a mining camp in 1863 . By 1871 it had been abandoned . A post office operated at Owensville from 1866 to 1870 , when it was transferred to Bishop ( then called Bishop Creek ) . From 1868 to 1869 , the town was called Glen Mary . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 230 as the First Permanent White Habitation in Owens Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 6 & Silver Canyon Rd . 37°23′59″N 118°21′09″W / 37.399600°N 118.352600°W / 37.399600 ; -118.352600 ( Owensville )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '223', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Putnam 's Stone Cabin", 'urls': []}, {'value': "139 Edwards St. 36°48′11″N 118°12′00″W / 36.802933°N 118.200033°W / 36.802933 ; -118.200033 ( Putnam 's Stone Cabin )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '208', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francis Ranch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francis_Ranch', 'summary': "San Francis Ranch was the ranch of Owens Valley pioneer Samuel A. Bishop and his wife , located on a creek later named for him ( Bishop Creek ) southwest of modern Bishop , California also named after him . Bishop founded the ranch here in August 1861 , after he and his wife drove 500 cattle and 50 horses from Fort Tejon to this spot in the Owens Valley , intending to sell cattle to the miners in the boomtown of Aurora and other mining camps in the area . On January 31 , 1862 , Bishop 's ranch was also the site were a meeting was held between the settlers in Owens Valley and leaders of the bands of Owens Valley Indians to prevent war over the trouble between them that had resulted from the killing of an Indian and a settler . A peace agreement was made between them there . However the peace broke down over the next months when a holdout leader of the Southern Mono Paiutes , Joaquin Jim continued hostilities and the conflict escalated into the Owens Valley Indian War . The site of the former San Francis Ranch is in West Bishop in Inyo County and is marked by California Historical Landmark No . 208 . The marker is on West Line Street ( California Route 168 ) west of Mumy Lane , on the right when traveling west ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Hill Rd . & State Hwy 168 37°21′41″N 118°27′12″W / 37.361317°N 118.4532°W / 37.361317 ; -118.4532 ( San Francis Ranch )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Inyo County , California . Click the `` Map of all coordinates '' link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below .", 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Inyo_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Inyo County, California. Click the Map of all coordinates link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.'} | null | null | Which lake has been dry for thousands of years and part of the county with an elevation of 3629 feet ? | Cottonwood Charcoal Kilns |
070a5966230cbdbf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2007_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe', 'title': 'Athletics at the 2007 Games of the Small States of Europe', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brice Etès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brice_Etès', 'summary': 'Brice Etès ( born 11 April 1984 in Monaco ) is a Monégasque athlete of French descent who is a middle-distance specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': '1:51.29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Víctor Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Víctor_Martínez_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Víctor Manuel Martínez ( born 1 June 1975 ) is an Andorran former middle-distance runner . He represented his country at three World Championships . In addition , he won multiple medals at the Games of the Small States of Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Andorra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andorra', 'summary': "Andorra ( /ænˈdɔːrə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /ænˈdɒrə/ ; Catalan : [ ənˈdorə ] ) , officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat d'Andorra ) , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat de les Valls d'Andorra ) , is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula , in the eastern Pyrenees , bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south . Believed to have been created by Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988 , when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell . The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278 . It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes : the Catholic bishop of Urgell in Catalonia , Spain , and the president of the French Republic . Andorra is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe , having an area of 468 square kilometres ( 181 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 77,006 . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent . Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and the 11th-smallest by population . Its capital , Andorra la Vella , is the highest capital city in Europe , at an elevation of 1,023 metres ( 3,356 feet ) above sea level . The official language is Catalan , but Spanish , Portuguese , and French are also commonly spoken . Tourism in Andorra sees an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually . Andorra is not a member of the European Union , but the euro is its official currency . It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '1:52.37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Karonei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '1:53.18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Debono', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '1:53.32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dimitris Filippou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '1:53.92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'François Kauffman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '1:54.04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neofytos Lemonaris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '1:54.30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sigurbjörn Arngrímsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': '1:55.97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Herrera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Herrera', 'summary': 'Mark Herrera ( born 20 March 1984 ) is a Maltese born athlete who competes on behalf of the Republic of Malta . He is the Maltese 3000 metre steeplechase record holder . Herrera attended the University of Malta from which he graduated in 2006 with a B.Sc . ( Hons ) Information Technology .'}]}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '1:57.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rémy Charpentier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': '1:57.78', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Men 's results -- 800 metres", 'section_text': 'June 5', 'uid': 'Athletics_at_the_2007_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe_5', 'intro': 'Athletics competition at the 2007 Games of the Small States of Europe was held from 4-9 June 2007 in Fontvieille, Monaco, at Stade Louis II.'} | null | null | Who is the player whose nationality is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe ? | Víctor Martínez |
070aa500848cedaa | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Andean_Volcano_Observatory', 'title': 'Southern Andean Volcano Observatory', 'header': ['Name', 'Last eruption', 'Region', 'OVDAS webpage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Isluga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isluga', 'summary': "Isluga ( Spanish pronunciation : [ isˈluɣa ] ) is a stratovolcano located in Colchane , 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) west of the Chile-Bolivia border and at the west end of a group of volcanoes lined up in an east-west direction , which also includes the volcanoes Cabaray and Tata Sabaya . Isluga has an elongated summit area and lies within the borders of Volcán Isluga National Park in Chile 's Tarapacá Region ."}]}, {'value': '96000±6000 years BP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Before_Present', 'summary': 'Before Present ( BP ) years is a time scale used mainly in archaeology , geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred in the past . Because the present time changes , standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date ( epoch ) of the age scale , [ a ] reflecting the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s . The abbreviation BP has been interpreted retrospectively as Before Physics ; that refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere , making dating after that time likely to be unreliable . In a convention that is not always observed , many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating ; the alternative notation RCYBP is explicitly Radio Carbon Years Before Present .'}]}, {'value': 'Tarapacá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarapaca_Region', 'summary': "The Tarapacá Region ( Spanish : Región de Tarapacá , pronounced [ taɾapaˈka ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It borders the Chilean Arica and Parinacota Region to the north , Bolivia 's Oruro Department on the east , the Antofagasta Region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west . The port city of Iquique ( 2002 pop . 216,419 ) is the region 's capital . Much of the region was once the Tarapacá Province of Peru , which was annexed by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific . The region was important economically as a site of intense saltpeter mining , before synthetic nitrate manufacturing became possible . A number of abandoned mining towns can still be found in the region . The present day Tarapacá Region was created in 2007 by subdividing the former Tarapacá Region under Law No . 20,175 , which was signed by President Michelle Bachelet in Arica ."}]}, {'value': '[ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pedro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Pedro_(Chile_volcano)', 'summary': "San Pedro is a Holocene composite volcano in northern Chile and one of the tallest active volcanoes in the world . Part of the Chilean Andes ' volcanic segment , it is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes , one of the four tracts of the Andean Volcanic Belt . This region of volcanism includes the world 's two highest volcanoes Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco . San Pedro , like other Andean volcanoes , was formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate . It has a neighbouring volcano , San Pablo , and is itself formed by two separate edifices usually known as the Old Cone and the Young Cone . These edifices are formed by rocks ranging from basaltic andesite over andesite to dacite and are emplaced on a basement formed by Miocene volcanic rocks . The Old Cone was active over one hundred thousand years ago and was eventually truncated by a giant landslide that removed its northwestern side . Within the landslide scar lava flows and pyroclastic flows constructed the Young Cone as well as the lateral centre La Poruña . This volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene and a large Plinian eruption occurred at the beginning of the Holocene . Some eruptions reportedly occurred during historical time ; presently the volcano is fumarolically active ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antofagasta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antofagasta_Region', 'summary': "The Antofagasta Region ( Spanish : Región de Antofagasta , pronounced [ antofaˈɣasta ] ) is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . It comprises three provinces , Antofagasta , El Loa and Tocopilla . It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá and by Atacama to the south and is the second-largest region of Chile . To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina . The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta , another important city being Calama . The main economic activity is copper mining in the giant porphyry copper systems located inland . Climate is extremely arid albeit somewhat milder near the coast . Nearly all of the region is devoid of vegetation except close to the Loa River or at oasises such as San Pedro de Atacama . Much of the inland is covered by salt flats , tephra and lava flows . The coast exhibits prominent cliffs . The region was sparsely populated by indigenous Changos and Atacameños until massive Chilean immigration in conjunction with a saltpeter boom in the later 19th century . The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lascar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lascar_(volcano)', 'summary': 'Lascar is a stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes , a volcanic arc that spans the countries of Peru , Bolivia , Argentina and Chile . It is the most active volcano in the region , with records of eruptions going back to 1848 . It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters . The westernmost crater of the eastern cone is presently active . Volcanic activity is characterized by constant release of volcanic gas and occasional vulcanian eruptions . Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago , though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago . The first known activity occurred at the eastern cone and was characterized by lava flows , before shifting to the western cone where lava domes were emplaced . An eruption event known as Piedras Grandes was followed by the large Soncor eruption . A new western edifice was constructed on top of the Soncor vent , during the Holocene activity then shifted again to the eastern edifice and continues there to this day . The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate . A number of other volcanoes are found in the region , such as Aguas Calientes , Cordon de Puntas Negras and the giant La Pacana caldera . The volcano experienced at least three major eruptions throughout its history : One is the Soncor eruption about 26,450 ± 500 years ago , another in 7,250 BCE and the third in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antofagasta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antofagasta_Region', 'summary': "The Antofagasta Region ( Spanish : Región de Antofagasta , pronounced [ antofaˈɣasta ] ) is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . It comprises three provinces , Antofagasta , El Loa and Tocopilla . It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá and by Atacama to the south and is the second-largest region of Chile . To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina . The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta , another important city being Calama . The main economic activity is copper mining in the giant porphyry copper systems located inland . Climate is extremely arid albeit somewhat milder near the coast . Nearly all of the region is devoid of vegetation except close to the Loa River or at oasises such as San Pedro de Atacama . Much of the inland is covered by salt flats , tephra and lava flows . The coast exhibits prominent cliffs . The region was sparsely populated by indigenous Changos and Atacameños until massive Chilean immigration in conjunction with a saltpeter boom in the later 19th century . The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tupungatito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tupungatito', 'summary': 'Volcán Tupungatito is the northernmost historically active stratovolcano of the southern Andes . It lies on the border between Argentina and Chile , about 99 km ( 62 mi ) east of Santiago , Chile , and immediately southwest of the massive Cerro Tupungato stratovolcano . Its name is a diminutive homonym , and means Little Tupungato .'}]}, {'value': '1959-60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "Santiago Metropolitan Region ( Spanish : Región Metropolitana de Santiago ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It is the country 's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation 's capital , Santiago . Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region , including Chile 's main international airport , Arturo Merino Benítez . With an area of 15,403.2 km2 ( 5,947 sq mi ) and population over 7 million , it is Chile 's smallest by area , most populated and most densely populated region . It is also the country 's only region that does not have a Roman numeral identifier ."}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San José', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_José_(volcano)', 'summary': 'San José Volcano is the stratovolcano that gives its name to a massive volcanic group , at about 90 km ( 56 mi ) from Santiago de Chile at the end of the Cajón de Maipo on the Chile-Argentina border . It lies on the south end of an approximately 10 km ( 6 mi ) x 5 km ( 3 mi ) complex that includes the La Engorda , Espiritu Santo , Plantat and Marmolejo volcanoes , the latter of which is located on the Northern end of the group .'}]}, {'value': '1932-33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "Santiago Metropolitan Region ( Spanish : Región Metropolitana de Santiago ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It is the country 's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation 's capital , Santiago . Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region , including Chile 's main international airport , Arturo Merino Benítez . With an area of 15,403.2 km2 ( 5,947 sq mi ) and population over 7 million , it is Chile 's smallest by area , most populated and most densely populated region . It is also the country 's only region that does not have a Roman numeral identifier ."}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tinguiririca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinguiririca_Volcano', 'summary': "Tinguiririca Volcano is a massive and active stratovolcano located in Chile 's VI Region ( O'Higgins ) and near the Argentinian border . Constant fumarolic activity occurs within and on the NW wall of its summit crater and hot springs and fumaroles can also be seen on the western flanks , as illustrated by the image on the right . It was near this volcano that the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crashed in 1972 with its survivors lost for seventy-two days ."}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'Higgins", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'Higgins_Region", 'summary': "The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region ( Spanish : Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins pronounced [ liβeɾtaˈðoɾ xeneˈɾal βeɾˈnaɾðo oˈçiɣins ] ) , often shortened to O'Higgins Region , is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is subdivided into three provinces . It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme , one of Chile 's founding fathers . The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean , to the east by the Republic of Argentina , to the north by the Valparaíso and Santiago Metropolitan Regions , and to the south by the Maule Region . It extends approximately between the parallels of 33° 51 ' and 35° 01 ' south latitude , and between the meridian of 70° 02 ' west longitude and the Pacific Ocean . The capital and largest city of the region is Rancagua . The second major town is San Fernando ."}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Planchón-Peteroa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Planchón-Peteroa', 'summary': 'Planchón-Peteroa is a complex volcano extending in a north-south direction along the border between Argentina and Chile . It consists of volcanoes of various ages with several overlapping calderas . Those include Volcán Planchón , Volcán Peteroa and Volcán Azufre . A partial collapse of the complex about 11,500 years ago produced a major debris avalanche , which followed the course of the Teno River until reaching the Chile Central Valley . Peteroa has a crater lake . Lagunas de Teno lies at the foot of Planchón volcano . In this area also is the Vergara International Pass .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Descabezado G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Descabezado_Grande', 'summary': 'Descabezado Grande ( also Cerro Azul or Quizapu ) is a stratovolcano located in the Maule Region of central Chile . It is capped by a 1.4-kilometre-wide ( 0.9 mi ) ice-filled caldera and named for its flat-topped form , as descabezado means headless in Spanish . A smaller crater about 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) wide is found in the northeast part of the caldera , and it has active fumaroles . The volcano is composed of andesite and rhyodacite lava flows along with pyroclastic flow deposits . It has a basal diameter of about 10 by 12 kilometres ( 6 mi × 8 mi ) and a total volume of about 30 cubic kilometres ( 7.2 cu mi ) . Along with Cerro Azul , 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) to the south , it lies at the center of a 20-by-30-kilometre ( 12 mi × 20 mi ) volcanic field .'}]}, {'value': '1932-33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pedro de Tarara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Tarara', 'summary': 'San Pedro de Tatara ( aka San Pedro-Pellado ) is a volcano in Chile.36°00′S 71°50′W / 36.00°S 71.83°W / -36.00 ; -71.83 ( San Pedro de Tatara ) Coordinates : 36°00′S 71°50′W / 36.00°S 71.83°W / -36.00 ; -71.83 ( San Pedro de Tatara )'}]}, {'value': '96000±6000 years BP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevado de Longaví', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nevado_de_Longaví', 'summary': 'Nevado de Longaví is a volcano in the Andes of central Chile . The 3,242 m ( 10,636 ft ) high volcano lies in the Linares Province , which is part of the Maule Region . It features a summit crater and several parasitic vents . The volcano is constructed principally from lava flows . Two collapses of the edifice have carved collapse scars into the volcano , one on the eastern slope known as Lomas Limpias and another on the southwestern slope known as Los Bueye . The volcano features a glacier and the Achibueno and Blanco rivers originate on the mountain . The oldest volcanic activity occurred one million years ago . After a first phase characterized by the production of basaltic andesite , the bulk of the edifice was constructed by andesitic lava flows . The volcanic rock that makes up Nevado de Longaví features an unusual magma chemistry that resembles adakite ( having geochemical characteristics of magma thought to have formed by partial melting of altered basalt that is subducted below volcanic arcs ) . It may be the consequence of the magma being unusually water-rich , which may occur because the Mocha fracture zone subducts beneath the volcano . Nevado de Longaví was active during the Holocene . 6,835 ± 65 or 7,500 years before present an explosive eruption deposited pumice more than 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) away from the volcano .'}]}, {'value': 'Holoceno', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laguna del Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laguna_del_Maule_(volcano)', 'summary': "Laguna del Maule is a volcanic field in the Andes mountain range of Chile , close to , and partly overlapping , the Chile-Argentina frontier . The bulk of the volcanic field is in the Talca province of Chile 's Maule Region . It is a segment of the Southern Volcanic Zone , part of the Andean Volcanic Belt . Many of the volcanic centres in the Laguna del Maule volcanic field formed during postglacial times , after glaciers had retreated from the area . This activity has generated cones , lava domes , lava coulees and lava flows which surround Laguna del Maule lake . The field gets its name from the lake which is also the source of the Maule river . Some of the volcanic centres were active during and before the last glaciation ; at least three caldera formation events are associated with the system . About 130 volcanic vents belong to the field , whose activity began 1.5 million years ago and continued into the Holocene . Postglacial volcanic activity has included eruptions with simultaneous explosive and effusive components , and volcanic rocks in the field vary from basalt over andesite and dacite to rhyolite . The field was a source of obsidian with regional importance . Between 2004 and 2007 , ground inflation began in the volcanic field , indicating the intrusion of a sill beneath it . The rate of inflation is faster than those measured on other inflating volcanoes such as Uturunku in Bolivia and Yellowstone in the United States and has been accompanied by anomalies in soil gas emission and seismic activity ."}]}, {'value': '3000 years BP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevados de Chillán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nevados_de_Chillán', 'summary': 'Nevados de Chillán is a group of stratovolcanoes located in the Andes of the Bío Bío Region , Chile , and is one of the most active volcanoes in the region . It consists of three overlapping peaks , 3,212 m ( 10,538 ft ) Cerro Blanco ( Volcán Nevado ) at the northwest and 3,089 m ( 10,135 ft ) Volcán Viejo ( Volcán Chillán ) at the southeast , with Volcán Nuevo in the middle . Volcán Viejo was the main active vent during the 17th-19th centuries , and the new Volcán Nuevo lava dome complex formed between 1906 and 1945 , eventually growing to exceed Viejo in height by the mid 1980s . This complex contains two subcomplexes : Cerro Blanco and Las Termas . The subcomplex Cerro Blanco includes the volcanoes Santa Gertrudis , Gato , Cerro Blanco , Colcura , Calfú Pichicalfú and Baños . The subcomplex Las Termas includes the volcanoes Shangri-La , Nuevo , Arrau , Viejo , Chillán y Pata de Perro . In addition , near of the complex there are two pyroclastic satellite cones , the volcanoes Las Lagunillas and Parador .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biobío', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biobío_Region', 'summary': "The Biobío Region ( Spanish : Región del Biobío [ ˌbi.oˈβi.o ] ) , is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . With a population of 1.5 million people , it is divided into three provinces : Arauco , Biobío and Concepción . In the Bio Bio , Concepción is the capital and largest city . Other important cities include Coronel , Hualpén , Los Ángeles , and Talcahuano ."}]}, {'value': '[ 12 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antuco_(volcano)', 'summary': 'Antuco Volcano is a stratovolcano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja .'}]}, {'value': '1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': '[ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Copahue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copahue', 'summary': 'Copahue ( Spanish pronunciation : [ koˈpawe ] ) is a stratovolcano in the Andes on the border of Bío Bío Region , Chile and Neuquén Province , Argentina . There are nine volcanic craters along a 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) line , the easternmost of which is historically the most active , and contains a 300 m ( 1000 ft ) wide crater lake with a pH ranging between 0.18 and 0.30 . Eruptions from this crater lake have ejected pyroclastic rocks and chilled liquid sulfur fragments . Although the lake emptied during the 2000 eruption , it later returned to its previous levels . Copahue means sulphur waters in Mapuche . Copahue sits on a basement of sedimentary and volcanic rocks ranging in age from Eocene to Pliocene . The modern volcano sits in a volcanically active area , with a caldera from the Pliocene , measuring 20 km by 15 km , lying to the east of Copahue . The modern volcano became active roughly 1.2 million years ago ( Ma ) . The modern caldera formed 0.6 to 0.4 Ma , and produced large pyroclastic flows , extending up to 37 km from the volcano .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biobío', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biobío_Region', 'summary': "The Biobío Region ( Spanish : Región del Biobío [ ˌbi.oˈβi.o ] ) , is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . With a population of 1.5 million people , it is divided into three provinces : Arauco , Biobío and Concepción . In the Bio Bio , Concepción is the capital and largest city . Other important cities include Coronel , Hualpén , Los Ángeles , and Talcahuano ."}]}, {'value': '[ 14 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Callaqui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callaqui', 'summary': 'Callaqui is a stratovolcano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile . It is a large ice-capped , basaltic andesite volcano which is elongated in the northeast-southwest direction , due to its construction along an 11 km ( 7 mi ) long fissure . Numerous cinder cones and lava flows have erupted from vents along this linear fissure . Most of the activity at Callaqui has been fumarolic . Minor eruptions were reported 1751 , 1864 , and 1937 , and the latest eruption was a small phreatic eruption in 1980 . Together with Hekla in Iceland Callaqui is one of the few volcanoes with have a morphology between a crater row and stratovolcano ( built from mixed lava and tephra eruptions ) . The volcano is the centerpiece of Ralco National Reserve .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biobío', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biobío_Region', 'summary': "The Biobío Region ( Spanish : Región del Biobío [ ˌbi.oˈβi.o ] ) , is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . With a population of 1.5 million people , it is divided into three provinces : Arauco , Biobío and Concepción . In the Bio Bio , Concepción is the capital and largest city . Other important cities include Coronel , Hualpén , Los Ángeles , and Talcahuano ."}]}, {'value': '[ 15 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lonquimay and Tolhuaca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonquimay_(volcano)', 'summary': "Lonquimay Volcano is a stratovolcano of late-Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in the La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately SE of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow-capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello-Nalcas . The volcano 's last eruption began on December 25 , 1988 , earning it the nickname Navidad . The eruption lasted for 13 months before ending in 1990 . The Volcanic Explositivy Index was 3 , indicating tropospheric injections and catastrophic damage . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved mostly andesite lava , and had been preceded by increased seismicity for three weeks . The volume of the lava flow decreased as time went on and the vent dimensions decreased , though by the end of the eruption the andesite had still built up to a length of 10.2 km . There was only a single fatality for the duration of the eruption , but it caused the evacuation of over 2000 people and caused extensive damage to farming and livestock in the surrounding region . Research that models the internal architecture of the volcano indicate that Lonquimay has reached its maximum height and that any large eruption of lava will likely occur from flank vents and not from the summit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tolhuaca_(volcano)', 'summary': "Tolhuaca Volcano is a stratovolcano straddling the border between the regions of Bío Bío and Araucanía in southern Chile . The volcano has been shaped by glacial erosion , which contrasts with the relatively smooth slopes of its neighbor Lonquimay , due to the younger age of this latter volcano . The volcano dominates the landscape vistas of Tolhuaca National Park , but is not actually located within its borders . The volcano 's slopes are covered in forests . These forests are predominantly araucaria trees among others . There are also numerous small lakes known as lagunas among the scenery ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araucanía', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araucanía_Region', 'summary': "The Araucanía ( /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə [ citation needed ] ) , Araucanía Region ( Spanish : Región de La Araucanía pronounced [ aɾau̯kaˈni.a ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions , and comprises two provinces : Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south . Its capital and largest city is Temuco ; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica . Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s , when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means . This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement . In the 1900-1930 period , the population of Araucanía grew considerably , as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile . Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile , gaining the nickname of granary of Chile . The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974 , in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century , Araucanía is Chile 's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region 's population is ethnic Mapuche , the highest proportion of any Chilean region . The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government ."}]}, {'value': '[ 16 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Llaima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llaima', 'summary': 'The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araucanía', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araucanía_Region', 'summary': "The Araucanía ( /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə [ citation needed ] ) , Araucanía Region ( Spanish : Región de La Araucanía pronounced [ aɾau̯kaˈni.a ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions , and comprises two provinces : Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south . Its capital and largest city is Temuco ; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica . Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s , when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means . This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement . In the 1900-1930 period , the population of Araucanía grew considerably , as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile . Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile , gaining the nickname of granary of Chile . The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974 , in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century , Araucanía is Chile 's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region 's population is ethnic Mapuche , the highest proportion of any Chilean region . The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government ."}]}, {'value': '[ 17 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sollipulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sollipulli', 'summary': 'Sollipulli ( Spanish pronunciation : [ soʝiˈpuʝi ] ; lit . reddish mountain in the Mapuche language ) is an ice-filled volcanic caldera and volcanic complex , which lies southeast of the small town of Melipeuco in the La Araucanía Region , Chile . It is part of the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes , one of the four volcanic belts in the Andes chain . The volcano has evolved in close contact with glacial ice . It differs from many calderas in that Sollipulli appears to have collapsed in a non-explosive manner . The age of collapse is not yet known , but it is presently filled with ice to thicknesses of 650 m ( 2,130 ft ) . The ice drains through two glaciers in the west and the north of the caldera . Sollipulli has developed on a basement formed by Mesozoic and Cenozoic geological formations . Sollipulli was active in the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs . A large Plinian eruption occurred 2,960-2,780 years before present , forming the Alpehué crater and generating a high eruption column and ignimbrite deposits . The last activity occurred 710 ± 60 years before present and formed the Chufquén scoria cone on the northern flank . Sollipulli is among the 118 volcanoes which have been active in recent history .'}]}, {'value': '1240 A.D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araucanía', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araucanía_Region', 'summary': "The Araucanía ( /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə [ citation needed ] ) , Araucanía Region ( Spanish : Región de La Araucanía pronounced [ aɾau̯kaˈni.a ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions , and comprises two provinces : Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south . Its capital and largest city is Temuco ; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica . Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s , when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means . This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement . In the 1900-1930 period , the population of Araucanía grew considerably , as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile . Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile , gaining the nickname of granary of Chile . The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974 , in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century , Araucanía is Chile 's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region 's population is ethnic Mapuche , the highest proportion of any Chilean region . The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government ."}]}, {'value': '[ 18 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Villarrica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villarrica_(volcano)', 'summary': "Villarrica ( /ˌviːəˈriːkə/ VEE-ə-REE-kə ) ( Spanish : Volcán Villarrica , Mapudungun : Ruka Pillañ ) is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name , 750 km ( 470 mi ) south of Santiago . It is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning devil 's house . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend NW-SW obliquely perpendicular to the Andean chain along the Mocha-Villarrica Fault Zone , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Guided ascents are popular during summer months . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic-andesitic composition , is one of a small number worldwide known to have an active ( but in this case intermittent ) lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Rainfall plus melted snow and glacier ice can cause massive lahars ( mud and debris flows ) , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Villarrica is one of 9 volcanoes currently monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project . The project is collecting data on the carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emission rates from subaerial volcanoes ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araucanía , Los Ríos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araucanía_Region', 'summary': "The Araucanía ( /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə [ citation needed ] ) , Araucanía Region ( Spanish : Región de La Araucanía pronounced [ aɾau̯kaˈni.a ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions , and comprises two provinces : Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south . Its capital and largest city is Temuco ; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica . Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s , when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means . This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement . In the 1900-1930 period , the population of Araucanía grew considerably , as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile . Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile , gaining the nickname of granary of Chile . The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974 , in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century , Araucanía is Chile 's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region 's population is ethnic Mapuche , the highest proportion of any Chilean region . The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Ríos_Region', 'summary': "The Los Ríos Region ( Spanish : XIV Región de Los Ríos , pronounced [ loz ˈri.os ] , lit . Region of the Rivers ) is one of Chile 's 16 regions , the country 's first-order administrative divisions . Its capital is Valdivia . It began to operate as a region on October 2 , 2007 , having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile . It consists of two provinces : Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province , which was formerly part of Valdivia Province ."}]}, {'value': '[ 19 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quetrupillán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quetrupillán', 'summary': 'Quetrupillán ( blunted , mutilated ; also known as Ketropillán ) is a stratovolcano located in the La Araucanía Region of Chile . It is situated between Villarrica and Lanín volcanoes , within Villarrica National Park . Geologically , Quetrupillán is located in a tectonic basement block between the main traces of Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault ( to the west ) and Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault ( to the east ) . The volcano consists of one stratovolcano with a summit caldera , and is constructed within a field of smaller centres and a larger caldera . It was active during the late Pleistocene ; some large eruptions occurred during the Holocene as well .'}]}, {'value': '1650±70 BP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araucanía , Los Ríos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araucanía_Region', 'summary': "The Araucanía ( /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə [ citation needed ] ) , Araucanía Region ( Spanish : Región de La Araucanía pronounced [ aɾau̯kaˈni.a ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions , and comprises two provinces : Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south . Its capital and largest city is Temuco ; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica . Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s , when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means . This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement . In the 1900-1930 period , the population of Araucanía grew considerably , as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile . Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile , gaining the nickname of granary of Chile . The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974 , in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century , Araucanía is Chile 's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region 's population is ethnic Mapuche , the highest proportion of any Chilean region . The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Ríos_Region', 'summary': "The Los Ríos Region ( Spanish : XIV Región de Los Ríos , pronounced [ loz ˈri.os ] , lit . Region of the Rivers ) is one of Chile 's 16 regions , the country 's first-order administrative divisions . Its capital is Valdivia . It began to operate as a region on October 2 , 2007 , having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile . It consists of two provinces : Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province , which was formerly part of Valdivia Province ."}]}, {'value': '[ 20 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory ( Spanish : Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur ) , also known by its acronyms as OVDAS , is part of Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcánica , a program of the Chilean National Geology and Mining Service to watch the 43 most dangerous volcanoes of Chile . 2012 there were 30 volcanos under observation . [ 1 ] This is a list of the volcanoes with activity reports made by the OVDAS . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]', 'uid': 'Southern_Andean_Volcano_Observatory_0', 'intro': 'The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory (Spanish: Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur), also known by its acronyms as OVDAS, is part of Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcánica, a program of the Chilean National Geology and Mining Service to watch the 43 most dangerous volcanoes of Chile. 2012 there were 30 volcanos under observation. This is a list of the volcanoes with activity reports made by the OVDAS.'} | null | null | Which laguna 's shore is the volcano in Maule that last erupted in 1853 near ? | Laguna del Laja |
070b7ca20b2cdb76 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes', 'title': 'List of space telescopes', 'header': ['Name', 'Space Agency', 'Launch Date', 'Terminated', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Uhuru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)', 'summary': 'Uhuru was the first satellite launched specifically for the purpose of X-ray astronomy . It was also known as the X-ray Explorer Satellite , SAS-A ( for Small Astronomy Satellite A , being first of the three-spacecraft SAS series ) , SAS 1 , or Explorer 42 . The observatory was launched on December 12 , 1970 into an initial orbit of about 560 km apogee , 520 km perigee , 3 degrees inclination , with a period of 96 minutes . The mission ended in March 1973 . Uhuru was a scanning mission , with a spin period of ~12 minutes . It performed the first comprehensive survey of the entire sky for X-ray sources , with a sensitivity of about 0.001 times the intensity of the Crab nebula .'}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '12 Dec 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mar 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 531-572 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astronomical Netherlands Satellite ( ANS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astronomical_Netherlands_Satellite', 'summary': "The Astronomical Netherlands Satellite ( ANS ; also known as Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet ) was a space-based X-ray and ultraviolet telescope . It was launched into Earth orbit on 30 August 1974 at 14:07:39 UTC in a Scout rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base , United States . The mission ran for 20 months until June 1976 , and was jointly funded by the Netherlands Institute for Space Research ( NIVR ) and NASA . ANS was the first Dutch satellite , and the Main Belt asteroid 9996 ANS was named after it . The telescope had an initial orbit of with a periapsis of 266 kilometres ( 165 mi ) , an apoapsis of 1,176 kilometres ( 731 mi ) , with inclination 98.0° and eccentricity 0.064048 , giving it a period of 99.2 minutes . The orbit was sun-synchronous , and the attitude of the spacecraft could be controlled through reaction wheels . The momentum stored in the reaction wheels throughout the orbit was regularly dumped via magnetic coils that interacted with the Earth 's magnetic field . The satellite also had two masses that were released shortly after orbit injection , to remove most of the satellite 's angular momentum induced by the launcher . The attitude could be measured by a variety of techniques , including solar sensors , horizon sensors , star sensors and a magnetometer . ANS could measure X-ray photons in the energy range 2 to 30 keV , with a 60 cm2 detector , and was used to find the positions of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources . It also measured their spectra , and looked at their variations over time . It discovered X-ray bursts , and also detected X-rays from Capella ."}]}, {'value': 'SRON', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research', 'summary': 'SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research is the Dutch expertise institute for space research . The Institute develops and uses innovative technology for research in space , focusing on astrophysical research , Earth science and planetary research . SRON has a line of research into new and more sensitive sensors for X-rays and infrared radiation . SRON was founded in 1983 under the former names Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland / Space Research Organisation Netherlands . SRON is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research ( NWO ) and has facilities in Utrecht and in Groningen .'}]}, {'value': '30 Aug 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jun 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 266-1176 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ariel V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariel_V', 'summary': 'Ariel 5 was a joint British and American space telescope dedicated to observing the sky in the X-ray band . It was launched on 15 October 1974 from the San Marco platform in the Indian Ocean and operated until 1980 . It was the penultimate satellite to be launched as part of the Ariel programme . It was designed to fit a resource budget of 2 kg , 1 bit per second , and 1 W. The All-sky monitor ( ASM ) was two one-dimensional pinhole cameras scanned most of the sky every spacecraft revolution . The angular resolution was 10 × 10° , with an effective area of 3 cm2 ( 0.465 sq in ) , and a bandpass of 3-6 keV . The SSI had an angular resolution of 0.75 × 10.6° , with an effective area of 290 cm2 ( 45 sq in ) , and a bandpass of 2-20 keV .'}]}, {'value': 'SRC & NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council', 'summary': 'The Science and Engineering Research Council ( SERC ) and its predecessor the Science Research Council ( SRC ) were the UK agencies in charge of publicly funded scientific and engineering research activities , including astronomy , biotechnology and biological sciences , space research and particle physics , between 1965 and 1994 . The SERC also had oversight of'}, {'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '15 Oct 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 Mar 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 520 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aryabhata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)', 'summary': "Aryabhata was India 's first satellite , named after the famous Indian astronomer of the same name . It was launched on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar , a Russian rocket launch and development site in Astrakhan Oblast using a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle . It was built by the ISRO ."}]}, {'value': 'ISRO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation', 'summary': "The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO , /ˈɪsroʊ/ ) ( Hindi ; IAST : bhārtīya antrikṣ anusandhān saṅgṭhan ) is the space agency of the Government of India and has its headquarters in the city of Bengaluru . Its vision is to harness space technology for national development while pursuing space science research & planetary exploration . The Indian National Committee for Space Research ( INCOSPAR ) was established in the tenure of Jawaharlal Nehru under the Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE ) in 1962 , with the urging of scientist Vikram Sarabhai recognizing the need in space research . INCOSPAR grew and became ISRO in 1969 , also under the DAE . In 1972 , Government of India had setup a Space Commission and the Department of Space ( DOS ) , bringing ISRO under the DOS . The establishment of ISRO thus institutionalized space research activities in India . It is managed by the DOS , which reports to the prime minister of India . ISRO built India 's first satellite , Aryabhata , which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 . It was named after the mathematician Aryabhata . In 1980 , Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle , SLV-3 . ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets : the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ) for launching satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle ( GSLV ) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits . These rockets have launched numerous communications satellites and Earth observation satellites ."}]}, {'value': '19 Apr 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 Apr 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 563-619 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third Small Astronomy Satellite ( SAS-C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Small_Astronomy_Satellite', 'summary': "The Small Astronomy Satellite 3 ( SAS 3 , also known as SAS-C before launch ) was a NASA X-ray astronomy space telescope . It functioned from May 7 , 1975 to April 1979 . It covered the X-ray range with four experiments on board . The satellite , built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory ( APL ) , was proposed and operated by MIT 's Center for Space Research ( CSR ) . It was launched on a Scout vehicle from the Italian San Marco launch platform near Mombasa , Kenya , into a low-Earth , nearly equatorial orbit . It was also known as Explorer 53 , as part of NASA 's Explorer program . The spacecraft was 3-axis stabilized with a momentum wheel that was used to establish stability about the nominal rotation , or z-axis . The orientation of the z-axis could be altered over a period of hours using magnetic torque coils that interacted with the Earth 's magnetic field . Solar panels charged batteries during the daylight portion of each orbit , so that SAS 3 had essentially no expendables to limit its lifetime beyond the life of the tape recorders , batteries , and orbital drag . The spacecraft typically operated in a rotating mode , spinning at one revolution per 95-min orbit , so that the LEDs , tube and slat collimator experiments , which looked out along the y-axis , could view and scan the sky almost continuously . The rotation could also be stopped , allowing extended ( up to 30 min ) pointed observations of selected sources by the y-axis instruments . Data were recorded on board by magnetic tape recorders , and played back during station passes every orbit ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '7 May 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apr 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 509-516 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cos-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cos-B', 'summary': 'COS-B was the first European Space Research Organisation mission to study cosmic gamma ray sources . COS-B was first put forward by the European scientific community in the mid-1960s and approved by the ESRO council in 1969 . The mission consisted of a satellite containing gamma-ray detectors , which was launched by NASA on behalf of the ESRO on August 9 , 1975 . The mission was completed on April 25 , 1982 , after the satellite had been operational for more than 6.5 years , four years longer than planned and had increased the amount of data on gamma rays by a factor of 25 . Scientific results included the 2CG Catalogue listing around 25 gamma ray sources and a map of the Milky Way . The satellite also observed the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3 .'}]}, {'value': 'ESA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESA', 'summary': "The European Space Agency pronunciation ( help·info ) ( ESA ; French : Agence spatiale européenne pronunciation ( help·info ) , ASE ; German : Europäische Weltraumorganisation ) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space . Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris , ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €6.68 billion ( ~US $ 7.43 billion ) in 2020 . ESA 's space flight programme includes human spaceflight ( mainly through participation in the International Space Station program ) ; the launch and operation of uncrewed exploration missions to other planets and the Moon ; Earth observation , science and telecommunication ; designing launch vehicles ; and maintaining a major spaceport , the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou , French Guiana . The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle . The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion Spacecraft service module , that will fly on the Space Launch System . The agency 's facilities are distributed among the following centres :"}]}, {'value': '9 Aug 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 Apr 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 339.6-99,876 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cosmic Radiation Satellite ( CORSA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite', 'summary': "The Cosmic Radiation Satellite ( CORSA ) was a Japanese space telescope . It was supposed to be Japan 's first X-ray astronomy satellite but was lost due to failure of its Mu-3 launch vehicle . A replacement satellite Hakucho ( CORSA-b ) was later launched ."}]}, {'value': 'ISAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science', 'summary': "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( 宇宙科学研究所 , Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo ) ( ISAS ) is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets , astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan 's space development . Since 2003 , it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) ."}]}, {'value': '6 Feb 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 Feb 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Failed launch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st High Energy Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory', 'summary': "HEAO-1 was an X-ray telescope launched in 1977 . HEAO-1 surveyed the sky in the X-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum ( 0.2 keV - 10 MeV ) , providing nearly constant monitoring of X-ray sources near the ecliptic poles and more detailed studies of a number of objects by observations lasting 3-6 hours . It was the first of NASA 's three High Energy Astronomy Observatories , HEAO 1 , launched August 12 , 1977 aboard an Atlas rocket with a Centaur upper stage , operated until 9 January 1979 . During that time , it scanned the X-ray sky almost three times HEAO included four X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy instruments , known as A1 , A2 , A3 , and A4 , respectively ( before launch , HEAO 1 was known as HEAO A ) . The orbital inclination was about 22.7 degrees . HEAO 1 re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on 15 March 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '12 Aug 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 Jan 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 445 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Einstein Observatory ( HEAO 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Einstein_Observatory', 'summary': "Einstein Observatory ( HEAO-2 ) was the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space and the second of NASA 's three High Energy Astrophysical Observatories . Named HEAO B before launch , the observatory 's name was changed to honor Albert Einstein upon its successfully attaining orbit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HEAO_2', 'summary': "Einstein Observatory ( HEAO-2 ) was the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space and the second of NASA 's three High Energy Astrophysical Observatories . Named HEAO B before launch , the observatory 's name was changed to honor Albert Einstein upon its successfully attaining orbit ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '13 Nov 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 Apr 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 465-476 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hakucho ( CORSA-b )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakucho', 'summary': "Hakucho ( also known as CORSA-b before launch ) was Japan 's first X-ray astronomy satellite , developed by the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science ( then a division of the University of Tokyo ) . It was launched by the ISAS M-3C-4 rocket on February 21 , 1979 and reentered the atmosphere on April 16 , 1985 [ citation needed ] . It was a replacement for the CORSA satellite which failed to launch due to rocket failure on February 4 , 1976 [ citation needed ] ."}]}, {'value': 'ISAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science', 'summary': "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( 宇宙科学研究所 , Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo ) ( ISAS ) is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets , astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan 's space development . Since 2003 , it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) ."}]}, {'value': '21 Feb 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 Apr 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 421-433 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3rd_High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory', 'summary': "The last of NASA 's three High Energy Astronomy Observatories , HEAO 3 was launched 20 September 1979 on an Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle , into a nearly circular , 43.6 degree inclination low-Earth orbit with an initial perigeum of 486.4 km . The normal operating mode was a continuous celestial scan , spinning approximately once every 20 min about the spacecraft z-axis , which was nominally pointed at the Sun . Total mass of the observatory at launch was 2,660.0 kilograms ( 5,864.3 lb ) . HEAO 3 included three scientific instruments : the first a cryogenic high-resolution germanium gamma-ray spectrometer , and two devoted to cosmic-ray observations . The scientific objectives of the mission 's three experiments were :"}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '20 Sep 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 May 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 486.4-504.9 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tenma ( Astro-B )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tenma', 'summary': "Tenma , known as ASTRO-B before launch ( COSPAR 1983-011A , SATCAT 13829 ) , was Japan 's second X-ray astronomy satellite , developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science . It was launched on February 20 , 1983 using a M-3S-3 rocket as the vehicle . Battery failure in July 1984 caused the operation to become limited , and continuing problems lead to the termination of X-ray observation in 1985 . It reentered the atmosphere on January 19 , 1989 ( other sources say decay date was 17 December 1988 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'ISAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science', 'summary': "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( 宇宙科学研究所 , Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo ) ( ISAS ) is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets , astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan 's space development . Since 2003 , it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 Feb 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 Jan 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 489-503 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)', 'summary': "Astron was a Soviet spacecraft launched on 23 March 1983 at 12:45:06 UTC , using Proton launcher , which was designed to fulfill an astrophysics mission . It was based on the 4MV spacecraft design and was operational for six years as the largest ultraviolet space telescope during its lifetime . The project was headed by Alexandr Boyarchuk . The spacecraft was designed and constructed by the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and NPO Lavochkin . A group of scientists from these institutions was awarded the USSR State Prize for their work on Astron . Astron 's payload consisted of an 80 cm ultraviolet telescope which was designed jointly by the USSR and France , and an X-ray spectroscope on board . It could take UV spectra 150-350 nm . Placed into an orbit with an apogee of 185,000 kilometres ( 115,000 mi ) it could make observations outside the Earth 's umbra and radiation belt . Among the most important observations by Astron were those of the SN 1987A supernova on March 4-12 , 1987 and of Halley 's Comet in December , 1985 , that allowed a group of Soviet scientists to develop a model of the coma surrounding Halley 's Comet ."}]}, {'value': 'IKI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute', 'summary': 'The Russian Space Research Institute ( Russian : Институт космических исследований Российской академии наук , Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Russian abbreviation : ИКИ РАН , IKI RAN ) is the leading organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences on space exploration to benefit fundamental science . It was formerly known as the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Russian abbr . : ИКИ АН СССР , IKI AN SSSR ) . The Institute is located in Moscow with a staff of 289 scientists . It conducts scientific research in the fields of astrophysics , planetary science , solar physics , Sun-Earth relations , cosmic plasma , and geophysics . IKI also develops and tests space technologies in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Federal Space Agency .'}]}, {'value': '23 Mar 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jun 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 2,000-200,000 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXOSAT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EXOSAT', 'summary': 'The European X-ray Observatory Satellite ( EXOSAT ) , originally named HELOS , was an X-ray telescope operational from May 1983 until April 1986 and in that time made 1780 observations in the X-ray band of most classes of astronomical object including active galactic nuclei , stellar coronae , cataclysmic variables , white dwarfs , X-ray binaries , clusters of galaxies , and supernova remnants . This European Space Agency ( ESA ) satellite for direct-pointing and lunar-occultation observation of X-ray sources beyond the solar system was launched into a highly eccentric orbit ( apogee 200,000 km , perigee 500 km ) almost perpendicular to that of the moon on 26 May 1983 . The instrumentation includes two low-energy imaging telescopes ( LEIT ) with Wolter I X-ray optics ( for the 0.04-2 keV energy range ) , a medium-energy experiment using Ar/CO2 and Xe/CO2 detectors ( for 1.5-50 keV ) , a Xe/He gas scintillation spectrometer ( GSPC ) ( covering 2-80 keV ) , and a reprogrammable onboard data-processing computer . Exosat was capable of observing an object ( in the direct-pointing mode ) for up to 80 hours and of locating sources to within at least 10 arcsec with the LEIT and about 2 arcsec with GSPC .'}]}, {'value': 'ESA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESA', 'summary': "The European Space Agency pronunciation ( help·info ) ( ESA ; French : Agence spatiale européenne pronunciation ( help·info ) , ASE ; German : Europäische Weltraumorganisation ) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space . Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris , ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €6.68 billion ( ~US $ 7.43 billion ) in 2020 . ESA 's space flight programme includes human spaceflight ( mainly through participation in the International Space Station program ) ; the launch and operation of uncrewed exploration missions to other planets and the Moon ; Earth observation , science and telecommunication ; designing launch vehicles ; and maintaining a major spaceport , the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou , French Guiana . The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle . The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion Spacecraft service module , that will fly on the Space Launch System . The agency 's facilities are distributed among the following centres :"}]}, {'value': '26 May 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 Apr 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 347-191,709 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ginga ( Astro-C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)', 'summary': "ASTRO-C , renamed Ginga ( Japanese for 'galaxy ' ) , was an X-ray astronomy satellite launched from the Kagoshima Space Center on 5 February 1987 using M-3SII launch vehicle . The primary instrument for observations was the Large Area Counter ( LAC ) . Ginga was the third Japanese X-ray astronomy mission , following Hakucho and Tenma . Ginga reentered the Earth 's atmosphere on 1 November 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'ISAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science', 'summary': "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( 宇宙科学研究所 , Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo ) ( ISAS ) is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets , astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan 's space development . Since 2003 , it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) ."}]}, {'value': '5 Feb 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Nov 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 517-708 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granat', 'summary': 'The International Astrophysical Observatory GRANAT ( usually known as Granat ; Russian : Гранат ) , was a Soviet ( later Russian ) space observatory developed in collaboration with France , Denmark and Bulgaria . It was launched on 1 December 1989 aboard a Proton rocket and placed in a highly eccentric four-day orbit , of which three were devoted to observations . It operated for almost nine years . In September 1994 , after nearly five years of directed observations , the gas supply for its attitude control was exhausted and the observatory was placed in a non-directed survey mode . Transmissions finally ceased on 27 November 1998 . With seven different instruments on board , Granat was designed to observe the universe at energies ranging from X-ray to gamma ray . Its main instrument , SIGMA , was capable of imaging both hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray sources . The PHEBUS instrument was meant to study gamma-ray bursts and other transient X-Ray sources . Other experiments such as ART-P were intended to image X-Ray sources in the 35 to 100 keV range . One instrument , WATCH , was designed to monitor the sky continuously and alert the other instruments to new or interesting X-Ray sources . The ART-S spectrometer covered the X-ray energy range while the KONUS-B and TOURNESOL experiments covered both the X-ray and gamma ray spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'CNRS & IKI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CNRS', 'summary': 'The French National Center for Scientific Research ( French : Centre national de la recherche scientifique , CNRS ) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe . In 2016 , it employed 31,637 staff , including 11,137 tenured researchers , 13,415 engineers and technical staff , and 7,085 contractual workers . It is headquartered in Paris and has administrative offices in Brussels , Beijing , Tokyo , Singapore , Washington , D.C. , Bonn , Moscow , Tunis , Johannesburg , Santiago de Chile , Israel , and New Delhi . CNRS was ranked # 3 in 2015 and # 4 in 2017 by the Nature Index , which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute', 'summary': 'The Russian Space Research Institute ( Russian : Институт космических исследований Российской академии наук , Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Russian abbreviation : ИКИ РАН , IKI RAN ) is the leading organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences on space exploration to benefit fundamental science . It was formerly known as the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Russian abbr . : ИКИ АН СССР , IKI AN SSSR ) . The Institute is located in Moscow with a staff of 289 scientists . It conducts scientific research in the fields of astrophysics , planetary science , solar physics , Sun-Earth relations , cosmic plasma , and geophysics . IKI also develops and tests space technologies in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Federal Space Agency .'}]}, {'value': '1 Dec 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 May 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 2,000-200,000 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ROSAT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ROSAT', 'summary': "ROSAT ( short for Röntgensatellit , in German X-rays are called Röntgenstrahlen , in honour of Wilhelm Röntgen ) was a German Aerospace Center-led satellite X-ray telescope , with instruments built by West Germany , the United Kingdom and the United States . It was launched on 1 June 1990 , on a Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral , on what was initially designed as an 18-month mission , with provision for up to five years of operation . ROSAT actually operated for over eight years , finally shutting down on 12 February 1999 . In February 2011 , it was reported that the 2,400 kg ( 5,291 lb ) satellite was unlikely to burn up entirely while re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere due to the large amount of ceramics and glass used in construction . Parts as heavy as 400 kg ( 882 lb ) could impact the surface intact . ROSAT eventually re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on 23 October 2011 over Bay of Bengal ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA & DLR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center', 'summary': 'The German Aerospace Center ( German : Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V . ) , abbreviated DLR , is the national center for aerospace , energy and transportation research of Germany . Its headquarters are located in Cologne and it has multiple other locations throughout Germany . The DLR is engaged in a wide range of research and development projects in national and international partnerships . In addition to conducting its own research projects , DLR also acts as the German space agency . As such , it is responsible for planning and implementing the German space programme on behalf of the German federal government . As a project management agency , DLR also coordinates and answers the technical and organisational implementation of projects funded by a number of German federal ministries .'}]}, {'value': '1 Jun 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 Feb 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Re-entry 23 October 2011 . Formerly Earth orbit ( 580 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broad_Band_X-ray_Telescope', 'summary': 'The Broad Band X-ray Telescope ( BBXRT ) was flown on the Space Shuttle Columbia ( STS-35 ) on 1990 December 2-December 11 , as part of the ASTRO-1 payload . The flight of BBXRT marked the first opportunity for performing X-ray observations over a broad energy range ( 0.3-12 keV ) with a moderate energy resolution ( typically 90 eV and 150 eV at 1 and 6 keV , respectively ) . BBXRT was co-mounted with three ultraviolet telescopes HUT , WUPPE , and HIT for Astro-1 in 1990 . This was , .the first focusing X-ray telescope operating over a broad energy range 0.3-12 keV with a moderate energy resolution ( 90 eV at 1 keV and 150eV at 6 keV ) . according to NASA .'}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '2 Dec 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Dec 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 500 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics ( ASCA , Astro-D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics', 'summary': "The Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics ( ASCA , formerly named ASTRO-D ) was the fourth cosmic X-ray astronomy mission by JAXA , and the second for which the United States provided part of the scientific payload . The satellite was successfully launched on 20 February 1993 . The first eight months of the ASCA mission were devoted to performance verification . Having established the quality of performance of all ASCA 's instruments , the spacecraft provided science observations for the remainder of the mission . In this phase the observing program was open to astronomers based at Japanese and U.S. institutions , as well as those located in member states of the European Space Agency ."}]}, {'value': 'ISAS & NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science', 'summary': "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( 宇宙科学研究所 , Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo ) ( ISAS ) is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets , astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan 's space development . Since 2003 , it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '20 Feb 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Mar 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 523.6-615.3 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors ( Alexis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors', 'summary': 'The Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors ( ALEXIS , also known as P89-1B , COSPAR 1993-026A , SATCAT 22638 ) X-ray telescope featured curved mirrors whose multilayer coatings reflected and focused low-energy X-rays or extreme ultraviolet light the way optical telescopes focus visible light . The satellite and payloads were funded by the United States Department of Energy and built by Los Alamos National Laboratory in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of California-Space Sciences Lab . The satellite bus was built by AeroAstro , Inc. of Herndon , VA . The Launch was provided by the United States Air Force Space Test Program on a Pegasus Booster on April 25 , 1993 . The mission was entirely controlled from a small groundstation at LANL .'}]}, {'value': 'LANL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory', 'summary': "Los Alamos National Laboratory ( Los Alamos or LANL for short ) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project . It is located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe , New Mexico in the southwestern US . Los Alamos was selected as the top secret location for bomb design in late 1942 , and officially commissioned the next year , under the management of University of California . At the time it was known as Project Y and was the center for weapon design and overall coordination . Other labs , today known as Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Hanford Site , concentrated on the production of uranium and plutonium bomb fuels . Los Alamos was the heart of the project , collecting together some of the world 's most famous scientists , among them numerous Nobel Prize winners . The site was known variously as Project Y , Los Alamos Laboratory , and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory through this period . The lab 's existence was announced to the world in the post-WWII era , when it became known universally as Los Alamos . In 1952 , the Atomic Energy Commission formed a second design lab under the direction of the University of California , Berkeley , becoming the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) . Since that date the two labs have competed on a wide variety of bomb designs . With the ending of the Cold War , both labs turned their focus increasingly to civilian missions . Today , Los Alamos is one of the largest science and technology institutions in the world ."}]}, {'value': '25 Apr 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 749-844 km )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'X-ray', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of X-ray space telescopes Further information : X-ray astronomy', 'uid': 'List_of_space_telescopes_1', 'intro': 'This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g. our Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting our planet. Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the min and max altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units (AU).'} | null | null | How many experiments were on board the telescope launched in May 1975 ? | four |
070f2378f76c5baa | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G7_leaders', 'title': 'List of G7 leaders', 'header': ['Entered office as Head of State or Government', 'Began time as senior G8 leader', 'Ended time as senior G8 leader', 'Term Length', 'Person', 'Office'], 'data': [{'value': '16 October 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 November 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 April 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '142 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harold Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Wilson', 'summary': "James Harold Wilson , Baron Wilson of Rievaulx , KG , OBE , PC , FRS , FSS ( 11 March 1916 - 24 May 1995 ) , was a British Labour politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976 . Entering Parliament in 1945 , Wilson was appointed a parliamentary secretary in the Attlee ministry and rose quickly through the ministerial ranks ; he became Secretary for Overseas Trade in 1947 and was elevated to Cabinet shortly thereafter as President of the Board of Trade . In opposition to the next Conservative government , he served as Shadow Chancellor ( 1955-1961 ) and Shadow Foreign Secretary ( 1961-1963 ) . After Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell died suddenly in 1963 , Wilson won the subsequent leadership election . After narrowly winning the 1964 general election , Wilson saw an increased majority in a snap election in 1966 . Wilson 's first period as Prime Minister coincided with a period of low unemployment and relative economic prosperity , though hindered by significant problems with Britain 's external balance of payments . In 1969 he sent British troops to Northern Ireland . After losing the 1970 election to Edward Heath , he spent four years as Leader of the Opposition before the February 1974 election resulted in a hung parliament . After Heath 's talks with the Liberals broke down , Wilson returned to power as leader of a minority government until another general election in October , resulting in a narrow Labour victory . A period of economic crisis had begun to hit most Western countries , and in 1976 Wilson suddenly announced his resignation as Prime Minister . Wilson 's approach to socialism was moderate compared with others in his party at the time , emphasising programmes aimed at increasing opportunity in society through relatively indirect means rather than the more direct socialist goal of promoting wider public ownership of industry and workers ' control of production . He took little action to pursue the Labour Party constitution 's stated dedication to public ownership as a stepping stone towards this goal , though he did not formally disavow it ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The prime minister of the United Kingdom ( informally abbreviated to PM ) , until 1801 known as the prime minister of Great Britain , is the head of government of the United Kingdom . The prime minister directs both the executive and the legislature , and together with their Cabinet is accountable to the monarch , to Parliament , to their party , and ultimately to the electorate , for the government 's policies and actions . The office of Prime Minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long-established convention , whereby the reigning monarch appoints as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and organically over three hundred years due to numerous Acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688-1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a prime minister who could command a majority in Parliament . By the 1830s , the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the prime minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-à-vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet . Prior to 1902 , the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the prime minister should always sit as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the lower house , making them answerable only to the Commons in Parliament ."}]}, {'value': '16 May 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 April 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 June 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helmut Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt', 'summary': "Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈha͡ɪnʁɪç ˈvaldəmaːɐ ˈʃmɪt ] ; 23 December 1918 - 10 November 2015 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) from 1974 to 1982 . Before becoming Chancellor , he had served as Minister of Defence ( 1969-1972 ) and as Minister of Finance ( 1972-1974 ) . In the latter role he gained credit for his financial policies . He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister . As Chancellor , he focused on international affairs , seeking political unification of Europe in partnership with the United States and issuing proposals that led to the NATO Double-Track Decision in 1979 to deploy US Pershing II missiles to Europe . He was an energetic diplomat who sought European co-operation and international economic co-ordination and was the leading force in creating the European Monetary System in 1978 . He was re-elected chancellor in 1976 and 1980 , but his coalition fell apart in 1982 with the switch by his coalition allies , the Free Democratic Party . He retired from Parliament in 1986 , after clashing with the SPD 's left wing , who opposed him on defence and economic issues . In 1986 he was a leading proponent of European monetary union and a European Central Bank ."}]}, {'value': 'Chancellor of West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)', 'summary': "The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany . It is currently used for the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundeskanzler ( in ) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , the head of government of Germany . The term , dating from the Early Middle Ages , is derived from the Latin term cancellarius . The modern office of chancellor evolved from the position created for Otto von Bismarck in the North German Confederation in 1867 ; this federal state evolved into a German nation-state with the 1871 Unification of Germany . The role of the chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germany 's modern history . Since the founding of the Federal Republic , the chancellor has been the country 's effective leader , although in formal protocol , the Bundespräsident and Bundestagspräsident are ranked higher . In German politics , the chancellor is the equivalent of a prime minister in many other countries . The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag . The current , official title in German is Bundeskanzler ( in ) , which means Federal Chancellor , and is sometimes shortened to Kanzler ( in ) . The 8th and current chancellor of the Federal Republic is Angela Merkel , who was elected in 2005 and re-elected in 2009 , 2013 and 2017 , serving her fourth term in office . She is the first woman to be elected chancellor . Merkel is also the first chancellor elected since the fall of the Berlin Wall to have been raised in the former East Germany ( GDR ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 April 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 June 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 June 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years , 342 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre Trudeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau', 'summary': "Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC FRSC ( /ˈtruːdoʊ , truːˈdoʊ/ TROO-doh , troo-DOH , French : [ pjɛʁ tʁydo ] ; October 18 , 1919 - September 28 , 2000 ) , mostly referred to as simply Pierre Trudeau , or by the initials PET , was a Canadian politician who was the 15th prime minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party , between 1968 and 1984 , with a brief period as Leader of the Opposition , from 1979 to 1980 . His tenure of 15 years and 164 days makes him Canada 's third longest-serving Prime Minister , behind William Lyon Mackenzie King and John A. Macdonald . Trudeau rose to prominence as a lawyer , intellectual , and activist in Quebec politics . He joined the Liberal Party of Canada and was elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1965 , quickly being appointed as Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson 's Parliamentary Secretary . In 1967 , he was appointed Minister of Justice . Trudeau 's outgoing personality caused a media sensation , inspiring Trudeaumania , and helped him to win the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1968 , when he was appointed Prime Minister of Canada . From the late 1960s until the early 1980s , Trudeau 's personality dominated the political scene to an extent never before seen in Canadian political life . After his appointment as Prime Minister , he won the 1968 , 1972 and 1974 elections , before narrowly losing in 1979 . He won a fourth election victory shortly afterwards , in 1980 , and eventually retired from politics shortly before the 1984 election . Despite his personal motto , Reason before passion , his personality and political career aroused polarizing reactions throughout Canada during his time in office . Admirers praised what they consider to be the force of Trudeau 's intellect and his political acumen , maintaining national unity over the Quebec sovereignty movement , suppressing a Quebec terrorist crisis , fostering a pan-Canadian identity , and in achieving sweeping institutional reform , including the implementation of official bilingualism , patriation of the Constitution , and the establishment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Critics accused him of arrogance , of economic mismanagement , and of unduly centralizing Canadian decision-making to the detriment of the culture of Quebec and the economy of the Prairies ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada', 'summary': "The prime minister of Canada ( French : premier ministre du Canada ) is the primary Minister of the Crown , chair of the Cabinet , and Canada 's head of government . The current , and 23rd , prime minister of Canada is the Liberal Party 's Justin Trudeau , following the 2019 Canadian federal election . Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable ( French : Le Très Honorable ) , a privilege maintained for life . The prime minister of Canada is in charge of the Prime Minister 's Office . The prime minister also chooses the ministers who make up the Cabinet . The two groups , with the authority of the Parliament of Canada , manage the Government of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces . The Cabinet and the prime minister also appoint members of the Senate of Canada , the judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and other federal courts , and the leaders and boards , as required under law , of various Crown Corporations , and selects the governor general of Canada . Under the Canadian constitution , all of the power to exercise these activities is actually vested in the monarch of Canada , but in practice the monarch ( who is the head of state ) or her representative , the governor general of Canada , approves them routinely , and their role is largely ceremonial , and their powers are only exercised under the advice of the prime minister . Not outlined in any constitutional document , the office exists only as per long-established convention ( originating in Canada 's former colonial power , the United Kingdom ) that stipulates the monarch 's representative , the governor general , must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . [ note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': '16 May 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 June 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 March 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '273 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helmut Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt', 'summary': "Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈha͡ɪnʁɪç ˈvaldəmaːɐ ˈʃmɪt ] ; 23 December 1918 - 10 November 2015 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) from 1974 to 1982 . Before becoming Chancellor , he had served as Minister of Defence ( 1969-1972 ) and as Minister of Finance ( 1972-1974 ) . In the latter role he gained credit for his financial policies . He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister . As Chancellor , he focused on international affairs , seeking political unification of Europe in partnership with the United States and issuing proposals that led to the NATO Double-Track Decision in 1979 to deploy US Pershing II missiles to Europe . He was an energetic diplomat who sought European co-operation and international economic co-ordination and was the leading force in creating the European Monetary System in 1978 . He was re-elected chancellor in 1976 and 1980 , but his coalition fell apart in 1982 with the switch by his coalition allies , the Free Democratic Party . He retired from Parliament in 1986 , after clashing with the SPD 's left wing , who opposed him on defence and economic issues . In 1986 he was a leading proponent of European monetary union and a European Central Bank ."}]}, {'value': 'Chancellor of West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)', 'summary': "The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany . It is currently used for the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundeskanzler ( in ) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , the head of government of Germany . The term , dating from the Early Middle Ages , is derived from the Latin term cancellarius . The modern office of chancellor evolved from the position created for Otto von Bismarck in the North German Confederation in 1867 ; this federal state evolved into a German nation-state with the 1871 Unification of Germany . The role of the chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germany 's modern history . Since the founding of the Federal Republic , the chancellor has been the country 's effective leader , although in formal protocol , the Bundespräsident and Bundestagspräsident are ranked higher . In German politics , the chancellor is the equivalent of a prime minister in many other countries . The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag . The current , official title in German is Bundeskanzler ( in ) , which means Federal Chancellor , and is sometimes shortened to Kanzler ( in ) . The 8th and current chancellor of the Federal Republic is Angela Merkel , who was elected in 2005 and re-elected in 2009 , 2013 and 2017 , serving her fourth term in office . She is the first woman to be elected chancellor . Merkel is also the first chancellor elected since the fall of the Berlin Wall to have been raised in the former East Germany ( GDR ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 April 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 March 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 June 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 years , 119 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre Trudeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau', 'summary': "Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC FRSC ( /ˈtruːdoʊ , truːˈdoʊ/ TROO-doh , troo-DOH , French : [ pjɛʁ tʁydo ] ; October 18 , 1919 - September 28 , 2000 ) , mostly referred to as simply Pierre Trudeau , or by the initials PET , was a Canadian politician who was the 15th prime minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party , between 1968 and 1984 , with a brief period as Leader of the Opposition , from 1979 to 1980 . His tenure of 15 years and 164 days makes him Canada 's third longest-serving Prime Minister , behind William Lyon Mackenzie King and John A. Macdonald . Trudeau rose to prominence as a lawyer , intellectual , and activist in Quebec politics . He joined the Liberal Party of Canada and was elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1965 , quickly being appointed as Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson 's Parliamentary Secretary . In 1967 , he was appointed Minister of Justice . Trudeau 's outgoing personality caused a media sensation , inspiring Trudeaumania , and helped him to win the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1968 , when he was appointed Prime Minister of Canada . From the late 1960s until the early 1980s , Trudeau 's personality dominated the political scene to an extent never before seen in Canadian political life . After his appointment as Prime Minister , he won the 1968 , 1972 and 1974 elections , before narrowly losing in 1979 . He won a fourth election victory shortly afterwards , in 1980 , and eventually retired from politics shortly before the 1984 election . Despite his personal motto , Reason before passion , his personality and political career aroused polarizing reactions throughout Canada during his time in office . Admirers praised what they consider to be the force of Trudeau 's intellect and his political acumen , maintaining national unity over the Quebec sovereignty movement , suppressing a Quebec terrorist crisis , fostering a pan-Canadian identity , and in achieving sweeping institutional reform , including the implementation of official bilingualism , patriation of the Constitution , and the establishment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Critics accused him of arrogance , of economic mismanagement , and of unduly centralizing Canadian decision-making to the detriment of the culture of Quebec and the economy of the Prairies ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada', 'summary': "The prime minister of Canada ( French : premier ministre du Canada ) is the primary Minister of the Crown , chair of the Cabinet , and Canada 's head of government . The current , and 23rd , prime minister of Canada is the Liberal Party 's Justin Trudeau , following the 2019 Canadian federal election . Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable ( French : Le Très Honorable ) , a privilege maintained for life . The prime minister of Canada is in charge of the Prime Minister 's Office . The prime minister also chooses the ministers who make up the Cabinet . The two groups , with the authority of the Parliament of Canada , manage the Government of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces . The Cabinet and the prime minister also appoint members of the Senate of Canada , the judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and other federal courts , and the leaders and boards , as required under law , of various Crown Corporations , and selects the governor general of Canada . Under the Canadian constitution , all of the power to exercise these activities is actually vested in the monarch of Canada , but in practice the monarch ( who is the head of state ) or her representative , the governor general of Canada , approves them routinely , and their role is largely ceremonial , and their powers are only exercised under the advice of the prime minister . Not outlined in any constitutional document , the office exists only as per long-established convention ( originating in Canada 's former colonial power , the United Kingdom ) that stipulates the monarch 's representative , the governor general , must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . [ note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': '4 May 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 June 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 November 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 years , 151 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret Thatcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher', 'summary': "Margaret Hilda Thatcher , Baroness Thatcher , LG , OM , DStJ , PC , FRS , HonFRSC ( née Roberts ; 13 October 1925 - 8 April 2013 ) also known as the Iron Lady , was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990 . She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office . A Soviet journalist dubbed her The Iron Lady , a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style . As Prime Minister , she implemented policies known as Thatcherism . Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College , Oxford , and worked briefly as a research chemist , before becoming a barrister . She was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959 . Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970-74 government . In 1975 , she defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition , the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom . On becoming Prime Minister after winning the 1979 general election , she introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high unemployment and Britain 's struggles in the wake of the Winter of Discontent and an ongoing recession . [ nb 1 ] Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation ( particularly of the financial sector ) , flexible labour markets , the privatisation of state-owned companies , and reducing the power and influence of trade unions . Her popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession and rising unemployment , until victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a resurgence of support , resulting in her landslide re-election in 1983 . She survived an assassination attempt by the Provisional IRA in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing and achieved a political victory against the National Union of Mineworkers in the 1984-85 miners ' strike ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The prime minister of the United Kingdom ( informally abbreviated to PM ) , until 1801 known as the prime minister of Great Britain , is the head of government of the United Kingdom . The prime minister directs both the executive and the legislature , and together with their Cabinet is accountable to the monarch , to Parliament , to their party , and ultimately to the electorate , for the government 's policies and actions . The office of Prime Minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long-established convention , whereby the reigning monarch appoints as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and organically over three hundred years due to numerous Acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688-1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a prime minister who could command a majority in Parliament . By the 1830s , the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the prime minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-à-vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet . Prior to 1902 , the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the prime minister should always sit as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the lower house , making them answerable only to the Commons in Parliament ."}]}, {'value': '10 May 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 November 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 May 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 years , 170 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'François Mitterrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Mitterrand', 'summary': "François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand [ a ] ( 26 October 1916 - 8 January 1996 ) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 , the longest time in office in the history of France . As First Secretary of the Socialist Party , he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic . Reflecting family influences , Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right . He served under the Vichy Regime during its earlier years . Subsequently he joined the Resistance , moved to the left , and held ministerial office several times under the Fourth Republic . He opposed de Gaulle 's establishment of the Fifth Republic . Although at times a politically isolated figure , Mitterrand outmanoeuvered rivals to become the left 's standard bearer at every presidential election from 1965-88 ; with the exception of 1969 . Mitterrand was elected President at the 1981 presidential election . He was re-elected in 1988 and remained in office until 1995 . Mitterrand invited the Communist Party into his first government , which was a controversial decision at the time . In the event , the Communists were boxed in as junior partners and , rather than taking advantage , saw their support erode . They left the cabinet in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'President of France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic', 'summary': 'The President of France , officially the President of the French Republic ( French : président de la République française , French pronunciation : \u200b [ pʁezidɑ̃ də la ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) , is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic . In French terms , the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country . The powers , functions and duties of prior presidential offices , as well as their relation with the prime minister and Government of France , have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the French Second Republic . The president of the French Republic is also the ex officio co-prince of Andorra , grand master of the Legion of Honour and of the National Order of Merit . The officeholder is also honorary proto-canon of the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome ( although some have rejected the title in the past ) . The current president of the French Republic is Emmanuel Macron , who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1 October 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 May 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 October 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years , 163 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helmut Kohl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Kohl', 'summary': "Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ( German : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl ] ; 3 April 1930 - 16 June 2017 ) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 ( of West Germany 1982-1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990-1998 ) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) from 1973 to 1998 . From 1969 to 1976 , Kohl was minister president of the state Rhineland-Palatinate . Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in 1985 and 1992 . In 1998 he became honorary chairman of the CDU , resigning from the position in 2000 . Born in 1930 in Ludwigshafen to a Roman Catholic family , Kohl joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1946 at the age of 16 . He earned a PhD in history at Heidelberg University in 1958 and worked as a business executive before becoming a full-time politician . He was elected as the youngest member of the Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1959 and became Minister-President of his home state in 1969 . Viewed during the 1960s and the early 1970s as a progressive within the CDU , he was elected national chairman of the party in 1973 . In the 1976 federal election his party performed well , but the social-liberal government of social democrat Helmut Schmidt was able to remain in power , as well as in 1980 , when Kohl 's rival from the Bavarian sister party CSU , Franz Josef Strauß , candidated . After Schmidt had lost the support of the liberal FDP in 1982 , Kohl was elected Chancellor through a switch of the FDP , forming a Christian-liberal government . After he had become party leader , Kohl was increasingly seen as a more conservative figure . As Chancellor Kohl was strongly committed to European integration and French-German cooperation in particular ; he was also a steadfast ally of the United States and supported Reagan 's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Chancellor of Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)', 'summary': "The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany . It is currently used for the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundeskanzler ( in ) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , the head of government of Germany . The term , dating from the Early Middle Ages , is derived from the Latin term cancellarius . The modern office of chancellor evolved from the position created for Otto von Bismarck in the North German Confederation in 1867 ; this federal state evolved into a German nation-state with the 1871 Unification of Germany . The role of the chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germany 's modern history . Since the founding of the Federal Republic , the chancellor has been the country 's effective leader , although in formal protocol , the Bundespräsident and Bundestagspräsident are ranked higher . In German politics , the chancellor is the equivalent of a prime minister in many other countries . The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag . The current , official title in German is Bundeskanzler ( in ) , which means Federal Chancellor , and is sometimes shortened to Kanzler ( in ) . The 8th and current chancellor of the Federal Republic is Angela Merkel , who was elected in 2005 and re-elected in 2009 , 2013 and 2017 , serving her fourth term in office . She is the first woman to be elected chancellor . Merkel is also the first chancellor elected since the fall of the Berlin Wall to have been raised in the former East Germany ( GDR ) ."}]}, {'value': '10 July 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 October 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 December 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 65 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boris Yeltsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin', 'summary': "Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( Russian : Бори́с Никола́евич Е́льцин , IPA : [ bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn ] ( listen ) ; 1 February 1931 - 23 April 2007 ) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the first president of Russia from 1991 to 1999 . A member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990 , he later stood as a political independent , during which time he was ideologically aligned with liberalism and Russian nationalism . Born in Butka , Sverdlovsk Oblast to a peasant family , Yeltsin grew up in Kazan . After studying at the Ural State Technical University , he worked in construction . Joining the Communist Party , which governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state according to Marxist-Leninist doctrine , he rose through its ranks and in 1976 became First Secretary of the party 's Sverdlovsk Oblast committee . Initially a supporter of the perestroika reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , Yeltsin later criticised them as being too moderate , calling for a transition to a multi-party representative democracy . In 1987 he was the first person to resign from the party 's governing Politburo , establishing his popularity as an anti-establishment figure . In 1990 , he was elected chair of the Russian Supreme Soviet and in 1991 was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Allying with various non-Russian nationalist leaders , he was instrumental in the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union in December that year , at which the RSFSR became the Russian Federation , an independent state . Yeltsin remained in office as president and was reelected in the 1996 election , although critics claimed pervasive electoral corruption . Yeltsin transformed Russia 's state socialist economy into a capitalist market economy by implementing economic shock therapy , market exchange rate of the ruble , nationwide privatization , and lifting of price controls . Economic collapse and inflation ensued ."}]}, {'value': 'President of Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation', 'summary': 'The president of Russia , officially the president of the Russian Federation ( Russian : Президе́нт Росси́йской Федера́ции , tr . Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii ) , is the head of state and de jure head of government of the Russian Federation , as well as the commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces . He holds the highest office in Russia . In 1991 , the office was briefly known as the president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian : Президе́нт Росси́йской Сове́тской Федерати́вной Социалисти́ческой Респу́блики ) until 25 December 1991 . According to the 1978 Russian Constitution , the president of Russia was head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia , the president of Russia is not a part of the Government of Russia , which exercises executive power . In all cases where the president of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill his duties , they shall be temporarily delegated to the prime minister of Russia , who becomes acting president of Russia . The chairman of the Federation Council is the third important position after the president and the prime minister . In the case of incapacity of both the president and prime minister , the chairman of the upper house of parliament becomes acting head of state . The power includes execution of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal ministers , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the State Duma and the Federation Council . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Federation .'}]}, {'value': '20 January 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 December 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 January 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 20 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Clinton', 'summary': "William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ; August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Prior to his presidency , he served as governor of Arkansas ( 1979-1981 and 1983-1992 ) and as attorney general of Arkansas ( 1977-1979 ) . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinton was known as a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist Third Way political philosophy . He is the husband of former secretary of state and former U.S. senator Hillary Clinton . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives , becoming the second U.S. president to get impeached following Andrew Johnson . The impeachment was based on accusations that Clinton committed perjury and obstruction of justice for the purpose of concealing his affair with Monica Lewinsky , a 22-year-old White House intern . He was acquitted by the Senate and completed his term in office . Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University , University College , Oxford , and Yale Law School . He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975 . After graduating from law school , Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the attorney general of Arkansas , serving from 1977 to 1979 . He later served as governor of Arkansas . As governor , he overhauled the state 's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association ."}]}, {'value': 'President of the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}]}, {'value': '4 November 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 January 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 December 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years , 326 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Chrétien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Chrétien', 'summary': "Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien PC OM CC QC ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒã kʁe.tsjẽ ] ; born January 11 , 1934 ) is a Canadian politician who served as the 20th prime minister of Canada from November 4 , 1993 , to December 12 , 2003 . Born and raised in Shawinigan , Quebec , Chrétien is a law graduate from Université Laval . He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1963 . He served in various cabinet posts under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , most prominently as Minister of Justice , Minister of Finance , and Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . He also served as Deputy Prime Minister in John Turner 's short-lived government . He became leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1990 , and led the party to a majority government in the 1993 federal election . He was reelected with further majorities in 1997 and 2000 . Chrétien was strongly opposed to the Quebec sovereignty movement and supported official bilingualism and multiculturalism . He won a narrow victory as leader of the federalist camp in the 1995 Quebec referendum , and then pioneered the Clarity Act to avoid ambiguity in future referendum questions . He also advanced the Youth Criminal Justice Act in Parliament . Although his popularity and that of the Liberal Party were seemingly unchallenged for three consecutive federal elections , he became subject to various political controversies in the later years of his prime-ministership . He was accused of inappropriate behaviour in the Sponsorship scandal , although he has consistently denied any wrongdoing ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada', 'summary': "The prime minister of Canada ( French : premier ministre du Canada ) is the primary Minister of the Crown , chair of the Cabinet , and Canada 's head of government . The current , and 23rd , prime minister of Canada is the Liberal Party 's Justin Trudeau , following the 2019 Canadian federal election . Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable ( French : Le Très Honorable ) , a privilege maintained for life . The prime minister of Canada is in charge of the Prime Minister 's Office . The prime minister also chooses the ministers who make up the Cabinet . The two groups , with the authority of the Parliament of Canada , manage the Government of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces . The Cabinet and the prime minister also appoint members of the Senate of Canada , the judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and other federal courts , and the leaders and boards , as required under law , of various Crown Corporations , and selects the governor general of Canada . Under the Canadian constitution , all of the power to exercise these activities is actually vested in the monarch of Canada , but in practice the monarch ( who is the head of state ) or her representative , the governor general of Canada , approves them routinely , and their role is largely ceremonial , and their powers are only exercised under the advice of the prime minister . Not outlined in any constitutional document , the office exists only as per long-established convention ( originating in Canada 's former colonial power , the United Kingdom ) that stipulates the monarch 's representative , the governor general , must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . [ note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': '17 May 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 December 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 May 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years , 155 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Chirac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Chirac', 'summary': "Jacques René Chirac ( UK : /ˈʃɪəræk/ SHEER-ak , US : /ʃɪəˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) sheer-AHK , French : [ ʒak ʁəne ʃiʁak ] ( listen ) ; 29 November 1932 - 26 September 2019 ) was a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007 . Chirac was previously the Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988 , as well as the Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995 . After completing his degree at Sciences Po , a term at Harvard University , and the École nationale d'administration , Chirac began his career as a high-level civil servant , entering politics shortly thereafter . Chirac occupied various senior positions , including Minister of Agriculture and Minister of the Interior . Chirac 's internal policies initially included lower tax rates , the removal of price controls , strong punishment for crime and terrorism , and business privatisation . After pursuing these policies in his second term as Prime Minister , he changed his views . He argued for more socially responsible economic policies and was elected President in the 1995 presidential election with 52.6% of the vote in the second round , beating Socialist Lionel Jospin , after campaigning on a platform of healing the social rift ( fracture sociale ) . Then , Chirac 's economic policies , based on dirigisme , allowing for state-directed investment , stood in opposition to the laissez-faire policies of the United Kingdom under the ministries of Margaret Thatcher and John Major , which Chirac described as Anglo-Saxon ultraliberalism . He was also known for his stand against the American-led assault on Iraq , his recognition of the collaborationist French Government 's role in deporting Jews , and his reduction of the presidential term from 7 years to 5 through a referendum in 2000 . At the 2002 French presidential election , he won 82.2% of the vote in the second round against the far-right candidate , Jean-Marie Le Pen . During his second term , however , he had a very low approval rating and was considered one of the least popular presidents in modern French political history . In 2011 , the Paris court declared Chirac guilty of diverting public funds and abusing public confidence , giving him a two-year suspended prison sentence ."}]}, {'value': 'President of France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic', 'summary': 'The President of France , officially the President of the French Republic ( French : président de la République française , French pronunciation : \u200b [ pʁezidɑ̃ də la ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) , is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic . In French terms , the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country . The powers , functions and duties of prior presidential offices , as well as their relation with the prime minister and Government of France , have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the French Second Republic . The president of the French Republic is also the ex officio co-prince of Andorra , grand master of the Legion of Honour and of the National Order of Merit . The officeholder is also honorary proto-canon of the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome ( although some have rejected the title in the past ) . The current president of the French Republic is Emmanuel Macron , who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2 May 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 May 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 June 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Blair', 'summary': "Anthony Charles Lynton Blair ( born 6 May 1953 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007 . After his resignation , he was appointed Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East , an office which he held until 2015 . He currently runs the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change . Born in Edinburgh , Blair 's father was a barrister and academic . After attending the private Fettes College , he studied law at St John 's College , Oxford and became a barrister . He became involved in Labour politics and was elected Member of Parliament for Sedgefield in 1983 . He supported moving the party to the centre of British politics in an attempt to help it win power ( it had been out of government since 1979 ) . He was appointed to the party 's frontbench in 1988 and became Shadow Home Secretary in 1992 . He became Leader of the Opposition on his election as Labour Party leader in 1994 , following the sudden death of his predecessor , John Smith . Under Blair , the party used the phrase New Labour to distance itself from previous Labour politics and the traditional idea of socialism . He declared support for the Third Way - politics that recognised individuals as socially interdependent , advocating social justice , cohesion , the equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Despite opposition from Labour 's hard left , he removed the party 's formal commitment to the nationalisation of the economy , weakened trade union influence in the party , and committed to the free market and the European Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The prime minister of the United Kingdom ( informally abbreviated to PM ) , until 1801 known as the prime minister of Great Britain , is the head of government of the United Kingdom . The prime minister directs both the executive and the legislature , and together with their Cabinet is accountable to the monarch , to Parliament , to their party , and ultimately to the electorate , for the government 's policies and actions . The office of Prime Minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long-established convention , whereby the reigning monarch appoints as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and organically over three hundred years due to numerous Acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688-1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a prime minister who could command a majority in Parliament . By the 1830s , the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the prime minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-à-vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet . Prior to 1902 , the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the prime minister should always sit as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the lower house , making them answerable only to the Commons in Parliament ."}]}, {'value': '7 May 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 June 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 May 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '315 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Putin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Putin', 'summary': "Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin ( /ˈpuːtɪn/ ; Russian : Владимир Владимирович Путин , romanized : Vladimir Vladimirovič Putin , Russian pronunciation : [ vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn ] ; born 7 October 1952 ) is a Russian politician who has served as the president of Russia since 2012 , previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008 . [ a ] He was also the Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012 . Putin was born in Leningrad and studied law at Leningrad State University , graduating in 1975 . Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for 16 years , rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel , before resigning in 1991 to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg . He later moved to Moscow in 1996 to join the administration of President Boris Yeltsin , serving first as Director of the Federal Security Service ( FSB ) , the KGB 's successor agency , before being appointed as prime minister in August 1999 . After the resignation of Yeltsin , Putin was elected to succeed him . During his first tenure as president , the Russian economy grew for eight straight years , with GDP measured by purchasing power increasing by 72% . The growth was a result of the 2000s commodities boom , recovery from the post-Communist depression and financial crises , and prudent economic and fiscal policies . After serving as prime minister under Dmitry Medvedev , Putin announced he would seek a third term as president , and won the March 2012 election with 64% of the vote . Falling oil prices coupled with international sanctions imposed at the beginning of 2014 after Russia 's annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine led to GDP shrinking by 3.7% in 2015 , though the Russian economy rebounded in 2016 with 0.3% GDP growth and the recession officially ended . Putin gained 76% of the March 2018 election and was re-elected for a six-year term that will end in 2024 . Under Putin 's leadership , Russia has experienced democratic backsliding ."}]}, {'value': 'President of Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation', 'summary': 'The president of Russia , officially the president of the Russian Federation ( Russian : Президе́нт Росси́йской Федера́ции , tr . Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii ) , is the head of state and de jure head of government of the Russian Federation , as well as the commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces . He holds the highest office in Russia . In 1991 , the office was briefly known as the president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian : Президе́нт Росси́йской Сове́тской Федерати́вной Социалисти́ческой Респу́блики ) until 25 December 1991 . According to the 1978 Russian Constitution , the president of Russia was head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia , the president of Russia is not a part of the Government of Russia , which exercises executive power . In all cases where the president of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill his duties , they shall be temporarily delegated to the prime minister of Russia , who becomes acting president of Russia . The chairman of the Federation Council is the third important position after the president and the prime minister . In the case of incapacity of both the president and prime minister , the chairman of the upper house of parliament becomes acting head of state . The power includes execution of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal ministers , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the State Duma and the Federation Council . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Federation .'}]}, {'value': '20 January 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 May 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 January 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '258 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George W. Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_W._Bush', 'summary': 'George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , he had previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . Bush is frequently referred to as George W. Bush , Bush Junior , or Bush 43 to distinguish him from his father , George H. W. Bush , who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Bush is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , and the second son to become the American president after his father , the first being John Quincy Adams . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president of the United States in 2000 when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore after a narrow and contested win that involved a Supreme Court decision to stop a recount in Florida . He became the fourth person to be elected president while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent . In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks , Bush launched a War on Terror that began with the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and later expanded to the Iraq War in 2003 . Signature legislation passed during his presidency included broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , the Medicare Modernization Act , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . In the 2004 presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in a close election .'}]}, {'value': 'President of the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}]}, {'value': '10 May 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 January 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 November 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years , 300 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silvio Berlusconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi', 'summary': "Silvio Berlusconi ( /ˌbɛərlʊˈskoʊni/ BAIR-luu-SKOH-nee , Italian : [ ˈsilvjo berluˈskoːni ] ( listen ) ; born 29 September 1936 ) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments . He serves as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) since July 2019 . Berlusconi is the controlling shareholder of Mediaset and owned the Italian football club A.C. Milan from 1986 to 2017 . He is nicknamed Il Cavaliere ( The Knight ) for his Order of Merit for Labour , although he voluntarily resigned from this order in March 2014 . In 2018 , Forbes magazine ranked him as the 190th richest man in the world with a net worth of US $ 8.0 billion . In 2009 , Forbes ranked him 12th in the List of The World 's Most Powerful People due to his domination of Italian politics , throughout more than twenty years at the head of the centre-right coalition . Berlusconi was Prime Minister for nine years in total , making him the longest serving post-war Prime Minister of Italy , and the third longest-serving since Italian unification , after Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Giolitti . He was the leader of the centre-right party Forza Italia from 1994 to 2009 , and its successor party The People of Freedom from 2009 to 2013 . Since November 2013 , he has led a revived Forza Italia . Berlusconi was the senior G8 leader from 2009 until 2011 and he currently holds the record for hosting G8 Summits ( having hosted three Summits in Italy ) . After serving nearly 19 years as member of the Chamber of Deputies , Italy 's lower house , after the 2013 general election he became a member of the Senate . On 1 August 2013 , he was convicted of tax-fraud by the court of final instance , Court of Cassation , confirming his four-year prison sentence ( of which three years are automatically pardoned ) along with a public office ban for two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy', 'summary': "The President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic ( Italian : Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri della Repubblica Italiana ) , commonly referred to in Italy as Presidente del Consiglio , or informally as Premier and known in English as the Prime Minister of Italy , is the head of government of the Italian Republic . The office of Prime Minister is established by Articles 92 through to 96 of the Constitution of Italy . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic after each general election and must have the confidence of the Italian Parliament to stay in office . Prior to the establishment of the Italian Republic , the position was called President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy ( Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri del Regno d'Italia ) . From 1925 to 1943 during the Fascist regime , the position was transformed into the dictatorial position of Head of the Government , Prime Minister Secretary of State ( Capo del Governo , primo ministro segretario di Stato ) held by Benito Mussolini , Duce of Fascism , who officially governed on the behalf of the King of Italy . King Victor Emmanuel III removed Mussolini from office in 1943 and the position was restored with Marshal Pietro Badoglio becoming Prime Minister in 1943 . Alcide De Gasperi became the first Prime Minister of the Italian Republic in 1946 . The Prime Minister is the President of the Council of Ministers which holds executive power and the position is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems . The formal Italian order of precedence lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office ."}]}, {'value': '22 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 November 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 May 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '173 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Merkel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Merkel', 'summary': "Angela Dorothea Merkel ( /ˈmɜːrkəl , ˈmɛərkəl/ , German : [ aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩ ] ; [ a ] née Kasner ; born 17 July 1954 ) is a German politician serving as the chancellor of Germany since 2005 . She served as the leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) from 2000 to 2018 . Merkel has been widely described as the de facto leader of the European Union , the most powerful woman in the world , and by some commentators as the leader of the free world . Merkel was born in Hamburg in then-West Germany and moved to East Germany as an infant when her father , a Lutheran clergyman , received a pastorate in Perleberg . She obtained a doctorate in quantum chemistry in 1986 and worked as a research scientist until 1989 . Merkel entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989 , and briefly served as a deputy spokesperson for the first democratically elected East German Government headed by Lothar de Maizière in 1990 . Following German reunification in 1990 , Merkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , and has been reelected ever since . As the protégée of Chancellor Helmut Kohl , Merkel was appointed as the Federal Minister for Women and Youth in Kohl 's government in 1991 , and became the Federal Minister for the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in 1994 . After her party lost the federal election in 1998 , Merkel was elected Secretary-General of the CDU before becoming the party 's first female leader two years later in the aftermath of a donations scandal that toppled Wolfgang Schäuble . Following the 2005 federal election , Merkel was appointed Germany 's first female chancellor at the head of a grand coalition consisting of the CDU , its Bavarian sister party the Christian Social Union ( CSU ) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . In the 2009 federal election the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote , and Merkel was able to form a coalition government with the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) . At the 2013 federal election , Merkel 's CDU won a landslide victory with 41.5% of the vote and formed a second grand coalition with the SPD , after the FDP lost all of its representation in the Bundestag ."}]}, {'value': 'Chancellor of Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)', 'summary': "The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany . It is currently used for the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundeskanzler ( in ) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , the head of government of Germany . The term , dating from the Early Middle Ages , is derived from the Latin term cancellarius . The modern office of chancellor evolved from the position created for Otto von Bismarck in the North German Confederation in 1867 ; this federal state evolved into a German nation-state with the 1871 Unification of Germany . The role of the chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germany 's modern history . Since the founding of the Federal Republic , the chancellor has been the country 's effective leader , although in formal protocol , the Bundespräsident and Bundestagspräsident are ranked higher . In German politics , the chancellor is the equivalent of a prime minister in many other countries . The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag . The current , official title in German is Bundeskanzler ( in ) , which means Federal Chancellor , and is sometimes shortened to Kanzler ( in ) . The 8th and current chancellor of the Federal Republic is Angela Merkel , who was elected in 2005 and re-elected in 2009 , 2013 and 2017 , serving her fourth term in office . She is the first woman to be elected chancellor . Merkel is also the first chancellor elected since the fall of the Berlin Wall to have been raised in the former East Germany ( GDR ) ."}]}, {'value': '7 May 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 May 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 March 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 321 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Putin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Putin', 'summary': "Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin ( /ˈpuːtɪn/ ; Russian : Владимир Владимирович Путин , romanized : Vladimir Vladimirovič Putin , Russian pronunciation : [ vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn ] ; born 7 October 1952 ) is a Russian politician who has served as the president of Russia since 2012 , previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008 . [ a ] He was also the Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012 . Putin was born in Leningrad and studied law at Leningrad State University , graduating in 1975 . Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for 16 years , rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel , before resigning in 1991 to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg . He later moved to Moscow in 1996 to join the administration of President Boris Yeltsin , serving first as Director of the Federal Security Service ( FSB ) , the KGB 's successor agency , before being appointed as prime minister in August 1999 . After the resignation of Yeltsin , Putin was elected to succeed him . During his first tenure as president , the Russian economy grew for eight straight years , with GDP measured by purchasing power increasing by 72% . The growth was a result of the 2000s commodities boom , recovery from the post-Communist depression and financial crises , and prudent economic and fiscal policies . After serving as prime minister under Dmitry Medvedev , Putin announced he would seek a third term as president , and won the March 2012 election with 64% of the vote . Falling oil prices coupled with international sanctions imposed at the beginning of 2014 after Russia 's annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine led to GDP shrinking by 3.7% in 2015 , though the Russian economy rebounded in 2016 with 0.3% GDP growth and the recession officially ended . Putin gained 76% of the March 2018 election and was re-elected for a six-year term that will end in 2024 . Under Putin 's leadership , Russia has experienced democratic backsliding ."}]}, {'value': 'President of Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation', 'summary': 'The president of Russia , officially the president of the Russian Federation ( Russian : Президе́нт Росси́йской Федера́ции , tr . Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii ) , is the head of state and de jure head of government of the Russian Federation , as well as the commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces . He holds the highest office in Russia . In 1991 , the office was briefly known as the president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian : Президе́нт Росси́йской Сове́тской Федерати́вной Социалисти́ческой Респу́блики ) until 25 December 1991 . According to the 1978 Russian Constitution , the president of Russia was head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia , the president of Russia is not a part of the Government of Russia , which exercises executive power . In all cases where the president of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill his duties , they shall be temporarily delegated to the prime minister of Russia , who becomes acting president of Russia . The chairman of the Federation Council is the third important position after the president and the prime minister . In the case of incapacity of both the president and prime minister , the chairman of the upper house of parliament becomes acting head of state . The power includes execution of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal ministers , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the State Duma and the Federation Council . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Federation .'}]}, {'value': '22 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 March 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incumbent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 years , 321 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Merkel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Merkel', 'summary': "Angela Dorothea Merkel ( /ˈmɜːrkəl , ˈmɛərkəl/ , German : [ aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩ ] ; [ a ] née Kasner ; born 17 July 1954 ) is a German politician serving as the chancellor of Germany since 2005 . She served as the leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) from 2000 to 2018 . Merkel has been widely described as the de facto leader of the European Union , the most powerful woman in the world , and by some commentators as the leader of the free world . Merkel was born in Hamburg in then-West Germany and moved to East Germany as an infant when her father , a Lutheran clergyman , received a pastorate in Perleberg . She obtained a doctorate in quantum chemistry in 1986 and worked as a research scientist until 1989 . Merkel entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989 , and briefly served as a deputy spokesperson for the first democratically elected East German Government headed by Lothar de Maizière in 1990 . Following German reunification in 1990 , Merkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , and has been reelected ever since . As the protégée of Chancellor Helmut Kohl , Merkel was appointed as the Federal Minister for Women and Youth in Kohl 's government in 1991 , and became the Federal Minister for the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in 1994 . After her party lost the federal election in 1998 , Merkel was elected Secretary-General of the CDU before becoming the party 's first female leader two years later in the aftermath of a donations scandal that toppled Wolfgang Schäuble . Following the 2005 federal election , Merkel was appointed Germany 's first female chancellor at the head of a grand coalition consisting of the CDU , its Bavarian sister party the Christian Social Union ( CSU ) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . In the 2009 federal election the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote , and Merkel was able to form a coalition government with the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) . At the 2013 federal election , Merkel 's CDU won a landslide victory with 41.5% of the vote and formed a second grand coalition with the SPD , after the FDP lost all of its representation in the Bundestag ."}]}, {'value': 'Chancellor of Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)', 'summary': "The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany . It is currently used for the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundeskanzler ( in ) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , the head of government of Germany . The term , dating from the Early Middle Ages , is derived from the Latin term cancellarius . The modern office of chancellor evolved from the position created for Otto von Bismarck in the North German Confederation in 1867 ; this federal state evolved into a German nation-state with the 1871 Unification of Germany . The role of the chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germany 's modern history . Since the founding of the Federal Republic , the chancellor has been the country 's effective leader , although in formal protocol , the Bundespräsident and Bundestagspräsident are ranked higher . In German politics , the chancellor is the equivalent of a prime minister in many other countries . The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag . The current , official title in German is Bundeskanzler ( in ) , which means Federal Chancellor , and is sometimes shortened to Kanzler ( in ) . The 8th and current chancellor of the Federal Republic is Angela Merkel , who was elected in 2005 and re-elected in 2009 , 2013 and 2017 , serving her fourth term in office . She is the first woman to be elected chancellor . Merkel is also the first chancellor elected since the fall of the Berlin Wall to have been raised in the former East Germany ( GDR ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of Senior G7 Leaders', 'section_text': 'The following is a chronology of senior G7 leaders from the founding of the G6 ( a precursor organization to the G8 ) to the present . [ 2 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_longest-serving_G8_leaders_0', 'intro': "This is a list of the heads of government of the Group of Seven nations at each G6, G7, G8 summit since the organisation's inception in 1975. The Group consists of the 6-7-8 largest industrialized democracies, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Also in attendance is the President of the European Commission, who represents the European Union. The G7 holds an annual summit, which each nation's head of government attends. Each year the heads of government take turns assuming the presidency, whose job it is to set the agenda for and host the annual summit. The leader who has been in office the longest of the eight leaders is considered the Senior G7 leader; currently Angela Merkel since 2014, and previously from 2011 to 2012. While the current G7 consists of seven nations, it didn't always. The group was formed as the Group of Six, G6, including all of today's members minus Canada. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, Canada joined in the second year of the group's existence, 1976, forming the Group of Seven, G7. Russia, as the successor nation to the USSR, joined the Group of Eight, G8, in 1997, following the collapse of its Communist predecessor, under the leadership of President Boris Yeltsin. As of 2020, Russia is currently suspended from the Group of 8."} | null | null | Out of all leaders born before 1940 , which one ruled for the shortest period ? | Tony Blair |
07101caf2606499c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galatasaray_S.K._records_and_statistics', 'title': 'List of Galatasaray S.K. records and statistics', 'header': ['-', 'Name', 'Fee ( M € )', 'To', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Badou Ndiaye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badou_Ndiaye', 'summary': "Papa Alioune Ndiaye ( IPA : [ ⁿdʒaj ] ; born 27 October 1990 ) , known as Badou Ndiaye , is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Trabzonspor , on loan from Stoke City . Badou began his career with Diambars in his native Senegal before moving to Norwegian side Bodø/Glimt in 2012 . After impressing in Norway he joined Turkish Süper Lig side Osmanlıspor in 2015 . He spent two years with Osmanlıspor before joining Galatasaray in August 2017 for a fee of €7.5 million . In January 2018 Badou signed for English Premier League club Stoke City for a fee of £14 million . Following Stoke 's relegation in 2017-18 , Badou re-joined Galatasaray on loan for the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': '16.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stoke City FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stoke_City_FC', 'summary': "Stoke City Football Club is an English professional football club based in Stoke-on-Trent , Staffordshire . Founded as Stoke Ramblers in the 1860s , the club changed its name to Stoke in 1878 and then to Stoke City in 1925 after Stoke-on-Trent was granted city status . Stoke were one of the twelve founding members of the Football League in 1888 . The team competes in the Championship , the second tier of English football . Their first , and only major trophy to date , the League Cup was won in 1972 , when the team beat Chelsea 2-1 . The club 's highest league finish in the top division is fourth , which was achieved in the 1935-36 and 1946-47 seasons . Stoke played in the FA Cup Final in 2011 , finishing runners-up to Manchester City and have reached three FA Cup semi-finals ; in 1899 then consecutively in 1971 and 1972 . Stoke have competed in European football on three occasions , firstly in 1972-73 then in 1974-75 and most recently in 2011-12 . The club has won the Football League Trophy twice , in 1992 and in 2000 . Stoke 's home ground is the 30,089 all-seater , bet365 Stadium . Before the stadium was opened in 1997 , the club was based at the Victoria Ground , which had been their home ground since 1878 . The club 's nickname is 'The Potters ' , named after the pottery industry in Stoke-on-Trent and their traditional home kit is a red and white vertically striped shirt , white shorts and stockings ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruma_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Armindo Tué Na Bangna ( born 24 October 1994 ) , known as Bruma , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Dutch club PSV Eindhoven as a winger , with skill and speed being his main assets .'}]}, {'value': '15.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RB Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RB_Leipzig', 'summary': "RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V. , commonly known as RB Leipzig , is a German professional football club based in Leipzig , Saxony . The club was founded in 2009 by initiative of the company Red Bull GmbH , which purchased the playing rights of fifth-tier side SSV Markranstädt with the intent of advancing the new club to the top-flight Bundesliga within eight years . Men 's professional football is run by the spin-off organization RasenBallsport Leipzig GmbH . RB Leipzig plays its home matches at the Red Bull Arena . In its inaugural season in 2009-10 , RB Leipzig dominated the NOFV-Oberliga Süd ( V ) and was promoted as champions to the Regionalliga Nord ( IV ) . RB Leipzig won the 2012-13 Regionalliga Nordost season without a single defeat and was promoted to the 3 . Liga ( III ) , then finished the 2013-14 3 . Liga season as runners-up and was promoted to the 2 . Bundesliga ( II ) as the first team since the introduction of the 3 . Liga to win promotion after only one season . On 8 May 2016 , RB Leipzig ensured promotion to the Bundesliga for the 2016-17 season with a 2-0 win over Karlsruher SC . One year later , RB Leipzig captured a place in the 2017-18 UEFA Champions League by finishing as runners-up in the Bundesliga ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arda Turan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arda_Turan', 'summary': "Arda Turan ( born 30 January 1987 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Spanish club FC Barcelona , and the Turkey national team . Turan is mostly known for his ball control , dribbling skills and vision . At age 21 , prior to the 2009-10 season , he was named captain of Galatasaray . Following a successful UEFA Euro 2008 campaign , Turan was ranked eighth in a selection of the 100 Best Young Football Players in the World piece published by Spanish magazine Don Balón in July 2008 . Turan was ranked 38th in The 100 Best Footballers in the World by The Guardian in 2014 , the only player on the list to be born in Turkey . On 25 November 2014 , Turan was nominated for the UEFA Team of the Year for 2014 , among 40 other players . As of May 2018 , Turan holds 100 senior national caps and 17 goals for the Turkey national team , making him Turkey 's fourth-most capped player of all-time ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Madrid', 'summary': "Club Atlético de Madrid ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið ] ; meaning Athletic Club of Madrid ) , commonly referred to as Atlético de Madrid or simply as Atlético or Atleti , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid , that play in La Liga . The club play their home games at the Metropolitano Stadium , which has a capacity of 68,456 . In terms of league titles won , Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football - behind Real Madrid and Barcelona . Atlético have won La Liga on 10 occasions , including a league and cup double in 1996 ; the Copa del Rey on 10 occasions ; two Supercopas de España and one Copa Eva Duarte ; in Europe , they won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 , were runners-up in 1963 and 1986 , were Champions League runners-up in 1974 , 2014 and 2016 , won the Europa League in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 , and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup . Atlético 's home kit is red and white vertical striped shirts , with blue shorts , and blue and red socks . This combination has been used since 1911 . Throughout their history the club has been known by a number of nicknames , including Los Colchoneros ( The Mattress Makers ) , due to their first team stripes being the same colours as traditional mattresses . During the 1970s , they became known as Los Indios , which some attribute to the club 's signing several South American players after the restrictions on signing foreign players were lifted . However , there are a number of alternative theories which claim they were named so because their stadium is camped on the river bank , or because Los Indios ( The Indians ) were the traditional enemy of Los Blancos ( The Whites ) , which is the nickname of the club 's city rivals , Real Madrid . Felipe VI , the king of Spain , has been the honorary president of the club since 2003 . The club co-owned the Indian Super League franchise in Kolkata , formerly named Atlético de Kolkata , which won the competition twice , but in 2017 Atlético decided to end its franchise partnership with the ISL club due to broken commitments . Atlético also co-owns Liga MX club Atlético San Luis , and the Canadian Premier League side Atlético Ottawa ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ozan Kabak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ozan_Kabak', 'summary': 'Ozan Muhammed Kabak ( born 25 March 2000 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for the German club Schalke 04 in the Bundesliga .'}]}, {'value': '11.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VfB Stuttgart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart', 'summary': "Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V. , commonly known as VfB Stuttgart ( German pronunciation : [ faʊ̯ ʔɛf beː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt ] ) , is a German sports club based in Stuttgart , Baden-Württemberg . The club is best known for its football team which is currently part of Germany 's second division 2 . Bundesliga . VfB Stuttgart has won the national championship five times , most recently in 2006-07 ; the DFB-Pokal three times ; and the UEFA Intertoto Cup a record three times . The football team plays its home games at the Mercedes-Benz Arena , in the Neckarpark which is located near the Cannstatter Wasen where the city 's fall beer festival takes place . Second team side VfB Stuttgart II currently plays in the Regionalliga Südwest , which is the second highest division allowed for a reserve team . The club 's junior teams have won the national U19 championships a record ten times and the Under 17 Bundesliga six times . A membership-based club with over 64,000 members ( as of June 2018 ) , VfB is the largest sports club in Baden-Württemberg and the fifth-largest in Germany . It has departments for fistball , hockey , track and field , table-tennis and football referees , all of which compete only at the amateur level . The club also maintains a social department , the VfB-Garde ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garry Rodrigues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garry_Rodrigues', 'summary': 'Garry Mendes Rodrigues ( born 27 November 1990 ) is a Dutch-born Cape Verdean footballer who plays as a winger for Fenerbahçe on loan from Al-Ittihad . He formerly played for PAOK , Elche CF , XerxesDZB , FC Boshuizen , ADO Den Haag , Dordrecht , Levski Sofia and Galatasaray . Born in the Netherlands , in February 2013 , Rodrigues announced that he would like to play for Cape Verde , and made his debut in August 2013 . He represented the nation at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations . He is a cousin of Jerson Cabral .'}]}, {'value': '9.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Ittihad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Jeddah)', 'summary': "Al-Ittihad Club Saudi Arabia ( Arabic : نادي الاتحاد العربي السعودي ) , also known as Al-Ittihad Jeddah or simply Al-Ittihad , meaning The Union , is a Saudi Premier League football club based in Jeddah . Al-Ittihad has won 8 League titles , 9 King 's cup titles , 8 Crown Prince cup titles , 3 Saudi Federation Cup titles 1 Arab Champions League title , 1 Gulf Champions League title , 2 Saudi Egyptian Super Cup titles , 3 Asian championships and 13 other titles . Overall , it has won 48 official trophies in its history . The club was founded on December 26 , 1927 before the third Saudi state was declared , making it the oldest and first sports club in Saudi Arabia . The most successful period in Al-Ittihad 's history was the 1990s and mid 2000s , when the club won numerous honours both domestically and continental . The team won Cup Winners Cup in 1999 and two Champions League titles in 2004 and 2005 and as far as going on to compete in the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup . The club has the distinction of being the only Asian club to have won the AFC Champions League twice in a row . Al-Ittihad has a record of home average attendance for Asia clubs in domestic league matches with the average of 42,371 on 2014/2015 season and that is for the club 's big popularity which is the first in Saudi Arabia and Asia . The club 's most famous Saudi players are Saeed Ghorab , Hamzah Idris , Ahmad Jamil , Al Hasan Al-Yami , and Mohammed Noor . The most famous foreign players are Brazilian international Bebeto , who played for Al-Ittihad from 2001 to 2002 ; the Brazilian attacking midfielder Tcheco who played for the club from 2003 to 2005 , who came back in 2008 for one season ; and the Portuguese Paulo Jorge Alves , also known as Jójó , who was at Al-Ittihad from 2010 to 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hakan Şükür', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakan_Şükür', 'summary': "Hakan Şükür ( born 1 September 1971 ) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a striker . Nicknamed the Bull of the Bosphorus and Kral ( king ) , he spent the majority of his professional career with Galatasaray , being a three-time Gol Kralı ( Goal King , title and award given to the annual top goalscorer of the Süper Lig ) , representing the club in three different spells and winning a total of 14 major titles . Şükür represented Turkey a total of 112 times , scoring 51 goals , making him the nation 's top goalscorer and 19th in the world at the time of his retirement . One of the most prolific strikers of the modern era , he netted 383 goals throughout his club career as well as the fastest ever in a World Cup , in 2002 . He retired from football in 2008 , only scoring once in single digits for his main team in 13 seasons ; he was renowned for his heading ability . In the 2011 general elections , he was elected as an Istanbul MP for the Justice and Development Party . He resigned from the party in December 2013 , to serve as an independent . He is wanted for arrest in Turkey since August 2016 for being a member of Gülen movement , and lives in exile in the United States since mid 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '8.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kader Keïta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Kader_Keïta', 'summary': 'Abdul Kader Keïta ( born 6 August 1981 ) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a winger . He represented the Ivory Coast national football team from 2000 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '8.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Sadd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Sadd_Sports_Club', 'summary': "Al-Sadd Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي السد الرياضي ) is a Qatari sports club based in the Al Sadd district of the city of Doha . It is best known for its association football team , which competes in the top level of Qatari football , the Qatar Stars League . Locally , it is known primarily by the nickname Al Zaeem , which translates to The Boss . It is known as the best team in Qatar and is the only Qatari team that has won the AFC Champions League in Asia . In addition to football , the club has teams for handball , basketball , volleyball , table tennis and athletics . It is the most successful sports club in the country , and holds a national record of 57 official football championships . The origin of Al Sadd 's conception began with four Qatari students who excelled in football , but did not wish to join any of the existing football clubs . After consulting with the minister of Youth and Sports , the group , led by Abdulla bin Ahmed bin Mubarak Al Ali and Ali bin Mohammad bin Ali bin Sultan Al Ali , founded the club on 21 October 1969 in Qatar 's capital city . In the 1989 season , they became the first Arab club side to triumph in the Asian Club Championship by defeating Al Rasheed of Iraq on an aggregate of away goals . Twenty-two years later , they won the 2011 Asian Champions League and earned a spot in the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup , in which Al Sadd finished third ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burak Yılmaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz', 'summary': 'Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Beşiktaş and the Turkish national team . He has also played for the big four clubs in Turkey : Beşiktaş , Fenerbahçe , Trabzonspor and Galatasaray .'}]}, {'value': '8.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Guoan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_Guoan_F.C.', 'summary': "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C . ( Chinese : 北京中赫国安 ; pinyin : Běijīng Zhōnghè Guó'ān ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers ' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161 . Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group ( 64% ) and CITIC Limited ( 36% ) of CITIC Group , a state-owned enterprise of China . Beijing Guoan F.C . was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group , which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014 . The club is one of the four teams to never have been relegated from the league since its debut in 2004 . The club 's predecessor was called Beijing Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On December 29 , 1992 the club was recognized to become a completely professional football club making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever professional league title in the 2009 league season as well as the 1996 , 1997 , 2003 and 2018 Chinese FA Cup . According to Forbes , Guoan was the second most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 167 million , and an estimated revenue of US $ 30 million in 2015 . According to the disclosure of CITIC Pacific , the club revenue was CN¥244 million in 2013 season ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrian Ilie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Ilie', 'summary': 'Adrian Bucurel Ilie ( Romanian pronunciation : [ adriˈan bukuˈrel iˈli.e ] ; born 20 April 1974 ) is a Romanian former international footballer who played as a forward . He was nicknamed Cobra by his former coach at Valencia , Claudio Ranieri , because of his spectacular skills and goalscoring prowess . He represented the Romanian national team in one World Cup and two European Championships .'}]}, {'value': '7.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valencia_CF', 'summary': "Valencia Club de Fútbol ( Spanish : [ baˈlenθja ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] , Valencian : València Club de Futbol [ vaˈlensia ˈklub de fubˈbɔl ] ) , commonly referred to as Valencia CF or simply Valencia , is a Spanish professional football club based in Valencia . They play in La Liga . Valencia have won six La Liga titles , eight Copa del Rey titles , one Supercopa de España and one Copa Eva Duarte . In European competitions , they 've won two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups ( the predecessor to the UEFA Cup ) , one UEFA Cup , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , two UEFA Super Cups and one UEFA Intertoto Cup . They also reached two UEFA Champions League finals in a row , losing to La Liga rivals Real Madrid in 2000 and German club Bayern Munich on penalties after a 1-1 draw in 2001 . Valencia were also members of the G-14 group of leading European football clubs and since its end has been part of the original members of the European Club Association . In total , Valencia have reached seven major European finals , winning four of them . Valencia were founded in 1919 and have played their home games at the 55,000-seater Mestalla since 1923 . They were due to move into the new 75,000-seater Nou Mestalla in the northwest of the city in 2013 , but the final move date has been postponed while the stadium remains under construction . Valencia is the third-most supported football club in Spain , behind heavyweights Real Madrid and Barcelona . It is also one of the biggest clubs in the world in terms of number of associates ( registered paying supporters ) , with more than 50,000 season ticket holders and another 20,000+ season ticket holders on the waiting list , who can be accommodated in the new 75,000-seater stadium . Over the years , the club has achieved a global reputation for their prolific youth academy , or Acàdemia ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Telles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Telles', 'summary': 'Alex Nicolao Telles ( born 15 December 1992 ) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Portuguese club Porto . Telles is an offensive full-back and is described as a skilled , quick and playmaking defender . Telles is highly rated in Brazil and was rewarded with a place in the 2013 Brasileirão Team of the Year .'}]}, {'value': '6.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Porto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Porto', 'summary': "Futebol Clube do Porto , MHIH , OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ futɨˈβɔl ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðu ˈpoɾtu ] ) , commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto , is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto . It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , Founded on 28 September 1893 , Porto is one of the Big Three ( Portuguese : Os Três Grandes ) teams in Portugal - together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP - that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934 . They are nicknamed Dragões ( Dragons ) , for the mythical creature atop the club 's crest , and Azuis e brancos ( Blue-and-whites ) , for the shirt colours . The club supporters are called Portistas . Since 2003 , Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão , which replaced the previous 103-year-old ground , the Estádio das Antas . Porto is the second most decorated team in Portugal , with 76 major trophies , of which 69 were achieved in domestic competitions . These comprise 28 Primeira Liga titles ( five of which were won consecutively between 1994-95 and 1998-99 , a Portuguese football record ) , 16 Taça de Portugal , 4 Campeonato de Portugal , and a record 21 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Porto is the second team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without any defeat , namely in the 2010-11 and 2012-13 seasons . In the former , Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system ( 21 points ) , on their way to a second quadruple . In international competitions , Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team , with seven trophies . They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004 , the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011 , the UEFA Super Cup in 1987 , and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004 . In addition , they were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup Winners ' Cup and in the 2003 , 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- Highest transfer fees received', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Galatasaray_S.K._records_and_statistics_22', 'intro': 'Below are statistics and records related to Galatasaray.'} | null | null | Of the athletes born in 1990 , what is the M , € of the one who is a cousin of Jerson Cabral ? | 9.0 |
0712d338750e8b8e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan', 'title': 'List of power stations in Pakistan', 'header': ['Station', 'Location', 'Capacity ( MW )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kot Addu Power Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kot_Addu_Power_Company', 'summary': 'The Kot Addu Power Company ( KAPCO ) is a Pakistani power company owns , operates , and maintains a multi-fuel fired power plant in Kot Addu , District Muzaffargarh , Punjab , Pakistan . It produces 1,600 MW of electricity . In , 2005 , the company was formally listed on the stock exchanges of Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'Kot Addu , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kot_Addu', 'summary': 'Kot Addu is a city and tehsil in the Muzaffargarh District of the southern part of the Punjab province of Pakistan . This city is subdivided into 30 Union Councils and has a population of over 104 thousand , making it the 67th largest city in Pakistan . It is located just east of the Indus River , about 866 km ( 538 mi ) from Karachi , 600 km ( 370 mi ) from Islamabad , 100 km from Multan , 80 km from D.G.Khan , 60 km ( 37 mi ) from Muzaffargarh , 60 km from Layyah , and 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) from Taunsa Barrage . Kot Addu City attracts a large number of tourists every year , due to the Indus river and public gardens among other things . The city is served by Kot Addu Junction railway station.The Zip code of Kot Addu is 34050 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '1,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multi Fuel-Fired Thermal Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hub Power Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hub_Power_Company', 'summary': "Hub Power Company Limited , colloquially known as HUBCO , is Pakistan 's biggest Independent Power Producer headquartered in Karachi , Pakistan . It has a combined capacity of 3,581 Mega Watts ( MW ) and contributes over 10% of Pakistan 's electricity generation . Its power generation is spread across the country with four power generation units already contributing to the national grid , whereas two of them are under construction . Following is the list of Power generation units under HUBCO 's portfolio :"}]}, {'value': 'Hub , Balochistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hub,_Balochistan', 'summary': 'Hub ( Urdu : حب ) ( also known as Hub Chowki ) is the capital city of the Hub Tehsil , located in the Lasbela District of Balochistan , Pakistan . Hub is an industrial city and its original name was Hub Chowki because once there was a police and customs check post ( which is known as chowki in Urdu ) , named Nakahi . After the development of factories and many other industries , the town was renamed to Hub . Hub is one of the largest industrial centres of Balochistan , and because of its proximity to Karachi , it is becoming a Commuter town of the Karachi metro area .'}]}, {'value': '1,292', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubco Narowal Power Plant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HUBCO', 'summary': "Hub Power Company Limited , colloquially known as HUBCO , is Pakistan 's biggest Independent Power Producer headquartered in Karachi , Pakistan . It has a combined capacity of 3,581 Mega Watts ( MW ) and contributes over 10% of Pakistan 's electricity generation . Its power generation is spread across the country with four power generation units already contributing to the national grid , whereas two of them are under construction . Following is the list of Power generation units under HUBCO 's portfolio :"}]}, {'value': 'Narowal , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narowal', 'summary': 'Narowal ( Urdu : نارووال ) , is a city in the northeast of the Punjab province of Pakistan . According to an old legend Narowal was founded about 900 years ago . The city is the capital of Narowal District and become Narowal Tehsil in 1989 . According to the census of 2017 the City of Narowal has 103 067 inhabitants . Narowal is known for its University the campus of which was established in 2012 and for various famous politicians . The city is also known for its Faiz Ahmed Park named after the Urdu poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz who was born in the village Kala Qadir in Narowal District . A famous Sikh Temple , Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur can be visited in the East of Narowal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishat Power Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lahore , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishat Chunian Power Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lahore , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saba Power Company Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheikhupura , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheikhupura', 'summary': 'Shekhupura also known as Qila Sheikhupura ( Urdu : شیخُوپُورہ , Punjabi : شیخُوپُور ) is a city in the Pakistani province of Punjab . Founded by the Mughal Emperor Jehangir in 1607 , Sheikhupura is now the 16th largest city in Pakistan , and is the headquarters of Sheikhupura District . Sheikhupura is also the headquarters of Sheikhupura Division . The city is an industrial center , and satellite town , located about 38 km northwest of Lahore . According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan , its population is 473,129 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Electric Power Company Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raiwind , Lahore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raiwind', 'summary': 'Raiwind ( Urdu : راۓوِنڈ ) is a town ( now promoted to Tehsil Head Quarter ) located within union council 149 ( Dholanwal ) in Allama Iqbal Town of Lahore , Punjab , Pakistan . The town serves as the headquarters of Tablighi Jamaat and hosts the annual Raiwind Markaz Ijtema . Raiwind is also home to Pakistan Railways Junction and Railways Track Workshop and serves as the political base for former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}]}, {'value': '136', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tapal Energy Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tapal_Tea', 'summary': 'Tapal Tea is a Pakistani tea company which is based in Karachi , Pakistan . The company is known for their Family Mixture brand . It was founded by Adam Ali Tapal in 1947 . It is the largest tea brand in the country . Their biggest competitor in Pakistan is Lipton Tea . They are also known for their popular commercials . In 2004 , the company expanded their operations in Saudi Arabia .'}]}, {'value': 'Karachi , Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachi', 'summary': "Karachi ( Urdu : کراچی ; Sindhi : ڪراچي ; ALA-LC : Karācī , IPA : [ kəˈraːtʃi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh . It is the most populous city in Pakistan , and fifth-most-populous city proper in the world . Ranked as a beta-global city , the city is Pakistan 's premier industrial and financial centre . It is the cultural , economic , philanthropic , educational , and political hub of the country , and Pakistan 's most cosmopolitan city . Situated on the Arabian Sea , Karachi serves as a transport hub , and is home to Pakistan 's two largest seaports , the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim , as well as Pakistan 's busiest airport , Jinnah International Airport . Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia , the city was founded as the fortified village of Kolachi in 1729 . The settlement drastically increased in importance with the arrival of British East India Company in the mid 19th century , who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport , but also connected it with their extensive railway network . By the time of the Partition of British India , the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 . Following the independence of Pakistan , the city 's population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from India . The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence , attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia . Karachi is one of Pakistan 's most secular and socially liberal cities . It is also the most linguistically , ethnically , and religiously diverse city in Pakistan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sindh', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': '126', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan Power Generation Pvt Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raiwind , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raiwind', 'summary': 'Raiwind ( Urdu : راۓوِنڈ ) is a town ( now promoted to Tehsil Head Quarter ) located within union council 149 ( Dholanwal ) in Allama Iqbal Town of Lahore , Punjab , Pakistan . The town serves as the headquarters of Tablighi Jamaat and hosts the annual Raiwind Markaz Ijtema . Raiwind is also home to Pakistan Railways Junction and Railways Track Workshop and serves as the political base for former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '135', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kohinoor Energy Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lahore , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '131', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberty Power Tech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faisalabad , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faisalabad', 'summary': "Faisalabad ( Urdu : فیصل آباد ; English : /fɑːɪsɑːlˌbɑːd/ ) , formerly known as Lyallpur , is the third-most-populous city in Pakistan , and the second-largest in the eastern province of Punjab . Historically one of the first planned cities within British India , it has long since developed into a cosmopolitan metropolis . Faisalabad was restructured into city district status ; a devolution promulgated by the 2001 local government ordinance ( LGO ) . The total area of Faisalabad District is 5,856 km2 ( 2,261 sq mi ) while the area controlled by the Faisalabad Development Authority ( FDA ) is 1,280 km2 ( 490 sq mi ) . :8 Faisalabad has grown to become a major industrial and distribution centre because of its central location in the region and connecting roads , rails , and air transportation . It has been referred to as the Manchester of Pakistan . Faisalabad contributes over 20 percent of Punjab 's GDP , and has an average annual GDP of $ 20.5 billion . Agriculture and industry remain its hallmark . :41 The surrounding countryside , irrigated by the lower Chenab River , produces cotton , wheat , sugarcane , maize , vegetables and fruits . The city is an industrial centre with major railway repair yards , engineering works , and mills that process sugar , flour , and oil seed . Faisalabad is a major producer of superphosphates , cotton and silk textiles , hosiery , dyes , industrial chemicals , beverages , clothing , pulp and paper , printing , agricultural equipment , and ghee ( clarified butter ) . The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry monitors industrial activity in the city and reports their findings to the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry and provincial government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AES Lal Pir Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lal_Pir_Power', 'summary': 'The Lalpir Power Company Limited , was incorporated in 1994 , located in Mehmood Kot , District Muzaffargarh , Punjab , Pakistan . Lal Pir Power Plant produces 362 MW of electricity whereas PakGen produces 365MW of electricity . It is owned by Nishat Group . Nichimen Japan was hired as an EPC contractor . The plant started its operation in 1997 and was operated by an American company AES Corporation . In 2010 , Nishat Group and consortium acquired the two plants , AES Lalpir and PakGen . Nishat Group would have controlling shares of 50 percent , whereas Abu Dhabi Investment Council ( ADIC ) , which is owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi , would have 30 percent shares , and The City School would have 20 percent shares . The company is listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Muzaffargarh , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muzaffargarh', 'summary': 'Muzaffargarh ( Punjabi : مُظفّرگڑھ , lit . Fort of Muzaffar ) is a city in the province of Punjab , Pakistan . Located on the bank of the Chenab River , it is the capital of the district with the same name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '362', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AES PakGen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lal_Pir_Power', 'summary': 'The Lalpir Power Company Limited , was incorporated in 1994 , located in Mehmood Kot , District Muzaffargarh , Punjab , Pakistan . Lal Pir Power Plant produces 362 MW of electricity whereas PakGen produces 365MW of electricity . It is owned by Nishat Group . Nichimen Japan was hired as an EPC contractor . The plant started its operation in 1997 and was operated by an American company AES Corporation . In 2010 , Nishat Group and consortium acquired the two plants , AES Lalpir and PakGen . Nishat Group would have controlling shares of 50 percent , whereas Abu Dhabi Investment Council ( ADIC ) , which is owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi , would have 30 percent shares , and The City School would have 20 percent shares . The company is listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Muzaffargarh , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muzaffargarh', 'summary': 'Muzaffargarh ( Punjabi : مُظفّرگڑھ , lit . Fort of Muzaffar ) is a city in the province of Punjab , Pakistan . Located on the bank of the Chenab River , it is the capital of the district with the same name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '365', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attock Group / Attock Gen Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attock_Oil_Company', 'summary': 'Attock Oil Company , informally called Attock Group , also known as Pharaon Group , is a UK-domiciled conglomerate company based in Manchester , England , United Kingdom . It is the sole vertically integrated oil conglomerate company active in Pakistani market . The group is owned by Pharaon family .'}]}, {'value': 'Rawalpindi , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rawalpindi', 'summary': "Rawalpindi ( /ˌrɑːwəlˈpɪndi/ or /rɔːlˈpɪndi/ ; Punjabi , Urdu : راولپِنڈى , Rāwalpiṇḍī ) , commonly known as Pindi ( Punjabi : پِنڈی ) , is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan . Rawalpindi is adjacent to Pakistan 's capital of Islamabad , and the two are jointly known as the twin cities on account of strong social and economic links between the cities . Rawalpindi is the fourth-largest city in Pakistan by population , while the larger Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country 's third-largest metropolitan area . Rawalpindi is located on the Pothohar Plateau , known for its ancient Buddhist heritage , especially in the neighbouring town of Taxila - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city was destroyed during the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni before being taken over by Gakhars in 1493 . In 1765 , the ruling Gakhars were defeated as the city came under Sikh rule , and eventually became a major city within the Sikh Empire based in Lahore . The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849 , and in 1851 became the largest garrison town for the British Indian Army . Following the partition of British India in 1947 , the city became home to the headquarters of Pakistan Army hence retaining its status as a major military city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab', 'summary': 'The Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , /-ˈdʒæb/ , /ˈpʌndʒɑːb/ , /-dʒæb/ ; native pronunciation : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) , also spelled and romanised as Panjāb , [ a ] is a geopolitical , cultural and historical region in South Asia , specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent , comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India . The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts . The geographical definition of the term Punjab has changed over time : in the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area lying between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers . In British India , until the Partition of Punjab in 1947 , the Punjab Province encompassed the present-day Indian states and union territories of Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Chandigarh , and Delhi ; and the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory . It bordered the Balochistan and Pashtunistan regions to the west , Kashmir to the north , the Hindi Belt to the east , and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south . The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis , and their principal language is Punjabi . The main religion of the Pakistani Punjab region is Islam . The main religion of the Indian Punjab region is Sikhism . Other religious groups are Christianity , Jainism , Zoroastrianism , Buddhism , Hinduism , and Ravidassia . The Punjab region was the cradle for the Indus Valley Civilisation . The region had numerous migration by the Indo-Aryan peoples . The land was later contested by the Persians , Indo-Greeks , Indo-Scythians , Kushans , Macedonians , Ghaznavids , Turkic , Mongols , Timurids , Mughals , Marathi , Arabs , Pashtuns , British and other peoples .'}]}, {'value': '165', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Oil Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamshoro Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamshoro_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Jamshoro Power Station ( GENCO-I ) is a thermal power plant fueled by natural gas and fuel oil located near Sindh . It is operated by the Jamshoro Power Company . It was commissioned in between 1989-1991 under the leadership of Engr . A.K . Siddiqui and Project Director Engr . M. M. Chandio . It consists of one 250 MW unit and three 200 MW units . In February 2014 , the Asian Development Bank agreed to loan $ 900 million to the government of Pakistan for a project to install 600MW supercritical coal-fired power plant at Jamshoro . The Islamic Development Bank ( IDB ) approves $ 220 million for Jamshoro Coal Power generation project . The Asian Development Bank has already approved $ 900m for the project , whereas $ 380m will be contributed by the government to meet the overall estimated project cost of $ 1.5 billion . The 600MW supercritical coal-fired power generation plant , using an 80/20 blend of imported sub-bituminous coal and domestic lignite when available , will be in accordance with international and national environmental standards .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamshoro , Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamshoro', 'summary': 'Jamshoro ( Sindhi : ڄام شورو ) , ( Urdu : جامشورو ) , is an education city of Sindh located on the west bank of River Indus . Jamshoro , the site of largest University residential campus in the country , situated about 18 kilometers from Hyderabad on the right bank of River Indus , was a rather desolate hilly track until 1955 when it was selected for the establishment of Sindh University Campus . The site was selected to be a University township away from the humdrum of Hyderabad city which lacked room to meet the ambitious expansion programs of the University . Jamshoro is virtually the gate-way to the Indus Valley , now world-famous for its civilization and rich cultural heritage . The Ranikot Fort is located 40 km . to the north of the campus , in the northward continuation of the same hilly track which become Laki Ranges , merging with the Khirthars northwards . Amri , an important archeological site , lies about 15 km . further north . Sehwan , a well known township lies 25 km . to the north of Amri . Mancher Lake the largest fresh water lake in the region , is situated to the west north west of Sehwan . Travelling about 150 km .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sindh', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': '850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil and Natural Gas-Fired Thermal Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bin Qasim Power Plant I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachi_Electric_Supply_Company', 'summary': "K-Electric ( KE ) is a Pakistani investor-owned utility managing all three key stages - generation , transmission and distribution - of producing and delivering energy to consumers . KE is a Pakistani electric supply company , based in Karachi , Sindh , Pakistan . KE supplies power to whole Pakistan home to an estimated 22 million people ( as of 2018 ) . The company has a customer account base of over 2.5 million , and around 10,000 employees . KE engages in the generation , transmission , and distribution of electric energy to industrial , commercial , agricultural and residential areas that falls under its network . In January 2018 , the utility also initiated the process of distributed generation under a net metering program . KE 's network has improved multiple folds over the course of many years : projects like Aerial Bundled Cabling ( ABC ) to improve secondary distribution system and reduce power thefts , TP-1000 transmission upgrade of the system by building numerous grid stations and expanding 1000 MVA in transmission and distribution infrastructure , collaborations with World Bank and IFC on network system improvement , generation fleet efficiency improvement by ISO 50001 energy management system certifications of KE Bin Qasim-II , Korangi Combined Cycle Power Plant , and energy efficiency and renewable programs for KE consumers , including energy audits , power factor improvement surveys , solar consultancy and outreach and awareness programs . Timeline In 1913 , the Karachi Electric Supply Corporation ( KESC ) was formed to meet the power needs of a small port town called Karachi , incorporated under the now currently Companies Ordinance , 1984 . In 1952 , The Government of Pakistan nationalized KESC in order to facilitate the much needed investment in its infrastructure . In 2005 , KESC was privatized , with the government retaining a stake of approximately 26% , while 71% was transferred to a foreign consortium . In 2009 , the new management , led by Abraaj Capital , took charge , beginning a turnaround story which has thus far seen investments of over US $ 2.1 billion . As of 2017 , the Abraaj Group and Aljomaih/NIG have a 66.4% stake in KE ; the Government of Pakistan 's shareholding stands at 24.36% ."}]}, {'value': 'Karachi , Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachi', 'summary': "Karachi ( Urdu : کراچی ; Sindhi : ڪراچي ; ALA-LC : Karācī , IPA : [ kəˈraːtʃi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh . It is the most populous city in Pakistan , and fifth-most-populous city proper in the world . Ranked as a beta-global city , the city is Pakistan 's premier industrial and financial centre . It is the cultural , economic , philanthropic , educational , and political hub of the country , and Pakistan 's most cosmopolitan city . Situated on the Arabian Sea , Karachi serves as a transport hub , and is home to Pakistan 's two largest seaports , the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim , as well as Pakistan 's busiest airport , Jinnah International Airport . Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia , the city was founded as the fortified village of Kolachi in 1729 . The settlement drastically increased in importance with the arrival of British East India Company in the mid 19th century , who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport , but also connected it with their extensive railway network . By the time of the Partition of British India , the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 . Following the independence of Pakistan , the city 's population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from India . The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence , attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia . Karachi is one of Pakistan 's most secular and socially liberal cities . It is also the most linguistically , ethnically , and religiously diverse city in Pakistan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sindh', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': '1,260', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil and Natural Gas-Fired Thermal Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sitara Energy Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faisalabad , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faisalabad', 'summary': "Faisalabad ( Urdu : فیصل آباد ; English : /fɑːɪsɑːlˌbɑːd/ ) , formerly known as Lyallpur , is the third-most-populous city in Pakistan , and the second-largest in the eastern province of Punjab . Historically one of the first planned cities within British India , it has long since developed into a cosmopolitan metropolis . Faisalabad was restructured into city district status ; a devolution promulgated by the 2001 local government ordinance ( LGO ) . The total area of Faisalabad District is 5,856 km2 ( 2,261 sq mi ) while the area controlled by the Faisalabad Development Authority ( FDA ) is 1,280 km2 ( 490 sq mi ) . :8 Faisalabad has grown to become a major industrial and distribution centre because of its central location in the region and connecting roads , rails , and air transportation . It has been referred to as the Manchester of Pakistan . Faisalabad contributes over 20 percent of Punjab 's GDP , and has an average annual GDP of $ 20.5 billion . Agriculture and industry remain its hallmark . :41 The surrounding countryside , irrigated by the lower Chenab River , produces cotton , wheat , sugarcane , maize , vegetables and fruits . The city is an industrial centre with major railway repair yards , engineering works , and mills that process sugar , flour , and oil seed . Faisalabad is a major producer of superphosphates , cotton and silk textiles , hosiery , dyes , industrial chemicals , beverages , clothing , pulp and paper , printing , agricultural equipment , and ghee ( clarified butter ) . The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry monitors industrial activity in the city and reports their findings to the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry and provincial government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diesel and Natural Gas Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saif Power Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saif_Group', 'summary': 'Saif Group is a Pakistani conglomerate company largely focused on textile industry and is owned by Saifullah Khan family . It is based in Islamabad and is involved in power , health care , textiles , real estate and telecommunications .'}]}, {'value': 'Sahiwal , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahiwal', 'summary': 'Sahiwal ( Punjabi and Urdu : ساہِيوال ) is a city in Punjab , Pakistan . It is the administrative center of Sahiwal District , and Sahiwal Division . It is the 14th largest city in Punjab and the 21st largest city in Pakistan . Sahiwal is approximately 180 km from the major city Lahore and lies between Lahore and Multan . A small village on the Karachi-Lahore railway line during 1865 was named Montgomery after Sir Robert Montgomery , then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab . Later , it was made the capital of the Montgomery District . Its name was reinstated as Sahiwal in 1966 . The city is in the densely populated region between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers . The principal crops are wheat , cotton , tobacco , legumes , potato and oil seeds . Cotton goods and lacquered woodwork are manufactured .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diesel and Natural Gas Fired Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attock Refinery Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attock_Refinery', 'summary': 'The Attock Refinery Limited is a Pakistani petroleum company which is a subsidiary of UK-domiciled Attock Oil Company . It is active in crude oil refining in the country . The company is based in Rawalpindi , Punjab , Pakistan . The company is listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Rawalpindi , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rawalpindi', 'summary': "Rawalpindi ( /ˌrɑːwəlˈpɪndi/ or /rɔːlˈpɪndi/ ; Punjabi , Urdu : راولپِنڈى , Rāwalpiṇḍī ) , commonly known as Pindi ( Punjabi : پِنڈی ) , is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan . Rawalpindi is adjacent to Pakistan 's capital of Islamabad , and the two are jointly known as the twin cities on account of strong social and economic links between the cities . Rawalpindi is the fourth-largest city in Pakistan by population , while the larger Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country 's third-largest metropolitan area . Rawalpindi is located on the Pothohar Plateau , known for its ancient Buddhist heritage , especially in the neighbouring town of Taxila - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city was destroyed during the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni before being taken over by Gakhars in 1493 . In 1765 , the ruling Gakhars were defeated as the city came under Sikh rule , and eventually became a major city within the Sikh Empire based in Lahore . The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849 , and in 1851 became the largest garrison town for the British Indian Army . Following the partition of British India in 1947 , the city became home to the headquarters of Pakistan Army hence retaining its status as a major military city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heavy Fuel Oil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas Power Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheikhpura , Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheikhpura', 'summary': 'Sheikhpura is a city and a municipality in Sheikhpura district in the Indian state of Bihar . Sheikhpura is also an administrative headquarter of Sheikhpura district .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heavy Fuel Oil', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Thermal -- In service', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan_0', 'intro': "This is a list of Power Stations in Pakistan. Pakistan had a total installed power generation capacity of over 34 GW by December 2018. However, de-rated capacity is approximately 31 GW during the year. Under China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project, with an investment of $25 Billion, the power plants of 12,334 MW capacity would be completed on a priority basis. Pakistan has witnessed a sharp increase in electricity production of almost 11 GW in last five years bridging much needed gap between supply and demand. Pakistan has an installed electricity generation capacity of 33,836 MW in 2018. Furnace oil (16 percent), hydel (27 percent), Natural gas (12 percent), LNG (26 percent), Coal (9 percent), Renewable (Solar & Wind 5 percent) and nuclear (5 per cent) are the principal sources. In the next 10 years, peak electricity demand is expected to rise by four to five per cent, which is roughly 1,500 MW. Pakistan has a lopsided energy mix, diminishing indigenous fuel reserves, increasing circular debt and transmission hold-ups. Pakistan has almost exhausted its gas reserves. Imported oil's price hikes affect the budget and its constant supply cannot be guaranteed. Pakistan has the potential to meet these energy challenges through hydroelectric power, but there are political and environmental issues in building dams."} | null | null | How many MW is the power station formally listed on the stock exchanges of Pakistan in 2005 ? | 1,600 |
0713c2fab6cd0a32 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banking_families', 'title': 'List of banking families', 'header': ['Family', 'Companies', 'Place of origin', 'Principal countries of residence'], 'data': [{'value': 'Altoviti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_of_Altoviti', 'summary': 'The Altoviti are a prominent noble family of Florence . Since the Medieval they were one of the most distinguished banking and political families appointed to the highest offices of the Republic of Florence , friends and patrons of Galileo Galilei , Vasari , Raphael and Michelangelo . Through a predominant endogamous marriage policy they established alliances with dynasties of principal and papal nobility as the Medici , Cybo , Aldobrandini , Rospigliosi , Sacchetti and Corsini . Since the fourteenth century they had a close personal relationship with papacy . Three popes have blood relations with the Altoviti ; Innocent VIII , Clement IX and Clement XII . Pope Innocent VIII was the uncle of La Papessa Dianora Altoviti Cybo . Her son Bindo Altoviti became one of the most influential papal bankers and patron of the arts of the Renaissance . The House of Altoviti is still present and possesses the title of marquis .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence', 'summary': "Florence ( /ˈflɒrəns/ FLORR-ənss ; Italian : Firenze [ fiˈrɛntse ] ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a city in central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florence 's artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Florence', 'summary': "The Republic of Florence , also known as the Florentine Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Fiorentina , pronounced [ reˈpubblika fjorenˈtiːna ] , or Repubblica di Firenze ) , was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany . The republic originated in 1115 , when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany , who controlled vast territories that included Florence . The Florentines formed a commune in her successors ' place . The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence . The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere ( titular ruler of the city ) , who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members . The Republic , despite having a large degree of autonomy , was formally part of the Holy Roman Empire throughout its existence . The republic had a checkered history of coups and counter-coups against various factions . The Medici faction gained governance of the city in 1434 under Cosimo de ' Medici . The Medici kept control of Florence until 1494 . Giovanni de ' Medici ( later Pope Leo X ) re-conquered the republic in 1512 . Florence repudiated Medici authority for a second time in 1527 , during the War of the League of Cognac . The Medici re-assumed their rule in 1531 after an 11-month siege of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Bardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bardi_family', 'summary': "The Bardi family were an influential Florentine family that started the powerful banking company Compagnia dei Bardi . In the 14th century the Bardis lent Edward III of England 900,000 gold florins , a debt which he failed to repay along with 600,000 florins borrowed from the Peruzzi family , leading to the collapse of both families ' banks . During the 15th century the Bardi family continued to operate in various European centres , playing a notable role in financing some of the early voyages of discovery to America including those by Christopher Columbus and John Cabot . The nobility of the Bardi family has been documented since the year 1164 , when Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa relinquished the county of Vernio to Count Alberto along with the right to confer the noble title on his descendents . Countess Margherita , the last of Albertos line , sold Vernio to her son-in-law , Piero de Bardi . Albertos property included a castle and nine communes located 22 miles from Florence on an area that bordered the Mugello . During the fourteenth century the Bardi family became so powerful that the Florentine government considered them a threat . They eventually were forced to sell their castle to Florence because fortified castles near the city were seen as a danger to the republic . In the 1290s , the Bardi and Peruzzi families had established branches in England and were the main European bankers by the 1320s . By the fourteenth century the Bardi and the Peruzzi family grew tremendously wealthy by offering financial services . These two families facilitated trade by providing the merchants with bills of exchange , known today as checks . What made it so simple was that money paid by a debtor in one town could be paid out to creditor just by presenting the bill in another town ."}]}, {'value': 'Compagnia dei Bardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compagnia_dei_Bardi', 'summary': "The Compagnia dei Bardi was a Florentine banking and trading company which was started by the Bardi family . The Bardi company was one of three major Florentine banking companies ( called super-companies by some modern scholars ) that assembled large amounts of capital and established wide-ranging , diversified business networks , doing business throughout the Mediterranean and in England . The Bardi traded oil and wine , and had close economic ties to southern Italy and Sicily . Their chief product , however , was high-quality woolen cloth . The Bardi were the largest of these super-companies and seem to have been 50 percent larger than their closest rival , the Peruzzi company . In 1344 , at about the same time as the Peruzzi company , the Bardi company went bankrupt and the Florentine writer Giovanni Villani blamed this on the repudiation of war loans by King Edward III of England . However , Villani was not an independent source ; his brother was a member of the Peruzzi company that also went bankrupt . Villanni said that Edward owed the Bardi 900,000 gold florins ( £135,000 ) and the Peruzzi 600,000 ( £90,000 ) . However , the Peruzzi 's records show that they never had that much capital to lend Edward III . Edward did not default on all his loans and repaid some with cash and others with royal grants of wool , a principal export of the English economy at the time . At the time Florence was going through a period of internal disputes and the third largest financial company , the Acciaiuoli , also went bankrupt and they did not lend any money to Edward . What loans Edward III did default on are likely only to have contributed to the financial problems in Florence , not caused them ."}]}, {'value': 'Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence', 'summary': "Florence ( /ˈflɒrəns/ FLORR-ənss ; Italian : Firenze [ fiˈrɛntse ] ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a city in central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florence 's artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Florence', 'summary': "The Republic of Florence , also known as the Florentine Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Fiorentina , pronounced [ reˈpubblika fjorenˈtiːna ] , or Repubblica di Firenze ) , was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany . The republic originated in 1115 , when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany , who controlled vast territories that included Florence . The Florentines formed a commune in her successors ' place . The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence . The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere ( titular ruler of the city ) , who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members . The Republic , despite having a large degree of autonomy , was formally part of the Holy Roman Empire throughout its existence . The republic had a checkered history of coups and counter-coups against various factions . The Medici faction gained governance of the city in 1434 under Cosimo de ' Medici . The Medici kept control of Florence until 1494 . Giovanni de ' Medici ( later Pope Leo X ) re-conquered the republic in 1512 . Florence repudiated Medici authority for a second time in 1527 , during the War of the League of Cognac . The Medici re-assumed their rule in 1531 after an 11-month siege of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Baring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baring_family', 'summary': 'The Baring family is a German and British family of merchants and bankers . In Germany the family belongs to the Bildungsbürgertum , whereas in England it belongs to the aristocracy .'}]}, {'value': 'Barings Bank , Baring Vostok Capital Partners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barings_Bank', 'summary': "Barings Bank was a British merchant bank based in London , and the world 's second oldest merchant bank ( after Berenberg Bank ) . It was founded in 1762 by Francis Baring , a British-born member of the German-British Baring family of merchants and bankers . The bank collapsed in 1995 after suffering losses of £827 million ( £1.6 billion today ) resulting from fraudulent investments , primarily in futures contracts , conducted by its employee Nick Leeson , working at its office in Singapore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baring_Vostok_Capital_Partners', 'summary': "Baring Vostok Capital Partners is the largest independent private equity firm focused on investments in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States . The Baring Vostok Private Equity Funds invest across a broad range of industries including oil and gas , consumer products , media and technology , telecommunications and financial services . The Investment Advisor of the Funds , Baring Vostok Capital Partners ( Guernsey ) several times since 2005 has been voted Russian Private Equity Firm of the Year by the readers of Private Equity International and Private Equity Online . The sub-advisor of BVCP has a branch office in Moscow with a team of 40 experienced investment professionals . From its founding in 1994 through 2004 , the firm was a subsidiary of Baring Private Equity International ( BPEP International ) which was an affiliate of Barings Bank . In addition to Baring Vostok , the affiliates of BPEP International include Baring Private Equity Asia as well as Baring Private Equity Partners India , founded in 1984 . BPEP International 's Latin America affiliate is known as GP Investments , a leading private equity firm in Brazil . Collectively , the firms represent over $ 12 billion in capital commitments as of the end of 2014 . With offices in Moscow , the firm has raised over $ 3.7 billion across five investment funds . The firms name vostok is the Russian word for east . Additionally , the Vostok spacecraft was the first manned spacecraft , operated by Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin . The firms founder Michael Calvey and five colleagues were arrested in February 2019 for allegedly defrauding Russian businessman Artem Avetisyan who is an associate of Putin and the FSB ."}]}, {'value': 'Bremen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bremen', 'summary': "The City Municipality of Bremen ( /ˈbreɪmən/ , also US : /ˈbrɛmən/ ; German : Stadtgemeinde Bremen , IPA : [ ˈʃtatɡəˌmaɪndə ˈbʁeːmən ] ( listen ) ; Low German also : Breem or Bräm ) is the capital of the German federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( also called just Bremen for short ) , a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . With around 570,000 inhabitants , the Hanseatic city is the 11th largest city of Germany as well as the second largest city in Northern Germany after Hamburg . Bremen is the largest city on the River Weser , the longest river flowing entirely in Germany , lying some 60 km ( 37 mi ) upstream from its mouth into the North Sea , and is surrounded by the state of Lower Saxony . A commercial and industrial city , Bremen is , together with Oldenburg and Bremerhaven , part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region , with 2.5 million people . Bremen is contiguous with the Lower Saxon towns of Delmenhorst , Stuhr , Achim , Weyhe , Schwanewede and Lilienthal . There is an exclave of Bremen in Bremerhaven , the Citybremian Overseas Port Area Bremerhaven ( Stadtbremisches Überseehafengebiet Bremerhaven ) . Bremen is the fourth largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg , Dortmund and Essen . Bremen 's port , together with the port of Bremerhaven at the mouth of the Weser , is the second largest port in Germany after the Port of Hamburg . The airport of Bremen ( Flughafen Bremen Hans Koschnick ) lies in the southern borough of Neustadt-Neuenland and is Germany 's 12th busiest airport . Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub of Northern Germany . The city is home to dozens of historical galleries and museums , ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums , such as the Bremen Overseas Museum ( Übersee-Museum Bremen ) . The Bremen City Hall and the Bremen Roland are UNESCO World Heritage Sites ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany , UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berenberg-Gossler-Seyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berenberg-Gossler-Seyler_banking_dynasty', 'summary': "The Berenberg family ( Dutch for bear mountain ) was a Flemish-origined Hanseatic family of merchants , bankers and senators in Hamburg , with branches in London , Livorno and other European cities . The family was descended from the brothers Hans and Paul Berenberg from Antwerp , who came as Protestant refugees to the city-republic of Hamburg following the Fall of Antwerp in 1585 and who established what is now Berenberg Bank in Hamburg in 1590 . The Berenbergs were originally cloth merchants and became involved in merchant banking in the 17th century . Having existed continuously since 1590 , Berenberg Bank is the world 's oldest surviving merchant bank . The Berenberg banking family became extinct in the male line with Elisabeth Berenberg ( 1749-1822 ) ; she was married to Johann Hinrich Gossler , who became a co-owner of the bank in 1769 . From the late 18th century , the Gossler family , as owners of Berenberg Bank , rose to great prominence in Hamburg , and was widely considered one of Hamburg 's two most prominent families , along with the related Amsinck family . A branch of the family was later ennobled by Prussia as Barons of Berenberg-Gossler ( Hamburg was a republic and had no nobility ) . Several members of the Berenberg and Gossler families served in the Senate of Hamburg from 1735 , and Elisabeth Berenberg 's grandson Hermann Gossler became head of state of the city-republic . Richard J. Evans describes the family as one of Hamburg 's great business families . The Gossler Islands in Antarctica are named for the family . Elisabeth Berenberg and Johann Hinrich Gossler presently have descendants with names including ( Berenberg- ) Gossler , Paus , Bernstorff and other names . Members of the Berenberg family have founded several other companies ."}]}, {'value': 'Berenberg Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berenberg_Bank', 'summary': "Joh . Berenberg , Gossler & Co. KG , commonly known as Berenberg Bank and also branded as simply Berenberg , is a Hamburg-based multinational full-service investment bank . It was founded by the Flemish-origined Berenberg family in 1590 ( 430 years ago ) and is the world 's oldest merchant bank and also the world 's oldest or second oldest bank , depending on the definition . Its owners , the Berenberg/Gossler family , belonged to the ruling elite of Hanseatic merchants of the city-republic of Hamburg and several family members served in the city-state 's government from 1735 . Like many other merchant bankers , the Berenbergs were originally cloth merchants . The bank 's name refers to Johann Berenberg and his son-in-law Johann Hinrich Gossler , and has remained unchanged since 1791 . The bank has operated continuously since 1590 and is still part-owned by members of the Berenberg-Gossler family . Berenberg Bank is active in investment banking , particularly pan-European equity research , brokerage and capital markets transactions , in addition to private banking for wealthy customers and institutional asset management . Since the 2000s the company has increasingly focused on investment banking . Berenberg Bank has around 1,600 employees ; in addition to its headquarters in Hamburg , it has significant presences in London , Zurich , Frankfurt and New York City , and 11 further offices in Europe , the Americas and Asia . After years of expanding its activities in London , which is now the second largest office and seat of most of its investment banking activities , Berenberg Bank has recently focused on expanding in the United States and Asia . The bank is organized as a limited partnership with personally liable partners , and is noted for its conservative business strategy ."}]}, {'value': 'Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp', 'summary': "Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bordier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bordier & Cie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bordier_&_Cie', 'summary': 'Bordier & Cie is a private bank with unlimited liability in Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emilio_Botín', 'summary': "Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos , iure uxoris Marquess of O'Shea ( 1 October 1934 - 10 September 2014 ) was a Spanish banker . He was the executive chairman of Spain 's Grupo Santander . In 1993 his bank absorbed Banco Español de Crédito ( Banesto ) , and in 1999 it merged with Banco Central Hispano creating Banco Santander Central Hispano ( BSCH ) , which became Spain 's largest bank , of which he was co-president with Central Hispano 's José María Amusategui , until Amusategui retired in 2002 . In 2004 , BSCH acquired the British bank Abbey National , making BSCH the second largest bank in Europe by market capitalisation . He was known for his obsession with growth and performance as well as regularly visiting branches ."}]}, {'value': 'Banco Santander , Bankinter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banco_Santander', 'summary': "Banco Santander , S.A. , doing business as Santander Group ( /ˌsɑːntɑːnˈdɛər/ ) , is a Spanish multinational commercial bank and financial services company based in Madrid and Santander in Spain . Additionally , Santander maintains a presence in all global financial centres as the 16th-largest banking institution in the world . Although known for its European banking operations , it has extended operations across North and South America , and more recently in continental Asia . Many subsidiaries , such as Abbey National , have been rebranded under the Santander name . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . In May 2016 , Santander was ranked as 37th in the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world 's biggest public companies . Santander is Spain 's largest bank . As of 2017 , Santander is the 5th largest bank in Europe with approximately US $ 1.4 trillion in total assets-under-management ( AUM ) . Traded on the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index , the bank has a total market capitalization of $ 69.9 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Santander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santander,_Spain', 'summary': 'Santander [ a ] is the capital of the autonomous community and historical region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain . It is a port city located east of Gijón and west of Bilbao with a population of 172,000 ( 2017 ) . It is believed to have been a port since ancient times , due to its favorable location , and is documented as far back as the 11th century . Much of the medieval city was lost in the Great Fire of 1941 . Today , its remaining old town , beach and other attractions are popular with tourists and other visitors and its economy is mainly service based . The port is still very active and a regular ferry service operates to the United Kingdom . Fish and seafood dominate the local cuisine . Santander notably houses the headquarters of multinational bank Banco Santander , which was founded there .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerchi_family', 'summary': "The Florentine banking family of the Cerchi , minor nobles of the Valdarno , with a seat especially at Acone near Pontassieve , settled in Florence in the early thirteenth century and increased their fortunes . The family became the heads of a consortium of the prominent Guelfs that securely controlled Florence after the battle of Benevento in 1266 . In Florence , the Cerchi purchased some of the ancient structures in the closely packed inner city formerly belonging to the counts Guidi , cheek-by-jowl with the proud Florentine family of the Donati , with whom their growing mutual antagonism was expressed in violent episodes that polarized Florence within a couple of decades in a virtual civil war that aligned behind two captains , Corso Donati of the Neri Guelf faction - the Black Guelfs of the old noble oligarchy - and Vieri de ' Cerchi of the Bianchi , the moderate party that represented itself as champions of working people ( the magri ) . The resulting violence lasted , with irruptions of tranquility , into the fourteenth century . In 1289 a plot had been intercepted at Arezzo , by which the city 's bishop agreed to give over to the Florentines Bibbiena Civitella , and all the villages of his see , in return for a life annuity of 5,000 golden florins a year , guaranteed by the bank of the Cerchi . These rumors led to the confrontation of Guelfs and Ghibellines at the Battle of Campaldino , 11 June 1289 , in which the young Dante Alighieri took part and Vieri dei Cerchi lost his life . In the popular uprising of 2 May 1299 , the podestà Corso Donati was expelled , and with him the Donati faction . The Cerchi faction prevailed . In May the following year a brawl between Donati and Cerchi erupted , in which one of the Cerchi had his nose slit , but plots to restore Donati , who had become podestà of Orvieto , were unsuccessful . Matters were complicated when Pope Boniface VIII sent Carlo of Valois , brother of The king of France Philip IV to restore peace between Bianchi and Neri . He favoured the Neri : Dante , who had married Gemma Donati , was among those Bianchi dispossessed and banished in 1302 , and marked Boniface as destined for the eighth circle of Hell in his Inferno . In Florence , the house of the Alighieri was a few hundred paces from the cluster of tower houses of the Cerchi , which were restructured in the fourteenth century to form a rambling Palazzo dei Cerchi in the isolated block ( insula ) fronting via dei Cimatori and via della Condotta behind Piazza della Signoria ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valdarno , Tuscany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valdarno', 'summary': "The Valdarno is the valley of the river Arno , although it does not apply to the entire basin of the river . The usage of the term generally excludes Casentino and the valleys formed by the major tributaries , such as the Val di Chiana , the Val d'Ambra , The valley of the Sieve , namely Mugello , the Valdelsa , and the Valdera . The areas surrounding the towns of Arezzo , Florence and Pisa is also excluded . The most important towns are :"}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Florence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chigi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chigi_family', 'summary': 'The Chigi family is a Roman princely family of Sienese extraction descended from the counts of Ardenghesca , which possessed castles in the Maremma , southern Tuscany . The earliest authentic mention of them is in the 13th century , with one Alemanno , counsellor of the Republic of Siena .'}]}, {'value': 'Banco Chigi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republic of Siena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Siena', 'summary': 'The Republic of Siena ( Italian : Repubblica di Siena ) was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena and its surrounding territory in Tuscany , central Italy . It existed for over four hundred years , from 1125 to 1555 . In the Italian War of 1551-59 the republic was defeated by the rival Duchy of Florence in alliance with the Spanish crown . After 18 months of resistance , the Republic of Siena surrendered to the Spanish Empire on 21 April 1555 , marking the end of the republic .'}]}, {'value': 'Clifford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_family_(bankers)', 'summary': 'The Clifford family was a family of bankers , merchants and regenten of English descent who were active in Amsterdam during the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries . The family originated in northern England , although the surname originated in the village of Clifford , Herefordshire . Northern England was the home of the noble Clifford family , since Roger Clifford was born in Cumberland and died in Brough Castle in Westmorland . There is no evidence that the Clifford banking family is descended from a nobleman named Clifford , who fought for William I of England .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clifford , Herefordshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford,_Herefordshire', 'summary': 'Clifford is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire , England , four miles to the north of Hay-on-Wye . It lies on the south bank of the River Wye , which here forms the border between Wales and England . Through the village runs the B4350 which is the main road . The civil parish also includes the hamlets of Priory Wood and Hardwicke . There has been a fluctuation in population , the graph shows that the population was higher in the 2001 census , stating there was a population of 530 . Newton Tump is the remains of a motte and bailey castle 3 miles southeast of the village . In the 1870s , Clifford was described as :'}]}, {'value': 'UK , The Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coutts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Money-Coutts', 'summary': 'Sir David Burdett Money-Coutts KCVO ( 19 July 1931 - 25 June 2012 ) was an English banker , the seventh generation of the Coutts banking family . He was managing director of Coutts bank from 1970 and chairman from 1976 to 1993 . Money-Coutts was known as a reserved character with an eye for detail . He was a practical man . He was a friend of David Silsoe , second Baron Silsoe , and worshipped at the same church . He was educated at Eton and , after National Service with the 1st The Royal Dragoons , read PPE at New College , Oxford , graduating in 1954 . The surname Money came from his paternal ancestor , the Rev James Money , who had married Clara Burdett , a granddaughter of Thomas Coutts . The hyphenated Money-Coutts was adopted by James and Claras descendants , and in 1912 the ancient barony of Latymer was revived in favour of Davids great-grandfather , Francis Money-Coutts . As a personal banker to the royal family , he was appointed KCVO in 1991 . Other directorships included chairmanship of the investment group M & G , deputy chairmanship of the discount house Gerrard & National and a directorship of Phoenix Assurance , Dun & Bradstreet , the credit reference agency and NatWest ( from 1976 to 1990 ) . He was a governor of Middlesex Hospital , a member of the Kensington , Chelsea and Westminster Area Health Authority , chairman of the Medical Schools Council and a trustee of the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain . He was chairman of the Scout Foundation and the Old Etonian Trust .'}]}, {'value': 'Coutts & Co', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coutts_&_Co', 'summary': "Coutts & Company /ˈkuːts/ is a private bank and wealth manager . Founded in 1692 , it is the eighth oldest bank in the world . Today , Coutts forms part of RBS Group 's wealth management division . In the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man , Coutts Crown Dependencies operates as a trading name of The Royal Bank of Scotland International Limited ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fugger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fugger', 'summary': "Fugger ( German pronunciation : [ ˈfʊɡɐ ] ) is a German bourgeois family that was historically a prominent group of European bankers , members of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg , international mercantile bankers , and venture capitalists . Alongside the Welser family , the Fugger family controlled much of the European economy in the sixteenth century and accumulated enormous wealth . The Fuggers held a near monopoly on the European copper market . This banking family replaced the de ' Medici family , who influenced all of Europe during the Renaissance . The Fuggers took over many of the Medicis ' assets and their political power and influence . They were closely affiliated with the House of Habsburg whose rise to world power they financed . Unlike the citizenry of their hometown , they never converted to Lutheranism as presented in the Augsburg Confession but rather remained with the Roman Catholic Church . Jakob Fugger the Rich was elevated to the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire in May 1511 and assumed the title Imperial Count of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn in 1514 . Today he is considered to be one of the wealthiest people ever to have lived . The company was dissolved in 1657 , however the Fuggers remained wealthy landowners and ruled the County of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn . The Babenhausen branch became Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1803 , the Glött branch princes in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1914 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Augsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augsburg', 'summary': "Augsburg ( UK : /ˈaʊɡzbɜːrɡ/ OWGZ-burg , US : /ˈɔːɡz-/ AWGZ- , German : [ ˈʔaʊksbʊʁk ] ( listen ) ; Swabian German : Augschburg ) is a city in Swabia , Bavaria , Germany . It is a university town and regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben . Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg . It is the third-largest city in Bavaria ( after Munich and Nuremberg ) with a population of 300,000 inhabitants , with 885,000 in its metropolitan area . After Neuss and Trier , Augsburg is Germany 's third oldest city , founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum , named after the Roman emperor Augustus . It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century . The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and 1555 Peace of Augsburg . The Fuggerei , the oldest social housing complex in the world , was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger . In 2019 , UNESCO recognized the Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goldman-Sachs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldman–Sachs_family', 'summary': "The Goldman-Sachs family is a family of German Jewish descent known for the leading investment bank Goldman Sachs . Marcus Goldman 's youngest daughter , Louisa , married Samuel Sachs , the son of close friends and fellow Lower Franconia , Bavaria immigrants . Louisa 's older sister and Sam 's older brother had already married . His oldest son , Julius Goldman , married Sarah Adler , daughter of Samuel Adler . In 1882 , Goldman invited his son-in-law Samuel to join him in the business and changed the firm 's name to M. Goldman and Sachs . For almost fifty years , all the partners came from the extended family ."}]}, {'value': 'Goldman Sachs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldman_Sachs', 'summary': 'The Goldman Sachs Group , Inc. , is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in New York City . It offers services in investment management , securities , asset management , prime brokerage , and securities underwriting . The bank is one of the largest investment banking enterprises in the world , and is a primary dealer in the United States Treasury security market and more generally , a prominent market maker . The group also owns Goldman Sachs Bank USA , a direct bank . Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 and is headquartered at 200 West Street in Lower Manhattan with additional offices in other international financial centers . As a result of its involvement in securitization during the subprime mortgage crisis , Goldman Sachs suffered during the financial crisis of 2007-2008 , and received a $ 10 billion investment from the United States Department of the Treasury as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program , a financial bailout created by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 . The investment was made in November 2008 and was repaid in June 2009 . Former employees of Goldman Sachs have moved on to government positions . Notable examples includes former U.S . Secretaries of the Treasury Robert Rubin and Henry Paulson ; current United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ; former Under Secretary of State John C. Whitehead ; former chief economic advisor Gary Cohn ; United States Senator and former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine ; former Prime Minister of Italy Mario Monti ; European Central Bank President Mario Draghi ; former Bank of Canada Governor and current Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney ; and the former Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Turnbull . In addition , former Goldman employees have headed the New York Stock Exchange , the World Bank , and competing banks such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch . The company is ranked 62nd on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue .'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gondi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gondi_family', 'summary': "The Florentine banking family of the Gondi were prominent financial partners of the Medici . Unlike the Medici , they were of the old Florentine nobility , tracing their line traditionally from the legendary Philippi , said to have been ennobled by Charlemagne himself , in 805 ; from him the Strozzi and the Gualfreducci also claimed their descent . With Orlando Bellicozzo , a member of the Great Council of Florence in 1197 , the Gondi emerge into history , receiving their patronymic from Gondo Gondi , sitting on the Great Council in 1251 , signatory to a treaty between Florence and Genoa in that year . In the fourteenth century several members of the family sat on the Great Council . Simon de Gondi renounced the Ghibelline party for himself and his house , in 1351 ; he loaned the Republic 8000 golden florins in a time of extremity . He held extensive lands round Valcava , in the Mugello , where the church bore the Gondi arms inside and out . Of Simon 's seven children , his grandson another Simon was the first of the Gondi to hold the position of Grand Prior of the Republic , on three occasions . His daughter Maddalena , who married Giovanni Salviati , by the marriage of her daughter Maria with Giovanni dalle Bande Nere , became the grandmother of Cosimo I de ' Medici ; thence were descended all the Catholic crowned heads of pre-Napoleonic Europe . Carlo de Gondi was a staunch backer of Piero de ' Medici , and when the Medici came to be Grand Dukes , the Gondi received empty but honorary titles of Senators . The Palazzo Gondi in Piazza San Firenze , Florence , the central seat of the family , was built from 1489 to 1495 to designs of Giuliano da Sangallo for Giuliano Gondi ; it later passed to the Orlandini [ citation needed ] . The cortile is enclosed by colonnaded loggias ; the staircase is remarkable for its fine balustrade infilled with animals and foliage . At the head of the interior staircase , leading to the principal apartments , is the statue of the Roman senator , taken from the supposed Temple of Isis ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republic of Florence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare', 'summary': 'Sir Richard Hoare ( 1648 - 6 January 1719 ) was the founder of C. Hoare & Co , the oldest extant bank in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'C. Hoare & Co', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._Hoare_&_Co', 'summary': 'C. Hoare & Co. , also known as Hoares , is a British private bank , founded in 1672 by Sir Richard Hoare ; it remains family-owned and is currently managed by the eleventh generation of his direct descendants . It is the second oldest bank in the United Kingdom and reputedly the fifth oldest in the world . C. Hoare & Co. provides private banking services that include loans , mortgages and savings accounts , as well as tax and estate planning services . Over the years , its clients have included Samuel Pepys , John Dryden , Jane Austen and numerous members of the aristocracy ; today , they are primarily high-net-worth individuals and families . The bank currently has two branches in London , 37 Fleet Street and 32 Lowndes Street ; in March 2019 , it opened a branch in Cambridge .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Hope_(1704–1779)', 'summary': 'Thomas Hope ( 1704 , Rotterdam - 26 December 1779 , Amsterdam ) was a Dutch banker and administrator of the VOC .'}]}, {'value': 'Hope & Co. ( later part of ABN-Amro )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hope_&_Co.', 'summary': 'Hope & Co. is the name of a famous Dutch bank that spanned two and a half centuries . Though the founders were Scotsmen , the bank was located in Amsterdam , and at the close of the 18th century it had offices in London as well .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ABN-Amro', 'summary': "ABN AMRO Bank N.V. is a Dutch bank with headquarters in Amsterdam . ABN AMRO Bank is the third-largest bank in the Netherlands . It was re-established in its current form in 2009 , following the acquisition and break-up of the original ABN AMRO by a banking consortium consisting of Royal Bank of Scotland Group , Santander Group and Fortis . Following the collapse of Fortis , who acquired the Dutch business , it was nationalized by the Dutch government along with Fortis Bank Nederland . It was relisted as a public company again in 2015 . The bank is a product of a long history of mergers and acquisitions that date to 1765 . In 1991 , Algemene Bank Nederland ( ABN ) and AMRO Bank ( itself the result of a merger of the Amsterdamsche Bank and the Rotterdamsche Bank in the 1960s ) agreed to merge to create the original ABN AMRO . By 2007 , ABN AMRO was the second-largest bank in the Netherlands and the eighth-largest in Europe by assets . At that time the magazine The Banker and Fortune Global 500 placed it 15th in the list of world 's biggest banks and it had operations in 63 countries , with over 110,000 employees . In October 2007 , a consortium of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group , Fortis and Banco Santander , known as RFS Holdings B.V. acquired the bank , in what was the world 's biggest bank takeover to date . Consequently , the bank was divided into three parts , each owned by one of the members of the consortium . However , RBS and Fortis soon ran into serious trouble : the large debt created to fund the takeover had depleted the banks ' reserves just as the financial crisis of 2007-2010 started ."}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hottinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hottinger', 'summary': 'Hottinger or Hottinguer is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :'}]}, {'value': 'Hottinger Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France , Switzerland , UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hochstetter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hochstetter', 'summary': 'The family of Höchstetter ( also rendered Hechstetter or Hochstetter ) from Höchstädt in western Bavaria near the banks of the Danube were members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg . For a time , these international mercantile bankers and venture capitalists - whose most notorious member was Ambrosius Höchstetter ( 1463 - 1534 ) - were on a par with the Fugger and the Welser houses . Like other Augsburg bankers , they provided loans to Emperor Maximilian I ( reigned 1508-1519 ) . The accumulating wealth of Augsburg relied on control of metal ores - the gold , silver and copper of Bohemia , Slovakia , Hungary and the Tyrol - and their refining and marketing . The Hochstetter company drew upon investments as small as a few florins , but the total invested with him required Ambrosius Höchstetter to pay out up to a million florins a year in interest . He successfully cornered for brief periods local markets in ash timber , grain and certain wines . Grain hoarding is never a popular practice , and Ambrosius was accused [ by whom ? ] of adulterating the spices in which he traded . His son and son-in-law lost spectacular sums in gambling . Then in 1529 Ambrosius Höchstetter tried to engross the whole quicksilver stock in a cartel ; this failed attempt to corner the market led to his bankruptcy ( 1529 ) for 800,000 gulden , for which he would die in prison . Rising prices bring out a hidden supply , and the size of the required investment had become too large for even the greatest merchant-banking house to monopolize , as the Fuggers discovered with their attempt on the copper market . Figures representing the enormous profits of the Hochstetter at their height became public after a certain Bartholomew Rem invested 900 gulden in the Hochstetter company in 1511 ; by 1517 he claimed a profit of 33,000 gulden .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Höchstädt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Höchstädt_an_der_Donau', 'summary': 'Höchstädt an der Donau is a town in the district of Dillingen , Bavaria , Germany . It is situated near the banks of the Danube River . It consists of the following suburbs : Höchstädt an der Donau , Deisenhofen , Oberglauheim , Schwennenbach and Sonderheim . The town is the seat of the municipal association Höchstädt an der Donau , which includes the towns Blindheim , Finningen , Lutzingen and Schwenningen . In the fifteenth and sixteenth century , the wealthy mercantile family Höchstetter , which came from the town , was part of the mercantile patriciate of Augsburg . In the early 18th century , the town was the site of two battles . The first Battle of Höchstädt ( German : Schlacht von Höchstädt ) on 20 September 1703 cost over 5,000 lives . A year later in 1704 , the Battle of Blenheim ( or Second Battle of Höchstädt also German : Schlacht von Höchstädt ) between the Austrian and British forces ( led by John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy ) on the one side , and Bavarian and French troops ( commanded by Maximilian II Emanuel , Elector of Bavaria , and the Comte de Tallard ) on the other side . The carnage of that battle was so horrific ( over 20,000 men had died at the end of the day ) that farmers are said to still dig up skulls from the fields today , as described in the poem After Blenheim , written by Robert Southey , which tells about children finding the skull of one of the . many thousand men , said he , Were slain in that great victory . In June 1800 , the armies of the French First Republic , under command of Jean Victor Moreau , fought Habsburg regulars and Württemberg contingents , under the general command of Pál Kray . Kray had taken refuge in the fortress at Ulm ; Moreau diverted his army to approach Ulm from the east and , after a small group of men captured a foothold on the northern bank of the Danube , his forces were able to move against the fortress on both sides of the river .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medici', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_of_Medici', 'summary': "The House of Medici ( English : /ˈmɛdɪtʃi/ MED-i-chee or UK : /məˈdiːtʃi/ mə-DEE-chee , Italian : [ ˈmɛːditʃi ] ) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de ' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century . The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany , and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank . This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century , and it facilitated the Medicis ' rise to political power in Florence , although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century . The Medici produced four Popes of the Catholic Church - Pope Leo X ( 1513-1521 ) , Pope Clement VII ( 1523-1534 ) , Pope Pius IV ( 1559-1565 ) and Pope Leo XI ( 1605 ) - and two queens of France - Catherine de ' Medici ( 1547-1589 ) and Marie de ' Medici ( 1600-1630 ) . In 1532 , the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence . In 1569 , the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion . The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737 , with the death of Gian Gastone de ' Medici . The grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the early grand dukes , but was bankrupt by the time of Cosimo III de ' Medici ( r. 1670-1723 ) . The Medicis ' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence , the Arte della Lana . Like other families ruling in Italian signorie , the Medici dominated their city 's government , were able to bring Florence under their family 's power , and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished . They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance , such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan , the Este in Ferrara , the Borgia in Rome , and the Gonzaga in Mantua . The Medici Bank , from when it was created in 1397 to its fall in 1494 , was one of the most prosperous and respected institutions in Europe , and the Medici family was considered the wealthiest in Europe for a time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republic of Florence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mellon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mellon_family', 'summary': 'The Mellon family is a wealthy and influential American family from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , whose members include one of the longest-serving U.S. Treasury Secretaries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bank of New York Mellon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_of_New_York_Mellon', 'summary': "The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation , doing business as BNY Mellon , is an American worldwide banking and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City . It was formed on July 1 , 2007 , as a result of the merger of The Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation . It is by far the world 's largest custodian bank and asset servicing company , with $ 1.9 trillion in assets under management and $ 35.8 trillion in assets under custody as of the third quarter of 2019 . BNY Mellon is incorporated in New York . Through its Bank of New York predecessor , it is one of the three oldest banking corporations in the United States , and among the oldest banks in the world , having been established in June 1784 by a group that included American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton , and Aaron Burr . Mellon had been founded in 1869 by the Mellon family of Pittsburgh , which included Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_PA', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metzler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metzler Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metzler_Bank', 'summary': "The B. Metzler seel . Sohn & Co. KGaA is a private banking company in Frankfurt , Germany . Metzler traces its origins to a trading company established 1674 by Benjamin Metzler in Frankfurt and is Germanys second oldest bank ( after Berenberg Bank ) and the world 's 5th oldest . The Metzler has been owned continuously and exclusively by the founding family since its foundation in 1674 . Since 1971 Friedrich von Metzler has been leading the bank in the 11th generation as personally liable partner of the banking house . End of May 2018 he retired from the executive committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Modern', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_banking_families_0', 'intro': 'Banking families are families which have been involved in banking for multiple generations, in the modern era generally as owners or co-owners of banks, often named for their families. Banking families have been important in the history of banking, especially before the 20th century.'} | null | null | What has the city of origin of the Bardi banking family been called ? | Athens of the Middle Ages |
0715d832bd14abb7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oregon_faculty_and_staff', 'title': 'List of University of Oregon faculty and staff', 'header': ['Name', 'Position ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dana Altman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Altman', 'summary': "Dana Dean Altman ( born June 16 , 1958 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the head coach of the University of Oregon Ducks men 's basketball team . Previously he was head coach at Creighton , Kansas State and Marshall . Altman has won conference coach of the year awards at each school he has coached , and has led his teams to 13 appearances in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Current Basketball Head Coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Bellotti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Bellotti', 'summary': "Robert Michael Bellotti ( born December 21 , 1950 ) is an American college football analyst for ESPN and ABC . He was with the University of Oregon 's football program for over 20 years serving as offensive coordinator for six years , head coach for 14 years , and athletic director for one year . Bellotti is the winningest coach in Oregon football history and is credited with building the program into a major football power . He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Athletic Director , football head coach , and offensive coordinator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡ESPN analyst', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Bowerman †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Bowerman', 'summary': 'William Jay Bill Bowerman ( February 19 , 1911 - December 24 , 1999 ) was an American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike , Inc. Over his career , he trained 31 Olympic athletes , 51 All-Americans , 12 American record-holders , 22 NCAA champions and 16 sub-4 minute milers . He disliked being called a coach and during his 24 years at the University of Oregon , the Ducks track and field team had a winning season every season but one , attained 4 NCAA titles , and finished in the top 10 in the nation 16 times . As co-founder of Nike , he invented some of their top brands , including the Cortez and Waffle Racer , and assisted in the company moving from being a distributor of other shoe brands to one creating their own shoes in house .'}]}, {'value': 'Former track and field head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rich Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rich_Brooks', 'summary': "Richard Llewellyn Brooks ( born August 20 , 1941 ) is a retired American football player and coach . He was the head coach at the University of Oregon from 1977 to 1994 , the National Football League 's St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 1996 , and the University of Kentucky from 2003 to 2009 . Brooks ' 1994 Oregon team won the Pac-10 title and played in the 1995 Rose Bowl . For his efforts that season , he won a number of national coaching awards . The University of Oregon named the field at Autzen Stadium Rich Brooks Field in honor of his 18 seasons as coach for the Ducks ."}]}, {'value': 'Former football head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡Former football head coach of the Kentucky Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats', 'summary': "The Kentucky Wildcats are the men 's and women 's intercollegiate athletic squads of the University of Kentucky ( UK ) , a founding member of the Southeastern Conference . Historically , the women 's teams and athletes were referred to as the Lady Kats , but all athletic squads adopted the Wildcats nickname in 1995 . Collectively , the fans of the Kentucky Wildcats are often referred to as the Big Blue Nation . Their main and most intense rival is the University of Louisville ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Crowton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Crowton', 'summary': "David Gary Crowton ( born June 14 , 1957 ) is an American football coach . He is the offensive coordinator at Pine View High School in St. George , Utah , a position he has held since 2018 . Crowton served as the head football coach at Louisiana Tech University from 1996 to 1998 and at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) from 2001 to 2004 , compiling a career college football coaching record of 47-36 . Crowton has also served as offensive coordinator at the University of Maryland , at the University of Oregon , for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) , and at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) . He was the offensive coordinator for the 2007 LSU Tigers football team , which won the 2008 BCS National Championship Game and a consensus national championship . While at Oregon , Crowton was a 2005 finalist for the Broyles Award , given annually to the nation 's top college football assistant coach . Crowton is most known for his aggressive offensive style , such as the razzle dazzle offensive scheme utilized in Chicago . He was nicknamed The Wizard by the LSU players , after completing 39 games with an accomplishment of at least 30 points within 25 games and a 25-10 overall mark ."}]}, {'value': 'Former football offensive coordinator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former head coach of BYU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BYU', 'summary': "Brigham Young University ( BYU , sometimes referred to colloquially as The Y ) is a private research university located in Provo , Utah and owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The university is run under the auspices of its parent-organization , the Church Educational System ( CES ) , and is classified among Doctoral Universities : High Research Activity with more selective , lower transfer-in admissions . The university 's primary emphasis is on undergraduate education in 179 majors , but it also has 62 master 's and 26 doctoral degree programs . The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City . Students attending BYU agree to follow an honor code that mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings , such as academic honesty , adherence to dress and grooming standards , abstinence from extramarital sex and homosexual behavior , and no consumption of illegal drugs , coffee , tea , alcohol , or tobacco . Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church . The university curriculum includes religious education , with required courses in the Bible ( KJV ) , LDS scripture , doctrine , and history , and the university sponsors weekly devotional assemblies with most speakers addressing religious topics . Sixty-six percent of students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as LDS missionaries . An education at BYU is less expensive than at similar private universities , since a significant portion of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church 's tithing funds . BYU 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Cougars . Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent , while their other sports teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation . BYU 's sports teams have won a total of nine NCAA national championships and were named National Champions in football by multiple publications in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Dellinger †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Dellinger', 'summary': 'William Bill Solon Dellinger ( born March 23 , 1934 ) is a retired American middle-distance runner . He competed in the 5,000 m at the 1956 , 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1964 , setting his personal record . He lettered in track at the University of Oregon in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Former track and field head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Harter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Harter', 'summary': 'Richard Alvin Harter ( October 14 , 1930 - March 12 , 2012 ) was an American basketball coach who served as both a head and assistant coach in both the NBA and NCAA .'}]}, {'value': 'Former basketball head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former head coach of the Charlotte Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets', 'summary': "The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Hornets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team is largely owned by retired NBA player Michael Jordan , who acquired a controlling interest in the team in 2010 . The Hornets play their home games at the Spectrum Center in Uptown Charlotte . The original Hornets franchise was established in 1988 as an expansion team , owned by George Shinn . In 2002 , Shinn 's franchise relocated to New Orleans and became the New Orleans Hornets . In 2004 , the NBA established the Charlotte Bobcats , which was regarded as a new expansion team at the time . In 2013 , the New Orleans franchise announced it would rebrand itself the New Orleans Pelicans , ultimately returning the Hornets name , records , and official history ( spanning from 1988 to 2002 ) to Charlotte . The Bobcats were officially renamed the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Hayward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Hayward', 'summary': 'William Louis Colonel Bill Hayward ( July 2 , 1868 - December 14 , 1947 ) was a track and field coach at the University of Oregon for 44 years , and a track coach for six United States Olympic teams , from 1908 through 1932 .'}]}, {'value': 'Former track and field coach , former athletic director', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡Former Olympic coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howard Hobson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Hobson', 'summary': "Howard Andrew Hobby Hobson ( July 4 , 1903 - June 9 , 1991 ) was an American basketball player and coach of football , basketball , and baseball . He served as the head basketball coach at Southern Oregon Normal School - now Southern Oregon University - from 1932 to 1935 , at the University of Oregon from 1935 to 1944 and again from 1945 to 1947 , and at Yale University from 1947 to 1956 , compiling a career college basketball record of 401-257 . Hobson 's 1938-39 Oregon basketball team won the inaugural NCAA Basketball Tournament . Hobson authored numerous books on the subject of basketball . He was also the head football coach at Southern Oregon for 1932 to 1934 , tallying a mark of 12-7-1 , and the head baseball coach at Oregon from 1936 to 1947 , amassing a record of 167-75-1 . Hobson was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 1965 ."}]}, {'value': 'Former basketball head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Horton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Horton_(baseball_coach)', 'summary': 'George Edward Horton ( born October 5 , 1953 ) is an American baseball coach . He was head coach of the Oregon Ducks baseball and Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡Former baseball head coach of the Cal State Fullerton Titans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton', 'summary': "California State University , Fullerton ( CSUF or Cal State Fullerton ) is a public university in Fullerton , California . With a total enrollment of about 40,400 , it has the largest student body of the 23-campus California State University ( CSU ) system , and its approximately 5,800 graduate student body is also the largest in the CSU and one of the largest in all of California . As of Fall 2016 , the school had 2,083 faculty , of which 782 were on the tenure track . The university offers 109 degrees : 57 bachelor 's degrees and 52 graduate degrees , including three doctorates . CSUF is a Hispanic-serving institution and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution ( AANAPISI ) . The university is nationally accredited in art , athletic training , business , chemistry , communications , communicative disorders , computer science , dance , engineering , music , nursing , public administration , public health , social work , teacher education and theater . Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $ 2.26 billion to the California and local economy , and sustains nearly 16,000 jobs statewide . CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans . They compete in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Chip Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chip_Kelly', 'summary': 'Charles Edward Kelly ( born November 25 , 1963 ) is an American football coach who is the head coach for the UCLA Bruins . He was a head coach in the National Football League ( NFL ) twice , with the Philadelphia Eagles from 2013 until 2015 , and with the San Francisco 49ers in 2016 . Before coaching in the NFL , he was the head coach of the Oregon Ducks from 2009 to 2012 , leading the program to four consecutive BCS bowl game appearances including the 2011 BCS National Championship Game .'}]}, {'value': 'Former football head coach , former offensive coordinator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Kilkenny †', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former athletic director', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernie Kent †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernie_Kent', 'summary': "Ernest Kent ( born January 22 , 1955 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the former head men 's basketball coach at Washington State University . Prior to Washington State , he served as the head men 's basketball coach at the University of Oregon and at Saint Mary 's ( CA ) . Kent was previously an assistant at Stanford University and also coached abroad in Saudi Arabia . Kent was a college basketball commentator with the Pac-12 Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Former basketball head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dirk Koetter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dirk_Koetter', 'summary': 'Dirk Jeffrey Koetter ( /ˈkʌtər/ KUT-ər ; born February 5 , 1959 ) is an American football coach who is the current offensive coordinator for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League ( NFL ) where he previously served as the offensive coordinator from 2012 to 2014 under then head coach , Mike Smith . He was previously the head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 2016 to 2018 . He was the head coach at Boise State University from 1998 to 2000 and at Arizona State University from 2001 to 2006 , compiling a career college football record of 66-44 ( .600 ) . Koetter was also the offensive coordinator for the Jacksonville Jaguars , Falcons , and Buccaneers .'}]}, {'value': 'Former football offensive coordinator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former football head coach of the Arizona State Sun Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils are the athletic teams that represent Arizona State University . ASU has nine men 's and eleven women 's varsity teams competing at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . The mascot was adopted in 1946 ; earlier nicknames were the Normals and later , the Bulldogs . The Sun Devil mascot , Sparky , was designed by former Disney illustrator Bert Anthony . ASU 's chief rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats , and both universities ' athletics departments compete against each other in the Territorial Cup Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Vin Lananna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vin_Lananna', 'summary': 'Vin Lananna ( born January 18 , 1953 ) is an American track and field coach . He coached collegiate teams included the Stanford Cardinal and the Oregon Ducks . He has served as national team coach for the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and the 2016 Rio Olympics . He was included in the 2012 USTFCCCA Hall of Fame as a coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Associate athletic director and track and field head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡Former track and field head coach of the Stanford Cardinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University . As of December 22 , 2019 , Stanford 's program has won 126 NCAA team championships , as well as 25 consecutive NACDA Directors ' Cups , awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation . As of February 15 , 2019 , Stanford-affiliated athletes have won 270 Olympic medals . Stanford 's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , along with other schools from the western third of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Marra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Marra', 'summary': "Harry Marra ( born 1947 in Cohoes , New York ) is an American track and field coach . He is best known as the coach of decathlon world record holder Ashton Eaton . After improving the world record twice and two world championship gold medals , Eaton closed off his career by becoming only the third man to defend the Olympic gold medal in the decathlon . Eaton is also the world record holder in the indoor Heptathlon and won three world championships . He also coached Brianne Theisen , Paul Terek , Sheldon Blockburger and four other 8,000 point decathletes ; Brian Brophy , Paul Foxon , Bart Goodell and Chris Wilcox . Theisen won two world championship silver medals in the women 's heptathlon , plus the Commonwealth Games and world indoor pentathlon gold medalist for Canada . Training partners under Marra , Eaton and Theisen were married in July 2013 , officiated by Marra . Marra was a pole vaulter sprinter at Christian Brothers Academy in nearby Albany , New York . After receiving some helpful coaching tips there he learned"}]}, {'value': 'Assistant track and field head coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '‡Former track and field head coach of the San Francisco State Gators , personal coach for Ashton Eaton ( decathlon and indoor heptathlon world record holder , double Olympic gold medalist , now special consultant for Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_State_Gators', 'summary': "The San Francisco State Gators are the athletic teams that compete at San Francisco State University in San Francisco , California . The nickname applies to the college 's intercollegiate NCAA Division II teams . The nickname was published in the student newspaper , The Leaf , but was long referred to in media alternatively as the Staters and the Golden Gaters . The use of Gaters eventually evolved into the Gators as known today . The Gators have had a total of 275 athletes earn All-American honors and 32 athletes earn Academic All-American honors . 14 Gators have earned an individual national title in their respective sport . SF State competes in the California Collegiate Athletic Association while wrestling competes in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference . The University also offers a number of club and rec sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Eaton', 'summary': "Ashton James Eaton OLY ( born January 21 , 1988 ) is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion , who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event . Eaton was the second decathlete ( after Roman Šebrle ) to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon , with 9,039 points , a score he bettered on August 29 , 2015 , when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points . His world record was broken by Frenchman Kévin Mayer on September 16 , 2018 with a total of 9,126 points , who become the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier . He competed for the Oregon Track Club Elite team based in Eugene , Oregon . In college , Eaton competed for the University of Oregon , where he was a five-time NCAA champion , and won The Bowerman award in 2010 . In 2011 , Eaton won the first international medal of his career , a silver , in the decathlon at the 2011 World Championships . The following year , Eaton broke his own world record in the heptathlon at the 2012 World Indoor Championships , and then broke the world record in the decathlon at the Olympic Trials . After setting the world record , Eaton won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . He successfully defended his Olympic title in Rio 2016 by winning the decathlon gold medal and tying the Olympic record . Eaton is only the third Olympian ( after Bob Mathias of the US and Great Britain 's Daley Thompson ) to achieve back-to-back gold medals in the decathlon . He announced his retirement from the sport just a few months later on January 3 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Decathlon', 'summary': "The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events . The word decathlon was formed , in analogy to the word pentathlon , from Greek δέκα ( déka , meaning ten ) and ἄθλος ( áthlos , or ἄθλον , áthlon , meaning contest or prize ) . Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all . Performance is judged on a points system in each event , not by the position achieved . The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes , while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon . Traditionally , the title of World 's Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the decathlon , thus the world 's greatest athlete of all times is the record-man of decathlon ( Kevin Mayer as of September 2018 ) . This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe , You , sir , are the world 's greatest athlete after Thorpe won the decathlon at the Stockholm Olympics in 1912 . The event is similar to the pentathlon held at the ancient Greek Olympics , and also similar to a competition called an all-around , which was contested at the United States amateur championships in 1884 . Another all-around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics . The modern decathlon first appeared at the 1912 Games . The current official decathlon world record holder is French Kevin Mayer , who scored a total of 9,126 points at the 2018 Décastar in France ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heptathlon', 'summary': "A heptathlon is a track and field combined events contest made up of seven events . The name derives from the Greek hepta ( seven ) and ἄθλος ( áthlos , or ἄθλον , áthlon , meaning feat ) . A competitor in a heptathlon is referred to as a heptathlete . There are two heptathlons - the women 's heptathlon and the men 's - composed of different events . The men 's heptathlon is older and is held indoors , while the women 's is held outdoors and was introduced in the 1980s , first appearing in the Olympics in 1984 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Petersen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Petersen', 'summary': "Christopher Scott Petersen ( born October 13 , 1964 ) is an American football coach who was most recently the head coach at the University of Washington . Previously the head coach for eight seasons at Boise State University , Petersen guided the Broncos to two BCS bowl wins : the ( 2006 Season ) 2007 and ( 2009 Season ) 2010 Fiesta Bowls . He is the first two-time winner of the Paul Bear Bryant Award , which he won in 2006 and 2009 . Petersen also won the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award in 2010 . At Washington , Petersen led the Huskies to the College Football Playoff in 2016 , but fell to Alabama in the Peach Bowl . Petersen announced his resignation on December 2 , 2019 , to be effective after the team 's bowl game ."}]}, {'value': 'Former wide receivers coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football head coach of the Boise State Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos', 'summary': "The Boise State Broncos are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Boise State University , located in Boise , Idaho . The Broncos compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) . The Broncos have a successful athletic program overall , winning the WAC commissioner 's cup for the 2005-06 and 2009-10 years . Boise State joined the MWC on July 1 , 2011 . Boise State 's best-known program is football , which attained a perfect 13-0 record in 2006 , capped by an overtime win in the Fiesta Bowl over the Oklahoma Sooners . They finished the season as the only major undefeated college football team . BSU 's football team has won the Fiesta Bowl two more times , following the 2009 and 2014 seasons . The school 's Albertsons Stadium , introduced its famous blue artificial turf ( now FieldTurf ) thirty-four years ago in 1986 . Other notable programs at BSU include the nationally ranked women 's gymnastics team , which competes in the Mountain Rim Gymnastics Conference , the men 's and women 's basketball team , and the tennis teams which have consistently had nationally ranked players . In April 2017 , Boise State announced the cessation of its wrestling program with the potential return of baseball , although no time frame was given ; BSU baseball was discontinued after the 1980 season ."}]}, {'value': 'George Seifert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Seifert', 'summary': 'George Gerald Seifert ( born January 22 , 1940 ) is an American former football coach and player . He served as the head coach for the San Francisco 49ers and the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Seifert owned the second greatest winning percentage in NFL history by a head coach at the time of his resignation as the 49ers head coach , second to Guy Chamberlin .'}]}, {'value': 'Former assistant football coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former football head coach of the San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Tedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Tedford', 'summary': "Jeffrey Raye Tedford ( born November 2 , 1961 ) is an American football coach and former player . He was most recently the head football coach at California State University , Fresno , a position which he held from 2017 to 2019 . From 2002 to 2012 , Tedford was the head football coach at the University of California , Berkeley , where he was twice named Pac-10 Coach of the Year and holds California Golden Bears football program records for most wins , games coached , and bowl game victories . Tedford played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs before playing professionally at quarterback in the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . In his first head coaching position , Tedford inherited a Cal team that had won only one game in its 2001 season . He was named conference coach of the year in his first season in 2002 after winning seven games . Cal was ranked No . 2 nationwide midseason in 2007 , the school 's highest ranking since 1951 . However , Tedford 's teams struggled later in his Cal tenure , particularly from 2010 to 2012 , and he was fired after the 2012 season . He was the seventh highest paid California state employee as of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Former football offensive coordinator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football head coach of the California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Athletic staff', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Oregon_faculty_and_staff_9', 'intro': 'This List of University of Oregon faculty and staff includes presidents, staff, and faculty of the University of Oregon.'} | null | null | Between Dana Altman and Jeff Tedford , who is younger ? | Jeff Tedford |
0715ef91679d95a7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing', 'title': 'D. H. Morgan Manufacturing', 'header': ['Opened', 'Park', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Beach_Boardwalk', 'summary': "The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is an oceanfront amusement park in Santa Cruz , California . Founded in 1907 , it is California 's oldest surviving amusement park and one of the few seaside parks on the West Coast of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Antique style cars ( removed 1999 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Compounce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Compounce', 'summary': 'Lake Compounce is an amusement park located in Bristol and Southington , Connecticut . Opened in 1846 , it is the oldest continuously operating amusement park in the United States . It spans 332 acres ( 134 ha ) , which includes a beach and a water park called Crocodile Cove included in the price of admission . The park was acquired from Kennywood Entertainment Company by Palace Entertainment , the U.S. subsidiary of Parques Reunidos . In addition to the 14th oldest wooden roller coaster in the world , Wildcat , its newer wooden roller coaster , Boulder Dash , has won the Golden Ticket Award for the # 1 Wooden Coaster in the World for five consecutive years .'}]}, {'value': 'Antique style cars', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kennywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennywood', 'summary': "Kennywood is an amusement park located in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania . The park first opened on May 30 , 1899 , as a trolley park attraction at the end of the Mellon family 's Monongahela Street Railway . It was purchased in 1906 by F. W. Henninger and Andrew McSwigan , both of whom later formed the family-owned Kennywood Entertainment Company . The company later sold Kennywood , along with four other parks , in 2007 to Parques Reunidos , an international entertainment operator based in Spain . The amusement park features various structures and rides dating back to the early 1900s . Along with Rye Playland Park , it is one of only two amusement parks designated as a National Historic Landmark . Kennywood is also one of only thirteen trolley parks in the United States that remains in operation ."}]}, {'value': 'Antique style cars ( removed 2009 , currently in storage )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Six Flags Magic Mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Magic_Mountain', 'summary': "Six Flags Magic Mountain , originally Magic Mountain , is a 262-acre ( 106 ha ) theme park located in the Valencia neighborhood of Santa Clarita , California , 35 miles ( 56 km ) northwest of downtown Los Angeles . It opened on May 30 , 1971 , as a development of the Newhall Land and Farming Company . In 1979 , Six Flags purchased the park and added the name Six Flags to the park 's name . With 19 roller coasters , Six Flags Magic Mountain holds the world record for most roller coasters in an amusement park . In 2017 , the park had an estimated 3.3 million visitors , ranking it sixteenth in attendance in North America ."}]}, {'value': 'Antique style cars ( removed 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiesta Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas', 'summary': "Six Flags Fiesta Texas , formerly Fiesta Texas , is a theme park located in La Cantera , San Antonio , Texas . It is owned and operated by Six Flags . The park was built by Gaylord Entertainment Company and opened on March 14 , 1992 as the first business in the district of San Antonio . The park was later purchased by Time Warner in 1996 , who turned it into a Six Flags park . Spanning 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , the park was originally built to become a destination performance arts park with its focus on the musical culture of the state of Texas . The park 's current icon is Scream which can be seen from all around the park as well as outside the property . The vibrant colors of Scream can also be seen from the intersection of Loop 1604 and Interstate 10 , as well as miles away from Six Flags Fiesta Texas . Most of the other attractions at the park are hidden due to the park being surrounded by a rock quarry wall , but some key visible rides include the SkyScreamer , the Crow 's Nest Ferris wheel in Fiesta Bay Boardwalk , the lift hill of Superman : Krypton Coaster and the lift hill of Iron Rattler ."}]}, {'value': "Dual track , 1950s style cars with radio - '56 T-bird , '57 Vette , '59 Caddy ( closed August 2014 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': "Dual track , 1950s style cars with radio - '56 T-bird , '57 Vette , '59 Caddy", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonfante Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilroy_Gardens', 'summary': 'Gilroy Gardens Family Theme Park ( formerly known as Bonfante Gardens ) is a garden themed family theme park in Gilroy , California , United States . The park has 22 rides and five attractions . It is also home of the Circus Trees , created by Axel Erlandson . The park was designed and built by Michael Bonfante . It originally opened in July 2001 . The park and the 536 acres it resides on is now owned by the City of Gilroy . Gilroy Gardens Family Theme Park ( a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation ) operates the park , which is managed by Cedar Fair .'}]}, {'value': "1950s style cars with radio - '57 Chevy , '57 Vette , '59 Caddy", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonfante Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilroy_Gardens', 'summary': 'Gilroy Gardens Family Theme Park ( formerly known as Bonfante Gardens ) is a garden themed family theme park in Gilroy , California , United States . The park has 22 rides and five attractions . It is also home of the Circus Trees , created by Axel Erlandson . The park was designed and built by Michael Bonfante . It originally opened in July 2001 . The park and the 536 acres it resides on is now owned by the City of Gilroy . Gilroy Gardens Family Theme Park ( a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation ) operates the park , which is managed by Cedar Fair .'}]}, {'value': 'Antique style cars - 1900s Mercer Raceabouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercer_(automobile)', 'summary': 'Mercer was an American automobile manufacturer from 1909 until 1925 . It was notable for its high-performance cars , especially the Type 35 Raceabout .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Michigan 's Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_Adventure", 'summary': "Michigan 's Adventure is a 250-acre ( 1.0 km2 ) amusement park in Muskegon County , Michigan , about halfway between Muskegon and Whitehall . It is the largest amusement park in the state and has been owned and operated by Cedar Fair since 2001 . As of 2019 , Michigan 's Adventure has 52 rides , more than any other park in the state . The park also includes an outdoor water park , WildWater Adventure . The park is headlined by seven roller coasters , including Shivering Timbers , a wooden coaster , and a suspended looping coaster , Thunderhawk . The typical operating season is from May through September ."}]}, {'value': "Dual track , 1950s style cars with radio - '56 T-bird , '57 Vette , '59 Caddy", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Electric guide-limited auto rides', 'section_text': 'Morgan produced two styles of cars : Classic Antique cars with two or four-passenger vehicles , and 1950s-themed cars with a working radio that played classic 1950s tunes .', 'uid': 'D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing_4', 'intro': "D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, later simply known as Morgan, was a manufacturer of roller coaster trains, custom amusement rides, roller coasters, children's rides and other amusement devices. Founded in 1983, the company was originally headquartered in Scotts Valley, California. In 1991, the company moved to La Selva Beach, California and into a new 55,000 square-foot indoor manufacturing facility that also featured an acre of outdoor space. That facility was later increased to 75,000 square feet. The company produced a variety of rides from 1983 until 2001, but is probably best known for its steel hyper coasters."} | null | null | The ride opened in a park in 1986 by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing was in what state ? | Connecticut |
0717c7fd663d0b46 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_conference_realignments_(2000–present)', 'title': 'List of NCAA Division I conference realignments (2000–present)', 'header': ['School', 'Sport ( s )', 'Former Conference', 'New Conference'], 'data': [{'value': 'Air Force Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy', 'summary': "The United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA , the Air Force Academy , or the Academy ) is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force and United States Space Force immediately north of Colorado Springs , Colorado . It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies , having graduated its first class 61 years ago in 1959 , but is the third in seniority . Graduates of the academy 's four-year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force or U.S. Space Force . The academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado , attracting approximately a million visitors each year . Admission is extremely competitive , with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts . Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; since 2012 , around 20% of each incoming class does not graduate . Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force . Cadets receive a monthly stipend , but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation . The program at the academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of Integrity First , Service Before Self , and Excellence in All We Do , and based on four pillars of excellence : military training , academics , athletics and character development . In addition to a rigorous military training regimen , cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering , humanities , social sciences , basic sciences , military studies and physical education . All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics , and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership . Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons', 'summary': "The Air Force Falcons are the athletic teams that represent the United States Air Force Academy . The intercollegiate program has 17 men 's and 10 women 's NCAA-sanctioned teams . The current athletic director is Nathan Pine . The majority of the Falcons teams compete as members of the Mountain West Conference ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's lacrosse", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_independent_schools_(lacrosse)', 'summary': "NCAA independent lacrosse schools are four-year institutions in the United States that do not belong to a lacrosse-only conference or a primary all-sports conference that sponsors lacrosse . As of the 2016-17 academic year there are 22 men 's and 9 women 's lacrosse programs in Division I , Division II , and Division III that compete as independents ."}]}, {'value': 'SoCon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Air Force Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy', 'summary': "The United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA , the Air Force Academy , or the Academy ) is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force and United States Space Force immediately north of Colorado Springs , Colorado . It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies , having graduated its first class 61 years ago in 1959 , but is the third in seniority . Graduates of the academy 's four-year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force or U.S. Space Force . The academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado , attracting approximately a million visitors each year . Admission is extremely competitive , with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts . Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; since 2012 , around 20% of each incoming class does not graduate . Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force . Cadets receive a monthly stipend , but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation . The program at the academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of Integrity First , Service Before Self , and Excellence in All We Do , and based on four pillars of excellence : military training , academics , athletics and character development . In addition to a rigorous military training regimen , cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering , humanities , social sciences , basic sciences , military studies and physical education . All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics , and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership . Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons', 'summary': "The Air Force Falcons are the athletic teams that represent the United States Air Force Academy . The intercollegiate program has 17 men 's and 10 women 's NCAA-sanctioned teams . The current athletic director is Nathan Pine . The majority of the Falcons teams compete as members of the Mountain West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Wrestling_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Wrestling Conference ( WWC ) was a NCAA Division I wrestling-only conference that competed from 2006 through 2015 . All of its past members are now associate members of the Big 12 Conference ; all except Fresno State compete only in Big 12 wrestling ( Fresno State added women 's equestrian to its Big 12 membership in July 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Akron Zips', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Akron', 'summary': "The University of Akron is a public research university in Akron , Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio . As a STEM-focused institution , it focuses on industries such as polymers , advanced materials , and engineering . The University of Akron offers about 200 undergraduate and more than 100 graduate majors and has an enrollment of approximately 20,000 students . The university 's College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering is housed in a 12-story reflective glass building near downtown Akron on the western edge of the main campus . UA 's Archives of the History of American Psychology is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution . The university has three branch campuses : Wayne College in Orrville , Ohio ; the Medina County University Center , in Lafayette Township , Ohio ; and UA Lakewood , in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood , Ohio . In addition , the university hosts nursing programs in affiliation with Lorain County Community College ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Akron_Zips_baseball', 'summary': "The Akron Zips baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team representing the University of Akron in Akron , Ohio , United States . The team plays in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I level as a member of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . The program plays at Lee R. Jackson Field , which had been the Zips ' home from 1967 to 2015 . The program was established in early 1873 during the school 's first academic year and played in the Ohio Athletic Conference ( OAC ) from 1954-1966 , the Ohio Valley Conference from 1981 through 1987 , and the Mid-Continent Conference for the 1990 , 1991 , and 1992 seasons . The Zips began competition in the MAC in 1993 and were placed in the East Division when it was created in 2000 . The team had one appearance in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship , which came in 1996 following their only MAC Tournament Championship . Additionally , the Zips won the 1954 OAC championship and the 1991 Mid-Continent Conference title . On July 10 , 2015 , Akron announced the baseball program would be eliminated , effective immediately , after having fielded the sport since 1873 and uninterrupted since 1947 . The university cited budget problems as the main reason for ending the program . A group of baseball alumni formed in an effort to try to save the program . Players were permitted to remain on scholarship to finish their degree , though most transferred to other schools to continue their playing careers . On September 19 , 2017 , the university announced baseball would return for the 2019-20 academic year ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Dropped baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alderson Broaddus Battlers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alderson_Broaddus_University', 'summary': 'Alderson Broaddus University ( AB ) is a private university in Philippi , West Virginia . It was formed in 1932 as Alderson-Broaddus College by the union of two Baptist institutions : Alderson Academy ( founded 1901 ) and Broaddus Institute ( founded 1871 ; moved to Philippi , 1909 ) . The school adopted its current name in 2013 . Noted for its health science , natural science , education and music programs , the school offers a variety of majors in five academic divisions : Education and Special Programs , Health Sciences , Humanities , Natural Sciences and Social Sciences . It was the first college in West Virginia to offer a four-year degree in nursing and the first in the country to offer a four-year physician assistant degree .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alderson_Broaddus_University', 'summary': 'Alderson Broaddus University ( AB ) is a private university in Philippi , West Virginia . It was formed in 1932 as Alderson-Broaddus College by the union of two Baptist institutions : Alderson Academy ( founded 1901 ) and Broaddus Institute ( founded 1871 ; moved to Philippi , 1909 ) . The school adopted its current name in 2013 . Noted for its health science , natural science , education and music programs , the school offers a variety of majors in five academic divisions : Education and Special Programs , Health Sciences , Humanities , Natural Sciences and Social Sciences . It was the first college in West Virginia to offer a four-year degree in nursing and the first in the country to offer a four-year physician assistant degree .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's volleyball", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appalachian State Mountaineers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_State_University', 'summary': "Appalachian State University /ˌæpəˈlætʃən/ ( Appalachian , App State , App , or ASU ) is a public university in Boone , North Carolina . It was founded as a teachers college in 1899 by brothers B.B . and D.D . Dougherty and D.D.s wife , Lillie Shull Dougherty . The university expanded to include other programs in 1967 and joined the University of North Carolina System in 1971 . The university is part of the University of North Carolina System and enrolls more than 19,000 students . It offers more than 150 bachelor 's degrees and 70 graduate degree programs , including two doctoral programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_State_Mountaineers', 'summary': "The Appalachian State Mountaineers are the athletic teams that represent Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina , United States . The Mountaineers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and were a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) between 1972 and 2014 . On July 1 , 2014 , Appalachian State moved to the Sun Belt Conference . Appalachian State fields varsity teams in 20 sports , 10 for men and 10 for women . The football team competes in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly I-A , as a result of the transition to the Sun Belt . The wrestling team remains in the Southern Conference because the Sun Belt does not sponsor the sport . In field hockey , another sport not sponsored by the Sun Belt , Appalachian State joined the Mid-American Conference for the 2017 season after playing two seasons as an independent following the demise of its former league , the Northern Pacific Field Hockey Conference ( NorPac ) . Appalachian State has Sun Belt rivalries with all of the East Division schools ( Coastal Carolina , Georgia Southern , Georgia State , Troy , and South Alabama ) . Appalachian State 's main Sun Belt rivals are Coastal Carolina and Georgia Southern . Appalachian 's football program has been successful with the Mountaineers winning three straight national championships in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 . They are the only team in North Carolina , public or private , to win an NCAA national championship in football . The Mountaineers are the first FCS team to win three straight national championships since the creation of Division I-AA in 1978 , and are the first Division I program to win three consecutive national championships since Army accomplished the feat in 1944 , 1945 , and 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NorPac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Field_Hockey_Conference', 'summary': "The Northern Pacific Field Hockey Conference ( NorPac ) was an NCAA Division I conference that only sponsored womens field hockey . Founded in 1982 , it began as a California-based conference , but expanded over time to include schools across the United States . Over time , most of the NorPac 's eastern schools left the conference for various reasons . The conference played its last season in 2014 and formally disbanded at the end of the 2014-15 school year . The four founding members , all from California , became single-sport members of the America East Conference . The two remaining eastern schools , Appalachian State and Liberty , became Division I field hockey independents . Both would join conferences in the coming years ; Liberty became a single-sport member of the Big East Conference in 2016 , and Appalachian State became a single-sport member of the Mid-American Conference in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona', 'summary': "The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats are the athletic teams that represent the University of Arizona , located in Tucson . The Wildcats compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Arizona 's chief intercollegiate rival is the Arizona State Sun Devils , and the two universities ' athletic departments compete against each other in multiple sports via the State Farm Territorial Cup Series ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's beach volleyball", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State Sun Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils are the athletic teams that represent Arizona State University . ASU has nine men 's and eleven women 's varsity teams competing at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . The mascot was adopted in 1946 ; earlier nicknames were the Normals and later , the Bulldogs . The Sun Devil mascot , Sparky , was designed by former Disney illustrator Bert Anthony . ASU 's chief rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats , and both universities ' athletics departments compete against each other in the Territorial Cup Series ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's beach volleyball", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State Sun Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': 'The Arizona State Sun Devils ice hockey team is the second of only two NCAA Division I ice hockey programs in the United States Sun Belt ( the other being Alabama-Huntsville ) . The Sun Devils are former National Champions in 2014 ACHA Tournament . They played a hybrid schedule their first season in the NCAA ( 2015-16 ) , playing games against club programs , NCAA Division III and NCAA Division I squads . Since then , they have played exclusively against Division I rivals . They have always been an independent program , not affiliated with any conference . The Big Ten Conference , National Collegiate Hockey Conference , and the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( though not Hockey East , ECAC Hockey , or Atlantic Hockey ) have been seen as potential landing spots for Arizona State . The Sun Devils will continue as an independent in 2019-20 . The Sun Devils reached the NCAA Tournament for the first time in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's ice hockey", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_independent_schools_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I independent schools are teams that compete in NCAA ice hockey but are not members of a conference . There are several current schools who , at one time or another , competed as Division I independents .'}]}, {'value': 'Army Black Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy', 'summary': "The United States Military Academy ( USMA ) , also known as West Point , Army , Army West Point , The Academy , or simply The Point , is a four-year federal service academy in West Point , New York . It was originally established as a fort that sits on strategic high ground overlooking the Hudson River with a scenic view , 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of New York City . It is the oldest of the five U.S. service academies . The academy traces its roots to 1801 , when President Thomas Jefferson directed , shortly after his inauguration , that plans be set in motion to establish the United States Military Academy at West Point . The entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites , buildings , and monuments . The majority of the campus 's Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray and black granite . The campus is a popular tourist destination , with a visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army . Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination , usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , American Samoa , and the Virgin Islands . Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States . Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets ( USCC ) . Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation . Approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July , with about 1,000 cadets graduating ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Army_Black_Knights', 'summary': "The Army Black Knights are the athletic teams that represent the United States Military Academy , located in West Point , New York . In sports contexts , the teams are commonly referred to as Army West Point . The Black Knights compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a non-football member of the Patriot League , a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision independent school and a member of Atlantic Hockey , the Collegiate Sprint Football League ( men ) , the Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League ( men ) , the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association , the Great America Rifle Conference , the National Collegiate Boxing Association , the National Collegiate Paintball Association and the National Intercollegiate Women 's Fencing Association . Army is also one of approximately 300 members of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) . Three of the service academies ( Army , Air Force , and Navy ) compete for the Commander-in-Chief 's Trophy , which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year ( or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie ) ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's lacrosse", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patriot League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_League', 'summary': "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Cal Poly Mustangs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University', 'summary': "California Polytechnic State University ( California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , Cal Poly San Luis Obispo , or Cal Poly ) is a public university in San Luis Obispo , California . It is one of two polytechnics in the California State University system . The university is organized into six colleges offering 65 bachelor 's and 39 master 's degrees . Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education and as of fall 2018 Cal Poly has 21,037 undergraduate and 775 graduate students . The academic focus is fostering a comprehensive undergraduate education , combining technical and professional curricula with the arts and humanities . The university is located in San Luis Obispo , California , often noted as one of the happiest cities in the United States , with many alumni in Silicon Valley . The university 's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cal_Poly_Mustangs', 'summary': 'The Cal Poly Mustangs are the athletic teams representing California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo , California . The university fields twenty-one teams and compete in NCAA Division I ; they are primarily members of the Big West Conference , but the football team plays in the Big Sky Conference , the wrestling team is an associate member of the Pac-12 Conference , and the swimming and diving program competes as an affiliate member in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation .'}]}, {'value': 'Beach volleyball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Cal State Northridge Matadors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge', 'summary': "California State University , Northridge ( CSUN /ˈsiːsʌn/ or Cal State Northridge ) is a public university in the Northridge neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . With a total enrollment of 38,391 students ( as of Fall 2019 ) , it has the largest undergraduate population as well as the second largest total student body of the 23-campus California State University system , making it one of the largest comprehensive universities in the United States in terms of enrollment size . The size of CSUN also has a major impact on the California economy , with an estimated $ 1.9 billion in economic output generated by CSUN on a yearly basis . As of Fall 2019 , the university had 2,139 faculty , of which 805 ( or about 40% ) were tenured or on the tenure track . California State University , Northridge was founded first as the Valley satellite campus of California State University , Los Angeles . It then became an independent college in 1958 as San Fernando Valley State College , with major campus master planning and construction . The university adopted its current name of California State University , Northridge in 1972 . The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused $ 400 million in damage to the campus , the heaviest damage ever sustained by an American college campus . The university offers 134 different bachelor 's degrees and master 's degree programs in 70 different fields , as well as four doctoral degrees ( two Doctor of Education degrees , a Doctor of Audiology , and a Doctor of Physical Therapy ) and 24 teaching credentials . It is classified among Master 's Colleges & Universities : Larger Programs . CSUN is considered to be one of the most diverse universities in the nation and currently has over 350,000 alumni . Additionally , CSUN has been consistently recognized as having one of the best film schools as well as music schools in the U.S. and in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Northridge_Matadors', 'summary': "The Cal State Northridge Matadors are the athletic teams that represent California State University , Northridge in Northridge , Los Angeles , California . The Matadors field 17 teams in nineteen sports . The Matadors compete in NCAA Division I and are members of the Big West Conference . CSUN has been a member of the Big West Conference since the summer of 2001 for most sports . The men 's and women 's indoor track and field teams compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation instead . Men 's volleyball also competed in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation , but will compete in the Big West beginning in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beach volleyball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Beach volleyball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NorPac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Field_Hockey_Conference', 'summary': "The Northern Pacific Field Hockey Conference ( NorPac ) was an NCAA Division I conference that only sponsored womens field hockey . Founded in 1982 , it began as a California-based conference , but expanded over time to include schools across the United States . Over time , most of the NorPac 's eastern schools left the conference for various reasons . The conference played its last season in 2014 and formally disbanded at the end of the 2014-15 school year . The four founding members , all from California , became single-sport members of the America East Conference . The two remaining eastern schools , Appalachian State and Liberty , became Division I field hockey independents . Both would join conferences in the coming years ; Liberty became a single-sport member of the Big East Conference in 2016 , and Appalachian State became a single-sport member of the Mid-American Conference in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'America East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/America_East_Conference', 'summary': 'The America East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA Division I , whose members are located mainly in the Northeastern United States , specifically New England . Its nine members include the public flagship universities of three states , and one private university .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Michigan Chippewas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Michigan_University', 'summary': "Central Michigan University ( CMU ) is a public research university in Mount Pleasant , Michigan . Established in 1892 , Central Michigan University has more than 20,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus and 7,000 students enrolled online at more than 60 locations worldwide . CMU offers 200 academic programs at the undergraduate , master 's , specialist , and doctoral levels , including programs in entrepreneurship , journalism , music , audiology , teacher education , psychology , and physician assistant . The School of Engineering and Technology has ABET accredited programs in Mechanical , Electrical , and Computer Engineering . CMU has also established a College of Medicine , which opened in fall 2013 . CMU competes in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six men 's and ten women 's sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas', 'summary': "The Central Michigan Chippewas are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Central Michigan University ( CMU ) , located in Mount Pleasant , Michigan . The school fields sixteen men 's and women 's intercollegiate teams that compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level . CMU was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1950 to 1970 . The school 's athletics programs are affiliated with the NCAA and compete in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) with the exception of women 's lacrosse , which competes in the Southern Conference . The school colors are maroon and gold , and the school , and its students and alumni are referred to as Chippewas which is sometimes shortened to Chips . The nickname is used with consent of the nearby Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe . The university was placed on the NCAA 's list of schools with hostile or abusive nicknames in August 2005 , but appealed the decision , with the support of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation . On September 2 , 2005 the university announced that their appeal of the decision had been upheld ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's lacrosse", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Charleston ( WV ) Golden Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Charleston', 'summary': 'The University of Charleston ( UC ) is a private university with its main campus in Charleston , West Virginia . The university also has locations in Beckley , West Virginia , and Martinsburg , West Virginia , known as UC-Beckley and UC-Martinsburg , respectively .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charleston_Golden_Eagles', 'summary': "The Charleston Golden Eagles are the athletic teams that represent the University of Charleston , located in Charleston , West Virginia , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Golden Eagles compete as members of the Mountain East Conference for all varsity sports except men 's volleyball . Charleston was a founding member of the Mountain East following the 2013 demise of the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference , of which Charleston had been a member since 1924 . Prior to 1978 , the university was called Morris Harvey College . Charleston 's main rivals are the West Virginia State University Yellow Jackets ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's volleyball", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EIVA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association', 'summary': "The Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association ( EIVA ) is a college athletic conference whose member schools compete in men 's volleyball . Its member institutions are located in the Northeast United States . The EIVA Tournament champion receives one of five automatic bids to the NCAA National Collegiate Men 's Volleyball Championship . The other four automatic bids go to the two other traditional major volleyball conferences , the MIVA ( Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association ) and the MPSF ( Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ) ; the Big West Conference , which in the 2017-18 school year became the first Division I all-sports conference ever to sponsor men 's volleyball ; and Conference Carolinas , a Division II conference that was the first all-sports conference in either Division I or II to sponsor men 's volleyball . Before the 2014 tournament , the EIVA , MIVA , and MPSF received three of the four bids to the NCAA tournament , with the remaining entry being an at-large bid that was chosen from one of the three leagues by a committee of coaches from these leagues . The tournament expanded to six teams in 2014 when Conference Carolinas was given its automatic bid , and seven in 2018 with the addition of the Big West champion . The current lineup consists of the five conference champions and two at-large entries . Penn State has won every conference championship for the past 18 years , with the exception of 1998 when Princeton captured the title , 2016 when George Mason won the title and 2018 when Harvard emerged on top . The Nittany Lions are the only conference team to win the NCAA national championships , having captured the title in 1994 and 2008 . As of the 2020 season ( 2019-20 school year ) , the EIVA consists of eight schools : the University of Charleston ( in West Virginia ; not to be confused with the College of Charleston in South Carolina ) , George Mason University , Harvard University , the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) , Princeton University , Sacred Heart University , and Saint Francis University ( in Pennsylvania ; not to be confused with St. Francis College in Brooklyn , which like the Pennsylvania school is an all-sports member of the Northeast Conference ) . The top four teams compete for the EIVA championship . The winner represents the conference in the NCAA Div ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Charlotte ( UNC Charlotte , UNCC , or simply Charlotte ) is a public research university in Charlotte , North Carolina . UNC Charlotte offers 23 doctoral , 64 master 's , and 140 bachelor 's degree programs through nine colleges : the College of Arts + Architecture , the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences , the Belk College of Business , the College of Computing and Informatics , the Cato College of Education , the William States Lee College of Engineering , the College of Health and Human Services , the Honors College , and the University College . It has three campuses : Charlotte Research Institute Campus , Center City Campus , and the main campus , located in University City . The main campus sits on 1,000 wooded acres with approximately 85 buildings about 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Uptown Charlotte . UNC Charlotte is the largest institution of higher education in the Charlotte region . The university has experienced rapid enrollment growth of 33% over the past 10 years , making it the fastest-growing institution in the UNC System and contributing to more than 50% of the system 's growth since 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_49ers_football', 'summary': "The Charlotte 49ers football program represents the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in college football . The UNC Charlotte Board of Trustees officially voted to add a football program on November 13 , 2008 , after a unanimous recommendation by the Football Feasibility Committee . It was made possible by Student Government initiatives starting in 2006 by then-Student Body President Benjamin Comstock and Student Body Vice President Jordan Van Dyne , namely the first step of organizing a transparent student vote on football that disclosed possible hikes in tuition fees as a result of football . The online poll was approved by the Student Senate and administered in collaboration with the University 's IT Department . Despite the possibility of potential rises in student fees , the vote clearly displayed a student interest in a football team . The program began play during the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Division I FCS independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions in the United States whose football programs are not part of a football conference . This means that FCS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition as conference schools do . As of the next college football season of 2020 , three schools will play as FCS independents . Presbyterian will spend only the 2020 season as an independent . It began a transition to non-scholarship FCS football in 2017 and will play the final season of that transition as an FCS independent before joining the Pioneer Football League in 2021 . ( Presbyterian will remain a full but non-football Big South member . ) Also in 2020 , Dixie State and Tarleton State will move up from Division II , with both joining the non-football Western Athletic Conference . Both schools have announced they will play as FCS independents for the foreseeable future . The only school that had played as an FCS independent in the most recently completed 2019 season , North Dakota , will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in July 2020 . The Fighting Hawks left the Big Sky Conference for the non-football Summit League in July 2018 , but agreed to honor existing contracts to play Big Sky members in football , and thus played a full Big Sky football schedule in both 2018 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'C-USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Coastal Carolina Chanticleers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_University', 'summary': "Coastal Carolina University ( CCU or Coastal ) is a public liberal arts university in Conway , South Carolina . Founded in 1954 , Coastal became an independent university in 1993 . The university is a national sea-grant institution and owns part of Waties Island , an Atlantic barrier island that serves as a natural laboratory for CCU 's instruction and research . The campus is also the home of the Horry County Schools Scholars Academy , a high school for gifted students ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers', 'summary': "The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers ( /ˈʃɒntɪklɪər/ , SHON-ti-klirr ) are the athletic teams that represent Coastal Carolina University . They participate in Division I of the NCAA as a member of the Sun Belt Conference in most sports , having joined that conference as a full but non-football member on July 1 , 2016 . At that time , the football team began a transition from the second-level Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) to the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The team played the 2016 season as an FCS independent , joined Sun Belt football for the 2017 season , and became full FBS members for 2018 and beyond . A Chanticleer is a proud and fierce rooster . Prior to joining the Sun Belt , the Chanticleers had been members of the Big South Conference since that league 's formation in 1983 . Coastal fields varsity teams in 20 sports , 9 for men and 11 for women . The university regularly competed for the Sasser Cup , the Big South 's trophy for the university with the best sports program among the member institutions , winning the trophy nine times , tied with rival Liberty University . Until the early 1960s Coastal 's teams were known as the Trojans . Upon its affiliation with the university of South Carolina , the push was made for a mascot more in line with the parent 's mascot ( the Gamecock ) ; the ultimate choice was the Chanticleer , the proud , witty rooster made famous in The Nun 's Priest 's Tale of Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales ( the mascot itself would be named Zachary ) . When Coastal became an independent university in 1993 , despite some calls for a complete split from USC ( i.e. , change the mascot ) , the Chanticleer remained the school 's mascot . Coastal has developed in-state rivalries with Charleston Southern , Clemson , College of Charleston , Furman , Presbyterian , South Carolina , South Carolina State , The Citadel , USC Upstate , Winthrop , and Wofford ."}]}, {'value': 'Beach volleyball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbus State Cougars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_State_University', 'summary': 'Columbus State University is a public university in Columbus , Georgia . Founded as Columbus College in 1958 , the university was established and is administered by the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbus_State_Cougars', 'summary': "The Columbus State Cougars represent Columbus State University in intercollegiate sports in the Peach Belt Conference in NCAA Division II . The University currently fields 14 varsity Division II men 's and women 's teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Rifle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OVC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Dropped rifle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSU Bakersfield Roadrunners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Bakersfield', 'summary': "California State University , Bakersfield ( CSUB , Cal State Bakersfield , or CSU Bakersfield ) is a public university in Bakersfield , California . It was founded in 1965 and opened in 1970 on a 375-acre ( 152 ha ) campus , becoming the 19th school in the 23-campus California State University system . The university offers 45 different Bachelor 's degrees and 21 types of Master 's degrees . The university offers a Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership ( Ed.D ) . As of fall 2018 , there were currently more than 10,000 undergraduate and graduate students at either the main campus in Bakersfield or the satellite campus , Antelope Valley Center in Lancaster , California . CSU Bakersfield has more than 50,000 alumni from its four schools : Arts and Humanities ; Business and Public Administration ; Natural Sciences , Mathematics and Engineering ; and Social Sciences and Education . The university is primarily a commuter campus serving the city of Bakersfield . CSU Bakersfield 's petroleum geology program is the only one offered by a public university west of the Rockies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Bakersfield_Roadrunners', 'summary': 'The CSU Bakersfield Roadrunners ( also known as CSUB Roadrunners , and sometimes as the Bakersfield Roadrunners ) are the intercollegiate athletic teams of California State University , Bakersfield , located in Bakersfield , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Beach volleyball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Pioneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Denver', 'summary': 'The University of Denver ( DU ) is a private research university in Denver , Colorado . Founded in 1864 , it is the oldest independent private university in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States . DU enrolls approximately 5,600 undergraduate students and 6,100 graduate students . The 125-acre ( 0.51 km2 ) main campus is a designated arboretum and is located primarily in the University Neighborhood , about five miles ( 8 km ) south of downtown Denver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Denver_Pioneers', 'summary': "The Denver Pioneers are the sports teams of the University of Denver ( DU ) . They play in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I. Denver is a member of The Summit League for men 's and women 's basketball , swimming and diving , men 's and women 's soccer , tennis and golf for both men and women , plus women 's volleyball . Other DU teams play in various conferences in the sports that are not sponsored by The Summit . The men 's ice hockey team is a charter member of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference ( NCHC ) , which formed in 2011 with play beginning in 2013 . The lacrosse teams for men and women are members of the Big East Conference ; the men began Big East play in the 2013-14 school year ( 2014 season ) , while the women left the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) after the 2016 lacrosse season . Men 's and women 's skiing compete in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association , while the women 's gymnastics team became an affiliate of the Big 12 Conference starting with the 2015-16 season . The University has been fielding athletic teams since 1867 . DU 's athletic teams are known as the Pioneers . In the early years of competition from the 1860s to the early 1920s , Denver had no official nickname , but sports writers of the day referred to Denver teams as the Ministers or Fighting Parsons in homage to the Methodist heritage of the school . Denver officially became the Pioneers in 1925 , after the result of a student nickname contest , and that nickname has been in place ever since . With over 200 All Americans , 33 NCAA Championships , and 65 Olympians in its history , there is a long tradition of excellence in Pioneer sports . Today , DU operates a full NCAA Division I athletic program with a unique and successful mix of sports in and around the $ 85 million Daniel Ritchie Center for Sports and Wellness , which was completed in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's gymnastics", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MRGC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_Rim_Gymnastics_Conference', 'summary': "The Mountain Rim Gymnastics Conference ( MRGC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I women 's gymnastics conference for schools that do not have women 's gymnastics as a sponsored sport in their primary conferences . Established in 2013 and sponsoring its first competitions in 2014 , the conference was recognized by the NCAA in the summer of 2014 and held its first official championships in March 2015 with qualifying athletes advancing to the Regionals of the NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}], 'section_title': 'History -- 2015–2016', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'NCAA_Division_I_conference_realignment_5', 'intro': 'N/A'} | null | null | The Air Force Falcons men 's lacrosse team belong to a new conference , when was it established ? | 1921 |
071805451796b3b8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)', 'title': 'Double (association football)', 'header': ['Club', 'Country', 'Number won', 'Year ( s ) won'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 , 2006 , 2009 * , 2011 , 2015 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_FC_Barcelona_season', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 season was the 93rd season for FC Barcelona . The season is best remembered by the title of European Cup first ever for Barcelona , finally clinched in Wembley against italian squad U.C . Sampdoria with a score of 1-0 after extra time with a late goal through free kick of Ronald Koeman . In La Liga Barcelona had a poor start , losing 3 out of their first 8 games . But the tide began to turn as Barcelona experienced a brilliant run losing only 3 out of their next 30 games . Going into the final match day , Barcelona trailed Real Madrid by a point . Barcelona won their final game but Real Madrid lost to CD Tenerife 2-3 handing the second consecutive title over to Barcelona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005–06_FC_Barcelona_season', 'summary': "The 2005-06 season was Futbol Club Barcelona 's 107th season in existence and 77th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football , La Liga . It was manager Frank Rijkaard 's third season in charge of the club , a season in which he managed to successfully retain the La Liga title , as well as winning the UEFA Champions League and Spanish Super Cup . The squad was largely unchanged from the previous season , with only two players - Santiago Ezquerro and Mark van Bommel - joining the club . Gerard left on a free transfer during the summer . Samuel Eto ' o was once again the top scorer for the team , improving on his tally of 29 goals from the 2004-05 season by five goals , including one in the Champions League final . Ronaldinho and Eto ' o were selected in the 2005-06 FIFPro XI at the end of the season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2008–09_FC_Barcelona_season', 'summary': 'In 2008-09 , Futbol Club Barcelona started a new era with a new manager , former player and Barcelona Atlètic coach Pep Guardiola , who led the team to the first treble in Spanish football history . After selling off high-profiled players such as Deco and Ronaldinho , Barcelona played scintillating football throughout the season , winning the Supercopa de España , UEFA Super Cup , FIFA Club World Cup , Copa del Rey , La Liga , and the UEFA Champions League . This Barcelona team is considered to be one of the best ever club and it made a huge achievement by winning a sextuple .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010–11_FC_Barcelona_season', 'summary': "The 2010-11 season was Futbol Club Barcelona 's 111th in existence and the club 's 80th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football . Barcelona started the season with a new president after Joan Laporta reached his term limit on 30 June , leaving behind a very successful club tenure . Sandro Rosell was elected president on 13 June by securing a record total of 35,021 votes ( 61.35% ) , more than the 27,138 achieved by Laporta in 2003 . Rosell began his tenure on 1 July as the 39th president in Barcelona 's history . This team is widely considered to be the greatest in Barcelona 's history.Sir Alex Ferguson has described this squad as the best he had ever faced ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2014–15_FC_Barcelona_season', 'summary': "The 2014-15 season was Futbol Club Barcelona 's 115th in existence and the club 's 84th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football . It was one of the most successful seasons in the club 's history as they clinched the Treble by winning La Liga , Copa del Rey and the UEFA Champions League . By doing so , the Catalans became the first European team to twice win the domestic double as well as the highest continental tournament , after winning their first treble in the 2008-09 season . Barcelona 's success was due to a large extent to their formidable forward trio composed of Lionel Messi , Neymar and summer signing Luis Suárez , who scored an unprecedented total of 122 goals in all competitions to become the trio with most goals in Spanish football history ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F.', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957 , 1958 , 2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_Real_Madrid_C.F._season', 'summary': "The 2016-17 season was Real Madrid Club de Fútbol 's 113th season in existence and the club 's 86th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football . It covered a period from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017 . The 2016-17 season was one of the most successful campaigns in the whole history of Real Madrid . The club attained four titles , including a La Liga and Champions League double , a feat never previously matched by Real ."}]}, {'value': 'Ajax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Ajax', 'summary': "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːjɑks ] ) , also known as AFC Ajax , Ajax Amsterdam , or simply Ajax , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Historically , Ajax ( named after the legendary Greek hero ) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands , with 34 Eredivisie titles and 19 KNVB Cups . It has continuously played in the Eredivisie , since the league 's inception in 1956 and , along with Feyenoord and PSV Eindhoven , it is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated that competition . Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world . According to the IFFHS , Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World 's Club Team of the Year in 1992 . According to German magazine Kicker , Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century . The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge ; they won consecutively in 1971-1973 . In 1972 , they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , and the European Cup . It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers ( played in 1973 ) . Ajax 's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup , 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League , where they defeated Milan in the final ; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus . In 1995 , Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine . Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year ; This was achieved in the 1971-72 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972* , 1973 , 1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994–95_AFC_Ajax_season', 'summary': 'During the 1994-95 Dutch football season , AFC Ajax competed in the Eredivisie . Ajax won a league-cup double . They won their 25th Dutch title in style , not losing a single match all season and scoring 106 goals . Ajax also won their fourth European Cup , defeating A.C. Milan 1-0 in the final . This Ajax squad is considered to be one of the best teams in football history .'}]}, {'value': 'Bayern Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. , commonly known as FC Bayern München ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf tseː ˈbaɪɐn ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ) , FCB , Bayern Munich , or FC Bayern , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 29 national titles and 19 national cups . FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players , led by Franz John . Although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932 , the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963 . The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three consecutive times ( 1974-1976 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally and the only German club to have won both international titles . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football , winning 29 titles , including seven consecutively since 2013 . They have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1 . FC Nürnberg , as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s . Since the beginning of the 2005-06 season , Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena . Previously the team had played at Munich 's Olympiastadion for 33 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974 , 2001 , 2013 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973–74_FC_Bayern_Munich_season', 'summary': "The 1973-74 FC Bayern Munich season was the club 's ninth season in Bundesliga ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2000–01_FC_Bayern_Munich_season', 'summary': 'FC Bayern Munich won a historic double , clinching its first European Cup victory for more than 25 years , as well as clinching its third consecutive league title . The Champions League title was a sweet revenge for the shocking late defeat to Manchester United in the final two years before .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012–13_FC_Bayern_Munich_season', 'summary': "The 2012-13 FC Bayern Munich season was the 114th season in the club 's history and the 48th consecutive season in the top flight of German football , the Bundesliga , since the promotion of the team from the Regionalliga Süd in 1965 . Before the start of the season , Bayern signed Xherdan Shaqiri , Dante , Claudio Pizarro , Mitchell Weiser , Tom Starke and Mario Mandžukić . Bayern also added holding midfielder Javi Martínez after the first week of the Bundesliga season at the transfer deadline . The club started the season with a nine-match winning streak . The club would end the season claiming the Treble , winning the Bundesliga , the UEFA Champions League and the DFB-Pokal . Bayern are the first German club to achieve the Treble and are the third European Club to complete the Treble in the last five seasons and seventh ever in European Club competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965 , 2010 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964–65_Inter_Milan_season', 'summary': "Due to the European achievement in 1963-64 season , Inter also debuted in the Intercontinental Cup facing off with Independiente . After two legs , the aggregate score resulted in a draw ; the cup was awarded by a tie-breaker , in which Inter won 1-0 at extra time . In Serie A Inter suffered a 3-0 loss in the Derby della Madonnina . In late January , there were two draws in row and an uprising defeat , by Foggia in matchday 19 . So , over the mid of season , Milan had 7 points over Inter with 15 games to play . The following months saw a historical comeback from the side , that won 13 times and drew twice : 28 points were earned this way , resulting in first place . Mazzola had a central role in team play , scoring 17 goals to be the league 's top-scorer . On May 27 , a year exactly from the previous win , Inter retained the European title by beating Benfica at the San Siro : Jair was the scorer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009–10_Inter_Milan_season', 'summary': "The 2009-10 season was Football Club Internazionale Milano 's 101st in existence and 94th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian football . Inter had the greatest season in their history completing a historic Treble of Serie A , Coppa Italia and UEFA Champions League , becoming the sixth European club to complete the treble and the only Italian club to achieve this feat to date ."}]}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977 , 1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976–77_Liverpool_F.C._season', 'summary': 'Liverpool F.C . won their tenth Football League title after winning it for the second successive season , but lost out to Manchester United in the FA Cup Final , their defeat preventing them from becoming the first English club to win three major trophies in the same season . However , four days after their defeat in the FA Cup Final the club won the European Cup for the first time , beating Borussia Mönchengladbach 3-1 at the Olympic Stadium in Rome . In doing so they became the second English and the third British club to win the trophy . This was not only the final season , but the final game for Kevin Keegan before he moved to Hamburg for a British record transfer fee of £500,000 . One transfer that passed almost unnoticed as Liverpool were going for the treble , was the signing of Alan Hansen from Partick Thistle for £100,000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1983–84_Liverpool_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 1983-84 season was the 92nd season in Liverpool F.C . 's existence , and their 22nd consecutive year in the top-flight . It was Liverpool 's first season under the management of Joe Fagan , who was promoted from the coaching staff after the retirement of Bob Paisley , their manager of the last nine seasons who had won at least one major trophy in all but the first of his seasons as manager ( including six league titles and three European Cups ) . Fagan 's first season as manager ended with Liverpool becoming the first team in England to win three major trophies in the same season as they won the league title , European Cup and League Cup . They beat Roma on penalties to win the European Cup for the fourth time ( their sixth European trophy win overall ) , and defeated Merseyside rivals Everton in the League Cup final replay , and fought off a challenge from the likes of Southampton , Nottingham Forest , Manchester United and Queen 's Park Rangers to win their 15th league title , and their third consecutive title . The undoubted star of the season was striker Ian Rush , who scored 32 goals in the league and 47 in all competitions . It was the last season at the club for midfielder Graeme Souness , who was sold to Italian side Sampdoria at the end of the campaign ."}]}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 * , 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_Manchester_United_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 1998-99 season was the most successful season in the history of Manchester United Football Club . After finishing the previous season without winning any titles , United won the treble of trophies ( the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League ) , the first and currently only side in English football to achieve such a feat . During the campaign United lost only five times , including a one-off Charity Shield fixture , in the League Cup against eventual winners Tottenham Hotspur and their only home defeat , a league match against Middlesbrough in December 1998 and two away defeats to Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday in September and November respectively . A run of 33 games unbeaten in all competitions began on 26 December at home to Nottingham Forest . Veteran players Brian McClair and Gary Pallister , along with a host of younger and less experienced players such as goalkeeper Kevin Pilkington and striker Graeme Tomlinson , had left the club before the season began . The big news of the pre-season was the arrival of Dutch defender Jaap Stam for a club record fee of £10.75 million . Other additions included striker Dwight Yorke and Swedish winger Jesper Blomqvist . Goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel announced his intention to leave the club after eight years at Old Trafford , joining Sporting Clube de Portugal at the end of the season . The team 's never-say-die attitude , instilled in previous seasons , was key to their success as the players often thrived in difficult situations . The highlight was United 's dramatic comeback in the Champions League final , when Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær each scored in injury time to overturn Bayern Munich 's first-half lead . David Beckham was runner up to Rivaldo for 1999 's European Footballer of the Year and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . Fans and writers regard the treble haul as manager Alex Ferguson 's finest hour , although he dismissed that assertion in later years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Manchester_United_F.C._season', 'summary': "The 2007-08 season was Manchester United 's 16th season in the Premier League , and their 33rd consecutive season in the top division of English football . The season was regarded as a success ; despite the team 's slow start in the league , they won their 10th Premier League title ( their 17th top division title overall , just one behind Liverpool 's then record of 18 ) and beat Chelsea on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final to claim the European Double . Although they won the 2007 FA Community Shield against Chelsea , the club was not as successful in the domestic cup competitions , losing to eventual FA Cup winners Portsmouth in the Sixth Round , and losing to Coventry City in the Third Round of the League Cup . In February 2008 , the club commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster , as a result of which eight United players and three members of the coaching staff lost their lives . The club held a memorial service at Old Trafford on 6 February 2008 , renaming the tunnel under the South Stand as the Munich Tunnel . This was followed on 10 February by the Manchester derby . United took to the field in a retro kit reminiscent of the kit worn by the 1958 team , abandoning squad numbers in favour of a 1-11 numbering system . United 's players were also successful on an individual level in the 2007-08 season , with three players in the PFA Premier League Team of the Year , while Cristiano Ronaldo picked up six individual awards , including the Premier League Golden Boot for his 31 league goals ."}]}, {'value': 'Benfica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.L._Benfica', 'summary': "Sport Lisboa e Benfica ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɨˈpɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i βɐ̃jˈfikɐ ] ) , commonly known as Benfica , is a professional football club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , where they are the current champions and the most successful team in terms of overall titles . Founded on 28 February 1904 as Sport Lisboa , Benfica is one of the Big Three clubs in Portugal that have never been relegated from Primeira Liga , along with rivals Sporting CP and FC Porto . Benfica are nicknamed As Águias ( The Eagles ) , for the symbol atop the club 's crest , and Os Encarnados ( The Reds ) , for the shirt colour . Since 2003 , their home ground has been the Estádio da Luz , which replaced the larger , original one , built in 1954 . Benfica is the most supported Portuguese club and the European club with the highest percentage of supporters in its own country , having over 230,000 members and an estimated 14 million supporters worldwide . The club 's anthem , Ser Benfiquista , refers to Benfica supporters , who are called benfiquistas . E pluribus unum is the club motto ; Águia Vitória , the mascot . Benfica is honoured with three Portuguese Orders : those of Christ ( Commander ) , of Prince Henry ( Honorary Member ) and of Merit ( Officer ) . With 83 major trophies won - 84 including the Latin Cup - Benfica is the most decorated club in Portugal . They have won 80 domestic trophies : a record 37 Primeira Liga titles , a record 26 Taça de Portugal , a record 7 Taça da Liga , 8 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and 3 Campeonato de Portugal . Internationally , they won back-to-back European Cups in 1961 and 1962 - a unique feat in Portuguese football - and were runners-up at the Intercontinental Cup in 1961 and '62 , at the European Cup in 1963 , '65 , '68 , '88 and '90 , and at the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 1983 , 2013 and '14 . Benfica 's ten European finals are a domestic record and ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960–61_S.L._Benfica_season', 'summary': "The 1960-61 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica 's 57th season in existence and the club 's 27th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football , covering the period from 1 August 1960 to 30 July 1961 . Benfica competed domestically in the Primeira Divisão and the Taça de Portugal and participated in the European Cup after winning the previous league . After promising to win the European Cup the year before , Guttmann made almost no changes , only signing centre-back Germano . A dominant league campaign saw Benfica lap the first half with 12 wins in 13 games . A loss in January did not stop their momentum , and they added five more wins in the following weeks . On day 22 , they drew with Sporting , and a week later they sealed their second consecutive league title . José Águas scored a league best 27 goals . Meanwhile , in Europe , Benfica defeated Hearts , Újpesti Dózsa , and AGF on their way to a semi-final with Rapid Wien . They won three-nil at home and drew one-all in Vienna , qualifying for the European Cup Final , where they would meet favourites Barcelona . A 3-2 win secured their historic first European Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Celtic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celtic_F.C.', 'summary': "The Celtic Football Club ( /ˈsɛltɪk/ SEL-tik ) is a Scottish professional football club based in Glasgow , which plays in the Scottish Premiership . The club was founded in 1887 [ nb 1 ] with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the immigrant Irish population in the East End of Glasgow . They played their first match in May 1888 , a friendly match against Rangers which Celtic won 5-2 . Celtic established themselves within Scottish football , winning six successive league titles during the first decade of the 20th century . The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s under Jock Stein when they won nine consecutive league titles and the 1967 European Cup . Celtic have played in green and white for the entirety of its history , adopting hoops in 1903 , those being used ever since . Celtic are one of only five clubs in the world ( which also includes their rivals Rangers ) to have won over 100 trophies in their history . The club has won the Scottish league championship 50 times , most recently in 2018-19 , the Scottish Cup 39 times and the Scottish League Cup 19 times . The club 's greatest season was 1966-67 , when Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup , also winning the Scottish league championship , the Scottish Cup , the League Cup and the Glasgow Cup . Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final , losing in both . Celtic have a long-standing fierce rivalry with Rangers , and the clubs are known as the Old Firm , seen by some as the world 's biggest football derby . The club 's fanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around nine million worldwide , and there are more than 160 Celtic supporters clubs in over 20 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966–67_Celtic_F.C._season', 'summary': 'Celtic competed in five tournaments in the 1966-67 season . They won all five competitions and completed the only ever European Quintuple . Over the course of the season , Celtic scored a world record 196 goals in the major competitions they took part in . The team from this season are commonly known as the Lisbon Lions , because the European Cup final was held in Lisbon .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamburger SV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamburger_SV', 'summary': "Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V . ( [ hamˈbʊʁɡɐ ˌʃpɔʁt fɛɐ̯ˈʔaɪ̯n ] ) , commonly known as Hamburger SV , Hamburg or HSV [ haː ʔɛs ˈfaʊ̯ ] , is a German sport club based in Hamburg , its largest branch being its football department . Although the current HSV was founded in June 1919 from a merger of three earlier clubs , it officially traces its origin to 29 September 1887 when the first of the predecessors , SC Germania , was founded . Until 2018 when the team were relegated for the first time in history , HSV 's football team had the distinction of being the only team that had played continuously in the top tier of the German football league system since the founding of the club at the end of World War I . It was consequently also the only team that had played in every season of the Bundesliga since its foundation in 1963 . HSV has won the German national championship six times , the DFB-Pokal three times and the League Cup twice . The team 's most successful period was from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s when , in addition to several domestic honours , they won the 1976-77 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1982-83 European Cup . The outstanding players of this period were Horst Hrubesch , Manfred Kaltz , and Felix Magath , all of whom were regulars in the German National Team . To date , HSV 's last major trophy was the 1986-87 DFB-Pokal . HSV play their home games at the Volksparkstadion in Bahrenfeld , a western district of Hamburg . The club colours are officially blue , white and black but the home kit of the team is white jerseys and red shorts . The team 's most common nickname is die Rothosen ( the Red Shorts ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steaua București', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Steaua_București', 'summary': "Fotbal Club FCSB ( Romanian pronunciation : [ fet͡ʃeseˌbe ] ) , formerly Fotbal Club Steaua București ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈste̯awa bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ) and sometimes colloquially known simply as Steaua , [ note 1 ] is a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest . Founded in 1947 as Asociația Sportivă a Armatei București , it has spent its entire history in the Liga I , the top tier of the Romanian football league system . The team was initially part of the CSA Steaua București sports club and belonged to the Romanian Army . In 1998 , the club and facilities were separated from the armed forces and sold to a group of shareholders in a post-Ceaușescu privatization scheme , subsequently leading to one of the shareholders acquiring full ownership five years later . However , the same Army sued the football club in 2011 ; the club has since been in a legal conflict regarding the ownership of the Steaua brand and honours , which resulted in multiple court cases and the change of the name to FCSB in early 2017 . Domestically , the club have won Liga I 26 times , Cupa României 22 times , Cupa Ligii 2 times and Supercupa României 6 times - all competition records . Internationally , they have won the European Cup and European Super Cup , both in 1986 . They reached the European Cup final once again in 1989 , when they were defeated by A.C. Milan . Throughout its history , Steaua also played the final of the Intercontinental Cup , the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners ' Cup and the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup . Their home ground is Arena Națională , having moved here from the Ministry of National Defence-owned Stadionul Ghencea . Initially , the club played in the colours of the Romanian tricolour - blue , yellow and red - but yellow soon lost its importance and the team became associated with the red and blue colours . Recently , some kits have begun reintegrating the yellow colour ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven', 'summary': "The Philips Sport Vereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfilɪps ˌspɔrt fəˈreːnəɣɪŋ ] ; [ nb 1 ] English : Philips Sports Union ) , abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven [ ˌpeːjɛsˈfeː ˈɛintɦoːvə ( n ) ] , [ nb 2 ] is a sports club from Eindhoven , Netherlands , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . It is best known for its professional football department , which plays in the Eredivisie since its inception in 1956 . Along with Ajax and Feyenoord , PSV is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie . The club was founded in 1913 as a team for Philips employees . PSV 's history contains two golden eras revolving around the UEFA Cup victory in 1978 and the 1987-88 European Cup victory as part of the seasonal treble in 1988 . The team has won the Eredivisie 24 times , the KNVB Cup nine times and the Johan Cruyff Shield ten times . Currently ( as of Nov 2018 ) , PSV is 39th on the UEFA club coefficients ranking . Throughout the years , PSV established itself as a stepping stone for future world class players like Ruud Gullit , Ronald Koeman , Romário , Ronaldo , Phillip Cocu , Jaap Stam , Park Ji-Sung , Ruud van Nistelrooy , and Arjen Robben . Since its foundation , it has played in the Philips Stadion and has upheld its club colours ( red and white ) . Its elaborate connection with Philips can be witnessed in its sponsoring , shared technology and board member ties . Fans have named themselves 'boeren ' ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈbuːrə ( n ) ] , Dutch for either peasants or farmers ) , taking pride in Eindhoven 's status of being a provincial city and their Brabantian heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987–88_PSV_Eindhoven_season', 'summary': 'During the 1987-88 Dutch football season , PSV Eindhoven competed in the Eredivisie .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Star Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade', 'summary': "Fudbalski klub Crvena zvezda ( Serbian Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Црвена звезда , IPA : [ fûdbalskiː klûːb tsř̩ʋenaː zʋěːzda ] ; English : Red Star Football Club ) , which translates into English as simply Red Star ( Serbian : Црвена звезда / Crvena zvezda ) , is a Serbian professional football club based in Belgrade commonly known elsewhere as Red Star Belgrade ( Serbian : Црвена звезда Београд / Crvena zvezda Beograd ) , the major part of the Red Star multi-sport club . They are the only Serbian and Yugoslav club to have won the European Cup , having done so in 1991 , and the only team to have won the Intercontinental Cup , also in 1991 . With 30 national championships , 24 national cups , 2 national supercups and one league cup between Serbian and Yugoslav competitions , Red Star was the most successful club in Yugoslavia and finished first in the Yugoslav First League all-time table , and is the most successful club in Serbia . Since the 1991-92 season , Red Star 's best results are in the UEFA Champions League group stage and UEFA Europa League knockout phase . According to 2008 polls , Red Star Belgrade is the most popular football club in Serbia , with 48.2% of the population supporting them . They have many supporters in other former Yugoslav republics and in the Serbian diaspora . Their main rivals are fellow Belgrade side Partizan . The championship matches between these two clubs are known as The Eternal derby . According to the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ' list of the Top 200 European clubs of the 20th century , Red Star is the highest-ranked Serbian and ex-Yugoslavian club , sharing the 27th position on the list with Dutch club Feyenoord ."}]}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993–94_A.C._Milan_season', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan won three trophies during a successful 1993-94 season , most memorable for the 4-0 victory against FC Barcelona in the Champions League Final in Athens . That game saw a goal explosion from a Milan side that had been extremely defensive during the entire league season , which in part caused the Italian Football Federation to introduce three points for victories starting in the autumn 1994 . Milan won Serie A with a mere 36 goals scored in 34 games , but conceding a mere 15 , which meant they had the defensive line , with Franco Baresi and Paolo Maldini as key players , to thank for their third consecutive domestic success . Milan 's match against struggling Reggiana at San Siro on 1 May 1994 came on a day when the sporting world was overshadowed with the death of racing driver Ayrton Senna in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix , but the football world was focused on AC Milan 's attempts to seal a 14th title . It was a narrow 1-0 defeat for Reggiana , with a goal from Massimiliano Esposito , but enough to seal the Scudetto ."}]}, {'value': 'Porto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Porto', 'summary': "Futebol Clube do Porto , MHIH , OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ futɨˈβɔl ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðu ˈpoɾtu ] ) , commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto , is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto . It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , Founded on 28 September 1893 , Porto is one of the Big Three ( Portuguese : Os Três Grandes ) teams in Portugal - together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP - that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934 . They are nicknamed Dragões ( Dragons ) , for the mythical creature atop the club 's crest , and Azuis e brancos ( Blue-and-whites ) , for the shirt colours . The club supporters are called Portistas . Since 2003 , Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão , which replaced the previous 103-year-old ground , the Estádio das Antas . Porto is the second most decorated team in Portugal , with 76 major trophies , of which 69 were achieved in domestic competitions . These comprise 28 Primeira Liga titles ( five of which were won consecutively between 1994-95 and 1998-99 , a Portuguese football record ) , 16 Taça de Portugal , 4 Campeonato de Portugal , and a record 21 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Porto is the second team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without any defeat , namely in the 2010-11 and 2012-13 seasons . In the former , Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system ( 21 points ) , on their way to a second quadruple . In international competitions , Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team , with seven trophies . They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004 , the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011 , the UEFA Super Cup in 1987 , and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004 . In addition , they were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup Winners ' Cup and in the 2003 , 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003–04_FC_Porto_season', 'summary': 'FC Porto became the 12th club to win multiple European Cup/Champions League titles in a fairytale 2003-04 season . This has completed their Treble . For the first time since 1994 , a club outside the big four leagues won the trophy , and it was widely attributed to charismatic coach José Mourinho . The title was clinched in an emphatic 3-0 victory against Monaco in the final in Gelsenkirchen . Following the success , Mourinho departed the club for Chelsea , bringing key defenders Paulo Ferreira and Ricardo Carvalho with him . Playmaker Deco also departed , in his case for Barcelona . Elsewhere , it got to keep midfield duo Maniche and Costinha intact , and strikers Derlei and Benni McCarthy stayed at the club .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Continental Double -- European Double', 'section_text': 'In the same spirit as the European Treble , the European Double consists of winning the top tier European tournament ( currently the UEFA Champions League ) and domestic league title in a single season or calendar year . This has been achieved on 27 occasions by 15 clubs from 56 European competitions . Barcelona has achieved this on the most number of occasions ( 5 ) . Ajax and Real Madrid are the only teams that have successfully defended a European Double . José Mourinho has the unique distinction of being the only manager to achieve this double with two different clubs , having done so with Porto ( 2004 ) and Internazionale ( 2010 ) .', 'uid': 'Double_(association_football)_183', 'intro': "The Double, in association football, is the achievement of winning a country's top tier division and its primary cup competition in the same season. The lists in this article examine this definition of a double, while derivative sections examine much less frequent, continental instances. The Double can also mean beating a team both home and away in the same league season, a feat often noted as doing the double over a particular opponent. The first club to achieve a double was Preston North End in 1889, winning the FA Cup and The Football League in the inaugural season of the league. The team that holds the record for the most doubles is Linfield of Northern Ireland, with a total of 24."} | null | null | The team that Internazionale split from has achieved the double once , during that season who scored the goal in the game that sealed the title ? | Massimiliano Esposito |
07185694c655fdcf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo_Argentino_A', 'title': 'Torneo Argentino A', 'header': ['Team', 'Titles', 'Years won'], 'data': [{'value': 'Juventud Antoniana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventud_Antoniana', 'summary': 'Centro Juventud Antoniana is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Juventud Antoniana played in Primera División 6 times : 1971 , 1973 , 1975 , 1978 , 1983 and 1985 . Its best performance came in 1983 , when the squad progressed to the 2nd round .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-96 , 1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1995-96 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the first season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 32 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1997–98_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1997-98 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the third season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 16 teams competed ; the champions were promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_de_Córdoba', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Racing ( usually referred as Racing de Córdoba ) is an Argentine football club from the city of Córdoba . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-99 , 2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1998-99 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fourth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 14 teams competed ; the champions were promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003–04_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2003-04 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the ninth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 20 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Independiente Rivadavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independiente_Rivadavia', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia ( mostly known simply as Independiente Rivadavia ) is a football club from Mendoza , Argentina . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second major league in Argentine Football league system . Independiente Rivadavia played in the Argentine Primera in 1968 , 1973 , 1977 , 1979-80 and 1982 , when the team reached the quarter-finals of the National Championship . That year Independiente was eliminated in the play-offs by the team that would later reach the Championship , Ferro Carril Oeste .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-99 , 2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1998-99 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fourth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 14 teams competed ; the champions were promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2006–07_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2006-07 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the twelfth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 24 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Almirante Brown ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almirante_Brown_de_Arrecifes', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Almirante Brown ( mostly known as Brown de Arrecifes ) is an Argentine sports club from the city of Arrecifes , in Buenos Aires Province . Although other sports are practised there , Brown is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Arrecifes football league . Almirante Brown , founded on October 14 , 1917 , by José Ryan and Stegmann . The colors of the club are related to the origins of its founders : black ( taken from the German flag ) and green ( the Irish traditional color ) . Brown won the 1995-96 Torneo Argentino B promoting to the upper division with Mataderos , a club from Necochea . A year after , on June 28 , 1997 , the team reached the Primera B Nacional ( the second division of the Argentine football league system ) later defeating Sportivo Ben Hur 1-0 in Rafaela , Santa Fe Province . The team was coached by Rodolfo Motta . During its debut season in the Primera B Nacional , Brown finished 6th in the first stage but then was relegated to the last position in the B group . Brown made its best performance in the 2000-01 season , being near to promote to First Division although the team was defeated by San Martín de Mendoza before reaching the semi-finals . Brown played in the second division until 2003 , when the team was relegated to the lower division .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996–97_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1996-97 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the second season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 22 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'San Martín ( M )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Martín_de_Mendoza', 'summary': 'Atlético Club San Martín ( popularly known as San Martín de Mendoza ) is a football club from the city of San Martín in Mendoza Province , Argentina . The team currently plays in the Torneo Argentino B , which is the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996–97_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1996-97 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the second season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 22 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimnasia y Esgrima ( CdU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_de_Concepción_del_Uruguay', 'summary': 'Club Gimnasia y Esgrima de Concepción del Uruguay is an Argentine football club from the city of Concepción del Uruguay in Entre Ríos Province . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Gimnasia y Esgrima has played a single season at national level , competing in Primera B Nacional in 1996-97 , but was soon relegated with the 2nd worst points average of the teams from the Interior .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997–98_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1997-98 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the third season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 16 teams competed ; the champions were promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'General Paz Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Paz_Juniors', 'summary': 'Club Atlético General Paz Juniors is a sports club , located in Córdoba , Argentina . Although other sports are practised there ( such as basketball , tennis or taekwondo ) the club is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the regionalised 5th level of Argentine football league system , the Torneo Argentino C .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–00_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1999-00 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fifth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 16 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Huracán ( TA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huracán_de_Tres_Arroyos', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Huracán ( usually Huracán de Tres Arroyos ) is an Argentine football club based in the city of Tres Arroyos , in Buenos Aires Province . The club is the biggest of Tres Arroyos City , and one of the largest in Southern Buenos Aires Province The club were founded 3 January 1923 and plays in the Torneo Federal C which is the fifth division of the Argentine league . They played in the first division during the 2004-2005 season . For 2007/2008 , the club had to play in the Argentino A because they got relegated during the previous season .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2000-01 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the sixth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 18 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'C.A.I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comisión_de_Actividades_Infantiles', 'summary': "Comisión de Actividades Infantiles ( English : Committee on Children 's Activities ) , also known simply as CAI , is an Argentine football club located in the city of Comodoro Rivadavia , of Chubut Province . The team plays in Torneo Argentino A ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-02', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001–02_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2001-02 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the seventh season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 19 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Tiro Federal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiro_Federal', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Tiro Federal Argentino ( mostly known just as Tiro Federal or Tiro Federal de Rosario ) is an Argentine football club from the city of Rosario , in Santa Fe Province . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the eighth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 20 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Sportivo_Ben_Hur', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Ben Hur is an Argentine sports club from Rafaela , Santa Fe Province . The club was founded in 1940 and is mostly known for its basketball and football teams . Other sports practised in the club are aerobics , bowls , chess , field hockey , and swimming .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004–05_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2004-05 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the tenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 20 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Villa Mitre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Villa_Mitre', 'summary': 'Club Villa Mitre , is a sports club based in the city of Bahía Blanca , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . Although many sports are practised at the club , Villa Mitre is mostly known for its football team which currently plays in the Torneo Argentino B , the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system . The club was named in commemoration of Bartolomé Mitre , President of Argentina between 1862 and 1868 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–06_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2005-06 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the eleventh season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 24 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Tucumán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Tucumán', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Tucumán ( mostly known as Atlético Tucumán ) is an Argentinian football club based in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán of Tucumán Province . Although several sports are practised at the club , Atlético is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Primera División , the first division of the Argentine football league system . They played for the first time in 2017 both Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana . Other activities hosted by the institution are basketball , chess , field hockey , handball and karate .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2007-08 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the thirteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Boca Unidos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Unidos', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Boca Unidos ( mostly known simply as Boca Unidos ) is an Argentine football and basketball club from Corrientes Province . The football squad currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of Argentine football league system . At the end of the 2006-07 season Boca Unidos promoted from Torneo Argentino B to the Torneo Argentino A via play-off . On 21 June 2009 , the squad won another promotion which allowed it to play in the Primera B Nacional , where has remained since .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2008-09 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fourteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Patronato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Patronato', 'summary': 'The Club Atlético Patronato de la Juventud Católica ( commonly called Patronato or Patronato de Paraná ) is an Argentine football club based in Paraná , Entre Ríos . The squad currently plays in Primera División , the top division of Argentine football league system . The club debuted in Primera División in 1978 , playing the Nacional championship . In December 2015 , Patronato achieved its second promotion to Primera after defeating Santamarina de Tandil by penalty shoot-out .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fifteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Guillermo Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_Brown_de_Puerto_Madryn', 'summary': 'Club Social y Atlético Guillermo Brown , mostly known as Guillermo Brown or Brown de Puerto Madryn , is an Argentine sports club from Puerto Madryn in Chubut Province . The football team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the sixteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 24 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Haig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Douglas_Haig', 'summary': "Club Atlético Douglas Haig is an Argentine football club from Pergamino , Buenos Aires Province , which currently plays in the country 's Third Division . The club is named in honour of Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig , a victorious General from World War 1"}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2011-12 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the seventeenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Talleres ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talleres_de_Córdoba', 'summary': "Club Atlético Talleres ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko taˈʎeɾes ] ; mostly known simply as Talleres [ taˈʎeɾes ] or Talleres de Córdoba [ taˈʎeɾes ðe ˈkoɾðoβa ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the city of Córdoba . The institution is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Argentine Primera División . Talleres ' main rival is Belgrano : Their rivalry is known as el clásico cordobés . In field hockey , the club is affiliated to amateur Córdoba Field Hockey Federation , where its teams compete ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the eighteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Santamarina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Santamarina', 'summary': 'Club y Biblioteca Ramón Santamarina , also known simply as Santamarina , is an Argentine football club from the city of Tandil , Buenos Aires Province . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the tournament of second division of the Argentine Football Association . The club is named after Joaquin Ramón Cesareo Manuel Santamarina ( 1827-1904 ) , an Argentine businessman . The club has only played one season in the Argentine Primera . In 1985 , it competed in the National championships , where it finished second in their group to qualify for the 2nd round where it was eliminated by Independiente 6-3 on aggregate .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 season , was the nineteenth Torneo Argentino A season since it became part of the third tier of the Argentine football league system . The tournament is reserved for teams indirectly affiliated to the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino ( AFA ) , while teams affiliated to AFA have to play the Primera B Metropolitana , which is the other third tier competition . The champion will be promoted to Primera B Nacional . The regular season began on August 16 , 2013 and was scheduled to end on June 7 , 2014 . A total of 24 teams competed with 20 of them remaining from the 2012-13 season . They were joined by four teams promoted from 2012-13 Torneo Argentino B .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Titles by club', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Torneo_Argentino_A_1', 'intro': 'The Torneo Argentino A (in English Argentine A Tournament) was one of the two leagues that form the regionalised third level of the Argentine football league system. Clubs in the Torneo Argentino have indirect membership in AFA, while clubs in the Primera B Metropolitana (the other third division) have direct membership in AFA. All teams with indirect membership are from outside the city of Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area (Greater Buenos Aires), while most of the direct members are from the aforementioned area.'} | null | null | On which date was this Argentine football club founded that won the sixth season of third division professional football in Argentina ? | 3 January 1923 |
07188b8cb2f95508 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colby_College_alumni', 'title': 'List of Colby College alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jack Levine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Levine', 'summary': 'Jack Levine ( January 3 , 1915 - November 8 , 2010 ) was an American Social Realist painter and printmaker best known for his satires on modern life , political corruption , and biblical narratives .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Painter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon W. Bowie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_W._Bowie', 'summary': "Gordon W. Bowie ( May 31 , 1944 - January 5 , 2012 ) , bass trombonist , composer and conductor , was director of the Montgomery Village Community Band in Montgomery County , Maryland . He was bass trombonist for the Virginia Grand Military Band , Legacy Brass and other DC area ensembles . In addition , for the 1999-2000 school year he served as band and orchestra director for St. Stephens and St. Agnes Schools in Alexandria , Virginia . Dr. Bowie was for many years Principal and Bass Trombonist of the Bangor Symphony Orchestra , a post which he left in September , 1997 , to relocate to the Washington , DC , area . In his position with the Bangor Symphony , he garnered more than thirty years ' orchestral experience under four music directors and numerous guest conductors , playing the standard orchestral repertoire . For the twelve years from 1985 through 1997 he was also Conductor of the Bangor Band , a semi-professional New England Town Band said to be the second oldest continuous community band in the nation . One hundred-thirty-eight years old in the summer of 1997 , the Bangor Band under Dr. Bowie performed year around with a mixed repertoire including band classics , overtures and transcriptions as well as popular tunes , movies and show music , patriotic music and Dixieland . A specialty of the Bangor Band under Dr. Bowie was the music of R.B . Hall , Maine 's own march composer who was a contemporary of John Philip Sousa . Dr. Bowie earned a BA ( Music ) from Colby College , MMED ( Winds and Percussion ) from the University of Colorado , and Ph.D. ( Music ) from the University of Maine , where the subject of his dissertation was R.B . Hall and the Community Bands of Maine . He taught music and bands at all levels , elementary through college , including seven years at Colby College in Waterville , Maine , where he was band director ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocco Landesman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocco_Landesman', 'summary': 'Rocco Landesman ( born July 20 , 1947 ) is a long-time Broadway theatre producer . He served as chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) from August 2009 to December 2012 . The NEA is a public agency of the Federal Government with an annual budget ( $ 155 million for 2009 ) that is directed into grants to support excellence in the arts , bring arts to all Americans and provide leadership in arts education . He is part owner of Jujamcyn Theaters , but he was a passive owner while serving in Washington . Landesman was born and raised in St. Louis , Missouri , studied at Colby College and then the University of Wisconsin , Madison ( BA English Literature 1969 ) , and the Yale School of Drama ( MFA Dramatic Literature and Criticism 1972 , DFA 1976 ) . At the Yale School of Drama he became a protégé and friend of Robert Brustein . At the completion of his course work he stayed at Yale for four years as an Assistant Professor . While at Yale , Landesman got to know novelist Jerzy Kosinski and he worked with Kosinski on two of his novels , Being There and The Devil Tree . Landesman was involved as an editor , helping Kosinski , not a native speaker of English , with his English syntax and writing . While at Yale Landesman was also involved in managing a private mutual fund and a racehorse he had bought . In 1977 he left to focus more time on his private investment fund , which he ran for many years . He also got involved in Broadway theater and he was heavily involved in the genesis and development of Big River ( 1985 Tony , Best Musical ) , a musical based on Huckleberry Finn .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chair of the National Endowment for the Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts', 'summary': 'The National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence . It was created by an act of the U.S. Congress in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government . The NEA has its offices in Washington , D.C . It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995 , as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': "Kathy O'Dell", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kathy_O'Dell", 'summary': "Kathy Rosalyn O'Dell ( born 1950 ) is an art historian , theorist , curator , arts advocate , author , and special assistant to the Dean for Arts Partnerships at the University of Maryland Baltimore County . She is known for art theories , especially for contextualizing violence in performance art within social contracts and psychoanalytic theories ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'art historian , theorist , curator , arts advocate , author', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tim O'Brien ( musician )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tim_O'Brien_(musician)", 'summary': "Tim O'Brien ( born March 16 , 1954 ) is an American country and bluegrass musician . In addition to singing , he plays guitar , fiddle , mandolin , banjo , bouzouki and mandocello . He has released more than ten studio albums , in addition to charting a duet with Kathy Mattea entitled The Battle Hymn of Love , a No . 9 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in 1990 . In November 2013 he was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'ex-1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country and bluegrass musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Silverman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Silverman', 'summary': 'Tom Silverman is an American entertainment executive . He is most notable for founding the pioneering hip-hop and electro-funk music label , Tommy Boy Records , now known as Tommy Boy Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of hip-hop record label Tommy Boy Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Boy_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Tommy Boy Entertainment is an American independent record label and multimedia brand founded in 1981 by Tom Silverman . The label is credited with launching the music careers of Queen Latifah , Afrika Bambaataa , Digital Underground , De La Soul , House of Pain , and Naughty By Nature . Tommy Boy is also credited with introducing genres such as EDM , Latin freestyle , and Latin hip hop to mainstream audiences in America .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Levering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Levering', 'summary': 'Arthur Levering ( born March 6 , 1953 ) is an American composer of contemporary classical music . He lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA . Levering has received commissions from the Boston Modern Orchestra Project , Boston Musica Viva , the Dinosaur Annex Music Ensemble , the New Juilliard Ensemble , the Rascher Saxophone Quartet , and Sequitur , among others .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Composer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln Peirce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_Peirce', 'summary': 'Lincoln Peirce ( born October 23 , 1963 ) ( pronounced purse ) is an American cartoonist , best known as the creator of the successful Big Nate comic strip , and the Big Nate novels . He was the storywriter for animations that appear on Cartoon Network , and Nickelodeon .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cartoonist and creator of the comic strip Big Nate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Nate', 'summary': 'Big Nate is an American comic strip written and illustrated by Lincoln Peirce . Originally launched on January 7 , 1991 , the comic has since inspired book collections and theatrical performances . On February 19 , 2020 , it was announced that it would receive an animated adaptation that will air on Nickelodeon .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bush', 'summary': 'William Hall Bush ( born October 13 , 1971 ) is an American former radio and current television host , and a member of the Bush family , which includes two former U.S. presidents and other political figures . After appearing as a correspondent on Access Hollywood from 2001 to 2004 , Bush became a primary anchor of the program in 2004 . Bush also hosted The Billy Bush Show , a nationally syndicated talk and music radio show that aired from 2008 to 2014 . He departed Access Hollywood in 2016 after being named a co-host in the third hour of Today . In October 2016 , during the presidential election , he became the subject of controversy when the 2005 Access Hollywood recording surfaced of him and presidential candidate Donald Trump having a lewd conversation . Due to this incident , Bush was fired from Today .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Host of Access Hollywood , former host of Let 's Make a Deal and The Billy Bush Show", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Access_Hollywood', 'summary': 'Access Hollywood , formerly known as Access from 2017 to 2019 , is an American weekday television entertainment news program that premiered on September 9 , 1996 . It covers events and celebrities in the entertainment industry . It was created by former Entertainment Tonight executive producer Jim Van Messel , and is currently executive produced by Maureen FitzPatrick and directed by Richard Plotkin . In previous years , Doug Dougherty , Christopher A. Berry and Kim Anastasia directed the program . Access Hollywood primarily focuses on news in the music , television , and film industries .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Let's_Make_a_Deal", 'summary': "Let 's Make a Deal ( also known as LMAD ) a television game show that originated in the United States in 1963 and has since been produced in many countries throughout the world . The program was created and produced by Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall , the latter serving as its host for nearly 30 years . The format of Let 's Make a Deal involves selected members of the studio audience , referred to as traders , making deals with the host . In most cases , a trader will be offered something of value and given a choice of whether to keep it or exchange it for a different item . The program 's defining game mechanism is that the other item is hidden from the trader until that choice is made . The trader thus does not know if he or she is getting something of greater value or a prize that is referred to as a zonk , an item purposely chosen to be of little or no value to the trader . Let 's Make a Deal is also known for audience members who dress up in outrageous or crazy costumes in order to increase their chances of being selected as a trader . The most recent edition of Let 's Make a Deal has been airing on CBS since October 5 , 2009 , when it took over the spot on the network 's daytime schedule vacated by the long running soap opera Guiding Light . Wayne Brady is the host of the current series , with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer/assistant . Tiffany Coyne is the current model , joining in 2010 , with musician Cat Gray in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Daisey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Daisey', 'summary': 'Mike Daisey ( born January 21 , 1976 ) is an American monologist , author , and actor . His monologue The Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs , about the labor conditions under which Apple devices are made , was used as the basis for a widely shared episode of the radio program This American Life , but the episode was later retracted for its factual inaccuracy after it was discovered that Daisey had lied about his experiences .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monologuist , solo performer and author', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Arts and entertainment', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Colby_College_Alumni_2', 'intro': "This list of Colby College alumni includes graduates, non-graduate former students, current students, and honorary degree recipients of Colby College. Founded in 1813, Colby's class of 2013 was the college's 200th, making a total of more than 25,000 living alumni."} | null | null | Which artist is notable for being a part of the independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence ? | Rocco Landesman |
0718cb86c8fb9f9b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_racecourses', 'title': 'List of British racecourses', 'header': ['Racecourse', 'Location', 'Country', 'Code', 'Opened', 'Surface', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aintree Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Aintree Racecourse is a racecourse in Aintree , Metropolitan Borough of Sefton , Merseyside , England . The racecourse is best known for annually holding the world-famous Grand National steeplechase . The Grand National meeting takes place in April over 3 days . Aintree also holds meetings in May and June ( both on Friday evenings ) , October ( Sunday ) , November and December ( both Saturdays ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Merseyside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merseyside', 'summary': 'Merseyside ( /ˈmɜːrzisaɪd/ MUR-zee-syde ) is a metropolitan county in North West England , with a population of 1.38 million . It encompasses the metropolitan area centred on both banks of the lower reaches of the Mersey Estuary and comprises five metropolitan boroughs : Knowsley , St Helens , Sefton , Wirral , and the city of Liverpool . Merseyside , which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , takes its name from the River Mersey . Merseyside spans 249 square miles ( 645 km2 ) of land which border Lancashire ( to the north-east ) , Greater Manchester ( to the east ) , Cheshire ( to the south and south-east ) and the Irish Sea to the west . North Wales is across the Dee Estuary . There is a mix of high density urban areas , suburbs , semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside , but overwhelmingly the land use is urban . It has a focused central business district , formed by Liverpool City Centre , but Merseyside is also a polycentric county with five metropolitan districts , each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs . The Liverpool Urban Area is the fifth most populous conurbation in England , and dominates the geographic centre of the county , while the smaller Birkenhead Urban Area dominates the Wirral Peninsula in the south . For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government ; district councils shared power with the Merseyside County Council . The county council was abolished in 1986 , and so its districts ( the metropolitan boroughs ) are now effectively unitary authority areas . However , the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and several county-wide services are co-ordinated by authorities and joint-boards , such as Merseytravel ( for public transport ) , Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service and the Merseyside Police ( for law-enforcement ) ; as a ceremonial county , Merseyside has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . As the Lancashire county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries , the High Sheriff of Merseyside , along with those of Lancashire and Greater Manchester are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hunt', 'summary': 'In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jockey Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jockey_Club', 'summary': "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ascot Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse', 'summary': "Ascot Racecourse ( ascot pronounced /ˈæskət/ , often incorrectly pronounced /ˈæskɒt/ ) is a British racecourse , located in Ascot , Berkshire , England , which is used for thoroughbred horse racing . It is one of the leading racecourses in the United Kingdom , hosting 13 of Britain 's 36 annual Group 1 horse races . [ citation needed ] The course , owned by Ascot Racecourse Ltd , enjoys close associations with the British Royal Family , being approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from Windsor Castle . [ citation needed ] Ascot currently stages 26 days of racing over the course of the year , comprising 18 flat meetings held between the months of May and October inclusive . It also stages important jump racing throughout the winter months . The Royal Meeting held each June , remains a major draw , its highlight being The Gold Cup . The most prestigious race is the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes run over the course in July . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire', 'summary': 'Berkshire ( /ˈbɑːrkʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) BARK-shər , -\u2060sheer ; in the 17th century sometimes spelt phonetically as Barkeshire ; abbreviated Berks . ) is a county in South East England . One of the home counties , Berkshire was recognised by the Queen as the Royal County of Berkshire in 1957 because of the presence of Windsor Castle , and letters patent were issued in 1974 . Berkshire is a county of historic origin , a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council . The county town is Reading . The River Thames formed the historic northern boundary , from Buscot in the west to Old Windsor in the east . The historic county therefore includes territory that is now administered by the Vale of White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire in Oxfordshire , but excludes Caversham , Slough and five less populous settlements in the east of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead . All the changes mentioned , apart from the change to Caversham , took place in 1974 . The towns of Abingdon , Didcot , Faringdon , Wallingford and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire , the six places joining came from Buckinghamshire . Berkshire County Council was the main local government of most areas from 1889 to 1998 and was based in Reading , the county town which had its own County Borough administration ( 1888-1974 ) . Since 1998 , Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest , Reading , Slough , West Berkshire , Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham . The ceremonial county borders Oxfordshire ( to the north ) , Buckinghamshire ( to the north-east ) , Greater London ( to the east ) , Surrey ( to the south-east ) , Wiltshire ( to the west ) and Hampshire ( to the south ) .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1711', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayr Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayr_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Ayr Racecourse at Whitletts Road , Ayr , Scotland , was opened in 1907 . There are courses for flat and for National Hunt racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayrshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayrshire', 'summary': 'Ayrshire ( Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Inbhir Àir , pronounced [ ˈʃirˠəxk iɲiˈɾʲaːɾʲ ] ) is a historic county and registration county in south-west Scotland , located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde . Its principal towns include Ayr , Kilmarnock and Irvine and it borders the counties of Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire to the north-east , Dumfriesshire to the south-east , and Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire to the south . Like many other counties of Scotland it currently has no administrative function , instead being sub-divided into the council areas of North Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and East Ayrshire . It has a population of approximately 366,800 . The electoral and valuation area named Ayrshire covers the three council areas of South Ayrshire , East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire , therefore including the Isle of Arran , Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae . These three islands are part of the County of Bute and are sometimes included when the term Ayrshire is applied to the region . The same area is known as Ayrshire and Arran in other contexts .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangor on Dee Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor_on_Dee_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Bangor-on-Dee Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in Bangor-on-Dee near Wrexham , Wales . It is a left-handed National Hunt racecourse , and does not have a grandstand .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrexham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrexham', 'summary': 'Wrexham ( /ˈrɛksəm/ REKS-əm ; Welsh : Wrecsam ; Welsh pronunciation : [ ˈwrɛksam ] ) is a minster and market town in the north of Wales and an administrative , commercial , retail and educational centre . Wrexham is situated between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley alongside the border with England . Historically part of Denbighshire , the town became part of Clwyd in 1974 and since 1996 has been the centre of the Wrexham County Borough . The town is also the largest town in North Wales . At the 2011 Census , Wrexham had a population of 65,692 , making it the fourth largest urban area in Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hunt', 'summary': 'In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester Race Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bath Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Racecourse', 'summary': "Bath Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located on Lansdown Hill , about 3 1⁄4 miles ( 5.2 km ) northeast of Bath , Somerset , England . It is owned and operated by Arena Racing Company . The racecourse is a left-handed oval track of 1 mile 4 furlongs and 25 yards , with a run-in of nearly half-a-mile . At 780 feet ( 238 m ) above sea level , Bath is Britain 's highest flat racecourse , although National Hunt courses Hexham and Exeter are higher ."}]}, {'value': 'Somerset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somerset', 'summary': "Somerset ( /ˈsʌmərsɛt/ ( listen ) or locally /ˈzʌmərzɛt/ ; archaically , Somersetshire ) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north , Wiltshire to the east , Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west . It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel , its coastline facing southeastern Wales . Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon . Somerset 's county town is Taunton . Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills , the Blackdown Hills , Mendip Hills , Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park , and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels . There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times , and of subsequent settlement by the Celts , Romans and Anglo-Saxons . The county played a significant part in Alfred the Great 's rise to power , and later the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion . The city of Bath is famous for its Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flat_racing', 'summary': "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'by 1728', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arena Racing Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company', 'summary': 'Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition .'}]}, {'value': 'Beverley Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beverley_Racecourse', 'summary': "Beverley Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in the town of Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . An annual meeting at Beverley was first established in 1767 . Before that races had only occasionally been run there . Then , for a short period between 1798 and 1805 racing once again stopped . Later in the 19th century a three-day meeting was taking place annually in the week after York 's May meeting . In 2012 , Beverley hosted racing on 19 days . Its most prestigious races being two Listed races - the Hilary Needler Trophy for two-year-olds in May and Beverley Bullet Sprint over 5 furlongs in August for three-year-olds and up . The racecourse is a right-handed flat course , that is just over 1 mile 3 furlongs . It is predominantly flat but with a stiff , uphill finish and tight turns . Beverley has the most pronounced draw bias on a UK racecourse on its 5 furlong course . The sharp right hand bend and the fact that the ground runs away to the left make a low draw ( i.e . on the inside rail ) much more advantageous than a high draw ( i.e ."}]}, {'value': 'East Riding of Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire', 'summary': 'The East Riding of Yorkshire , or simply East Riding or East Yorkshire , is an area in Northern England and can refer either to the administrative county ( Local Government Area ) of the East Riding of Yorkshire which is a unitary authority , to the ceremonial county ( Lieutenancy ) of the East Riding of Yorkshire or to the easternmost of the three subdivisions ( ridings ) of the traditional county of Yorkshire . No two of these areas share the same geographical boundaries despite sharing the same name . The traditional East Riding of Yorkshire includes parts of ceremonial North Yorkshire such as Filey but not Goole , whereas both the administrative and ceremonial East Riding of Yorkshire include Goole but not those parts of North Yorkshire . Both the traditional and ceremonial East Riding include Kingston upon Hull , but the administrative East Riding does not as Kingston upon Hull is in its own unitary authority . The traditional East Riding covers a larger area than both the ceremonial and administrative East Riding . The East Riding , North Riding and West Riding were treated as three separate counties for many purposes , such as having separate quarter sessions . In 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 , administrative counties with a county council were created on the historic boundaries . In 1974 both the Local Government Area and the Lieutenancy of the East Riding of Yorkshire were abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 , being succeeded in most of the riding by the newly created Humberside which included parts of the West Riding and parts of Lincolnshire . The modern Local Government Area and the ceremonial East Riding of Yorkshire were formed in 1996 from the northern part of Humberside upon its abolition . At the 2011 Census , the population was 334,179 . The landscape consists of a crescent of low chalk hills , the Yorkshire Wolds , surrounded by the low-lying fertile plains of Holderness and the Vale of York . The Humber Estuary and North Sea mark its southern and eastern limits .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flat_racing', 'summary': "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'by 1767', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brighton Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brighton_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Brighton Racecourse is an English horse racing venue located a mile to the northeast of the centre of Brighton , Sussex owned by the Arena Racing Company .'}]}, {'value': 'East Sussex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Sussex', 'summary': 'East Sussex is a county in South East England . It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east , West Sussex to the west , and Surrey to the north-west , as well as the English Channel to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flat_racing', 'summary': "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ."}]}, {'value': '1783', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arena Racing Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company', 'summary': 'Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlisle Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlisle_Racecourse', 'summary': "Carlisle Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in the village of Blackwell near Carlisle in Cumbria , England . The course has been on its present site since 1904 , when it moved there from another location nearer to Carlisle . The course is 1 mile and 4 furlongs ( 2.41 km ) in circumference , right-handed , and hosts flat racing in the summer and National Hunt racing over the winter months . The last half mile is up a steep incline . The going can get very heavy in the winter . History was made on 2 July 1929 when the newly formed Totalisator Board operated their pool betting system for the first time on a British racecourse at Carlisle . Carlisle is home to the Carlisle Bell , one of the oldest horse races in existence . Carlisle also had a King 's Plate - a race for 5-year-old horses in 3-mile heats - instigated by George III in 1763 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cumbria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumbria', 'summary': "Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/ KUM-bree-ə ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England . The county and Cumbria County Council , its local government , came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 . Cumbria 's county town is Carlisle , in the north of the county , and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county . The county of Cumbria consists of six districts ( Allerdale , Barrow-in-Furness , Carlisle , Copeland , Eden , and South Lakeland ) and in 2008 had a population of just under 500,000 people . Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in England , with 73.4 people per km2 ( 190/sq mi ) . Cumbria is the third largest county in England by area , and is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders , to the west by the Irish Sea , to the south by Lancashire , to the southeast by North Yorkshire , and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland . Cumbria is predominantly rural and contains the Lake District National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered one of England 's finest areas of natural beauty , serving as inspiration for artists , writers , and musicians . A large area of the southeast of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB . Much of Cumbria is mountainous , and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) above sea level , with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet ( 978 m ) being the highest point of England . An upland , coastal , and rural area , Cumbria 's history is characterised by invasions , migration , and settlement , as well as battles and skirmishes between the English and the Scots . Notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle , Furness Abbey , Hardknott Roman Fort , Brough Castle and Hadrian 's Wall ( also a World Heritage Site ) ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jockey Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jockey_Club', 'summary': "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cartmel Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartmel_Racecourse', 'summary': "Cartmel Racecourse is a small national hunt racecourse in the village of Cartmel , now in the Ceremonial County of Cumbria , historically in Lancashire . Nine racedays are held each year , starting on the Whit Holiday weekend at the end of May and ending on the August Bank Holiday weekend in August Bank Holidays . The three-day May race meeting actually takes place over five days - allowing a day off for racegoers to enjoy the Lake District countryside in between each day at the races . The racegoers arrive so early in the day and leave so late that , unlike most racecourses , there is not time to clear up and turn the racecourse around for consecutive days racing . The two-day July meeting ( taking place over three days , with a day off in-between ) features the most valuable race at Cartmel , the Cumbria Crystal Hurdle Race , which is worth over £40,000 . The August racemeeting features the Cartmel Cup ( a hurdle race ) and the Cavendish Cup ( a steeplechase ) . Although the racecourse is considered [ by whom ? ] to be small , it often has the third-highest average attendance of any jumps track in Britain after Aintree and Cheltenham - the largest crowds can be just over 20,000 on one day . The visitors gather in the centre of the racecourse which is bisected by the finishing straight . On one side of the straight is a very large fairground and on the other the Parade Ring and Winners ' Enclosure . There is a small grandstand , but in general most of the facilities at Cartmel are temporary . The village shops are a short walk from the track and a visit to the village is often considered [ by whom ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Cumbria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumbria', 'summary': "Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/ KUM-bree-ə ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England . The county and Cumbria County Council , its local government , came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 . Cumbria 's county town is Carlisle , in the north of the county , and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county . The county of Cumbria consists of six districts ( Allerdale , Barrow-in-Furness , Carlisle , Copeland , Eden , and South Lakeland ) and in 2008 had a population of just under 500,000 people . Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in England , with 73.4 people per km2 ( 190/sq mi ) . Cumbria is the third largest county in England by area , and is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders , to the west by the Irish Sea , to the south by Lancashire , to the southeast by North Yorkshire , and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland . Cumbria is predominantly rural and contains the Lake District National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered one of England 's finest areas of natural beauty , serving as inspiration for artists , writers , and musicians . A large area of the southeast of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB . Much of Cumbria is mountainous , and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) above sea level , with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet ( 978 m ) being the highest point of England . An upland , coastal , and rural area , Cumbria 's history is characterised by invasions , migration , and settlement , as well as battles and skirmishes between the English and the Scots . Notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle , Furness Abbey , Hardknott Roman Fort , Brough Castle and Hadrian 's Wall ( also a World Heritage Site ) ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hunt', 'summary': 'In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'by 1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catterick Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catterick_Racecourse', 'summary': "Catterick Racecourse , sometimes known as Catterick Bridge Racecourse , is a thoroughbred horse racing venue one mile north west of Catterick in North Yorkshire , England , near the hamlet of Catterick Bridge . The first racing at Catterick was held in 1783 . The track is left-handed , sharp and undulating , just over a mile round , with a 3 furlong run-in . The gravel subsoil means the going is usually good . It has been said that it is not one of the North 's most glamorous fixtures . The Catterick Sunday Market , held on the racecourse grounds , is the largest Sunday Market in the North of England . The international flat racing champion Collier Hill won his first race here in March 2002 . The feature event at the course is the North Yorkshire Grand National held in January . There are plans to create an All Weather track and change the layout of the National Hunt course ."}]}, {'value': 'North Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Yorkshire', 'summary': "North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county ( or shire county ) and the largest ceremonial county in England by area . It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber but partly in the region of North East England . The estimated ( by ONS ) population of North Yorkshire was 602,300 in mid-2016 ( not including the unitary districts of York , Middlesbrough , Stockton and Redcar & Cleveland ) . Created by the Local Government Act 1972 , it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres ( 3,341 sq mi ) , making it the largest county in England . The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire 's boundaries , and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks . The largest towns are Middlesbrough ( 174,700 ) , York ( 152,841 ) , Harrogate ( 73,576 ) and Scarborough ( 61,749 ) ; the county town , Northallerton , has a population of 16,832 ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1783', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelmsford City Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelmsford_City_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Chelmsford City racecourse , originally known as Great Leighs Racecourse , is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in Great Leighs near Chelmsford , Essex , England . When it opened in April 2008 , it was the first entirely new racecourse in the UK since Taunton opened in 1927 . It went into administration in January 2009 , and racing did not resume until January 2015 . Chelmsford City ( known as Great Leighs at the time ) was developed and owned by entrepreneur John Holmes and his son , Jonathan . It aimed to exploit potentially the largest unserved market in British horseracing . Overall there is slightly more than one racecourse per million people in Great Britain , but there was no racecourse in Essex ( population > 1.6 million ) , in east London ( formerly in part , part of Essex ) or in the neighbouring county of Hertfordshire ( population > 1 million ) . The new course is only 50 miles ( 80 kilometres ) from Newmarket , the largest racehorse training centre in Britain . The course is laid out as an 8.5-furlong ( 1,700-metre ) left-handed Polytrack oval , with a 2-furlong ( 400-metre ) home straight . The 10,000-capacity grandstand was used at the 2006 Ryder Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Essex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essex', 'summary': 'Essex ( /ˈɛsɪks/ ) is a county in the southeast of England , northeast of London . One of the home counties , it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north , Hertfordshire to the west , Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south , and London to the southwest . The county town is Chelmsford , the only city in the county . For government statistical purposes Essex is placed in the East of England region . There are three definitions of the extent of Essex , the widest being the Ancient County , the more usual being the smaller Ceremonial County and smallest being the administrative county - the area administered by the County Council and which excludes the two unitary authorities of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea . The Ceremonial County occupies the eastern part of what was , during the Early Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Essex . As well as rural areas , the county also includes London Stansted Airport , the new towns of Basildon and Harlow , Lakeside Shopping Centre , the port of Tilbury and the borough of Southend-on-Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flat_racing', 'summary': "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polytrack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polytrack', 'summary': 'The track surface of a horse racing track refers to the material of which the track is made . There are three types of track surfaces used in modern horse racing . These are :'}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheltenham Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse', 'summary': "Cheltenham Racecourse at Prestbury Park , near Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , England , hosts National Hunt horse racing . Its most prestigious meeting is the Cheltenham Festival , held in March , which features several Grade I races including the Cheltenham Gold Cup , Champion Hurdle , Queen Mother Champion Chase , Ryanair Chase and the Stayers ' Hurdle . The racecourse has a scenic location in a natural amphitheatre , just below the escarpment of the Cotswold Hills at Cleeve Hill , with a capacity of 67,500 spectators . Cheltenham Racecourse railway station no longer connects to the national rail network , but is the southern terminus of the preserved Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway ."}]}, {'value': 'Gloucestershire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloucestershire', 'summary': 'Gloucestershire ( /ˈɡlɒstərʃər/ ( listen ) , /-ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; formerly abbreviated as Gloucs . in print but now often as Glos . ) is a county in South West England . The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills , part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn , and the entire Forest of Dean . The county town is the city of Gloucester , and other principal towns include Cheltenham , Stroud , Tewkesbury , Cirencester and Dursley . Gloucestershire borders Herefordshire to the north west , Wiltshire to the south , Bristol and Somerset to the south west , Worcestershire to the north , Oxfordshire to the east , Warwickshire to the north east , and the Welsh county of Monmouthshire to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hunt', 'summary': 'In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jockey Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jockey_Club', 'summary': "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chepstow Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chepstow_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Chepstow Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing course located just north of the town of Chepstow in Monmouthshire , Wales , near the southern end of the Wye Valley and close to the border with England . It is one of 16 racecourses operated by the Arena Racing Company and is home of the richest race in Wales , the Coral Welsh Grand National .'}]}, {'value': 'Monmouthshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monmouthshire', 'summary': 'Monmouthshire ( Welsh : Sir Fynwy ) is a county in south-east Wales . The name derives from the historic county of Monmouthshire of which it covers the eastern 60% . The largest town is Abergavenny . Other towns and large villages are Caldicot , Chepstow , Monmouth , Magor and Usk . It borders Torfaen and Newport to the west ; Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the east ; and Powys to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arena Racing Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company', 'summary': 'Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition .'}]}, {'value': 'Chester Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Chester Racecourse , known as the Roodee , is officially recognised by the Guinness World Records as the oldest racecourse still in operation . Horse racing at Chester dates back to the early sixteenth century , with 1539 cited as the year racing began . It is also thought to be the smallest racecourse of significance in England at 1 mile and 1 furlong ( 1.8 km ) long .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheshire', 'summary': "Cheshire ( /ˈtʃɛʃər , -ɪər/ CHESH-ər , -\u2060eer ; archaically the County Palatine of Chester ) is a county in North West England , bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north , Derbyshire to the east , Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south , and Flintshire and Wrexham County Borough in Wales to the west . Cheshire 's county town is the City of Chester ( 118,200 ) ; the largest town is Warrington ( 209,700 ) . Other major towns include Crewe ( 71,722 ) , Runcorn ( 61,789 ) , Widnes ( 61,464 ) , Ellesmere Port ( 55,715 ) , Macclesfield ( 52,044 ) , Winsford ( 32,610 ) and Northwich ( 19,924 ) . The county covers 905 square miles ( 2,344 km2 ) and has a population of around 1 million . It is mostly rural , with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries which produce Cheshire cheese , salt , chemicals and silk ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flat_racing', 'summary': "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ."}]}, {'value': '1539', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester Race Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doncaster Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse', 'summary': "Doncaster Racecourse ( also known as the Town Moor course ) is a racecourse in Doncaster , South Yorkshire , England . It hosts two of Great Britain 's 36 annual Group 1 flat races , the St Leger Stakes and the Racing Post Trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'South Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Yorkshire', 'summary': "South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England . It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 . It has an area of 1,552 square kilometres ( 599 sq mi ) and consists of four metropolitan boroughs , Barnsley , Doncaster , Rotherham and Sheffield . South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 . Its largest settlement is Sheffield . Lying on the east side of the Pennines , South Yorkshire is landlocked , and borders Derbyshire to the west and south-west , West Yorkshire to the north-west , North Yorkshire to the north , the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north-east , Lincolnshire to the east and Nottinghamshire to the south-east . The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom , and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county 's population living within it . South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region , reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshire 's two largest cities . South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its metropolitan boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities , although the metropolitan county continues to exist in law . As a ceremonial county , South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire ( the administrative county and four independent county boroughs ) , with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire . In the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom 's membership of the European Union , South Yorkshire voted 62% leave and 38% remain , making it one of the most heavily Leave areas in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'by 1595', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arena Racing Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company', 'summary': 'Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsom Downs Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse', 'summary': "Epsom Downs is a Grade 1 racecourse on the hills associated with Epsom in Surrey , England which is used for thoroughbred horse racing . The Downs referred to in the name are part of the North Downs . The course , which has a crowd capacity of 130,000 when taking into account people watching from the Epsom Downs , an area freely available to the public , is best known for hosting the Derby Stakes which has come to be widely referred to as The Derby ( note , 'Epsom ' is not part of the title of the race ) , the United Kingdom 's premier thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old colts and fillies , over a mile and a half ( 2400 m ) . It also hosts the Oaks Stakes ( also widely referred to as The Oaks ) for three-year-old fillies , and the Coronation Cup for horses aged four years and upwards . All three races are Group 1 races and run over the same course and distance . The Chairman of the course since 2015 is Julia Budd . The course , owned by the Jockey Club , has enjoyed a long association with the British Royal Family , with the Queen attending most years for the Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Surrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surrey', 'summary': 'Surrey ( /ˈsʌri/ SURR-ee ) is a county in South East England which borders Kent to the east , East Sussex to the southeast , West Sussex to the south , Hampshire to the west , Berkshire to the northwest , and Greater London to the northeast . With about 1.2 million people , Surrey is the twelfth most populous English county , the third most populous home county , after Kent and Essex , and the third most populous in the Southeast , after Hampshire and Kent . Surrey is a wealthy county . It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county , some of the highest property values outside Inner London , and also the highest cost of living outside the capital . It has the highest proportion of woodland of counties in England . It has four horse racing courses , and golf courses including the international competition venue at Wentworth . Guildford is popularly regarded as the county town , although Surrey County Council is based extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames . Surrey is divided into eleven districts .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flat_racing', 'summary': "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'by 1661', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jockey Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jockey_Club', 'summary': "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Exeter Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exeter_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Exeter Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located near the city of Exeter , Devon , England . Locally it is known as Haldon racecourse because of its location on top of the Haldon Hills . Until the early 1990s it was officially known as Devon and Exeter . On 1 November 2005 racehorse Best Mate died at the course of a suspected heart attack whilst competing in the William Hill Haldon Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Devon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devon', 'summary': "Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/ ) , also known as Devonshire , is a county of England , reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south . It is part of South West England , bounded by Cornwall to the west , Somerset to the north east , and Dorset to the east . The city of Exeter is the county town . The county includes the districts of East Devon , Mid Devon , North Devon , South Hams , Teignbridge , Torridge , and West Devon . Plymouth and Torbay are each geographically part of Devon , but are administered as unitary authorities . Combined as a ceremonial county , Devon 's area is 6,707 km2 ( 2,590 square miles ) and its population is about 1.1 million . Devon derives its name from Dumnonia . During the British Iron Age , Roman Britain , and the early Middle Ages , this was the homeland of the Dumnonii Brittonic Celts . ( The shift from M to V is a typical Celtic consonant shift . ) The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries . The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936 . Devon was later constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hunt', 'summary': 'In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'by 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jockey Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jockey_Club', 'summary': "The Jockey Club is the largest commercial horse racing organisation in the United Kingdom . No longer responsible for the governance and regulation of British horseracing , today it owns 15 of Britain 's famous racecourses , including Aintree , Cheltenham , Epsom Downs and both the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket , amongst other concerns such as the National Stud , and the property and land management company , Jockey Club Estates . The registered charity Racing Welfare is also a company limited by guarantee with the Jockey Club being the sole member . As it is governed by Royal Charter , all profits it makes are reinvested back into the sport . Formerly the regulator for the sport , the Jockey Club 's responsibilities were transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( now the British Horseracing Authority ) in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fakenham Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fakenham_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Fakenham Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located south of Fakenham , Norfolk , England . The Prince of Wales is patron .'}]}, {'value': 'Norfolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk', 'summary': "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfək/ ) is a county in East Anglia in England . It borders Lincolnshire to the northwest , Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest , and Suffolk to the south . Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and to the north-west , The Wash . The county town is Norwich . With an area of 2,074 square miles ( 5,370 km2 ) and a population of 859,400 , Norfolk is a largely rural county with a population density of 401 per square mile ( 155 per km2 ) . Of the county 's population , 40% live in four major built up areas : Norwich ( 213,000 ) , Great Yarmouth ( 63,000 ) , King 's Lynn ( 46,000 ) and Thetford ( 25,000 ) . The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county , extending south into Suffolk . The area is not a national park although it is marketed as such . It has similar status to a national park , and is protected by the Broads Authority ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hunt', 'summary': 'In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ffos Las Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ffos_Las_Racecourse', 'summary': 'The Ffos Las racecourse ( strictly : Ffos Las Racecourse & Conference Centre ) is a Welsh horse racing , equestrian sports and conferencing venue situated in Ffos Las , Wales . The Ffos Las racecourse was built at the site of an open cast coal mine after mining operations ceased .'}]}, {'value': 'Carmarthenshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmarthenshire', 'summary': 'Carmarthenshire ( /kərˈmɑːrðənʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; Welsh : Sir Gaerfyrddin ; [ siːr gɑːɨrˈvərðɪn ] or informally Sir Gâr ) is a unitary authority in southwest Wales , and one of the historic counties of Wales . The three largest towns are Llanelli , Carmarthen and Ammanford . Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre . Carmarthenshire has been inhabited since prehistoric times . The county town was founded by the Romans , and the region was part of the Principality of Deheubarth in the High Middle Ages . After invasion by the Normans in the 12th and 13th centuries it was subjugated , along with other parts of Wales , by Edward I of England . There was further unrest in the early 15th century , when the Welsh rebelled under Owain Glyndŵr , and during the English Civil War . Carmarthenshire is mainly an agricultural county , apart from the southeastern part which was once heavily industrialised with coal mining , steel-making and tin-plating . In the north of the county , the woollen industry was very important in the 18th century . The economy depends on agriculture , forestry , fishing and tourism . West Wales was identified in 2014 as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys with the decline in its industrial base , and the low profitability of the livestock sector . Carmarthenshire , as a tourist destination , offers a wide range of outdoor activities .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arena Racing Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company', 'summary': 'Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition .'}]}, {'value': 'Fontwell Park Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fontwell_Park_Racecourse', 'summary': "Fontwell Park Racecourse is a horse racing course located in the village of Fontwell in West Sussex , England , owned by ARC Racing . It features an oval hurdles course . Fontwell Park was founded by Alfred Day who trained racehorses at The Hermitage , by the Chichester to Arundel road , from 1887 . Day brought the name Fontwell back into use after researching the history of the area , and by 1924 he had purchased enough land to open a racecourse at Fontwell . The hurdles track was a normal shape , but the steeplechase course was laid out in a figure of eight shape to use the space on the site . The first meeting took place on 21 May 1924 . The grandstand and the weighing room were built with thatched roofs . The opening race was won by Gem , the 5/4 favourite Gem , ridden by jockey Fred Rees . It was the course where Queen Elizabeth II , then Princess Elizabeth , had her first winner as an owner when Monaveen won the Chichester Handicap Chase there in October 1949 . In 1984 John Francome rode his 1,036th career winner at Fontwell Park , passing Stan Mellor 's record for a National Hunt jockey - Francome 's record has subsequently been beaten . The feature race of the season at Fontwell Park is the Grade Two National Spirit Hurdle run over a distance of two miles and four furlongs in February . It is a recognised Cheltenham Festival trial ."}]}, {'value': 'West Sussex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Sussex', 'summary': 'West Sussex is a county in the south of England , bordering East Sussex ( with Brighton and Hove ) to the east , Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north , and to the south the English Channel . West Sussex is the western part of the historic county of Sussex , formerly a medieval kingdom . With an area of 1,991 square kilometres ( 769 sq mi ) and a population of over 800,000 , West Sussex is a ceremonial county , with a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Chichester in the south-west is the county town and the only city in West Sussex ; the largest towns are Crawley , Worthing and Horsham . West Sussex has a range of scenery , including wealden , downland and coastal . The highest point of the county is Blackdown , at 280 metres ( 919 ft ) . It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood , Petworth House and Uppark , and castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle . Over half the county is protected countryside , offering walking , cycling and other recreational opportunities .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hunt', 'summary': 'In horse racing in the United Kingdom , France and the Republic of Ireland , National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches . National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as jumps and is divided into two major distinct branches : hurdles and steeplechases . Alongside these there are bumpers , which are National Hunt flat races . In a hurdles race , the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles ; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences , water jump or an open ditch . In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arena Racing Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company', 'summary': 'Arena Racing Company , also called ARC Racing and Leisure Group is a UK private company , created in 2012 by the merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing . It owns and operates 16 racecourses in Great Britain , accounting for 39% of British racing fixtures . It also operates hotels at Wolverhampton Racecourse and Lingfield Park Racecourse and golf courses at Lingfield , Southwell and Newcastle . In May 2017 ARC acquired both Sunderland Greyhound Stadium and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium from William Hill followed by the lease purchases of Belle Vue Stadium and Perry Barr Stadium in October 2019 from GRA Acquisition .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current racecourses', 'section_text': 'The following British horse racing courses are in operation as of 2 February 2020 :', 'uid': 'List_of_British_racecourses_0', 'intro': 'This List of British racecourses gives details of both current and former horse racing venues in Great Britain. There are, as of 2 February 2020, 59 racecourses operating in Great Britain (excluding Point-to-Point courses). In addition, there is a former racecourse, Folkestone, which is mothballed pending a decision over its future. There are currently no plans for Folkestone to operate fixtures although the basic racecourse infrastructure remains intact. Hereford racecourse reopened in October 2016 having been closed since 2012. Towcester racecourse is currently in administration and the future of racing at the venue is uncertain.'} | null | null | What type of surface does the racecourse originally known as Great Leighs Racecourse have ? | Polytrack |
071900b1a1361ef3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Indonesia_Super_League', 'title': '2013 Indonesia Super League', 'header': ['Team', 'Coach', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arema Indonesia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rahmad Darmawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rahmad_Darmawan', 'summary': 'Rahmad Darmawan ( born 28 November 1966 ) , is an Indonesian former football player and currently work as football manager team for Badak Lampung in Liga 2 . During his footballer career , he previously played for ATM FA and Persikota Tangerang in Indonesia . Rahmad started his coaching career with Persikota Tangerang before moving to Persipura Jayapura and later Sriwijaya . In his last season with Sriwijaya , Rahmad led the team to the Piala Indonesia title . Later he coached Persija Jakarta , Pelita Jaya and Arema Indonesia . In total he has won four championships with two clubs in the Indonesian League . Rahmad was the coach of Indonesia U-23 , and was also the assistant head coach of the Indonesia senior team , as well as caretaker head coach of the senior team in 2013 . He was a former Major in the Indonesian Navy .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Nwokolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Nwokolo', 'summary': 'Gregory Junior Nwokolo ( born 3 January 1986 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Madura United in the Liga 1 and the Indonesia national team . Born in Nigeria , Greg represents Indonesia internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Ultras', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anker Sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anker_Beer', 'summary': 'Anker Beer is an Indonesian brand of pale lager owned and produced by Delta Djakarta .'}]}, {'value': 'Barito Putera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salahudin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salahudin_(born_1970)', 'summary': 'Salahudin ( born January 30 , 1970 ) is an Indonesian retired footballer , who previously played for Barito Putera , Mitra Kalteng , PSS Sleman , and Persegi Gianyar .'}]}, {'value': 'Mekan Nasyrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mekan_Nasyrow', 'summary': 'Mekan Nasyrov ( born 16 April 1982 ) is a Turkmenistan footballer who has formerly plays for Persik Kediri , Barito Putera , and Semen Padang .'}]}, {'value': 'SPECS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SPECS_Sport', 'summary': 'SPECS is a sports company from Indonesia . The company was founded in 1994 in Jakarta . The company produces a wide range of sports equipment . The company is known for sponsoring Indonesian association football players and is a shirt club sponsor in the Liga 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hasnur Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gresik United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Widodo Putro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Widodo_Cahyono_Putro', 'summary': 'Widodo Cahyono Putro ( born 8 November 1970 in Cilacap , Central Java , Indonesia ) is a retired Indonesian football player and current manager of Persita Tangerang , who gained fame for scoring a goal with a bicycle kick in a match against Kuwait in the 1996 Asian Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Aldo Barreto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Aldo_Barreto_Miranda', 'summary': 'Francisco Aldo Barreto Miranda [ a ] ( born 1 March 1981 ) , known as Aldo Barreto , is a Paraguayan football Midfielder who currently plays for Club 30 Unidos in the Liga Minguera in the Alto Paraná . He was the leading goal scorer of the 2009/2010 season with a small team Bontang FC , he scored nineteen goals in thirty-one appearances . Then he moved to another East Kalimantan football club Persiba Balikpapan .'}]}, {'value': 'Joma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joma', 'summary': 'Joma ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxoma ] ) is a Spanish sports clothing manufacturer , which currently produces footwear and clothing for football , futsal , handball basketball , volleyball , running , tennis , padel , fitness . Its headquarters are located in Spain . Joma was founded in 1965 to produce shoes for general use . In 1968 , the company began to specialize in sport shoes production and distribution . After a relative success , Joma decided to enter into football market , obtaining a great success and becoming the leader in its country , consequently also with international success . Eventually , Joma Sport had opened offices in the United States , Europe and Asia being currently present in over 70 countries throughout the world . Joma Sport brand is in the top ten in the world-ranking .'}]}, {'value': 'Gresik Migas , Phonska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PT_Petrokimia_Gresik', 'summary': "Petrokimia Gresik is a fertilizer company located in Gresik , East Java , Indonesia , which was initially established under the name 'Project of Petrokimia Surabaya ' . The construction agreement was mutually signed on August 10 , 1964 with the effective date on December 8 , 1964 . The project was officially inaugurated by the President of the Republic of Indonesia on July 10 , 1972 . Hence the date is ultimately commemorated as the anniversary of PT Petrokimia Gresik ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitra Kukar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefan Hansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Hansson', 'summary': 'Stefan Hansson ( born December 6 , 1957 ) is a Swedish football manager who holds a UEFA Pro Licence . He has worked alongside many different nationals managers and coaches including Stuart Baxter and Greg Reoch from England , enabling him to exchange many different techniques and acquired a good understanding of diversity and culture in the game . He had a great deal of success through his career winning 8 League Titles and 1 Cup with different clubs in different countries as Sweden , Norway , Denmark , Seychelles , Vietnam and Myanmar . As a player , he played for several clubs in Sweden , Australia and the United States . Late in his career he also acted as player manager before becoming a full-time manager . During 2018 he will manage the Swedish third-tier side Älvsborg FF .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamka Hamzah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamka_Hamzah', 'summary': 'Hamka Hamzah ( born 29 January 1984 in Makassar , South Sulawesi ) is an Indonesian footballer who currently plays for Persita as a centre back . In the past , he once played as a forward . Hamka also has one appearance as a goalkeeper in Persik Kediri .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrona , Bankaltim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pelita Bandung Raya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darko Janacković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darko_Janacković', 'summary': 'Daniel Darko Janacković ( born 11 May 1967 ) , commonly known as Darko Janacković , is a Serbian-born French football manager and a former footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Mijo Dadić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mijo_Dadić', 'summary': 'Mijo Dadić ( born 15 October 1981 in Rijeka ) is a Croatian football ( soccer ) player . He previously played for Pelita Bandung Raya in the Indonesia Super League .'}]}, {'value': 'Joma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persela Lamongan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfredo Vera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gustavo Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gustavo_Fabian_Lopez', 'summary': 'Gustavo Fabián López ( born April 28 , 1983 in Isidro Casanova ) is an Argentinian football who currently plays for PS TIRA . He previously played in Argentine Primera División , and in the top leagues of Venezuela , Indonesia , Malaysia , El Salvador , Puerto Rico , and Montenegro .'}]}, {'value': 'Diadora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diadora', 'summary': 'Diadora is an Italian sports clothing and fashion accessory manufacturer with locations in Italy , Brazil , the United States , Hong Kong , Australia and Bangladesh .'}]}, {'value': 'So Nice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persepam Madura United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Roekito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Roekito', 'summary': 'Daniel Roekito ( born May 19 , 1952 in Rembang Regency , Central Java , Indonesia ) is an Indonesian football manager who has coached several teams , such as lead Barito Putera become semifinaliss in 1994/95 Liga Indonesia , with his greatest achievement being to bring the Indonesian championship to Persik Kediri in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zaenal Arief', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaenal_Arief', 'summary': 'Zaenal Arief or Abo ( born 3 January 1981 ) is a retired Indonesian professional footballer . He plays as a striker . He last played for Persepam MU in Indonesia Super League . He also played for Indonesia national football team . His younger brother , Yandi Munawar , is also a footballer who currently plays for Persib Bandung .'}]}, {'value': 'Joma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank BRI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_Rakyat_Indonesia', 'summary': "PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia ( Persero ) Tbk ( People 's Bank of Indonesia , commonly known as BRI or Bank BRI ) is one of the largest banks in Indonesia . It specialises in small scale and microfinance style borrowing from and lending to its approximately 30 million retail clients through its over 4,000 branches , units and rural service posts . It also has a comparatively small , but growing , corporate business . As of 2010 it is the second largest bank in Indonesia by asset . BRI is the oldest bank in Indonesia , tracing back since 1896 . It is currently 70% government owned operating company ( Persero ) and has been government-owned for the entire period since the war of independence ( 1945 to 1949 ) to November 2003 , when 30% of its shares were sold through an IPO ."}]}, {'value': 'Persib Bandung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djajang Nurdjaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djajang_Nurdjaman', 'summary': 'Djadjang Nurdjaman ( born in Majalengka , West Java on 30 March 1959 ) is professional football manager . He was also one of the Persib Bandung stars in 80s to 90s era . Currently , [ when ? ] he is managing Barito Putera .'}]}, {'value': 'Atep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atep_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Atep Ahmad Rizal ( born 5 June 1985 in Cianjur , West Java , Indonesia ) is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays for Mitra Kukar in Liga 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'League', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Heart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persiba Balikpapan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herry Kiswanto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herry_Kiswanto', 'summary': 'Herry Kiswanto ( born 25 April 1955 ) is an Indonesian football manager and former player , who played as a libero . He is a former member of the Indonesia national team . On 3 April 2007 he received an Indonesian legendary player award . He is known for his sportsmanship , as he only received one yellow card during his 17 years senior career .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrice Nzekou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrice_Nzekou_Nguenheu', 'summary': 'Patrice Nzekou Nguenheu ( born 22 June 1983 in Kumba , Southwest Province , Cameroon ) is Cameroonian footballer who currently plays for Persiba Balikpapan in the Indonesia Super League .'}]}, {'value': 'SPECS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bankaltim , Artha Reka Satria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persidafon Dafonsoro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agus Yuwono', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eduard Ivakdalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eduard_Ivakdalam', 'summary': 'Eduard Ivakdalam ( born 19 December 1974 in Merauke , Irian Jaya ) is an Indonesian retired professional footballer . Ivakdalam normally plays as a midfielder and he is a former player for Indonesia national football team . His height is 171 cm . He has played plays for Persipura Jayapura since 1994 . He got a silver medal with National Senior Team at SEA Games 1997 Jakarta . He was the captain and field general for Persipura . He is married and has 2 children .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank Papua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persija Jakarta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benny Dollo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benny_Dollo', 'summary': 'Benny Selvianus Dollo ( born September 22 , 1950 in Manado , North Sulawesi ) is an Indonesian football coach . Dollo coached Indonesia national football team in two periods , with less success compared to his predecessor or successor . From 2004 until 2006 he trained Arema Malang in Liga Indonesia Premier Division . During his time with Arema , he has brought the club to win the First Division and Copa Dji Sam Soe ( 2005 , 2006 ) . Previously he has also coached Persita Tangerang to second place in the league in 2002 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Fabiano Beltrame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiano_Da_Rosa_Beltrame', 'summary': 'Fabiano Da Rosa Beltrame ( born August 29 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian-born Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays as a central defender for Persib Bandung in the Liga 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'League', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuku Bima', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persipura Jayapura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacksen F. Tiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksen_F._Tiago', 'summary': 'Jacksen Ferreira Tiago ( born 28 May 1968 ) commonly known as Jacksen F. Tiago or JFT , is a Brazilian retired footballer , One of the most influential in Indonesian football history , he has a tremendous records for both as a player and as a manager . As a long-time resident of Indonesia , he is fluent in Indonesian and Javanese .'}]}, {'value': 'Boaz Solossa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boaz_Solossa', 'summary': 'Boaz Theofilius Erwin Solossa ( born 16 March 1986 ) is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays for Liga 1 club Persipura Jayapura and the Indonesia national team . He is known for his high leveled dribbling technique , his shooting accuracy , and left-foot passing . In 2011 , Boaz received an offer to play at the Dutch club VVV-Venlo , but rejected the offer and remains with Persipura in Jayapura . In 2017 he was chosen as the first Indonesian footballer to be entered the list of 50 Asian best footballers by fourfourtwo magazine .'}]}, {'value': 'SPECS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freeport Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan', 'summary': 'Freeport-McMoRan Inc. , often called Freeport , is a mining company based in the Freeport-McMoRan Center , in Phoenix , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': 'Persiram Raja Ampat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gomes de Olivera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gomes_de_Olivera', 'summary': 'Weasley Gomes de Oliviera ( born 15 January 1972 ) is a Brazilian football player and manager who currently manages Kalteng Putra FC in the Indonesian Liga 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kubay Quaiyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kubay_Quaiyan', 'summary': 'Kubay Quaiyan ( born July 10 , 1982 ) is a Liberian footballer , he plays as a defender .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Go Raja Ampat , Bank Papua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persisam Putra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sartono Anwar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sartono_Anwar', 'summary': 'Sartono Anwar ( born in Semarang , 3 September 1947 ) is a former Indonesian footballer who is currently a football coach . He currently managed Persisam Putra Samarinda since September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Muhammad Roby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhammad_Roby', 'summary': 'Muhammad Roby ( born , 12 September 1986 ) or usually called M. Roby is an Indonesian professional footballer currently plays for Liga 2 club Persekat Tegal . He competed in the 2007 Sea Games in Nakhon Ratchasima , Thailand . In 2010 , he played for the Indonesia national football team for AFC Asian Cup qualifying matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Bold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bankaltim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persita Tangerang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Durán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Durán', 'summary': 'Luis Edmundo Durán Riquelme ( born June 2 , 1979 in Valdivia ) is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for Persita Tangerang in the Indonesian Super League .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International', 'summary': 'Mitre Sports International Ltd. , known as Mitre , is an English sportswear and equipment manufacturer , being the oldest of its kind in the world . Existing for over 200 years , the company was established in Huddersfield , England , in 1817 and is now owned by the British family owned company The Pentland Group . Mitre currently uses the Delta football in competitive professional matches . This includes the Football League Cup , The Football League , Scottish Premiership , Welsh Premier Division and the Football League Trophy . Mitre also supplies many other competitions including the Isthmian League , Evo-Stik Southern League , Spartan South Midlands League and many more . These leagues play with a variety of footballs including the Delta Hyperseam , Max Hyperseam and ProMax Hyperseam . Internationally the sports brand Mitre have their football used across a variety of competitions around including the AFF Championship and the S.League .'}]}, {'value': 'Samudera Chandra Persada Indonesia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persiwa Wamena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O.K . John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onorionde_Kughegbe', 'summary': 'Onorionde Kughegbe John , commonly known as O.K . John ( born on July 22 , 1983 ) is a Nigerian-born Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays as a central defender for Barito Putera .'}]}, {'value': 'Ultras', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank Papua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSPS Pekanbaru', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. Isnaini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhammad_Isnaini', 'summary': 'Muhammad Isnaini ( born 10 September 1981 in Pekanbaru ) is an Indonesian footballer who plays for PSS Sleman . He is also a Police Brigadier in the Indonesian National Police . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Joma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sriwijaya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kas Hartadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kas_Hartadi', 'summary': 'Kas Hartadi ( born 6 December 1970 ) is an Indonesian football manager and former player , that is currently managing Sriwijaya .'}]}, {'value': 'Ponaryo Astaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponaryo_Astaman', 'summary': 'Ponaryo Astaman ( born 25 September 1979 ) is a retired Indonesian professional football player . He was part of Indonesia national football team from 2003 until 2013 . He was a captain for Indonesian football team . As a player , he already played for several clubs in Indonesia , such as PSM Makassar , Arema FC , Persija Jakarta , and Sriwijaya . He also played in Malaysia with Melaka TMFC in 2006 . He played for PSM Makassar in the 2004 AFC Champions League group stage , where he scored one goal . He played for Arema Malang in the 2007 AFC Champions League group stage .'}]}, {'value': 'Joma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank Sumsel-Babel', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Personnel and kits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Indonesia_Super_League_1', 'intro': "The 2013 Indonesia Super League season is the 5th season of the Indonesia Super League (ISL), a fully professional football competition as the top tier of the football league pyramid in Indonesia. The season scheduled begins in November 2012. Sriwijaya are the defending champions, having won their 2nd league title. This season is also the first season of ISL organized with authorization from the Joint Committee of PSSI until the establishment of a new league. After the signing of the MoU between Djohar Arifin Husin (PSSI) and La Nyalla Matalitti (KPSI-PSSI) that initiated by FIFA and the AFC through the Asian Football Confederation's Task Force, now Indonesia Super League will be under the control of the Joint Committee to remain manageable by PT Liga Indonesia until the establishment of a new professional competition by the committee. In the original plan the league season will begin in November. But to honor the results of the joint committee meeting, the league schedule was postponed. At a meeting with club participants decided that the league will be held in 2013 precisely starts at 5 January 2013 and ended on 18 September 2013 in the same year."} | null | null | Who is coach of the team with the captain who made one appearance as a goalkeeper in Persik Kediri ? | Stefan Hansson |
071926e9a25dff73 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_ski_jumping', 'title': 'List of Olympic medalists in ski jumping', 'header': ['Games', 'Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze'], 'data': [{'value': '1924 Chamonix details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1924 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Monday 4 February 1924 . The event was unusual in that the bronze medalist was not determined for fifty years . Thorleif Haug was awarded third place at the event 's conclusion , but a clerical error in calculating Haug 's score was discovered in 1974 by Jacob Vaage , who further determined Anders Haugen of the United States , who had finished fourth , had actually scored 0.095 points more than Haug . The International Olympic Committee verified this , and in Oslo in September 1974 , Haug 's daughter presented the medal to the 86-year-old Haugen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1924 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Monday 4 February 1924 . The event was unusual in that the bronze medalist was not determined for fifty years . Thorleif Haug was awarded third place at the event 's conclusion , but a clerical error in calculating Haug 's score was discovered in 1974 by Jacob Vaage , who further determined Anders Haugen of the United States , who had finished fourth , had actually scored 0.095 points more than Haug . The International Olympic Committee verified this , and in Oslo in September 1974 , Haug 's daughter presented the medal to the 86-year-old Haugen ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacob Tullin Thams Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Tullin_Thams', 'summary': 'Jacob Tullin Tulla Thams ( April 7 , 1898 - July 27 , 1954 ) was a Norwegian Olympian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Narve Bonna Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narve_Bonna', 'summary': 'Narve Bonna ( 16 January 1901 - 2 March 1976 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Bærum and representing Lommedalens IL , Bonna won the first Olympic ski jumping silver medal at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Anders Haugen United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anders_Haugen', 'summary': 'Anders Olsen Haugen ( October 24 , 1888 - April 14 , 1984 ) was an American ski jumper who won four national ski jumping championships . He competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix and the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz . Anders Haugen was the first and , as of 2016 , only American to win an Olympic medal for ski jumping .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France .'}]}, {'value': '1928 St. Moritz details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The men 's ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the 70-meter ( 230 ft ) Olympiaschanze in St. Moritz , Switzerland , on 18 February . Thirty-eight competitors from thirteen nations competed , with the event being won by Norway 's Alf Andersen ahead of countryman Sigmund Ruud and Czechoslovakia 's Rudolf Burkert . Norway sent a strong contingent with four jumpers able to win the event , including reigning Olympic and world champion Jacob Tullin Thams . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualification events . World record holder Nels Nelsen from Canada was not permitted to participate due to financial problems . Japan participated in an international ski jumping competition for the first time , also becoming the first Asian country to do so . After the first jump , three Norwegians were in the lead . A 40-minute discussion erupted regarding the speed , with Central European jumpers wanting it increased . This was complied with by the jury , resulting in falls by several favorites , including the most vocal speed increase proponents , Gérard Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani . Andersen and Ruud won by reducing their speed on the in-run ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The men 's ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the 70-meter ( 230 ft ) Olympiaschanze in St. Moritz , Switzerland , on 18 February . Thirty-eight competitors from thirteen nations competed , with the event being won by Norway 's Alf Andersen ahead of countryman Sigmund Ruud and Czechoslovakia 's Rudolf Burkert . Norway sent a strong contingent with four jumpers able to win the event , including reigning Olympic and world champion Jacob Tullin Thams . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualification events . World record holder Nels Nelsen from Canada was not permitted to participate due to financial problems . Japan participated in an international ski jumping competition for the first time , also becoming the first Asian country to do so . After the first jump , three Norwegians were in the lead . A 40-minute discussion erupted regarding the speed , with Central European jumpers wanting it increased . This was complied with by the jury , resulting in falls by several favorites , including the most vocal speed increase proponents , Gérard Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani . Andersen and Ruud won by reducing their speed on the in-run ."}]}, {'value': 'Alf Andersen Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alf_Andersen', 'summary': 'Alf Steen Andersen ( 15 May 1906 - 12 April 1975 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . He was born in Drammen , but represented the Oslo clubs Sandaker , Skeid and Lyn . He won the gold medal in the individual large hill at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz . He also won a bronze medal in the individual large hill at the 1935 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Vysoké Tatry . He died in 1975 in Frogn .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland . Norway ranked first in the total medal count , as they had in the inaugural 1924 Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Sigmund Ruud Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigmund_Ruud', 'summary': 'Sigmund Ruud ( 30 December 1907 - 7 April 1994 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Together with his brothers Birger and Asbjørn , he dominated ski jumping in the 1920s and 1930s . At the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Sigmund earned a silver medal . At the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , he won the ski jumping competition while earning a bronze at the 1930 event . Sigmund also competed in the ski jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival , which first began in 1933 . He also competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in the ski jumping event , but finished seventh due to appendicitis . Additionally , Sigmund wanted to compete in the first alpine skiing events at the 1936 Winter Olympics , though he did not start . For his contributions in ski jumping , Sigmund earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1949 , the last of the three Ruud brothers to do so . Sigmund was the only one of the three not to win the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition . Sigmund Ruud and fellow Norwegian ski jumper Jacob Tullin Thams are considered co-creators of the Kongsberger technique after World War I , a ski jumping technique that was the standard until it was superseded by the Daescher technique in the 1950s . Ruud also served as chairman of the FIS Ski Jumping Committee in 1946-1955 and 1959-1967 . He owned and ran a sport shop in Oslo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland . Norway ranked first in the total medal count , as they had in the inaugural 1924 Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudolf Burkert Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudolf_Burkert', 'summary': 'Rudolf Burkert ( 31 October 1904 - 7 June 1985 ) was an Ethnic German Czechoslovak Nordic skier who competed in the 1920s and 1930s . He won a bronze medal in the ski jumping individual large hill competition at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , the first Winter Olympics medal in Czechoslovak history . He also finished 12th in the nordic combined event at those Olympics . Burkert won two medals in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , earning a nordic combined gold in 1927 and a ski jumping silver in 1933 . He was born in Polubný , Kořenov , Bohemia . In 1968 he emigrated to West Germany , where he died in 1985 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Czechoslovakia competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland . Rudolf Burkert won first Czechoslovak medal from Winter Olympics . Libuše Veselá was first Czechoslovak woman to take part in Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1932 Lake Placid details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1932 Winter Olympics one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Friday , February 12 , 1932 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1932 Winter Olympics one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Friday , February 12 , 1932 .'}]}, {'value': 'Birger Ruud Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birger_Ruud', 'summary': 'Birger Ruud ( 23 August 1911 - 13 June 1998 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Kongsberg , Birger Ruud , with his brothers Sigmund and Asbjørn , dominated international jumping in the 1930s , winning three world championships in 1931 , 1935 and 1937 . Ruud also won the Olympic gold medal in 1932 and 1936 , the first repeat winner of ski jumping gold . He also was an accomplished alpine skier , winning a bronze medal in the combined at the 1935 world championships . Ruud won the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition in 1934 and shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1937 with Olaf Hoffsbakken and Martin P. Vangsli .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Hans Beck Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Beck_(ski_jumper)', 'summary': 'Hans Beck ( 25 April 1911 - 10 April 1996 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who won a silver medal in the large hill individual event at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York . Having been in the lead after the first round , he was overcome by Birger Ruud , who hailed from the same city , in the second round . Born in Kongsberg , [ citation needed ] he represented Kongsberg IF . He married in 1949 , and had two children . After his active career he worked as a seller of sports gear .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaare Wahlberg Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaare_Wahlberg', 'summary': 'Kaare Wahlberg ( July 3 , 1912 - February 29 , 1988 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who won a bronze medal in the Individual Large Hill at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York . At the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , he finished fourth . He also finished fifth in the Individual Normal Hill at the 1931 Nordic skiing World Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States .'}]}, {'value': '1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1936 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Sunday , 16 February 1936 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1936 Winter Olympics , one individual ski jumping event was contested . It was held on Sunday , 16 February 1936 .'}]}, {'value': 'Birger Ruud Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birger_Ruud', 'summary': 'Birger Ruud ( 23 August 1911 - 13 June 1998 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Kongsberg , Birger Ruud , with his brothers Sigmund and Asbjørn , dominated international jumping in the 1930s , winning three world championships in 1931 , 1935 and 1937 . Ruud also won the Olympic gold medal in 1932 and 1936 , the first repeat winner of ski jumping gold . He also was an accomplished alpine skier , winning a bronze medal in the combined at the 1935 world championships . Ruud won the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition in 1934 and shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1937 with Olaf Hoffsbakken and Martin P. Vangsli .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Sven Eriksson Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sven_Selånger', 'summary': "Sven Selånger ( born Sven Ivan Eriksson , 19 March 1907 - 9 November 1992 ) was a Swedish Nordic skier . He competed at the 1928 , 1932 and 1936 Olympics in the Nordic combined and ski jumping events and won a silver in the jumping in 1936 . In 1932 he finished fourth in the jumping and fifth in the Nordic combined . He was the Swedish Olympic flag bearer in 1932 and 1936 . Selånger won ski jumping bronze medals at the 1931 , 1933 , and 1934 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and a gold medal in the 1933 nordic combined event . He won the Holmenkollen ski festival 's ski jumping competition in 1939 , the first non-Norwegian to do so . In 1939 , Selånger became the first non-Norwegian to receive the Holmenkollen medal . He also won the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1939 . Selånger was a bandy player in the 1920s . He competed in skiing as Sven Eriksson until the 1936 Winter Olympics , and then changed his surname to Selånger , after his hometown , to avoid being confused with numerous other Swedes named Eriksson . In retirement he returned to bandy , as a player and coach for IK Viking , and worked as a sporting goods trader ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sweden competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Reidar Andersen Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reidar_Andersen', 'summary': "Reidar Andersen ( 20 April 1911 - 15 December 1991 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who competed in the 1930s . He won a ski jumping bronze at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen . In addition , he won ski jumping silver medals at the 1930 , 1935 , and 1937 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Andersen won the Holmenkollen ski festival 's men 's ski jumping competition in 1936 , 1937 , and 1938 , the only person to ever win this event three straight years . In 1938 , Andersen shared the Holmenkollen medal with fellow Norwegian Johan R. Henriksen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany .'}]}, {'value': '1948 St. Moritz details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1948 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 7 February . The competition took place at Olympiaschanze with a K-Point of 68m .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1948 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 7 February . The competition took place at Olympiaschanze with a K-Point of 68m .'}]}, {'value': 'Petter Hugsted Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Hugsted', 'summary': 'Petter Hugsted ( 11 July 1921 - 19 May 2000 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who won the gold medal in the individual large hill event at the 1948 Olympics . Hugsted won junior competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1940 . His career was impeded during World War II , when he was held in the Grini concentration camp during the German occupation of Norway . After the war he placed third at the Holmenkollen in 1947 and 1948 , in the senior category . He won the ski jumping competition at Lahti in 1947 and the Open U.S. Championships in Salt Lake City in 1949 . He retired in 1951 after finishing 13th at Holmenkollen . Besides skiing Hugsted played association football for the national B-team . He lived his whole life in Kongsberg , and devoted much energy to the creation and curatorship of the Kongsberg Skiing Museum , together with his friend and fellow ski jumper Birger Ruud .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'Birger Ruud Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birger_Ruud', 'summary': 'Birger Ruud ( 23 August 1911 - 13 June 1998 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper . Born in Kongsberg , Birger Ruud , with his brothers Sigmund and Asbjørn , dominated international jumping in the 1930s , winning three world championships in 1931 , 1935 and 1937 . Ruud also won the Olympic gold medal in 1932 and 1936 , the first repeat winner of ski jumping gold . He also was an accomplished alpine skier , winning a bronze medal in the combined at the 1935 world championships . Ruud won the Holmenkollen ski jumping competition in 1934 and shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1937 with Olaf Hoffsbakken and Martin P. Vangsli .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'Thorleif Schjelderup Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thorleif_Schjelderup', 'summary': 'Thorleif Schjelderup ( 20 January 1920 - 28 May 2006 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper , author and environmentalist . He was born to Ferdinand Schjelderup and Marie Leigh Vogt . His father was a Supreme Court judge , a mountaineering pioneer , and a leader of the Norwegian resistance movement during World War II . His son grew up in Oslo , where he took up ski jumping . He placed fourth at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1940 and second in 1946 and 1948 . In 1948 he also won bronze medals at the national championships and Winter Olympics and graduated in law from the Oslo University . On 15 March 1950 he became the first Norwegian athlete to break the 100 m barrier when he jumped over 106 m in Planica , Yugoslavia . He retired in 1953 to become a ski jumping coach with Italian ( 1953-56 ) and Norwegian national teams ( 1956-1962 ) . Besides ski jumping Schjelderup was known as an author , photographer and environmentalist who traveled around the country to promote outdoor activities . He published 10 books , mostly about ski jumping and nature , including the first Norwegian textbook on environmentalism for the elementary school in 1973 . Schjelderup was married to the Norwegian actress and playwright Sossen Krohg from 1942 to 1947 . In 1948 he met the African-American singer Anne Brown .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': '1952 Oslo details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , one ski jumping event was contested . The competition took place at the Holmenkollen ski jump with a K-Point of 72 m ( 236 ft ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , one ski jumping event was contested . The competition took place at the Holmenkollen ski jump with a K-Point of 72 m ( 236 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Arnfinn Bergmann Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arnfinn_Bergmann', 'summary': 'Arnfinn Bergmann ( 14 October 1928 - 13 February 2011 ) was a ski jumper from Norway . He won the individual large hill event at the 1952 Olympics and 1952 Holmenkollen ski festival and placed third at the 1950 World Championships . In 1956 he was awarded the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Borghild Niskin and Arne Hoel ) . As a junior Bergmann won the national title and the ski jumping competition in Holmenkollen in 1948 . The same year he won the national football title with SK Freidig . Next year he started competing as a senior and placed third at the national championships . In 1950 he was included to the national team and unexpectedly won a bronze medal at the world championships . For the 1950-51 season he stayed in Canada , where he won his every competition . In 1952 he returned to Norway and won the Olympic gold medal , the Holmenkollen and the national championships . He defended his national title in 1953 , but got injured in early 1954 and missed the season . He qualified for the 1956 Olympics , but withdrew due to a flu . In 1958 he was included to the 1958 World Championships team , after he unexpectedly won the national title , but he withdrew again , for unknown reasons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway was the host nation for the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . By winning 7 gold medals , Norway had the most golds at these games . This would be the last time a host country would win the most gold medals at the Winter Olympics until Canada won the most gold medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Torbjørn Falkanger Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbjørn_Falkanger', 'summary': 'Torbjørn Falkanger ( 8 October 1927 in Trondheim - 16 July 2013 ) was a Norwegian ski jumper who was active in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Falkanger earned a silver medal at the 1952 Winter Olympics in ski jumping and also won the Holmenkollen ski festival ski jumping competition twice ( 1949 and 1950 ) . For his ski jumping efforts , Falkanger was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1952 ( Shared with Stein Eriksen , Heikki Hasu and Nils Karlsson . ) Falkanger also took the Olympic Oath at the 1952 games in Oslo . His career ended a few months ahead of the 1956 Winter Olympics , due to a fall in the ski jumping hill .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway was the host nation for the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . By winning 7 gold medals , Norway had the most golds at these games . This would be the last time a host country would win the most gold medals at the Winter Olympics until Canada won the most gold medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Karl Holmström Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Holmström', 'summary': 'Karl Bratt-Kalle Holmström ( 21 March 1925 - 22 June 1974 ) was a Swedish ski jumper who won a bronze medal in the individual large hill at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . He died in a road accident aged 49 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sweden competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': "1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1956 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 5 February The competition took place at the Trampolino Olimpico Italia with a K-Point of 72m .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1956 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 5 February The competition took place at the Trampolino Olimpico Italia with a K-Point of 72m .'}]}, {'value': 'Antti Hyvärinen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antti_Hyvärinen', 'summary': 'Antti Abram Hyvärinen ( 21 June 1932 - 13 January 2000 ) was a Finnish ski jumper and coach . He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics in the normal hill event and finished in seventh and first place , respectively , becoming the first non-Norwegian ski jumper to win an Olympic gold medal . In 1956 he also served as the flag bearer for Finland at the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics and won the jumping event at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival . While preparing for the 1958 World Championships , Hyvärinen fell and broke his hip , which resulted in an early retirement in November 1957 . From 1960 to 1964 he worked as the head coach of the Finnish ski jumping team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Finland competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Aulis Kallakorpi Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aulis_Kallakorpi', 'summary': 'Aulis Kallakorpi ( 1 January 1929 in Kuusankoski - 15 May 2005 in Mikkeli ) was a Finnish ski jumper . He won a silver medal in the Individual large hill event at the 1956 Winter Olympics . Kallakorpi also won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1955 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Finland competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Glaß United Team of Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Glaß', 'summary': 'Harry Glaß ( 11 October 1930 - 13 December 1997 ) was a German ski jumper . Born in Klingenthal , he won a Bronze medal in the Individual Large Hill event at the 1956 Winter Olympics . Glaß , who is not related to fellow East German jumper Henry Glaß of the 1970s , started training as jumper in 1952 , and became a member of the GDR-team in 1953 . A change in style after 1954 helped him win the medal in 1956 . The ski jump career of the Volkspolizei police man , GDR champion of 1954 , 1955 , 1956 and 1958 , ended in 1960 due to a fall during Vierschanzentournee at Bergiselschanze . A later attempt for a comeback failed . He died in Rodewisch in December 1997 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Germany was represented at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy by a United Team of Germany of athletes from the ( Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) , West Germany ) and , for the first time , also from the ( German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , East Germany ) which had not joined in 1952 . The results were rather disappointing as only 2 medals were scored against emerging competition . Rosa Ossi Reichert won Gold at the women 's giant slalom , and Harry Glaß took Bronze in the K90 individual jump ."}]}, {'value': '1960 Squaw Valley details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 28 February , taking place at Papoose Peak Jumps . The competition scheduled two jumps per entrant . Standings were determined by a point system under the parameters of combined distance points and style points awarded for each attempt , judged by a panel of 5 officials . This event marked the first time the Däscher Technique was used in ski jumping competitions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics consisted of one event held on 28 February , taking place at Papoose Peak Jumps . The competition scheduled two jumps per entrant . Standings were determined by a point system under the parameters of combined distance points and style points awarded for each attempt , judged by a panel of 5 officials . This event marked the first time the Däscher Technique was used in ski jumping competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Recknagel United Team of Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Recknagel', 'summary': 'Helmut Recknagel ( born 20 March 1937 in Steinbach-Hallenberg ) is an East German former ski jumper who was active in the late 1950s and early 1960s . He earned a gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in ski jumping and also won the Holmenkollen ski festival ski jumping competition twice ( 1957 and 1960 ) . At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , he won three medals : a bronze in 1958 and two medals in 1962 , a gold in the individual large hill and a bronze in the individual normal hill . For his ski jumping efforts , Recknagel was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1960 ( Shared with Sixten Jernberg , Sverre Stensheim , and Tormod Knutsen ) . He was the first German to win the Holmenkollen medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Athletes from East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ; GDR ) and West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ; FRG ) competed together as the United Team of Germany at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Niilo Halonen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niilo_Halonen', 'summary': 'Kalle Niilo Ponteva Halonen ( born 25 December 1940 in Kouvola ) is a Finnish former ski jumper who competed between 1960 and 1967 . His biggest success was the silver medal in the individual large hill at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Halonen also won the bronze medal in the individual large hill at the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane . He also finished second as well in a normal hill competition in Germany in 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , California , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Otto Leodolter Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Leodolter', 'summary': 'Otto Leodolter ( born 18 March 1936 in Mariazell ) was an Austrian ski jumper who competed between 1955 and 1964 . His biggest success was a Bronze medal in the Individual Large Hill at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Leodolter is the first Austrian to earn a medal in Nordic skiing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , United States .'}]}, {'value': '1964 Innsbruck details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 31 January to 9 February , with the large hill event taking place at Bergiselschanze , and the normal hill event at Seefeld . For the first time at the olympics , more than one ski jumping event was contested , with the addition of a large hill competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1964 Winter Olympics was held in Bergiselschanze . It occurred on 9 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Toralf Engan Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toralf_Engan', 'summary': 'Toralf Engan ( born 1 October 1936 ) is a retired Norwegian ski jumper . At the 1964 Winter Olympics he won the large hill and placed second in the new normal hill event . His other victories include the Four Hills Tournament , which he had won the preceding season , as well as the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the individual normal hill ( the first ever in that event ) . Engan won the ski jumping normal hill event at the 1962 Holmenkollen ski festival , the same year he won the Holmenkollen medal . Engan retired after the 1966 season . Later he worked as a national ski jumping coach in 1967-69 , and settled in Trondheim with his family .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Veikko Kankkonen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veikko_Kankkonen', 'summary': 'Veikko Kankkonen ( born 5 January 1940 ) is a retired Finnish ski jumper who competed at the 1960 , 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics . He won two medals in 1964 with a gold in the individual normal hill and a silver in the individual large hill event . That same year he won the jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival , which also earned him the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Eero Mäntyranta , Georg Thoma , and Halvor Næs ) . He also won the Four Hills Tournament and served as the flag bearer for Finland at the 1968 Olympics . Besides skiing Kankkonen played baseball for the Maila-Veikot Lahti club in the national championships of 1963-64 . He also regularly competed in golf at the national level , with the best result of fourth place . Kankkonen was a turner by trade and later worked as a ski jumping coach . His son Anssi Kankkonen became a professional golfer , but he also competed in ski jumping and won a national title in 1985 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Torgeir Brandtzæg Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torgeir_Brandtzæg', 'summary': 'Torgeir Torbjørn Brandtzæg ( born 6 October 1941 ) is a retired Norwegian ski jumper who won bronze medals both in the large hill and normal hill at the 1964 Winter Olympics . Brandtzæg placed fifth in the Four Hills Tournament in 1963 ; he won it in 1965 , placing first in three out of four events . He also held the national jumping titles in 1963-1965 . In 1965 , while competing in Finland , he broke his leg in three places and was forced to retire . After that he married and became a farmer in Sparbu . One of his sons , Roy Brandtzæg , became a European powerlifting champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': '1968 Grenoble details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1968 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 11 to 18 February , with the large hill event taking place at Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte , and the normal hill event at Autrans .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1968 Winter Olympics was held in Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte . It occurred on 18 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Belousov Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Belousov_(ski_jumper)', 'summary': 'Vladimir Pavlovich Belousov ( Russian : Владимир Павлович Белоусов ; born 14 July 1946 ) is a Soviet former ski jumper . He was the only Soviet ski jumper to medal at the Olympics and is the only person from the Soviet Union or Russia to win a gold medal in ski jumping in both the Winter Olympics and the Holmenkollen . He was awarded the Medal For Labour Valour in 1969 and the Order of Friendship in 2011 . Belousov won a gold medal in the individual large hill at the 1968 Olympics , placing eighth in the normal hill . At the Holmenkollen ski festival , he won the ski jumping competition in 1968 and 1970 . He became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1968 and won the USSR Championship in 1969 . In 1978 he graduated from the Military Institute of Physical Culture and later worked as a coach .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Soviet Union ( USSR ) competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Jiří Raška Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiří_Raška', 'summary': 'Jiří Raška ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjɪr̝iː ˈraʃka ] ; 4 February 1941 - 20 January 2012 ) was a Czech skier . He is regarded as the most famous Czech ski jumper , Olympic winner of the century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Czechoslovakia competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Lars Grini Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Grini', 'summary': 'Lars Grini ( born 29 June 1944 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper who competed between 1966 and 1972 . His best-known successes were at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , where he won a bronze medal in the individual large hill event , and another bronze medal in the individual normal hill at the 1970 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . He represented the club SFK Lyn .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France .'}]}, {'value': '1972 Sapporo details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1972 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 6 to 11 February , with the large hill event taking place at Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium , and the normal hill event at Miyanomori Ski Jump Stadium .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1972 Winter Olympics was held in Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium . It occurred on 11 February . In the competition on the Okurayama jumping hill , conditions were variable and unfair according to a Norwegian account of the 1972 Games published in 2006 , and the result is described as the greatest surprise of all time on the jumping hill . In the first run , the 19-year-old Zakopane mechanic Wojciech Fortuna completed a leap of 111 metres , while Manfred Wolf of East Germany was runner-up after the first run having jumped 107 metres . Jiří Raška , Gariy Napalkov and Tauno Käyhkö , all counted among the favourites according to Jorsett 's account , were all more than 12 metres behind , Yukio Kasaya , who won on the normal hill , landed on 90 metres , and Ingolf Mork , the 1972 Four Hills Tournament winner , touched down on 88 metres . Fortuna 's second jump was a more modest 87.5 metres ; still , the tenths of a point remained on his side . Again according to Jorsett , Steiner ( 103 metres ) , Schmidt ( 101 metres ) and Käyhkö ( 100.5 metres ) got lucky with the wind in the second run , but all finished within 0.7 points of Fortuna . This was the smallest margin between first and fourth to date . Pudgar 's eighth place was the best placing by a Yugoslav at the Winter Olympics until Matjaž Debelak won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Wojciech Fortuna Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wojciech_Fortuna', 'summary': "Wojciech Fortuna ( born 6 August 1952 ) is a Polish former ski jumper who won the Olympic Gold Medal in the Large Hill at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo . In the Normal Hill he finished 6th . The Gold Medal was Poland 's first - and the only gold until Vancouver 2010 - in the Winter Olympics history . He competed from 1972 to 1976 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Poland competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter Steiner Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Steiner', 'summary': 'Walter Steiner ( born 15 February 1951 ) is a Swiss former ski jumper who competed in the 1970s . Steiner earned a ski jumping silver medal in the Individual large hill at the 1972 Winter Olympics . He also won the ski jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1974 and won the Ski-flying World Championships in 1972 and 1977 . Steiner was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1977 ( shared with Helena Takalo and Hilkka Kuntola ) . As of 2012 he resides in the Swedish rural town of Falun , working as a gardener .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Rainer Schmidt East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainer_Schmidt_(ski_jumper)', 'summary': 'Rainer Schmidt ( born 1 August 1948 in Langewiesen , Thuringia ) is an East German former ski jumper who competed from 1972 to 1976 . He won the bronze medal in the individual large hill competition at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo . Schmidt won the Four Hills Tournament in 1973 and earned a silver medal at the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships in 1975 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1976 Innsbruck details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1976 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 7 to 15 February , with the large hill event taking place at Bergiselschanze , and the normal hill event at Seefeld .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1976 Winter Olympics was held in Bergiselschanze . It occurred on 15 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl Schnabl Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Schnabl', 'summary': 'Karl Schnabl ( born March 8 , 1954 in Achomitz , community Hohenthurn , Carinthia ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed during the 1970s . His best-known successes were at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , where he won a gold medal in the individual large hill event and a bronze medal in the individual normal hill event . He also won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1976 . Schnabl also won bronze at the FIS Ski Flying World Championships in 1975 . He also finished fourth in the individual large hill event at the 1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti . Since finishing medical school at Innsbruck University , he has been working as a doctor in sports medicine until he retired in 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria was the host nation for the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . It was the second time that Austria had hosted the Winter Games , after the 1964 Winter Olympics , also in Innsbruck .'}]}, {'value': 'Toni Innauer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toni_Innauer', 'summary': 'Anton Innauer ( born 1 April 1958 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria was the host nation for the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . It was the second time that Austria had hosted the Winter Games , after the 1964 Winter Olympics , also in Innsbruck .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Glaß East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Glaß', 'summary': 'Henry Glaß ( born 15 February 1953 in Rodewisch ) is an East German former ski jumper who competed during the 1970s . His best-known success was at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , where he won a bronze medal in the individual large hill Event . Glaß also won a silver in the individual normal hill at the 1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti and a bronze at the 1977 Ski-Flying World Championships in Vikersund . He was trained by Harry Glaß to whom he is unrelated .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': '1980 Lake Placid details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1980 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 17 February to 23 February , taking place at Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1980 Winter Olympics was held in Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex . It occurred on 23 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Jouko Törmänen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jouko_Törmänen', 'summary': 'Jouko Sihveri Törmänen ( 10 April 1954 - 3 January 2015 ) was a Finnish ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Hubert Neuper Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubert_Neuper', 'summary': 'Hubert Neuper ( born 29 September 1960 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper . He was the winner of the first FIS Ski Jumping World Cup title in 1979/80 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Jari Puikkonen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jari_Puikkonen', 'summary': 'Jari Markus Puikkonen ( born 25 June 1959 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , United States .'}]}, {'value': '1984 Sarajevo details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 12 February to 18 February , taking place at Igman Olympic Jumps .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1984 Winter Olympics was held in Igman Olympic Jumps . It occurred on 18 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Matti Nykänen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matti_Nykänen', 'summary': "Matti Ensio Nykänen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( 17 July 1963 - 4 February 2019 ) was a Finnish ski jumper who competed from 1981 to 1991 . Widely considered to be the greatest male ski jumper of all time , he won five Winter Olympic medals ( four gold ) , nine World Championship medals ( five gold ) , and 22 Finnish Championship medals ( 14 gold ) . Most notably , he won three gold medals at the 1988 Winter Olympics , becoming , along with Yvonne van Gennip of the Netherlands , the most medaled athlete at that Olympiad . Nykänen is the only ski jumper in history to have won all five of the sport 's major events : a gold medal at the Winter Olympics ( three times ) , the Ski Jumping World Championships ( once ) , the Ski Flying World Championships ( once ) , four World Cup overall titles , and the Four Hills Tournament ( twice ) . His four World Cup titles is an all-time record shared with Adam Małysz and Sara Takanashi . Nykänen remains the only male five-time ski flying world record holder in history . From the 1990s onwards , Nykänen 's status as a celebrity was mainly fueled by his personal relationships , his career as a pop singer , and various incidents often related to heavy use of alcohol and violent behaviour . He was sentenced to 26 months in prison following a stabbing incident in 2004 , and again for 16 months following an aggravated assault on his wife in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Jens Weißflog East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Weißflog', 'summary': 'Jens Weißflog ( born 21 July 1964 ) is a German former ski jumper . He is one of the best and most successful ski jumper in the history of the sport . Only Finns Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen , Poles Adam Małysz and Kamil Stoch and Austrian Gregor Schlierenzauer have won more World Cup victories .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Pavel Ploc Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavel_Ploc', 'summary': 'Pavel Ploc ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpavɛl ˈplots ] , born 15 June 1964 ) is a Czech former ski jumper who competed for Czechoslovakia , winning two Olympic medals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Czechoslovakia competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': '1988 Calgary details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ski jumping at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 14 February to 24 February , taking place at Canada Olympic Park . The Calgary Games featured the addition of a new event , the first program change since 1964 , with the debut of the team event . Britain 's Eddie The Eagle Edwards achieved celebrity by finishing last in both individual events , with less than half the points of the second-last competitor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1988 Winter Olympics was held in Canada Olympic Park . It occurred on 23 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Matti Nykänen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matti_Nykänen', 'summary': "Matti Ensio Nykänen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( 17 July 1963 - 4 February 2019 ) was a Finnish ski jumper who competed from 1981 to 1991 . Widely considered to be the greatest male ski jumper of all time , he won five Winter Olympic medals ( four gold ) , nine World Championship medals ( five gold ) , and 22 Finnish Championship medals ( 14 gold ) . Most notably , he won three gold medals at the 1988 Winter Olympics , becoming , along with Yvonne van Gennip of the Netherlands , the most medaled athlete at that Olympiad . Nykänen is the only ski jumper in history to have won all five of the sport 's major events : a gold medal at the Winter Olympics ( three times ) , the Ski Jumping World Championships ( once ) , the Ski Flying World Championships ( once ) , four World Cup overall titles , and the Four Hills Tournament ( twice ) . His four World Cup titles is an all-time record shared with Adam Małysz and Sara Takanashi . Nykänen remains the only male five-time ski flying world record holder in history . From the 1990s onwards , Nykänen 's status as a celebrity was mainly fueled by his personal relationships , his career as a pop singer , and various incidents often related to heavy use of alcohol and violent behaviour . He was sentenced to 26 months in prison following a stabbing incident in 2004 , and again for 16 months following an aggravated assault on his wife in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Erik Johnsen Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Johnsen', 'summary': 'Erik Johnsen ( born 4 July 1965 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . This was the first time and till now the only time Norway failed to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Matjaž Debelak Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matjaž_Debelak', 'summary': "Matjaž Debelak ( born 27 August 1965 in Braslovče ) is a Slovenian former ski jumper who competed for Yugoslavia from 1986 to 1990 . His best-known successes were at the 1988 Winter Olympics , where he earned two medals with a silver in the team large hill event and a bronze in the individual large hill event . Debelak 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was a 6th in the individual normal hill in 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Athletes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '1992 Albertville details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 9 February to 16 February , taking place at Tremplin du Praz .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics was held in Tremplin du Praz . It occurred on 16 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Toni Nieminen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toni_Nieminen', 'summary': 'Toni Markus Nieminen ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper who competed from 1991 to 2004 , with a brief comeback in 2016 . He is one of the most successful contemporary ski jumpers from Finland , having won the World Cup in 1991 , the Four Hills Tournament in 1992 , and three medals at the 1992 Winter Olympics . He remains the youngest ever Winter Olympic gold medalist , at 16 years and 261 days . Additionally , he is known for being the first male ski jumper to land a jump surpassing 200 metres ( 660 ft ) , which he achieved in 1994 with a world record of 203 m ( 666 ft ) in Planica .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin Höllwarth Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Höllwarth', 'summary': 'Martin Höllwarth ( born 13 April 1974 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Heinz Kuttin Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz_Kuttin', 'summary': 'Heinz Kuttin ( born 5 January 1971 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}]}, {'value': '1994 Lillehammer details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 20 February to 25 February , taking place at Lysgårdsbakken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1994 Winter Olympics was held in Lysgårdsbakken . It occurred on 20 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Jens Weißflog Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Weißflog', 'summary': 'Jens Weißflog ( born 21 July 1964 ) is a German former ski jumper . He is one of the best and most successful ski jumper in the history of the sport . Only Finns Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen , Poles Adam Małysz and Kamil Stoch and Austrian Gregor Schlierenzauer have won more World Cup victories .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Germany at the 1994 Winter Olympics . 112 athletes , 79 men and 33 women participated in 11 sports . Germany came third in the medal rankings with 9 gold , 7 silver and 8 bronze medals . The biathlete Mark Kirchner was Germany 's flagbearer under the opening ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Espen Bredesen Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Espen_Bredesen', 'summary': 'Espen Bredesen ( born 2 February 1968 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway was the host nation for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . It was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , after the 1952 Games in Oslo . In 1994 , Norway finished second in the medal ranking to Russia , with strong results in the skiing events . During the games , Norway set a record : most gold medals won by a host nation , with 10 . The United States tied it when they hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , but Canada broke it during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Andreas Goldberger Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Goldberger', 'summary': 'Andreas Andi Goldberger ( born 29 November 1972 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed from 1991 to 2005 . In 1997 Goldberger admitted to the use of cocaine , and was given a six-month ban by the Austrian Ski Association .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway .'}]}, {'value': '1998 Nagano details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 11 February to 17 February , taking place at Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1998 Winter Olympics was held in Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium . It occurred on 15 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazuyoshi Funaki Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuyoshi_Funaki', 'summary': 'Kazuyoshi Funaki ( 船木 和喜 , Funaki Kazuyoshi ) ( born 27 April 1975 ) is a Japanese ski jumper . He ranked among the most successful sportsmen of its discipline , particularly in the 1990s . Funaki is known for his special variant of the V-style , in which the body lies flatter between the skis than usual .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Japan was the host nation for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . It was the second time that Japan has hosted the Winter Games , after the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , and the third time overall , after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': 'Jani Soininen Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jani_Soininen', 'summary': 'Jani Markus Soininen ( born 12 November 1972 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Masahiko Harada Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masahiko_Harada', 'summary': 'Masahiko Harada ( 原田 雅彦 , Harada Masahiko ) ( born 9 May 1968 ) is a Japanese former ski jumper . He is best remembered for a meltdown at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , which cost the Japanese national team a victory , and his subsequent redemption at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano ; the latter of which led to him being affectionately called Happy Harada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Japan was the host nation for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . It was the second time that Japan has hosted the Winter Games , after the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , and the third time overall , after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': '2002 Salt Lake City details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 2002 Winter Olympics , consisted of three events held from 10 February to 13 February , taking place at Park City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Park City , United States . The competition went for two days , with the qualifying round on February 12 and the final rounds on February 13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon Ammann Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Ammann', 'summary': 'Simon Simi Ammann ( /ˈsiːmɒn/ ; born 25 June 1981 ) is a Swiss ski jumper . He is one of the most successful athletes in the history of the sport , having won four individual Winter Olympic gold medals , in 2002 and 2010 , and is the only ski jumper to have achieved the gold double-double at the Winter Olympics . His other achievements include winning the 2007 Ski Jumping World Championships , the 2010 Ski Flying World Championships , the 2010 Nordic Tournament , and the 2010 Ski Jumping World Cup overall title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Małysz Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Małysz', 'summary': 'Adam Henryk Małysz ( [ ˈadam ˈmawɨʂ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 December 1977 ) is a Polish former ski jumper and rally driver . In ski jumping he competed from 1995 to 2011 , and is one of the most successful athletes in the history of the sport . His many accomplishments include four World Cup titles ( a record shared with Matti Nykänen and Sara Takanashi ) , four individual Winter Olympic medals , four individual World Championship gold medals ( an all-time record ) , 39 individual World Cup competition wins , 96 World Cup podiums ( individual and team ) , and being the only ski jumper to win three consecutive World Cup titles . He is also a winner of the Four Hills Tournament , the only three-time winner of the Nordic Tournament , and a former ski flying world record holder . After retiring from ski jumping , Małysz competed in the Dakar Rally in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 finishing 37th , 15th and 13th respectively . He currently acts as a director-coordinator of ski jumping and Nordic combined at the Polish Ski Federation'}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Poland competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . The two medals won by Adam Małysz were the first for Poland in the Winter Olympic Games since 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Matti Hautamäki Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matti_Hautamäki', 'summary': "Matti Antero Hautamäki ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈmɑtːi ˈɑntero ˈhɑutɑmæki ] ; born 14 July 1981 ) is a Finnish former ski jumper who competed from 1997 to 2012 . He is one of Finland 's most successful ski jumpers , having won sixteen individual World Cup competitions ; multiple medals at the Winter Olympics , Ski Jumping World Championships , and Ski Flying World Championships ; the Nordic Tournament twice ; and four ski flying world records ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . The nation won all Nordic combined events , most notably Samppa Lajunen , in the individual events .'}]}, {'value': '2006 Turin details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics , was held over nine days , from 11 February to 20 February . Three events were contested in Pragelato .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_-_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The Men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Pragelato , Italy . It began on 17 February , and concluded on 18 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Morgenstern Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Morgenstern', 'summary': "Thomas Morgenstern ( born 30 October 1986 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed from 2002 to 2014 . He is one of the sport 's most successful contemporary athletes , having won the World Cup overall title twice , the Four Hills Tournament and the Nordic Tournament once each , eight World Championship gold medals ( one individual , seven team ) , and three Winter Olympic gold medals ( one individual , two team ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Andreas Kofler Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Kofler', 'summary': 'Andreas Kofler ( born 17 May 1984 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Lars Bystøl Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Bystøl', 'summary': 'Lars Kristian Bystøl ( born 4 December 1978 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper who competed from 2002 to 2008 . His career highlights include an individual gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics , one individual World Cup victory , a gold medal in the Ski Flying World Championships , and two World Championship bronze medals in team competitions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway sent 74 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . At the 2002 Winter Olympics Norway won the most gold medals , and before the Turin games , Norwegian sports officials were aiming for more than the 25 medals they won in Salt Lake City - the president of the Norwegian Skiing Federation Sverre Seeberg was quoted saying he thought Norway would win 25 medals in the skiing events alone ( alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , freestyle skiing , Nordic combined and ski jumping ) . The Norwegian Olympic Committee aimed for Norway to be the best nation measured in the number of gold medals . However , Norway won only two gold medals in the games . In addition to the skiing events , Norway also qualified athletes in biathlon , curling , skeleton , snowboarding and speed skating . In addition to IOC qualifying times , the Norwegian Olympic Committee have required that athletes need to place themselves once in the top six or twice in the top twelve in major individual events in the sport to be selected . Curler Pål Trulsen served as flag bearer at the opening ceremony .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Large hill individual', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_ski_jumping_0', 'intro': 'This is the complete list of Olympic medalists in ski jumping.'} | null | null | How many days did it take to hold the events at the most recent games ? | nine |
071a2226b6136203 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michelin_3-star_restaurants', 'title': 'List of Michelin 3-star restaurants', 'header': ['Location', 'Restaurant', 'Chef ( s )', 'Awarded since'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Lasarte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lasarte', 'summary': 'Restaurante Lasarte is a restaurant in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . It has three Michelin stars since 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Martín Berasategui and Paolo Casagrande', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martín_Berasategui', 'summary': 'Martín Berasategui Olazábal is a Spanish chef expert in Basque cuisine and owner of an eponymous restaurant in Lasarte-Oria ( Gipuzkoa ) , Spain , which has been awarded three Michelin stars since 2001 . He holds twelve stars in total , more than any other Spanish chef .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}]}, {'value': 'ABaC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordi Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordi_Cruz', 'summary': 'Jordi Cruz Mas ( born June 29 , 1978 in Manresa , Barcelona ) is a Spanish chef . Cruz completed his studies in the Escuela Superior de Hostelería de Manresa , located in Manresa , Barcelona . At age 14 he began to work in the restaurant Estany Clar de Cercs ( Barcelona ) , where he received his first Michelin Star in November 2004 , making him at 26 years old the youngest chef in Spain and the second youngest in the world to receive this distinction .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dénia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dénia', 'summary': "Dénia ( Valencian : [ ˈdenia ] ; Spanish : Denia [ ˈdenja ] ) , is a historical coastal city in the province of Alicante , Spain , on the Costa Blanca halfway between Alicante and Valencia , and the capital and judicial seat of the comarca of Marina Alta . Denia 's historical heritage has been influenced by Iberian , Greek , Roman , Islamic , Napoleonic and Christian civilizations . As of 2014 [ update ] , it had a population of 41,672 , although this is more than doubled by tourism during the summer months ."}]}, {'value': 'Quique Dacosta Restaurante', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quique Dacosta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quique_Dacosta', 'summary': 'Quique Dacosta is the chef of an eponymous Spanish restaurant in Dénia , Province of Alicante , Spain . Following the closure of elBulli , Dacosta is one of the new leaders of avant-garde cuisine in Spain . Dacosta only uses locally sourced ingredients from within 75 km of his restaurant . He is the president of the advisory board at GASMA ( Gastronomy and Culinary Management Campus ) .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Puerto de Santa María', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_María', 'summary': 'El Puerto de Santa María ( Spanish pronunciation : [ el ˈpweɾto ðe ˈsanta maˈɾi.a ] , The Port of Saint Mary ) , locally known as El Puerto , is a municipality located on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz , Andalusia . As of 2016 [ update ] , the city has a population of c. 88,184 , of which some 50,000 live in the urban center , and the remainder in the surrounding areas . The town of El Puerto de Santa María is 10 kilometres ( 6 miles ) north east of Cádiz across the bay of Cádiz .'}]}, {'value': 'Aponiente', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ángel León', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girona', 'summary': 'Girona ( /dʒɪˈroʊnə/ , Catalan : [ ʒiˈɾonə ] , Spanish : Gerona [ xeˈɾona ] ) is a city in Catalonia , Spain , at the confluence of the rivers Ter , Onyar , Galligants , and Güell and has an official population of 101,852 in 2019 . It is the capital of the province of the same name and of the comarca of the Gironès . It is located 99 km ( 62 mi ) northeast of Barcelona . Girona is a major Catalan city .'}]}, {'value': 'El Celler de Can Roca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Celler_de_Can_Roca', 'summary': "El Celler de Can Roca is a restaurant in Girona , Catalonia , Spain opened in 1986 by the Roca brothers , Joan , Josep and Jordi . It was first located next to their parents ' restaurant Can Roca , but moved to its current purpose-built building in 2007 . It has been received warmly by critics , and holds three Michelin stars . In 2013 and 2015 , it was named the best restaurant in the world by the magazine Restaurant , after having been ranked second in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 , a status achieved again in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Joan Roca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Roca', 'summary': "Joan Roca i Fontané ( 1964 , Girona , Catalonia , Spain ) is a chef of the restaurant El Celler de Can Roca . In 2013 & 2015 , it was named the best restaurant in the world by the Restaurant Magazine . It was ranked second by the same magazine in 2011 , 2012 & 2014 . He studied in Escola d'Hosteleria de Girona , where later he became a teacher . He worked with his grandparents and parents in their family business , a restaurant of traditional Catalan cuisine . Today Joan is the chef of his own restaurant , together with his two brothers . Josep ( sommelier ) , and Jordi ( pastry chef ) . He is elaborating traditional cuisine together with avant-garde techniques , which implies research of both modern techniques and traditional recipes . Some of the techniques he uses are Sous-vide , Perfume-cooking and Distillation ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larrabetzu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larrabetzu', 'summary': 'Larrabetzu is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay , in the autonomous community of Basque Country , northern Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Azurmendi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eneko Atxa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lasarte-Oria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lasarte-Oria', 'summary': 'Lasarte-Oria is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa , in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country , northern Spain . It was founded in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Restaurante Martín Berasategui', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martín Berasategui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martín_Berasategui', 'summary': 'Martín Berasategui Olazábal is a Spanish chef expert in Basque cuisine and owner of an eponymous restaurant in Lasarte-Oria ( Gipuzkoa ) , Spain , which has been awarded three Michelin stars since 2001 . He holds twelve stars in total , more than any other Spanish chef .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'DiverXO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Muñoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Muñoz_(chef)', 'summary': 'David Muñoz , born on the 15th of January 1980 , is a Spanish chef who is internationally recognised for his cooking and famous restaurants . He currently has three Michelin stars . His passion for cooking started when he was a child and his parents used to take him frequently to the famous Madrid restaurant Viridiana . He soon became fascinated by the owner , Abraham García , a chef whose cooking reflects many of his personal interests , including literature , photography , travel and art . These visits to the famous restaurant led David to go to catering college , where he began his further academic training . He combined his studies with gaining experience by working in Spain and abroad , where he had the chance to develop further experience . His work led him to live in London , working in top restaurants such as Nobu or Hakkasan restaurant ( Asian restaurants ) . He spent nearly two years at each .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Sebastián', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Sebastián', 'summary': "San Sebastián ( Spanish : [ san seβasˈtjan ] ) or Donostia ( Basque : [ doˈnos̺tia ] , French : Saint-Sébastien ) is a coastal city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community , Spain . It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay , 20 km ( 12 miles ) from the French border . The capital city of Gipuzkoa , the municipality 's population is 186,095 as of 2015 , with its metropolitan area reaching 436,500 in 2010 . Locals call themselves donostiarra ( singular ) , both in Spanish and Basque . The main economic activities are commerce and tourism , and it is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Spain . Despite the city 's small size , events such as the San Sebastián International Film Festival have given it an international dimension . San Sebastián , along with Wrocław , Poland , was the European Capital of Culture in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arzak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arzak', 'summary': "Arzak is a restaurant in San Sebastián , Spain . It features New Basque Cuisine . In 2008 , Arzak 's owner and chef , Juan Mari Arzak , was awarded the Universal Basque award for adapting gastronomy , one of the most important traditions of the Basque Country , to the new times and making of it one of the most innovative of the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Mari Arzak and Elena Arzak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Mari_Arzak', 'summary': "Juan Mari Arzak Arratibel ( born July 31 , 1942 ) is a Spanish chef , the owner and chef for Arzak restaurant . He is considered to be one of the great masters of New Basque cuisine . He describes his cooking as signature cuisine , Basque cuisine that 's evolutionary , investigatory , and avant-garde ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elena_Arzak', 'summary': 'Elena Arzak ( born 4 July 1969 ) is a Spanish chef . She is joint head chef of three Michelin starred restaurant Arzak alongside her father , Juan Mari Arzak , and was named best Female Chef in the World in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Sebastián', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Sebastián', 'summary': "San Sebastián ( Spanish : [ san seβasˈtjan ] ) or Donostia ( Basque : [ doˈnos̺tia ] , French : Saint-Sébastien ) is a coastal city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community , Spain . It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay , 20 km ( 12 miles ) from the French border . The capital city of Gipuzkoa , the municipality 's population is 186,095 as of 2015 , with its metropolitan area reaching 436,500 in 2010 . Locals call themselves donostiarra ( singular ) , both in Spanish and Basque . The main economic activities are commerce and tourism , and it is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Spain . Despite the city 's small size , events such as the San Sebastián International Film Festival have given it an international dimension . San Sebastián , along with Wrocław , Poland , was the European Capital of Culture in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Akelare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akelare', 'summary': 'Akelarre is a Basque restaurant opened in 1974 in Igeldo , Gipuzkoa , that has achieved three Michelin stars . The restaurant is known for its local seafood .'}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Subijana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Subijana', 'summary': 'Pedro Subijana Reza ( born November 5 , 1948 in San Sebastián , Spain ) is a Spanish chef who runs the restaurant Akelarre in San Sebastián , Spain . In 2006 his restaurant received its third Michelin star .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Villaverde de Pontones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Cenador de Amós', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Sánchez', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of Michelin 3-star restaurants by country in the latest version -- Spain', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants_13', 'intro': 'Michelin stars are a rating system used by the red Michelin Guide to grade restaurants on their quality. The guide was originally developed in 1900 to show French drivers where local amenities such as restaurants and mechanics were. The rating system was first introduced in 1926 as a single star, with the second and third stars introduced in 1933. According to the Guide, one star signifies a very good restaurant, two stars are excellent cooking that is worth a detour, and three stars mean exceptional cuisine that is worth a special journey. The listing of starred restaurants is updated once a year.'} | null | null | The Spanish chef of a three-star Michelin restaurant since 2016 located in the capital of Catalonia , is an expert in what cuisine ? | Basque cuisine |
071a2e7122efe256 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NFL franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Team', 'Longest streak with no post-season victories', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arizona Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Cardinals_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Arizona Cardinals . The Cardinals are an American football franchise competing as a member of the West division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cardinals ' franchise from 1920 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches ."}]}, {'value': '1948-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_Steelers_seasons', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Steelers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC ; seven franchises in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) have longer tenures in the NFL . The team struggled to be competitive in its early history , posting winning records in just 8 of its first 39 seasons . Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 , however , it has appeared in eight Super Bowls and one of only two teams , along with the New England Patriots have won the Super Bowl six times . The six championships place the Steelers fourth in the league in terms of total championships ( including those prior to the first Super Bowl ) , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 championships ) , the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) and the New York Giants ( 8 ) . The club 's 15 AFC Championship Game appearances are second all-time , behind the Patriots ( 16 ) . In addition , they have hosted the second-most conference championship games ( 11 ) than any franchise in either conference , and are tied for second with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos with eight Super Bowl appearances ; the Patriots currently hold the record of eleven appearances , as of 2019 . From 1974 to 1979 the franchise became the first NFL franchise to win four Super Bowl titles in six seasons , a feat which is yet to be matched . The 2005 team was the first sixth-seeded team to advance to a conference championship game since the playoff field was expanded to 12 teams in 1990 ; the same team also became the first sixth-seed to win the Super Bowl . The Steelers are 6-2 in Super Bowls , winning Super Bowl IX , Super Bowl X , Super Bowl XIII , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XL , Super Bowl XLIII and losing Super Bowl XXX and Super Bowl XLV . As of the start of the 2018 season , the Steelers franchise are second all-time in playoff appearances , with 31 , which is the most among active AFC franchises , as well as the most since the official start of the NFL-AFL merger in 1970 . The Giants , Cowboys , and Packers are all tied for first all-time in playoff appearances , with 32 each ."}]}, {'value': '1933-1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Detroit_Lions_seasons', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Lions compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team began play in 1928 as an independent professional team . The 2015 season was their 88th in the NFL . The Lions have won four NFL championships , tied for 9th overall in total championships amongst all 32 NFL franchises ; although the last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals . The Lions were the first franchise to finish a full ( non-strike shortened ) regular season with no wins or ties since the move to sixteen season games in 1978 , going 0-16 during the 2008 NFL season . They are also one of four current teams , and the only one in the NFC , to have never played in the Super Bowl ."}]}, {'value': '1958-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_Orleans_Saints_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the New Orleans Saints American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Saints ' franchise from 1967 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coach ."}]}, {'value': '1967-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cincinnati_Bengals_seasons', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Bengals franchise was founded in 1968 as a member of the West division of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Bengals joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as a result of the AFL-NFL merger prior to 1970 . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1968 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Bengals have played over 750 games in their history , including two conference championships , eight division championships , and 12 playoff appearances . The franchise has experienced several extended periods of success in their history . These periods came from 1981 to 1990 when the Bengals qualified for the playoffs four times and played in two Super Bowls , and from 2009 to the present . However , during a 14-year span - 1991 to 2004 - the Bengals did not qualify for the playoffs . During this time , the franchise had nine seasons with 10 or more losses , and three of those seasons the franchise had the league 's worst record . Since 2005 the Bengals have been more successful , posting seven winning seasons , three division titles and seven wild card playoff berths ( including a streak of five consecutive playoff seasons , a first in franchise history ) ."}]}, {'value': '1991-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the Washington Redskins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Redskins ' franchise from 1932 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Redskins franchise was founded as the Boston Braves , named after the local baseball franchise . The team changed its name to the Redskins in 1933 and moved to Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The Redskins have played over 1,000 games . In those games , the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls . The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They also played in and lost the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl VII and XVIII . They have made 24 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 23 wins and 19 losses . Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins : the New England Patriots ( eleven ) , the Dallas Cowboys , Pittsburgh Steelers , Denver Broncos ( eight ) , and San Francisco 49ers ( six ) ; the Redskins ' five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New York Giants and Green Bay Packers . All of the Redskins ' league titles were attained during two ten-year spans ."}]}, {'value': '1944-1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Buffalo_Bills_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Buffalo Bills American football franchise . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Bills ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Bills finished their most recent season ( 2019 ) with a record of ten wins and six losses ."}]}, {'value': '1996-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_Colts_seasons', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Colts , formerly the Baltimore Colts , are an American football team playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the season-by-season records of the Colts franchise from 1953 to present , including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches . In 1953 , a Baltimore-based group led by Carroll Rosenbloom gained the rights to a new Baltimore franchise . Rosenbloom was granted an NFL team , and was awarded the holdings of the defunct Dallas Texans organization . The new team was named the Colts after the previous team that folded after the 1950 NFL season . After 31 seasons in Baltimore , Colts owner Robert Irsay moved the team to Indianapolis , Indiana . The Colts have won two Super Bowl championships ( Super Bowl V and Super Bowl XLI ) . They also played in and lost Super Bowl III and Super Bowl XLIV . Before the AFL and NFL merged in 1970 , they won three NFL Championships ( 1958 , 1959 , and 1968 ) . By winning Super Bowl XLI the Colts became the first team that played its home games in a domed stadium to win a Super Bowl held in an outdoor stadium . After the Colts owner Jim Irsay hired Tony Dungy in 2002 , the Colts made the playoffs for nine straight seasons . They won five straight AFC South titles from 2003 to 2007 and had seven consecutive seasons of 12 or more victories from 2003 to 2009 , the first time that has been achieved in the NFL 's 90-year history ."}]}, {'value': '1972-1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Rams_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Los Angeles Rams American football franchise ( known as the Cleveland Rams from 1936 to 1945 and the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015 ) in organized play . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Los Angeles Rams franchise from 1936 to present , including conference standings , division standings , postseason records , league awards for individual players or head coaches , and team awards for individual players . The Rams franchise was founded in Cleveland in 1936 when the team was playing in the newly formed American Football League ( AFL ) . The franchise joined the National Football League ( NFL ) the following year . In 1943 operations were suspended due a depleted player roster due to World War II , and play resumed the following year . The Rams were the only team to suspend completely in 1943 . The franchise has changed home cities three times : moving to Los Angeles in 1946 , moving to St. Louis in 1995 , and returning to Los Angeles in 2016 . The franchise has had three periods of success in their history . The first period of came as the Cleveland Rams in NFL when they won the NFL Championship . This period continued until the 1950s as the Los Angeles Rams with them making the playoffs a further five times . The second period of success lasted over 20 years between 1966-1989 where the Rams made the playoffs 16 times and captured ten NFC Division titles including a then-record run of seven in a row from the 1973 season through the 1979 seasons ( the New England Patriots broke the record with nine straight AFC East division titles from the 2009 season through the 2017 season ) . However , this period of success was marred by the fact that the franchise did not win the Super Bowl and only one Conference Championship .'}]}, {'value': '1952-1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Giants_seasons', 'summary': "The New York Giants are an American football team based in East Rutherford , New Jersey . They are a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) and play in the NFL 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In 95 completed seasons , the franchise has won eight NFL championships , including four Super Bowl victories . The Giants have won more than 600 games and appeared in the NFL playoffs 32 times . Though the Giants play home games in East Rutherford , they draw fans from throughout the New York metropolitan area . In 2010 , the team began playing in MetLife Stadium , formerly New Meadowlands Stadium . After Tim Mara paid $ 500 for the franchise , the Giants joined the NFL in the 1925 season and won their first championship two years later . In 1934 , the team won its second title , defeating the Chicago Bears in the NFL Championship Game . The Giants won another championship four years later , and made four appearances in the NFL Championship Game from 1939 to 1946 , losing each time . New York won its fourth NFL title in 1956 , with a 47-7 win over the Bears in the championship game . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants reached the NFL Championship Game five times , but were defeated on each occasion . Following the 1963 season , the franchise did not return to the playoffs until 1981 , only finishing .500 or better five times during the postseason drought ."}]}, {'value': '1959-1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the leagues four championships . While the National Football League ( NFL ) does not recognize the Browns AAFC championships , the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the teams championships , which is reflected in this list . When the AAFC folded in 1949 , the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s , and won one more NFL championship in 1964 . The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however . Overall , the team has won eight championships : four in the AAFC , and four in the NFL . In 1995 , then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland , Ohio to Baltimore , Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the teams history , name and colors in Cleveland , while Modells new team would be regarded as an expansion team . The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996 , and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record-keeping purposes , the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , which is reflected in this list . In 2017 , the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history to suffer an 0-16 record .'}]}, {'value': '1995 , 1999-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_England_Patriots_seasons', 'summary': "The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston town of Foxborough , Massachusetts . They play in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . Originally called the Boston Patriots , the team was founded as one of eight charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 under the ownership of Billy Sullivan . The team became part of the NFL when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The following year , they moved from Boston to nearby Foxborough , and changed their name to the New England Patriots . The modern NFL championship game , the Super Bowl , was founded in the 1966 season ; the first four were contested between the champions of the AFL and the NFL . After the merger , the Super Bowl became the united league 's championship . The Patriots made the 1963 AFL Championship Game , but struggled severely in the early years of the united league , not making the postseason until 1976 . After a few good seasons including a Super Bowl appearance against a champion Bears outfit , the Patriots reached a nadir between 1989 and 1993 when they won only 19 of 80 games . Since Bill Belichick was hired as the team 's head coach in 2000 , the Patriots have played their way to first or second in the AFC East every year except Belichick 's first season , with both second-place finishes caused by tiebreakers . Over that time , they have won six Super Bowls , nine AFC Championship Games , and sixteen AFC East titles , while amassing a regular season record of 237-82 . The team 's quarterback over that same period , Tom Brady , has been awarded the NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) three times , and the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player four times ; he is one of only five players named Super Bowl MVP more than once , and the only one named 4 times ."}]}, {'value': '1964-1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Kansas_City_Chiefs_seasons', 'summary': "The Kansas City Chiefs have completed 59 seasons in professional American football and 49 with the National Football League ( NFL ) . This article documents the season-by-season records of the Chiefs franchise from 1960 to the conclusion of their most recent season in 2018 , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The team began play as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 as the Dallas Texans . Following the 1962 AFL season , the team relocated to Kansas City , Missouri and was renamed the Kansas City Chiefs . The team has played in 900 total games in a total of 59 seasons , and a winning percentage of .521 . The teams three 13-win seasons in 1995 , 1997 , and 2003 remain their best regular season records to date and their 2-14 record in 2008 and 2012 is the Chiefs worst . The Texans/Chiefs were the winningest team in the history of the AFL , compiling an 87-48 record from 1960 to 1969 . The team won three league championships and served as the AFLs representative in Super Bowls I and IV in 1966 and 1969 . Since the franchises alignment to the NFL in 1970 , the team has won eleven division championships including three straight and eight wild card playoff berths , seven of which were between 1990 and 1997 when the team never lost as many games as it won . Despite the franchises early success , the Chiefs did not win a post-season game between the 1993-94 and 2015-16 playoffs , and their victory on January 11 , 1970 was the franchises first Super Bowl title , with their most recent one being February 2 , 2020 . It had been a long drought between AFC Championship games , with their next appearance in the 2018-19 playoffs . The Chiefs ' first home AFC Championship game ended in an overtime defeat as the New England Patriots moved on to win a record-tying sixth Super Bowl ring ."}]}, {'value': '1970-1990 1994-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_San_Francisco_49ers_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the San Francisco 49ers , an American football franchise representing the San Francisco Bay Area . The 49ers are members of the West division in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the 49ers ' franchise from 1946 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The San Francisco 49ers began play in 1946 as charter members of the All-America Football Conference . When the 49ers joined the NFL after the AAFC-NFL merger in 1950 , they never won a division or conference title , and only finished as high as second once from 1950-1969 . After winning three consecutive division titles from 1970-1972 , they would return to losing in 1973 and achieved only one winning season for the rest of the decade . Another playoff drought lasted from 2003-2010 , a stretch of eight non-winning seasons . This drought came to an end when the 49ers won their division with a 13-3 record in 2011 ; they earned three straight berths in the NFC Championship Game ."}]}, {'value': '1950-1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Bears_seasons', 'summary': "The Chicago Bears franchise was founded as the Decatur Staleys , a charter member of the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) . The team moved to Chicago , Illinois , in 1921 and changed its name to the Bears in 1922 , the same year the APFA changed its name to the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1920 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Chicago Bears have played over 1,000 games in their history , and have had eight NFL Championships victories and one Super Bowl win . The Bears ' nine championships are the second most by any team in NFL history . The franchise has captured 18 NFL divisional titles and four NFL conference championships . The Bears have also recorded more regular season victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise has experienced three major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1932 to 1946 when the Bears won six NFL Championships . In this period the Bears participated in the first National Football League playoff game , the first NFL Championship Game , and become the American football sports dynasty of the 1940s . The Bears played in four straight NFL Championship Games between 1940 and 1943 , winning three of them , including an NFL record 73-0 victory over the Washington Redskins in 1940 . The second period of success was between 1984 and 1991 when the Bears captured six NFC Central Division titles in eight years and won Super Bowl XX ."}]}, {'value': '1964-1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Seattle_Seahawks_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a compilation of the list of seasons completed by the Seattle Seahawks American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Seahawks ' franchise from 1976 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . As of the end of the 2018 NFL season , the Seahawks have 23 winning seasons , 17 losing seasons , and 4 seasons where they finished 8-8 . With a 35-6 Week 14 win over the Baltimore Ravens on December 13 during the 2015 season , not only did the Seahawks improved to 8-5 at that point in the season , but the Seahawks ' all-time franchise regular season win-loss record improved to 313-312-0 ; this marked the first time ever in team history that the Seahawks have had an overall winning regular season win-loss record ( a win-loss record above .500 ) . Since re-joining the National Football Conference in 2002 , the Seahawks have compiled a record of 156-115-1 ( as of the end of the 2018 season ) . Also since then , the Seahawks have had only four losing seasons ( all between 2008 and 2011 ) , although their 2010 team won the Western division title , despite finishing with a 7-9 record . Counting their inaugural 1976 season , where they finished 2-12 , Seattle 's overall record as an NFC franchise is 158-127-1 . The Seahawks are the one of four North American men 's professional sports teams that have played in Seattle with an all-time winning record , after the Seattle Metropolitans ( the first American team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917 , folded in 1924 ) , the Seattle SuperSonics ( who relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder in the summer of 2008 ) , and the Seattle Sounders FC ( established in 2007 as an expansion franchise , currently active ) . Therefore , the Seahawks are currently one of two active North American men 's professional sports team located in Seattle with an overall winning record . On October 23 , 2016 , the Seahawks played the Arizona Cardinals at University of Phoenix Stadium and the game ended in a 6-6 tie after OT , which was the first time this ever happened in franchise history ."}]}, {'value': '1985-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Dolphins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Miami_Dolphins_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL , from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL-NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league , playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6 . Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons , in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL . Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995 . After Shula retired in 1995 , the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt , but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times , reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since , and during the mid-2000s , briefly intensified the Dolphins-Patriots rivalry , when Nick Saban , a former Bill Belichick assistant was hired as the Dolphins head coach in 2005 and when he nearly signed quarterback Drew Brees with the Dolphins the following year . In 2007 , if not for their overtime victory over the Baltimore Ravens , would 've suffered an imperfect season , a year before the Detroit Lions became the first team to go winless since the NFL expanded to a 16-game schedule . That same season , the Dolphins became the first team in NFL history to win their division following a 1-15 season , and as of 2018 , marked the last non-Patriot division title in the AFC East . For complete team history , see History of the Miami Dolphins ."}]}, {'value': '2001-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Eagles_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Philadelphia Eagles , a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles are a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division in the National Football League ( NFL ) . This article documents the season-by-season records of the Eagles franchise from 1933 to present , including postseason records , as well as league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Philadelphia Eagles won their 500th game on Sunday , October 26 , 2009 over the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 27-14 . They were the seventh NFL team to accomplish this feat and the first since the San Francisco 49ers defeated the St. Louis Rams in Week 16 of the 2005 NFL season . They are also the first team in the NFC East to accomplish this feat since the Washington Redskins defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 8 of the 2000 NFL season . As of 2019 , the Eagles have never lost a game to the New York Jets ( 12-0 ) or the Houston Texans ( 5-0 ) . The Eagles have won four league titles . Three of these were won prior to the start of the Super Bowl era ( in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 ) . The fourth and most recent championship was won in Super Bowl LII .'}]}, {'value': '1961-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Denver_Broncos_seasons', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are an American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . Founded by Bob Howsam on August 14 , 1959 , the team was one of the founder members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , which began in 1960 , before merging with the National Football League ( NFL ) ahead of the 1970 season , when the Broncos became part of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division ; they have been in the same division ever since . As of the end of the 2019 season , Denver has completed 60 seasons ( playing in over 950 combined regular season and playoff games ) , and has appeared in eight Super Bowls ; although they lost in each of their first four Super Bowl appearances , they have since won three of them , including Super Bowl 50 . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1976 to 1981 , when the Broncos did not have a losing season ( a season when the team has more losses than wins ) , and won two AFC West division titles , and one AFC championship . The second began in 1983 and ended in 1998 . During this period , the Broncos had just two losing seasons , were AFC champions five times and were Super Bowl champions for two consecutive years . This second period of success is best remembered for John Elway being the team 's quarterback . The most recent run of success began in 2011 , lasting until their victory in Super Bowl 50 at the end of the 2015 season . The five-year stretch was primarily spearheaded by the 2012 free agent acquisition of the then four-time League MVP former Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning , and included five AFC West titles , two AFC championships , as well as the Super Bowl . From their inaugural season in 1960 until 1975 , they did not make either the AFL playoffs or NFL playoffs and had just two winning seasons . The Broncos were the only charter AFL franchise to never have a winning season during the AFL 's 10 years of existence ( although the team finished at 7-7 in 1962 ) , with their first winning season not occurring until 1973 , their fourth year as a member of the NFL 's AFC ."}]}, {'value': '1960-1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Buccaneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , an American football franchise based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers are members of the South division in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' franchise from 1976 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Buccaneers first joined the NFL in 1976 as members of the AFC West . The following year , they moved to the NFC Central . The Tampa Bay expansion franchise was originally awarded to Tom McCloskey , a construction company owner from Philadelphia . It soon became apparent that McCloskey had financial problems , so the NFL found a replacement in Hugh Culverhouse . They were purchased by Malcolm Glazer in 1995 for $ 192 million , following Culverhouse 's death . The front office staff of the team includes Bryan Glazer , Edward Glazer , and Joel Glazer . The Buccaneers ' only Super Bowl championship was won in Super Bowl XXXVII , at the conclusion of the 2002 season . This was the teams ' only Super Bowl appearance , having reached the NFC conference championship on two other occasions . The Buccaneers have been divisional champions six times , three of them in the NFC Central and the other three in NFC South ."}]}, {'value': '1980-1996 2003-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts_10', 'intro': "This is a list of current National Football League (NFL) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts (multiple consecutive seasons of not winning). Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system. As of the 2018 NFL season, every active NFL team has qualified for and won a game in the playoffs. Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play. Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl, four (4) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself (Bengals, Panthers, Jaguars, and the Texans). The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played. The seven (7) other clubs (Cardinals, Lions, Oilers/Titans, Chargers, Browns, Bills, and Vikings) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL-NFL merger; in the case of the Vikings, however, the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title, leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them. The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals, at 72 seasons. Note that for continuity purposes, the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996, 1997, and 1998 seasons. Since returning 21 years ago, they have only made the playoffs once, while the Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996. The Ravens, as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, absorbed the Browns' personnel upon their suspension, but not their history."} | null | null | What division is the team in that went 18 seasons without winning a playoff game ? | NFC East |
071ae2dd61ab8a94 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_22)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 22)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'September 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Moyer , Jerry Ferrara , and Rachel Zoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Moyer', 'summary': "Stephen Moyer ( born Stephen John Emery ; 11 October 1969 ) is an English film and television actor and director who is best known as vampire Bill Compton in the HBO series True Blood . He was born in Brentwood , Essex and attended St Martin 's , a comprehensive school in Hutton , Essex . His first television role was in 1993 as Philip Masefield in the TV adaptation of the play Conjugal Rites , written by actor/playwright Roger Hall . This was followed by the television film Lord of Misrule , filmed in Fowey , Cornwall , which also featured Richard Wilson , Emily Mortimer and Prunella Scales . In 1997 , Moyer made his big-screen debut landing the lead role in the film adaptation of the long-running comic strip Prince Valiant by Hal Foster , working alongside Ron Perlman and Katherine Heigl . From 2 October 2017 , he starred as Reed Strucker , the lead role in Fox series The Gifted . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Ferrara', 'summary': 'Jerry Charles Ferrara ( born November 25 , 1979 ) is an American actor , known for his role as Turtle on the HBO comedy series Entourage , and starred on the STARZ drama series Power as Joe Proctor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Zoe', 'summary': 'Rachel Zoe Rosenzweig ( born September 1 , 1971 ) is an American fashion designer , businesswoman , and writer . She has been involved in the fashion industry for nearly two decades . From 2008 until 2013 , Zoe starred in the Bravo reality television series The Rachel Zoe Project .'}]}, {'value': 'September 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Queen Latifah and AnnaLynne McCord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Latifah', 'summary': "Dana Elaine Owens ( born March 18 , 1970 ) , known professionally as Queen Latifah , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , actress , and producer . Born in Newark , New Jersey , she signed with Tommy Boy Records in 1989 and released her debut album All Hail the Queen on November 28 , 1989 , featuring the hit single Ladies First . Nature of a Sista ' ( 1991 ) was her second and final album with Tommy Boy Records . Latifah starred as Khadijah James on the FOX sitcom Living Single from 1993 to 1998 . Her third album , Black Reign ( 1993 ) , spawned the single U.N.I.T.Y. , which , being a large influence on women , won a Grammy Award and peaked at # 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 . She then starred in the lead role of Set It Off ( 1996 ) and released her fourth album , Order in the Court , on June 16 , 1998 , with Motown Records . Latifah gained mainstream success and acclaim with her performance in the film Chicago ( 2002 ) , receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Latifah released her fifth album The Dana Owens Album in 2004 . In 2007 and 2009 , she released two more studio albums - Trav'lin ' Light and Persona . She created the daytime talk show The Queen Latifah Show , which ran from late 2013 to early 2015 on CBS . She has appeared in a number of films , such as Bringing Down the House ( 2003 ) , Taxi ( 2004 ) , Barbershop 2 : Back in Business ( 2005 ) , Beauty Shop ( 2005 ) , Last Holiday ( 2006 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Joyful Noise ( 2012 ) , 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) and Girls Trip ( 2017 ) . Latifah received critical acclaim for her portrayal of blues singer Bessie Smith in the HBO film Bessie ( 2015 ) , which she co-produced , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/AnnaLynne_McCord', 'summary': "AnnaLynne McCord ( born July 16 , 1987 ) is an American actress , activist and model . Known for playing vixen-type roles , McCord first gained prominence in 2007 as the scheming Eden Lord on the FX television series Nip/Tuck , and as the pampered Loren Wakefield on the MyNetworkTV telenovela American Heiress . In 2008 , she was cast in The CW series 90210 , portraying antiheroine Naomi Clark . Initially , the part of Clark was conceived as a supporting role . However , by the end of the first season , media outlets had begun referring to McCord as the series ' lead . For the role of Naomi Clark , she was nominated for a Teen Choice Award and received the Hollywood Life Young Hollywood Superstar of Tomorrow award in 2009 . In 2010 , she won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in the category of Breakthrough Standout Performance . Apart from acting , she has also contributed to charities in her free time . In 2009 , she was labeled by the Look to the Stars organization as one of the strongest young female philanthropists standing up in Hollywood and fighting for the charities she believes in . In 2011 , she was nominated for VH1 's Do Something Award in the category of TV Star . Her turn as a disturbed and delusional teenager in the 2012 film Excision was widely acclaimed . For her role in Excision , McCord won Best Actress at the Malaga International Week of Fantastic Cinema in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyler Perry and Michael Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Perry', 'summary': "Tyler Perry ( born Emmitt Perry Jr. ; September 13 , 1969 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , comedian and director . In 2011 , Forbes listed him as the highest paid man in entertainment , earning US $ 130 million between May 2010 and May 2011 . Perry created and performs the Madea character , a tough elderly black woman . Perry 's films vary in style from orthodox filmmaking techniques to filmed productions of live stage plays . Many of Perry 's stage-play films have been subsequently adapted as films . Perry wrote and produced many stage plays during the 1990s and early 2000s . Perry has developed several television series , most notably Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , which ran for eight seasons on TBS from June 21 , 2006 , to August 10 , 2012 . On October 2 , 2012 , Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network . The partnership was largely for the sake of bringing scripted television to OWN , based on Perry 's previous success in this area . Perry has created multiple scripted series for the network , The Haves and the Have Nots being its most successful . The Haves and the Have Nots has given OWN its highest ratings to date as of 2014 , with the series also referred to as one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , and manipulations . Perry has additionally acted in films not directed or produced by himself , including as Admiral Barnett in Star Trek ( 2009 ) , the titular character in Alex Cross ( 2012 ) , Tanner Bolt in Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , Baxter Stockman in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) and Colin Powell in Vice ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Douglas', 'summary': "Michael Kirk Douglas ( born September 25 , 1944 ) is an American actor and producer . He has received numerous accolades , including two Academy Awards , five Golden Globe Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the AFI Life Achievement Award . The elder son of Kirk Douglas and Diana Dill , Douglas received his Bachelor of Arts in Drama from the University of California , Santa Barbara . His early acting roles included film , stage , and television productions . Douglas first achieved prominence for his performance in the ABC police procedural television series The Streets of San Francisco , for which he received three consecutive Emmy Award nominations . In 1975 , Douglas produced One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , having acquired the rights to the Ken Kesey novel from his father . The film received critical and popular acclaim , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture , earning Douglas his first Oscar as one of the film 's producers . After leaving The Streets of San Francisco in 1976 , Douglas went on to produce films including The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) and Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) . He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy for Romancing the Stone , in which he also starred , thus reintroducing himself to audiences as a capable leading man . After reprising his Romancing the Stone role as Jack Colton in the 1985 sequel The Jewel of the Nile , which he also produced , and along with appearing in the musical A Chorus Line ( 1985 ) and the psychological thriller Fatal Attraction ( 1987 ) , Douglas received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Gordon Gekko in Oliver Stone 's Wall Street ( 1987 ) , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor . He reprised the role in the sequel Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) . His subsequent film roles included : Black Rain ( 1989 ) ; The War of the Roses ( 1989 ) ; Basic Instinct ( 1992 ) ; Falling Down ( 1993 ) ; The American President ( 1995 ) ; The Game ( 1997 ) ; Traffic and Wonder Boys ( both 2000 ) ; Solitary Man ( 2009 ) ; Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'September 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Bateman , Amber Tamblyn , and Smokey Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Bateman', 'summary': 'Jason Kent Bateman ( born January 14 , 1969 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He began acting on television in the early 1980s on Little House on the Prairie , Silver Spoons , and The Hogan Family . In the 2000s , he became known for his role of Michael Bluth using deadpan comedy in the sitcom Arrested Development , for which he won a Golden Globe and a Satellite Award . He has also starred in the films Teen Wolf Too ( 1987 ) , The Break-Up ( 2006 ) , Juno ( 2007 ) , Hancock ( 2008 ) , Up in the Air , Couples Retreat , Extract ( all 2009 ) , The Switch ( 2010 ) , Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) and its sequel ( 2014 ) , The Gift ( 2015 ) , Office Christmas Party , Zootopia ( both 2016 ) and Game Night ( 2018 ) . Bateman made his directorial debut with the black comedy Bad Words ( 2013 ) , in which he also starred . He has since directed and starred in The Family Fang ( 2015 ) and the Netflix crime drama series Ozark ( 2017-present ) . Bateman was awarded the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series in 2019 for his directing of Ozark and has won a Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn', 'summary': 'Amber Rose Tamblyn ( born May 14 , 1983 ) is an American actress , writer , and director . She first came to national attention in her role on the soap opera General Hospital as Emily Quartermaine , followed by a starring role on the prime-time series Joan of Arcadia , portraying the title character , Joan Girardi , for which she received Primetime Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . Her feature film work includes roles such as Tibby Rollins from the first two The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants films ( 2005-2008 ) , as well as Katie Embry in The Ring ( 2002 ) , Aubrey Davis in The Grudge 2 ( 2006 ) and Megan McBride in 127 Hours ( 2010 ) ; she had an extended arc as Martha M. Masters in the medical drama series House . She also had a starring role as Jenny on seasons eleven and twelve of the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Smokey_Robinson', 'summary': "William Smokey Robinson Jr. ( born February 19 , 1940 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and former record executive . Robinson was the founder and frontman of the Motown vocal group the Miracles , for which he was also chief songwriter and producer . Robinson led the group from its 1955 origins as the Five Chimes until 1972 , when he announced a retirement from the group to focus on his role as Motown 's vice president . However , Robinson returned to the music industry as a solo artist the following year . Following the sale of Motown Records in 1988 , Robinson left the company in 1990 . Robinson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 , and was awarded the 2016 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for his lifetime contributions to popular music ."}]}, {'value': 'September 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Chace Crawford , Michael Strahan , Kim Clijsters , and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chace_Crawford', 'summary': "Chace Crawford ( born July 18 , 1985 ) is an American actor , known for his portrayal of Nate Archibald on The CW 's teen drama series Gossip Girl . He is also known for starring in the films The Covenant ( 2006 ) , The Haunting of Molly Hartley ( 2008 ) , Twelve ( 2010 ) , and What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) . In 2015 , he portrayed Billy LeFever in ABC 's short-lived drama series Blood & Oil . In 2019 , he appeared as a member of the main cast of the Amazon Prime Video original series , The Boys , is based on the comic book series of the same name , portraying the Deep ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Strahan', 'summary': "Michael Anthony Strahan ( /ˈstreɪhæn/ ; born November 21 , 1971 ) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end and spent his entire 15-year career with the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Strahan set a record for the most sacks in a season in 2001 , and helped the Giants win Super Bowl XLII over the New England Patriots in his final season in 2007 . After retiring from the NFL , he became a media personality . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014 . Strahan is a football analyst on Fox NFL Sunday , and co-host of ABC 's Good Morning America and its spinoff Strahan , Sara and Keke . He co-hosted the syndicated daytime talk show Live ! with Kelly and Michael with Kelly Ripa from 2012 to 2016 , for which he won two Daytime Emmy Awards . In 2014 , he became a regular contributor on Good Morning America , and in 2016 the network announced that Strahan would be leaving Live ! to join GMA full-time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Clijsters', 'summary': "Kim Antonie Lode Clijsters ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kɪm ˈklɛistərs ] ( listen ) ; born 8 June 1983 ) is a Belgian professional tennis player . Clijsters has been a world No . 1 in both singles and doubles , having held both rankings simultaneously in 2003 . She has won a total of six Grand Slam tournament titles , four in singles and two in doubles . Clijsters has competed professionally from 1997 in an era in which her primary rivals were compatriot Justine Henin and 23-time Grand Slam singles champion Serena Williams . Coming from a country with limited success in men 's or women 's tennis , Clijsters became the first Belgian player to attain the No . 1 ranking . Together with Henin , she established Belgium as a leading force in women 's tennis as the two of them led their country to their first Fed Cup crown in 2001 and were the top two players in the world in late 2003 . Individually , Clijsters has won 41 singles titles and 11 doubles titles on the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) Tour . She was a three-time winner of the WTA Tour Championships . Between singles and doubles , she has been a champion at all four Grand Slam tournaments , winning the US Open and the Australian Open in singles and Wimbledon and the French Open in doubles with Ai Sugiyama . Her success at majors has been highlighted by winning three consecutive appearances at the US Open ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Eckhart , Laura Leighton , and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart', 'summary': "Aaron Edward Eckhart ( born March 12 , 1968 ) is an American actor . Born in Cupertino , California , Eckhart moved to England at age 13 , when his father relocated the family . Several years later , he began his acting career by performing in school plays , before moving to Australia for his high school senior year . He left high school without graduating , but earned a diploma through an adult education course , and graduated from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in New York City as a struggling , unemployed actor . As an undergraduate at BYU , Eckhart met director and writer Neil LaBute , who cast him in several of his own original plays . Five years later Eckhart made a debut as an unctuous , sociopathic ladies ' man in LaBute 's black comedy film In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) . Under LaBute 's guidance he worked in the director 's films Your Friends & Neighbors ( 1998 ) , Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) , and Possession ( 2002 ) . Eckhart gained wide recognition as George in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and , in 2006 , he received a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of Nick Naylor in Thank You for Smoking . Another mainstream breakout occurred in 2008 when he starred in the blockbuster Batman film The Dark Knight as District Attorney Harvey Dent . Other key roles include The Pledge ( 2001 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Paycheck ( 2003 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) , Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) , Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) and its sequel London Has Fallen ( 2016 ) , I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) , and Sully ( 2016 ) , Midway ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_Leighton', 'summary': "Laura Diane Leighton ( born July 24 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She is best known for the role of Sydney Andrews on the television series Melrose Place ( 1993-1997 ) and its remake ( 2009-2010 ) and for Ashley Marin on Freeform 's series Pretty Little Liars ( 2010-2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Megan Fox , Serena Williams , and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megan_Fox', 'summary': "Megan Denise Fox ( born May 16 , 1986 ) is an American actress and model . She began her acting career in 2001 , with several minor television and film roles , and played a regular role on the Hope & Faith television sitcom . In 2004 , she made her film debut with a role in the teen comedy Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen . In 2007 , she co-starred as Mikaela Banes , the love interest of Shia LaBeouf 's character , in the blockbuster action film Transformers , which became her breakout role . Fox reprised her role in the 2009 sequel , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . Later in 2009 , she starred in the black comedy horror film Jennifer 's Body . In 2014 , Fox starred as April O'Neil in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and reprised the role in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) . Fox is considered a sex symbol and has appeared in magazines such as Maxim , Rolling Stone , and FHM ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Serena_Williams', 'summary': "Serena Jameka Williams ( born September 26 , 1981 ) is an American professional tennis player and former world No . 1 . She has won 23 major singles titles , the most by any man or woman in the Open Era . The Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) ranked her world No . 1 in singles on eight separate occasions between 2002 and 2017 . She reached the No . 1 ranking for the first time on July 8 , 2002 . On her sixth occasion , she held the ranking for 186 consecutive weeks , tying the record set by Steffi Graf . In total , she has been No . 1 for 319 weeks , which ranks third in the Open Era among female players behind Graf and Martina Navratilova . Williams holds the most Grand Slam titles in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles combined among active players . Her 39 Grand Slam titles put her joint-third on the all-time list and second in the Open Era : 23 in singles , 14 in women 's doubles , and two in mixed doubles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Quaid , 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Quaid', 'summary': 'Dennis William Quaid ( born April 9 , 1954 ) is an American actor known for a wide variety of dramatic and comedic roles . First gaining widespread attention in the 1980s , some of his notable credits include Breaking Away ( 1979 ) , The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) , The Big Easy ( 1986 ) , Innerspace ( 1987 ) , Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) , Dragonheart ( 1996 ) , The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) , Frequency ( 2000 ) , Traffic ( 2000 ) , The Rookie ( 2002 ) , The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Vantage Point ( 2008 ) , Footloose ( 2011 ) , Soul Surfer ( 2011 ) , and The Intruder ( 2019 ) . For his role in Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) , he won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor among other accolades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Cup Series is the top racing series of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) . The series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Division , and from 1950 to 1970 it was known as the Grand National Division . In 1971 , when the series began leasing its naming rights to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company , it was referred to as the NASCAR Winston Cup Series ( 1971-2003 ) . A similar deal was made with Nextel in 2003 , and it became the NASCAR Nextel Cup Series ( 2004-2007 ) . Sprint acquired Nextel in 2005 , and in 2008 the series was renamed the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series ( 2008-2016 ) . In December 2016 , it was announced that Monster Energy would become the new title sponsor and the series was renamed the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 2017-2019 ) . In 2019 , NASCAR rejected Monster 's offer to extend the current naming rights deal beyond the end of the season . NASCAR subsequently announced its move to a new tiered sponsorship model beginning with the 2020 season similar to other US based professional sports leagues , where it was simply known as the NASCAR Cup Series . The four Premier Partners are Busch Beer , Coca-Cola , GEICO , and Xfinity . The championship is determined by a points system , with points being awarded according to finish placement and number of laps led . The season is divided into two segments . After the first 26 races , 16 drivers , selected primarily on the basis of wins during the first 26 races , are seeded based on their total number of wins ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & David Duchovny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Duchovny', 'summary': 'David William Duchovny /dʊˈkʌvni/ ( born August 7 , 1960 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , director , novelist , and singer-songwriter . He is known for playing FBI agent Fox Mulder on the television series The X-Files and writer Hank Moody on the television series Californication , both of which have earned him Golden Globe awards . Duchovny appeared in both X-Files films , the 1998 science fiction-thriller of the same name and the supernatural-thriller The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) . He executive-produced and starred in the historically based cop drama Aquarius ( 2015-16 ) . Duchovny earned a A.B . in English literature from Princeton University , and an M.A . in English literature from Yale University , and has since published three books , Holy Cow : A Modern-Day Dairy Tale ( 2015 ) , Bucky F*cking Dent ( 2016 ) and Miss Subways ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': "America 's Got Talent winner Kevin Skinner , Ricky Gervais , and Guinness World Record Breaker Week", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/America's_Got_Talent", 'summary': "America 's Got Talent ( often abbreviated as AGT ) is a televised American talent show competition , and is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell . The program is produced by Fremantle USA and Syco Entertainment , distributed by the former , and broadcast on the NBC television network , premiering on June 21 , 2006 , after plans for a British edition in 2005 were suspended following a dispute within the British broadcaster ITV ; production would later resume in 2007 . Each season is mainly run during the network 's summer schedule , and has featured various hosts over the course of the program 's history ; the current host is Terry Crews . The program attracts a variety of participants , from across the United States and abroad , to take part and who possess some form of talents , with acts ranging from singing , dancing , comedy , magic , stunts , variety , and other genres . Each participant who auditions attempts to secure a place in the live episodes of a season by impressing a panel of judges - the current line-up consists of Cowell , and Howie Mandel with two new judges to be announced for the upcoming season . Those that make it into the live episodes compete against each other for both the judges ' and public 's vote in order to reach the live final , where the winner receives a large cash prize , primarily paid over a period of time , and , since the third season , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Since its premiere , America 's Got Talent has helped to unearth new talent and kickstart/boost the careers of various performers who took part in the competition , while the show itself has been a rating success for NBC , drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season . In 2013 , a book titled Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent was released , providing a description of the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show , along with detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons , up to the date of the book 's publication . The program has run for a total of fourteen seasons , and spawned a spin-off competition titled America 's Got Talent : The Champions , consisting of notable contestants from the U.S. and other international versions of the franchise , which premiered on NBC on January 7 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Skinner', 'summary': "Patrick Kevin Skinner ( born February 25 , 1974 ) is an American country music singer from the Jackson Purchase region of Kentucky . He is the winner of the fourth season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Gervais', 'summary': "Ricky Dene Gervais ( /dʒərˈveɪz/ jer-VAYS ; born 25 June 1961 ) is an English stand-up comedian , actor , writer , film producer , director , and musician . He is perhaps best known for co-creating , writing , and acting in the British television series The Office ( 2001-2003 ) . He has won seven BAFTA Awards , five British Comedy Awards , two Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and the Rose d'Or twice ( 2006 and 2019 ) , as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination . In 2007 , he was placed at No . 11 on Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups and at No . 3 on the updated 2010 list . In 2010 , he was named on the Time 100 list of the world 's most influential people . Gervais initially worked in the music industry , attempting a career as a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing and working as the manager of the then unknown band Suede before turning to comedy . Gervais appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000 , garnering a reputation as a blunt and often controversial social critic . In 2000 , he was given a Channel 4 spoof talk show , Meet Ricky Gervais . He achieved greater mainstream fame the following year with his BBC television mock documentary series The Office . It was followed by Extras in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Julianna Margulies and David Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julianna_Margulies', 'summary': "Julianna Luisa Margulies ( /ˈmɑːrɡjʊliːs/ ; born June 8 , 1966 ) is an American actress and producer . After several small television roles , Margulies achieved wide recognition for her role as Carol Hathaway on NBC 's long-running medical drama ER , for which she won an Emmy Award . She also voiced Neera in Dinosaur ( 2000 ) and appeared in the miniseries The Mists of Avalon ( 2001 ) . In 2009 , she took on the lead role of Alicia Florrick in the American legal drama The Good Wife on CBS . Her performance garnered acclaim : she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series twice , a Golden Globe , and a Television Critics Association Award . In 2018 , Margulies had a co-starring role as Kitty Montgomery in the AMC dark comedy series Dietland . Margulies has won eight Screen Actor Guild Awards , making her the second most awarded woman ever within SAG after Julia Louis-Dreyfus . In 2015 , Time magazine featured her as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World . She has been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Gray_(musician)', 'summary': 'David Gray ( born 13 June 1968 ) is a British singer-songwriter . He released his first album in 1993 and received worldwide attention after the release of White Ladder six years later . It was the first of three UK chart-toppers in six years for Gray , of which the latter two also made the Top 17 in the United States . White Ladder became the fifth best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK . It is ranked the tenth best-selling album of the 21st century in the United Kingdom . Gray has been nominated for four Brit Awards - twice for Best British Male .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Slater and LL Cool J', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Slater', 'summary': "Christian Michael Leonard Slater ( born August 18 , 1969 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and producer . He made his film debut with a leading role in The Legend of Billie Jean ( 1985 ) and gained wider recognition for his breakthrough role as Jason J.D . Dean , a sociopathic high school student , in the satire Heathers ( 1988 ) . He has received critical acclaim for his title-role in the USA Network television series Mr . Robot ( 2015-2019 ) , for which he earned the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2016 , with additional nominations in 2017 and 2018 . Born in New York City to a theatrical family , Slater made his television debut at the age of eight on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live . He attended the Dalton School , the Professional Children 's School , and the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts . In the 1990s , Slater starred in a number of big-budget films , including Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) , Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , FernGully : The Last Rainforest ( 1992 ) , Broken Arrow ( 1996 ) , and Hard Rain ( 1998 ) as well as cult films like Pump Up the Volume ( 1990 ) and True Romance ( 1993 ) . Since 2000 , Slater has combined work in film and television including roles in Bobby ( 2006 ) , Breaking In ( 2011 ) , Nymphomaniac ( 2013 ) , The Wife ( 2017 ) , and The Public ( 2018 ) . He has also done voice-work and theatrical roles during the same time period ."}, {'url': '/wiki/LL_Cool_J', 'summary': "James Todd Smith ( born January 14 , 1968 ) , known professionally as LL Cool J ( short for Ladies Love Cool James ) , is an American rapper , record producer , actor , author and entrepreneur from Queens , New York . With the breakthrough success of his hit single I Need a Beat and the Radio LP , LL Cool J became an early hip-hop act to achieve mainstream success along with Kurtis Blow and Run-D.M.C . LL Cool J has released 13 studio albums and two greatest hits compilations . His twelfth album Exit 13 ( 2008 ) , was his last for his long-tenured deal with Def Jam Recordings . LL Cool J appeared in numerous films , including In Too Deep , Any Given Sunday , S.W.A.T. , Deep Blue Sea , Mindhunters , and Edison . He currently plays NCIS Special Agent Sam Hanna in the CBS crime drama television series NCIS : Los Angeles . LL Cool J also is the host of Lip Sync Battle on Paramount Network . A two-time Grammy Award winner , LL Cool J is known for such hip hop hits as Going Back to Cali , I 'm Bad , The Boomin ' System , Rock the Bells and Mama Said Knock You Out , as well as R & B hits such as Doin ' It , I Need Love , All I Have , Around the Way Girl and Hey Lover . In 2010 , VH1 placed him on their 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time list . In 2017 , LL Cool J became the first rapper to receive the Kennedy Center Honors ."}]}, {'value': 'September 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Clive Owen and Melina Kanakaredes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clive_Owen', 'summary': 'Clive Owen ( born 3 October 1964 ) is an English actor . He first gained recognition in the United Kingdom for playing the lead role in the ITV series Chancer from 1990 to 1991 . He received critical acclaim for his work in the film Close My Eyes ( 1991 ) before earning international attention for his performance as a struggling writer in Croupier ( 1998 ) . In 2005 , he won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the drama Closer ( 2004 ) . Owen has played leading roles in films such as Sin City ( 2005 ) , Derailed ( 2005 ) , Inside Man ( 2006 ) , Children of Men ( 2006 ) , and The International ( 2009 ) . In 2012 , he earned his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his role in Hemingway & Gellhorn . He played Dr. John W. Thackery on the Cinemax medical drama series The Knick , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Melina_Kanakaredes', 'summary': 'Melina Eleni Kanakaredes Constantinides ( Greek : Μελίνα Ελένη Κανακαρίδη Κωνσταντινίδη ; born April 23 , 1967 ) is an American actress . She is widely known for her roles in U.S. primetime television dramas as Dr. Sydney Hansen in Providence ( 1999-2002 ) and as Detective Stella Bonasera in CSI : NY ( 2004-2010 ) , and on the American daytime television drama series Guiding Light as Eleni Andros Cooper ( 1991-1995 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'September 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurence Fishburne and Whitney Port', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne', 'summary': "Laurence John Fishburne III ( born July 30 , 1961 ) is an American actor , playwright , producer , screenwriter , and film director . He is known for playing Morpheus in The Matrix trilogy , Jason Furious Styles in the 1991 drama film Boyz n the Hood , Tyrone Mr. Clean Miller in the 1979 war film Apocalypse Now , and most recently The Bowery King in the John Wick film series . For his portrayal of Ike Turner in What 's Love Got to Do With It , Fishburne was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . He won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in Two Trains Running ( 1992 ) , and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for his performance in TriBeCa ( 1993 ) . Fishburne became the first African American to portray Othello in a motion picture by a major studio when he appeared in Oliver Parker 's 1995 film adaptation of the Shakespeare play . Fishburne starred in several cult classics , including Deep Cover and King of New York . From 2008 to 2011 , he starred as Dr. Raymond Langston on the CBS crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and from 2013 to 2015 starred as Special Agent Jack Crawford in the NBC thriller series Hannibal . In 2013 , he portrayed Perry White in the Zack Snyder-directed Superman reboot Man of Steel and in 2016 reprised his role in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice as part of the DC Extended Universe . Fishburne played Bill Foster in the film Ant-Man and the Wasp , released in 2018 as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Port', 'summary': "Whitney Eve Port ( born March 4 , 1985 ) is an American television personality , fashion designer , and author . Born and raised in Los Angeles , California , she attended Crossroads School in Santa Monica as a teenager . In 2006 , Port came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series The Hills , which chronicled the personal and professional lives of Port and friends Lauren Conrad , Heidi Montag , and Audrina Patridge . During its production , she held positions with Teen Vogue and Kelly Cutrone 's People 's Revolution . After moving to New York City to begin employment with Diane von Fürstenberg in 2008 , Port was commissioned to star in her own spin-off series The City , which originally documented the lives of Port and companions Jay Lyon , Olivia Palermo , and Adam Senn . After undergoing several casting adjustments and receiving underwhelming ratings , the series was canceled in 2010 , after airing two seasons . Port launched her fashion line Whitney Eve in 2009 . In 2012 , she served as a judge on the eighth cycle of Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model ."}]}, {'value': 'September 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Jeff Probst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Probst', 'summary': 'Jeff Probst ( born November 4 , 1961 ) is an American game show host and an executive producer . He is best known as the Emmy Award-winning host of the U.S. version of the reality television show Survivor . He was also the host of The Jeff Probst Show , a syndicated daytime talk show produced by CBS Television Distribution from September 2012 to May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jude Law , John Krasinski , and Jo Frost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jude_Law', 'summary': "David Jude Heyworth Law ( born 29 December 1972 ) is an English actor . He has received multiple award nominations including for two Academy Awards , four Golden Globes Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two British Academy Film Awards . In 2007 , he received an Honorary César and was named a knight of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government , in recognition of his contribution to World Cinema Arts . Born and raised in London , Law started acting in theatre . After finding small roles in feature films , Law gained recognition for his role in Anthony Minghella 's The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award . He found further critical and commercial success in Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) , Steven Spielberg 's A.I . Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) and Sam Mendes ' Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) . He gave an acclaimed performance in the war film Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) , earning him Academy Award , Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations . Law went on to star in several commercially unsuccessful films , including Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( 2004 ) and Alfie ( 2004 ) . He then starred in romantic comedies Closer ( 2004 ) and The Holiday ( 2006 ) which were well-received . He also portrayed Dr. Watson in Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) and Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) . In the 2010s , Law appeared in Repo Men ( 2010 ) and had supporting roles in Contagion ( 2011 ) and the 3D film Hugo ( 2011 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Krasinski', 'summary': "John Burke Krasinski ( /krəˈzɪnski/ ; born October 20 , 1979 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Besides appearing in and making feature films , he is best known for his role as Jim Halpert on the NBC sitcom The Office . He also served as a producer and occasional director of the series throughout its nine-season run . Educated in theatre arts at Brown University and the National Theater Institute , Krasinski is the recipient of a number of accolades , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations and two Screen Actors Guild Awards . Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018 . His film credits include License to Wed ( 2007 ) , Leatherheads ( 2008 ) , Away We Go ( 2009 ) , It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) , Something Borrowed ( 2011 ) , Big Miracle ( 2012 ) , Promised Land ( 2012 ) , Aloha ( 2015 ) , and 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi ( 2016 ) . Krasinski directed and starred in the drama Brief Interviews with Hideous Men ( 2009 ) and the comedy-drama film The Hollars ( 2016 ) . In 2018 , Krasinski co-wrote , directed , and starred in the critically and commercially acclaimed horror film A Quiet Place . That year , he began portraying the title character in the Amazon thriller series Jack Ryan , which he also produced . He was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the Screen Actors Guild Awards for his role . In addition to acting in television series and films , Krasinski has performed voice-over work in both animated and documentary films such as Monsters University and a small role in Shrek the Third . He established a production company , Sunday Night Productions , in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jo_Frost', 'summary': 'Joanne Frost ( born 27 June 1970 or 27 June 1971 ) ( sources differ ) is an English television personality , nanny and author . She is best known for the reality television programme Supernanny UK , in which she was the central figure . The show first aired in the United Kingdom in 2004 and she has branched off into several other reality shows in the United Kingdom , United States and the Netherlands . Family S.O.S . with Jo Frost addressed issues such as addiction and abuse . Family Matters is a talk show . She has written six books on child care .'}]}, {'value': 'September 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Eli Manning and 2009 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eli_Manning', 'summary': "Elisha Nelson Manning IV ( born January 3 , 1981 ) is a former American football quarterback who played his entire 16-year career for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at the University of Mississippi from 2000 to 2003 . He was drafted as the first overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers and was immediately traded to the Giants who in return gave up a package , highlighted by fourth overall selection Philip Rivers . Manning is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Peyton Manning . Manning holds Giants franchise records for most passing yards , touchdown passes , and completed passes in a career . In 2012 , in a 41-34 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , he threw for 510 yards , three yards short of Phil Simms ' franchise record of 513 . Manning showed durability throughout his career . He started 210 straight games from 2004 to 2017 , the third-longest consecutive starts streak by a quarterback in NFL history , and never missed a game due to an injury . He is the seventh all-time leader in passing yards and eighth in touchdowns . Though lacking his brother 's regular season consistency and high-caliber performances , Manning is known for his two improbable Super Bowl-winning postseason runs in 2007 and 2011 , in which he led underdog Giants squads to Super Bowl victories against the New England Patriots in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI . Manning was named Most Valuable Player in both Super Bowls , becoming one of five players to have multiple Super Bowl MVP awards ( Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw also have two , Joe Montana - three , and Tom Brady - four ) ."}]}, {'value': 'September 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Patricia Heaton and 2009 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Heaton', 'summary': "Patricia Helen Heaton ( born March 4 , 1958 ) is an American actress and comedian . She is known for her starring role as Debra Barone in the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond ( 1996-2005 ) and as Frances Frankie Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle ( 2009-2018 ) . Since 2019 , Heaton stars as Dr. Carol Kenney in the CBS sitcom Carol 's Second Act . Heaton is a three-time Emmy Award winner - twice winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for Everybody Loves Raymond , and a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Culinary Program as host of Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015-2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'September 30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelsey Grammer and 2009 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelsey_Grammer', 'summary': 'Allen Kelsey Grammer ( born February 21 , 1955 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian , singer , producer , director , writer and activist , best known for his two-decade-long portrayal of psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane on the NBC sitcoms Cheers and Frasier . He also produced the sitcom Girlfriends , which aired on UPN and The CW . Grammer has won five Primetime Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , one Daytime Emmy Award and one Tony Award ; additionally , he has also worked as a television producer , director , and writer .'}]}], 'section_title': 'September 2009', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_22)_0', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 22nd season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."} | null | null | What comedy sitcom did the guest who appeared on September 29 appear on ? | Everybody Loves Raymond |
071ca7a5b8321051 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1984 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1984 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchises 19th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season saw Atlanta attempting to improve on its previous record of 7-9 from 1983 . The Falcons would split their first six games , but then suffer a franchise-record 9-game losing streak to knock the team down to 3-12 . The Falcons would win their finale against the Philadelphia Eagles and finish the season 4-12 , their worst record since 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'David Archer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Archer_(quarterback)', 'summary': 'David Mark Archer ( born February 15 , 1962 ) is a former professional American football player . A 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) undrafted quarterback from Iowa State University , Archer played six seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1984 to 1989 for the Atlanta Falcons , Washington Redskins , San Diego Chargers , and Philadelphia Eagles .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Iowa State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Iowa_State_Cyclones_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . They played their home games at Cyclone Stadium in Ames , Iowa . They participated as members of the Big Eight Conference . The team was coached by head coach Jim Criner .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1984 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchises 19th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season saw Atlanta attempting to improve on its previous record of 7-9 from 1983 . The Falcons would split their first six games , but then suffer a franchise-record 9-game losing streak to knock the team down to 3-12 . The Falcons would win their finale against the Philadelphia Eagles and finish the season 4-12 , their worst record since 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Landrum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Landrum', 'summary': 'Mike Landrum ( born November 6 , 1961 ) is a former American football tight end . He played for the Atlanta Falcons in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Miss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles_football', 'summary': 'The Southern Miss Golden Eagles football program represents the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg , Mississippi . They play college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . The Eagles are members of Conference USA and play their home games at M. M. Roberts Stadium in Hattiesburg , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Dallas Cowboys season was the team 's 25th in the National Football League . The Cowboys finished the season with a record of nine wins and seven losses , and missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 years . A division record of 3-5 caused them to finish fourth in the NFC East , despite equaling the overall records of the New York Giants and St. Louis Cardinals . A loss to the winless Buffalo Bills in week 12 cost the team a critical win . Nonetheless , the Cowboys had a 9-5 record and would have made the playoffs had they won one of their two remaining games , and would have won the division had they won both games . The team gave up a 15-point lead against the Washington Redskins in week 15 , and then lost to the Miami Dolphins by one touchdown ( surrendered with less than a minute to play ) in the final week of the season . The season was overshadowed by a quarterback controversy between Danny White and Gary Hogeboom , with Hogeboom getting the majority of the starts ."}]}, {'value': 'Vince Albritton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vince_Albritton', 'summary': 'Vince Denader Albritton ( born July 23 , 1962 ) is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at the University of Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Washington_Huskies_football_team', 'summary': "The 1983 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its ninth season under head coach Don James , the team was 8-3 in the regular season ( 5-2 in the Pacific-10 Conference , second ) , and outscored its opponents 285 to 178 . The Huskies shut out USC 24-0 to improve to 8-2 , were ranked fifteenth in the AP poll , with the inside track to the Rose Bowl . They dropped their final two games , the Apple Cup in Seattle , and the Aloha Bowl to Penn State . Senior quarterback Steve Pelluer was selected as the team 's most valuable player . Pelluer , Dean Browning , Stewart Hill , and Rick Mallory were the team captains ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Dallas Cowboys season was the team 's 25th in the National Football League . The Cowboys finished the season with a record of nine wins and seven losses , and missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 years . A division record of 3-5 caused them to finish fourth in the NFC East , despite equaling the overall records of the New York Giants and St. Louis Cardinals . A loss to the winless Buffalo Bills in week 12 cost the team a critical win . Nonetheless , the Cowboys had a 9-5 record and would have made the playoffs had they won one of their two remaining games , and would have won the division had they won both games . The team gave up a 15-point lead against the Washington Redskins in week 15 , and then lost to the Miami Dolphins by one touchdown ( surrendered with less than a minute to play ) in the final week of the season . The season was overshadowed by a quarterback controversy between Danny White and Gary Hogeboom , with Hogeboom getting the majority of the starts ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Howard', 'summary': 'Carl Delano Howard , Jr. ( born September 20 , 1961 ) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and New York Jets . He played college football at Rutgers University .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team', 'summary': "The 1983 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their 11th and final season under head coach Frank R. Burns , the Scarlet Knights compiled a 3-8 record while competing as an independent and were outscored by their opponents 258 to 195 . The team 's statistical leaders included Jacque LaPrarie with 1,275 passing yards , Albert Smith with 572 rushing yards , and Andrew Baker with 857 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Dallas Cowboys season was the team 's 25th in the National Football League . The Cowboys finished the season with a record of nine wins and seven losses , and missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 years . A division record of 3-5 caused them to finish fourth in the NFC East , despite equaling the overall records of the New York Giants and St. Louis Cardinals . A loss to the winless Buffalo Bills in week 12 cost the team a critical win . Nonetheless , the Cowboys had a 9-5 record and would have made the playoffs had they won one of their two remaining games , and would have won the division had they won both games . The team gave up a 15-point lead against the Washington Redskins in week 15 , and then lost to the Miami Dolphins by one touchdown ( surrendered with less than a minute to play ) in the final week of the season . The season was overshadowed by a quarterback controversy between Danny White and Gary Hogeboom , with Hogeboom getting the majority of the starts ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmie Turner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmie_Turner', 'summary': 'James Turner ( born February 16 , 1962 ) is a former American football Linebacker in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at Presbyterian College .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Presbyterian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Blue_Hose_football', 'summary': "The Presbyterian Blue Hose football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Presbyterian College located in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Big South Conference . Presbyterian 's first football team was fielded in 1913 . The team plays its home games at the 6,500 seat Bailey Memorial Stadium in Clinton , South Carolina . The Blue Hose are coached by Tommy Spangler , who is in the first season of his second stint leading the team after being hired on November 22 , 2016 . Spangler was previously head coach from 2001-2006 . The Blue Hose Football program will be transitioning to the Pioneer Football League in 2021 , at that point they will no longer be offering scholarships to their football student athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'SAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Atlantic_Conference', 'summary': "The South Atlantic Conference ( SAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the southeastern United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . The SAC was founded in 1975 as a football-only conference and became an all-sports conference beginning with the 1989-90 season . The league currently sponsors 10 sports for men ( football , cross country , soccer , basketball , wrestling , baseball , lacrosse , outdoor track & field , tennis , golf ) and 10 sports for women ( volleyball , cross country , field hockey , soccer , basketball , lacrosse , outdoor track & field , softball , tennis , and golf ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 25th year in professional football and its 15th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team finished with its then franchise best record of thirteen wins and three losses and were champions of the AFC West . The season ended in a heartbreaking Divisional Playoff loss against the Pittsburgh Steelers . This would be the final season for Tight End coach Fran Polsfoot , who died in April 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Norman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Norman_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Chris Cooper Norman ( born May 25 , 1962 in Albany , Georgia ) is a former punter in National Football League . He played his entire 3-year career for the Denver Broncos .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina as an independent team in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Gamecocks would finish the season 5-6 overall .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 25th year in professional football and its 15th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team finished with its then franchise best record of thirteen wins and three losses and were champions of the AFC West . The season ended in a heartbreaking Divisional Playoff loss against the Pittsburgh Steelers . This would be the final season for Tight End coach Fran Polsfoot , who died in April 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Stankavage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Stankavage', 'summary': 'Scott Stankavage ( born July 5 , 1962 ) is a retired American football quarterback . He played his college football at North Carolina and his professional career for the Denver Broncos and Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Tar Heels were led by sixth-year head coach Dick Crum and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference , finishing in second .'}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Detroit_Lions_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Detroit Lions season was their 55th in the National Football League . The team failed to improve upon their previous season 's output of 9-7 , winning only four games . The team missed the playoffs for the first time in three seasons . In a Lions season littered with numerous key injuries , the most painful was star running back Billy Sims suffering a career-ending knee injury in a game against the Minnesota Vikings during the season . In just five seasons in the NFL since joining Detroit in 1980 , Sims had set the Lions career rushing mark at 5,106 ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Bland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Bland', 'summary': 'Carl Bland ( born August 17 , 1961 in Fluvanna County , Virginia ) is a former wide receiver in the NFL . He played for the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers . He also played two seasons with the Calgary Stampeders , where he won a Grey Cup in 1992 . After NFL'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Union_Panthers_football', 'summary': 'The Virginia Union Panthers are the athletic teams that represent Virginia Union University , located in Richmond , Virginia , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Panthers compete as members of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association for all 13 varsity sports . Virginia Union has been a member of the conference since 1912 .'}]}, {'value': 'CIAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': 'The Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( CIAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference , mostly consisting of historically black colleges and universities . CIAA institutions are affiliated at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Conference members are primarily located in North Carolina ( eight ) and Virginia ( two ) . There is one school in Maryland , Pennsylvania and South Carolina respectively . Because a majority of the members are in North Carolina , the CIAA moved its headquarters to Charlotte , North Carolina from Hampton , Virginia in August 2015 . The CIAA sponsors 16 annual championships and is divided into Northern and Southern divisions for some sports . The most notable CIAA sponsored championship is the CIAA Basketball Tournament held annually in Charlotte , North Carolina which has become one of the largest college basketball events in the nation .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': 'The 1984 Green Bay Packers season was their 66th season overall and their 64th in the National Football League . The team finshed with an 8-8 record under new coach Forrest Gregg , earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Del Greco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Del_Greco', 'summary': "Albert Louis Al Del Greco ( born March 2 , 1962 ) is a former American football placekicker and a current sports radio personality . After eight years as golf coach at Spain Park High School coach in Hoover , Alabama , Del Greco was named the head coach of the men 's golf team at Samford University on May 2 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Auburn_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . Coached by Pat Dye , the team finished the season with an 11-1 record and won their first Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) title since 1957 . The team was named national champion by NCAA-designated major selectors of Billingsley , College Football Researchers Association , and The New York Times , while named co-national champion by both Rothman and Sagarin .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': 'The 1984 Green Bay Packers season was their 66th season overall and their 64th in the National Football League . The team finshed with an 8-8 record under new coach Forrest Gregg , earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division .'}]}, {'value': 'Ed West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_West_(American_football)', 'summary': "Edward Lee West , III ( born August 2 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Toolbox , is a former professional American football player . A 6 ' 1 , 243-pound tight end from Auburn University , West was never drafted by a National Football League ( NFL ) team but played in over 200 NFL games in 14 seasons from 1984 to 1997 for the Green Bay Packers , Philadelphia Eagles , and Atlanta Falcons ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Auburn_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . Coached by Pat Dye , the team finished the season with an 11-1 record and won their first Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) title since 1957 . The team was named national champion by NCAA-designated major selectors of Billingsley , College Football Researchers Association , and The New York Times , while named co-national champion by both Rothman and Sagarin .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Houston Oilers season was the 25th season overall and 15th with the league . The team improved upon their previous season 's output of 2-14 , winning three games , but failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season . With hopes of improving the offense the Oilers won the bidding war to sign CFL star Quarterback Warren Moon . However , with Earl Campbell in full decline , the Oilers decided to trade him to the Saints after a 1-5 start . The move would leave a gaping hole at running back , but it was the defense that was a greater weak spot as the Oilers finished with a 3-13 record , allowing 457 points on the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen Lyday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Lyday', 'summary': 'Allen Clark Lyday ( born September 16 , 1960 ) is a former American football defensive back who played for the Houston Oilers of the National Football League . Following his graduation from Wichita South High School in Wichita , Kansas , Lyday first enrolled at Texas Southern University before transferring to the University of Nebraska .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_back', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , defensive backs ( DBs ) are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage ; they are distinguished from the defensive line players and linebackers , who take positions directly behind or close to the line of scrimmage . The defensive backs , in turn , generally are classified into several different specialized positions :'}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Tom Osborne and played their home games in Memorial Stadium in Lincoln , Nebraska . Nicknamed The Scoring Explosion , the team was noted for its prolific offense , which is still widely considered one of the greatest in college football history . The team and some of its individual players set several NCAA statistical records , some of which still stand . Nebraska scored a total of 654 points on the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Indianapolis_Colts_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Indianapolis Colts season was the 32nd season for the team in the National Football League ( NFL ) and first in Indianapolis , as they relocated from Baltimore after the 1983 NFL season . The Colts finished the year with a record of 4 wins and 12 losses , and fourth in the AFC East division . In their inaugural game in Indianapolis , they lost 23-14 to the New York Jets and did not win their first game at Indianapolis until week 5 , when they defeated the Buffalo Bills 31-17 . The Colts would lose five games in a row ( including another one to the Bills , who started the season 0-11 and finished 2-14 ) to end the season and miss the playoffs for the 7th straight season . The Colts ' 2,107 passing yards and 4,132 total yards gained on offense were the fewest in the league in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean Biasucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Biasucci', 'summary': 'Dean Biasucci ( born July 25 , 1962 ) is a former placekicker in the National Football League ( NFL ) who played for the Indianapolis Colts and the St. Louis Rams . Biasucci played college football for the Western Carolina Catamounts , and was a member of the team that reached the 1983 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game . Professionally , Biasucci is the third all-time leading scorer for the Colts , collecting 783 points from 1984 to 1994 . Biasucci became an actor after his retirement , portraying himself in Jerry Maguire and receiving roles in other smaller movies such as New Alcatraz . He also had small guest appearances on ER and The West Wing . Biasucci was also a charter guest during an episode of the Bravo network reality show Below Deck Mediterranean .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Carolina_Catamounts_football', 'summary': "The Western Carolina Catamounts football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Western Carolina University located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Southern Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1931 . The team plays its home games at the 13,742 seat Bob Waters Field at E. J. Whitmire Stadium . They are coached by Mark Speir ."}]}, {'value': 'SoCon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise 's 15th season in the National Football League , the 23rd as the Kansas City Chiefs , and the 25th overall . Pro Bowl safety Gary Barbaro became the most notable Chiefs player to defect to the rival United States Football League , signing with the New Jersey Generals on February 2 after sitting out the entire 1983 campaign due to a contract dispute . Barbaro 's departure and the trade of cornerback Gary Green began a youth movement that produced the most vaunted secondary in team history . Cornerbacks Kevin Ross and Albert Lewis , and safeties Deron Cherry and Lloyd Burruss accounted for a combined 13 Pro Bowl appearances for the Chiefs in the years to come . All-America defensive tackle Bill Maas and offensive tackle John Alt were both selected in the first round of the 1984 NFL Draft . Maas was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year , while Alt eventually became the cornerstone of the club 's offensive line later in the decade . Kansas City 's defense registered a team-record 11.0 sacks in a 10-6 win against Cleveland on September 30 , coming one sack shy of the NFL single-game record . Quarterback Bill Kenney suffered a broken thumb during the preseason and was sidelined until the season 's seventh week . Second-year backup Quarterback Todd Blackledge opened the first six contests of the season and had the club at 3-3 . Kenney returned to the starting lineup against the New York Jets on October 21 , but inconsistency marked the rest of the season as the club dropped four of first five contests after his return . However , the team rattled off three consecutive wins to conclude the year at 8-8 . The Chiefs were also involved in infamy during the November 4th game against the Seattle Seahawks , in which the Chiefs QBs threw six interceptions , four of which were returned for touchdowns in a 45-0 loss ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Bracken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Bracken', 'summary': 'Donald Craig Don Bracken ( February 16 , 1962 - October 29 , 2014 ) was an American football punter . After playing high school football in Thermopolis , Wyoming , Bracken played college football for the University of Michigan from 1980 to 1983 . As a freshman , he set a Rose Bowl record that is still unbroken with a 73-yard punt in the 1981 Rose Bowl . Bracken played professional football in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Green Bay Packers ( 1985-1990 ) and Los Angeles Rams ( 1992-1993 ) . In 1987 , he ranked third in the NFL in both number of punts ( 72 ) and punting yardage ( 2,947 ) . In eight NFL seasons , Bracken appeared in 99 NFL games and punted 461 times for 18,375 yards , an average of 39.9 yards per punt .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team', 'summary': "The 1983 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the 1983 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 15th season under head coach Bo Schembechler , the Wolverines compiled a 9-3 record ( 8-1 against conference opponents ) , lost to Auburn in the 1984 Sugar Bowl , and outscored all opponents by a total of 355 to 160 . The team 's statistical leaders included tailback Rick Rogers with 1,002 rushing yards , quarterback Steve Smith with 1,420 passing yards and 2,087 yards of total offense , Sim Nelson with 494 receiving yards , and placekicker Bob Bergeron with 76 points scored . Steve Smith was selected as the most valuable player on the Michigan team . Two Michigan offensive linemen , guard Stefan Humphries and center Tom Dixon , received first-team All-America honors . Six Michigan players ( Humphries , Dixon , defensive linemen Al Sincich and Kevin Brooks , defensive back Evan Cooper , and placekicker Bob Bergeron ) received first-team honors on the 1983 All-Big Ten Conference football team ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise 's 15th season in the National Football League , the 23rd as the Kansas City Chiefs , and the 25th overall . Pro Bowl safety Gary Barbaro became the most notable Chiefs player to defect to the rival United States Football League , signing with the New Jersey Generals on February 2 after sitting out the entire 1983 campaign due to a contract dispute . Barbaro 's departure and the trade of cornerback Gary Green began a youth movement that produced the most vaunted secondary in team history . Cornerbacks Kevin Ross and Albert Lewis , and safeties Deron Cherry and Lloyd Burruss accounted for a combined 13 Pro Bowl appearances for the Chiefs in the years to come . All-America defensive tackle Bill Maas and offensive tackle John Alt were both selected in the first round of the 1984 NFL Draft . Maas was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year , while Alt eventually became the cornerstone of the club 's offensive line later in the decade . Kansas City 's defense registered a team-record 11.0 sacks in a 10-6 win against Cleveland on September 30 , coming one sack shy of the NFL single-game record . Quarterback Bill Kenney suffered a broken thumb during the preseason and was sidelined until the season 's seventh week . Second-year backup Quarterback Todd Blackledge opened the first six contests of the season and had the club at 3-3 . Kenney returned to the starting lineup against the New York Jets on October 21 , but inconsistency marked the rest of the season as the club dropped four of first five contests after his return . However , the team rattled off three consecutive wins to conclude the year at 8-8 . The Chiefs were also involved in infamy during the November 4th game against the Seattle Seahawks , in which the Chiefs QBs threw six interceptions , four of which were returned for touchdowns in a 45-0 loss ."}]}, {'value': 'David Little', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Little_(tight_end)', 'summary': 'David Gene Little ( born April 18 , 1961 in Selma , California ) is a former professional American football tight end in the National Football League for eight seasons for four teams . He played college football at Middle Tennessee State University . He can bench 450 lbs .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle Tennessee State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_football', 'summary': 'Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football program represents Middle Tennessee State University in the sport of American football . The Blue Raiders compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of Conference USA ( CUSA ) . They are coached by Rick Stockstill , who started in 2006 . Middle Tennessee has appeared in twelve bowl games and seven I-AA playoffs . The Blue Raiders play their home games at the Johnny Red Floyd Stadium which has a seating capacity of 30,788 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Los Angeles Rams season was the franchise 's 47th season in the National Football League , their 48th overall , and their 39th in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The Rams looked to improve on their 9-7 record from 1983 and make the playoffs for the second consecutive season and 10th in the last 12 . They improved on their record by one game , going 10-6 , good enough for second place in the NFC West behind the 15-1 San Francisco 49ers . In the playoffs , the Rams lost a low-scoring game to the New York Giants at home , 16-13 . During this season , second-year running back Eric Dickerson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a season , with 2,105 yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Shawn Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Miller_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Shawn Vernon Miller ( born March 14 , 1961 in Ogden , Utah ) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League . He was signed by the Los Angeles Rams as an undrafted free agent in 1984 . He played college football at Utah State .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_football', 'summary': "The Utah State Aggies are a college football team that competes in the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of NCAA Division I , representing Utah State University . The Utah State college football program began in 1892 and has played home games at Merlin Olsen Field at Maverik Stadium since 1968 . They have won twelve conference championships in four different conferences during their history , most recently in 2012 . Overall , the Aggies have a record of 540-540-31 ( .500 ) . In December 2012 , Matt Wells , previously the offensive coordinator , became the Aggies ' new head coach , replacing Gary Andersen . Andersen left the Aggies shortly after the final game of the 2012 season to become the new head coach for the University of Wisconsin . Andersen had replaced Brent Guy following the unsuccessful 2008 season . The Aggies have played in 14 bowl games in their history , winning five : the 2018 New Mexico Bowl against the North Texas Mean Green , the 2014 New Mexico Bowl against the UTEP Miners , the 2013 Poinsettia Bowl against the Northern Illinois Huskies , the 2012 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl against the Toledo Rockets and the 1993 Las Vegas Bowl against Ball State ."}]}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1984 Los Angeles Rams season was the franchise 's 47th season in the National Football League , their 48th overall , and their 39th in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The Rams looked to improve on their 9-7 record from 1983 and make the playoffs for the second consecutive season and 10th in the last 12 . They improved on their record by one game , going 10-6 , good enough for second place in the NFC West behind the 15-1 San Francisco 49ers . In the playoffs , the Rams lost a low-scoring game to the New York Giants at home , 16-13 . During this season , second-year running back Eric Dickerson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a season , with 2,105 yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Tinsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Tinsley', 'summary': 'Scott Tinsley ( born November 14 , 1959 ) is a former American football quarterback who played for one season in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1987 . He was signed by the Los Angeles Rams as an undrafted free agent in 1984 . He played college football at USC .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_USC_Trojans_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first year under head coach Ted Tollner , the Trojans compiled a 4-6-1 record ( 5-2 against conference opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 238 to 210 . Quarterback Sean Salisbury led the team in passing , completing 142 of 248 passes for 1,882 yards with ten touchdowns and nine interceptions . Michael Harper led the team in rushing with 151 carries for 685 yards and six touchdowns . Timmie Ware led the team in receiving yards with 23 catches for 481 yards and five touchdowns .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1984 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 60th season in the National Football League . With a 9-7 record , the Giants finished in a tie for second in the National Football Conference East Division and qualified for the playoffs . In the Wild Card round , New York traveled to Anaheim Stadium and defeated the Los Angeles Rams 16-13 to advance to the Divisional round . Instead of traveling across the country back to New York , the Giants spent the week in Fresno , California . They used the facilities at Fresno State to prepare for the San Francisco 49ers . However , the Giants lost to the 49ers 21-10 ."}]}, {'value': 'Phil McConkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_McConkey', 'summary': 'Philip Joseph McConkey ( born February 24 , 1957 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the New York Giants ( 1984-1988 ) , Green Bay Packers ( 1986 ) , Phoenix Cardinals ( 1989 ) , and San Diego Chargers ( 1989 ) of the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Naval Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1983 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . Navy competed as an independent with no conference affiliation . The team was led by second-year head coach Gary Tranquill .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( I-A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I-A_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1984 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 60th season in the National Football League . With a 9-7 record , the Giants finished in a tie for second in the National Football Conference East Division and qualified for the playoffs . In the Wild Card round , New York traveled to Anaheim Stadium and defeated the Los Angeles Rams 16-13 to advance to the Divisional round . Instead of traveling across the country back to New York , the Giants spent the week in Fresno , California . They used the facilities at Fresno State to prepare for the San Francisco 49ers . However , the Giants lost to the 49ers 21-10 ."}]}, {'value': 'Elvis Patterson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvis_Patterson', 'summary': 'Elvis Vernell Toast Patterson ( born October 21 , 1960 ) is a former American football defensive back who played in the National Football League for the New York Giants , San Diego Chargers , Los Angeles Raiders and Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at the University of Kansas .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team', 'summary': "The 1983 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first season under head coach Mike Gottfried , the Jayhawks compiled a 4-6-1 record ( 2-5 against conference opponents ) , finished in seventh place in the conference , and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 320 to 296 . They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence , Kansas . The Jayhawks upset 10th ranked USC in Los Angeles 26-20 in their only game against USC in school history . The team 's statistical leaders included Frank Seurer with 2,789 passing yards , Kerwin Bell with 498 rushing yards , and Bob Johnson with 1,154 receiving yards . Seurer , Mike Arbanas , Paul Fairchild , E. J. Jones , and Eddie Simmons were the team captains ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Philadelphia_Eagles_season', 'summary': 'The 1984 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 52nd in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved upon their previous output of 5-11 , winning six games . Despite the improvement , the team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third straight season . Whatever outside chance the Birds had to make the playoffs was sunk on November 25 at St. Louis , when starting quarterback Ron Jaworski suffered a broken leg and missed the remainder of the season . It was the most serious injury the Polish Rifle ever suffered in his long career . Joe Pisarcik took over under center for the final three-plus games .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Reichenbach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Reichenbach', 'summary': 'Jon Michael Reichenbach ( born September 14 , 1961 in Fort Meade , Maryland ) is a former American football linebacker who played eight seasons in the National Football League , mainly with the Philadelphia Eagles .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'East Stroudsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_Warriors_football', 'summary': 'The East Stroudsburg Warriors are the athletic teams that represent East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania , located in East Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Warriors are members of the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ( PSAC ) for all eighteen varsity sports and have been members of the PSAC since its foundation in 1951 .'}]}, {'value': 'PSAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ( PSAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference that participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . The conference is currently composed of 17 full-time members within Pennsylvania and 1 in West Virginia . The conference headquarters are located in Lock Haven , Pennsylvania and staffed by a commissioner , two assistant commissioners , and a director of media relations .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Philadelphia_Eagles_season', 'summary': 'The 1984 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 52nd in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved upon their previous output of 5-11 , winning six games . Despite the improvement , the team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third straight season . Whatever outside chance the Birds had to make the playoffs was sunk on November 25 at St. Louis , when starting quarterback Ron Jaworski suffered a broken leg and missed the remainder of the season . It was the most serious injury the Polish Rifle ever suffered in his long career . Joe Pisarcik took over under center for the final three-plus games .'}]}, {'value': 'Andre Waters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Waters', 'summary': "Andre Maurice Waters ( March 10 , 1962 - November 20 , 2006 ) was an American football safety who played for the Philadelphia Eagles and Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1984 to 1995 . Waters was regarded as one of the NFL 's hardest-hitting defenders , serving as an integral part of one of the league 's top defenses . On November 20 , 2006 , Waters died by suicide in his Tampa , Florida home ."}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheyney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheyney_Wolves_football', 'summary': "The Cheyney Wolves are the athletic sports teams for Cheyney University . They compete as an independent and formerly played in the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ( PSAC ) . Women 's sports include basketball , cheerleading and volleyball . Basketball is the only men 's sport the university currently offers as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'PSAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ( PSAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference that participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . The conference is currently composed of 17 full-time members within Pennsylvania and 1 in West Virginia . The conference headquarters are located in Lock Haven , Pennsylvania and staffed by a commissioner , two assistant commissioners , and a director of media relations .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 3 ]', 'uid': '1984_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1984 NFL Draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held May 1-2, 1984, at the Omni Park Central Hotel in New York City, New York. No teams elected to claim any players in the regular supplemental draft that year. The NFL did have a special supplemental draft for college seniors who had already signed with the USFL or CFL on June 5, 1984. The 1984 draft was the first in ten years in which a quarterback was not selected in the first round; the first quarterback selected in 1984 was Boomer Esiason, who was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round, with the 38th overall pick.'} | null | null | What is the middle name of the player drafted by the Denver Broncos out of South Carolina in the 1984 NFL Draft ? | Cooper |
071ef8671825694e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_players', 'title': 'List of Washington Redskins players', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'College', 'GP', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ted Vactor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Vactor', 'summary': "Theodore Francis Vactor ( born May 27 , 1944 ) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and Chicago Bears . He played college football at the University of Nebraska . Vactor is credited with blocking the Miami Dolphins ' Garo Yepremian 's late field goal attempt in Super Bowl VII that led to the bizarre fumble-return touchdown by the Washington Redskins ' Mike Bass . Vactor rushed from the left side and blocked the kick ; the kick was not actually blocked by defensive lineman Bill Brundige . Vactor also served as the head football coach at the University of the District of Columbia from 1977 to 1982 where he compiled an overall record of 24-31-1 . He resigned his position as the Firebirds ' head coach in 1983 to become an assistant coach with the Washington Federals of the United States Football League . In 1999 , Vactor was inducted to the Washington-Greene County Chapter of the Pennsylvania Hall of Fame and in 2000 he was inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969-73', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Vanderbeek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Vanderbeek', 'summary': 'Matthew James Vanderbeek ( born August 16 , 1967 ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Indianapolis Colts , Minnesota Vikings , Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins . He played college football at Michigan State University .'}]}, {'value': 'DE / LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_University', 'summary': "Michigan State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in East Lansing , Michigan . MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862 . The university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , one of the country 's first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture . After the introduction of the Morrill Act , the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture . Today , MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States ( in terms of enrollment ) and has approximately 634,300 living alumni worldwide . U.S. News & World Report ranks its graduate programs the best in the U.S. in elementary teacher 's education , secondary teacher 's education , industrial and organizational psychology , rehabilitation counseling , African history ( tied ) , supply chain logistics and nuclear physics in 2019 . MSU pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , supply chain management , and communication sciences . Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities , an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America . The university 's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , the Abrams Planetarium , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum , the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams , and the country 's largest residence hall system . The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference . Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 and 2014 , and a total of six national championships . Spartans men 's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four eight times since the 1998-1999 season , including in 2019 with a victory over Duke ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-96', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarence Vaughn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Vaughn', 'summary': 'Clarence Vaughn ( born July 17 , 1964 ) is a former American football safety in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University', 'summary': "Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) is a public research university in DeKalb , Illinois . It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22 , 1895 , by Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld as part of an expansion of the state 's system for producing college-educated teachers . In addition to the main campus in DeKalb , it has satellite centers in Chicago , Hoffman Estates , Naperville , Rockford , and Oregon The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni . Many of NIU 's programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . NIU is one of only three public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports , Division I . The university 's athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarence Verdin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Verdin', 'summary': 'Clarence Verdin ( born June 14 , 1963 ) is a former American football wide receiver and kick returner in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins , Indianapolis Colts and Atlanta Falcons . He also was a member of the Houston Gamblers in the United States Football League and the BC Lions in the Canadian Football League . He played college football at the University of Southwestern Louisiana'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana-Lafayette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette', 'summary': "The University of Louisiana at Lafayette ( UL Lafayette , University of Louisiana , or UL ) is a public research university in Lafayette , Louisiana . It has the largest enrollment within the nine-campus University of Louisiana System and has the second largest enrollment in Louisiana . Founded in 1898 as an industrial school , the institution developed into a four-year university during the twentieth century and became known by its present name in 1999 . It offers Louisiana 's only Ph.D. in francophone studies , Louisiana 's only master 's of informatics , and Louisiana 's only industrial design degree . The university has achieved several milestones in computer science , engineering and architecture . It is also home to a distinct College of the Arts ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-87', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Vereb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Vereb', 'summary': "Edward John Vereb ( May 21 , 1934 - December 18 , 2014 ) was an American football halfback in the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) with the BC Lions and the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Maryland and was drafted in the first round of the 1956 NFL Draft . He played 4 seasons with the B.C . Lions , being named an all-star in 1956 . In 1961 , the BC Lions hired Vereb as its backfield coach . He died from complications of Alzheimer 's disease in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park', 'summary': "The University of Maryland , College Park ( University of Maryland , UMD , or simply Maryland ) is a public research university in College Park , Maryland . Founded in 1856 , UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland . It is also the largest university in both the state and the Washington metropolitan area , with more than 41,000 students representing all fifty states and 123 countries , and a global alumni network of over 360,000 . Its twelve schools and colleges together offer over 200 degree-granting programs , including 92 undergraduate majors , 107 master 's programs , and 83 doctoral programs . UMD is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Maryland 's proximity to the nation 's capital has resulted in many research partnerships with the federal government ; faculty receive research funding and institutional support from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , the Food and Drug Administration , and the Department of Homeland Security . It is classified as a first tier research university by the Carnegie Foundation , and is labeled a Public Ivy , denoting a quality of education comparable to the private Ivy League . UMD is ranked among the top 100 universities both nationally and globally by several indices . In 2016 , the University of Maryland , College Park and the University of Maryland , Baltimore formalized their strategic partnership after their collaboration successfully created more innovative medical , scientific , and educational programs , as well as greater research grants and joint faculty appointments than either campus has been able to accomplish on its own . As of 2017 , the operating budget of the University of Maryland is approximately $ 2.1 billion . For the 2018 fiscal year , the university received a total of over $ 545 million in external research funding . In October 2017 , the university received a record-breaking donation of $ 219.5 million from the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation , ranking among the largest philanthropic gifts to a public university in the country ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kipp Vickers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kipp_Vickers', 'summary': 'Kipp Emmanuel Vickers ( born August 27 , 1969 ) is a former American football offensive guard in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Indianapolis Colts , Washington Redskins , and the Baltimore Ravens . He played college football at the University of Miami . He played high school football at Tarpon Springs High School helping take the Spongers to the 1986 state 4A championship game where they lost to Ft. Lauderdale Dillard . At the University of Miami he won national championships in 1987 and 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami ( FL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Miami', 'summary': "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-99 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59/56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zach Vigil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zach_Vigil', 'summary': 'Zachary Vigil ( born March 28 , 1991 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Utah State and was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_State_University', 'summary': "Utah State University ( USU or Utah State ) is a public land-grant research university in Logan , Utah . It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities . With nearly 20,000 students living on or near campus , USU is Utah 's largest public residential campus . As of Fall 2019 , there were 27,810 students enrolled including 24,669 undergraduate students and 3,141 graduate students . The university has the highest percentage of out-of-state students of any public university in Utah totaling 23% of the student body . Founded in 1888 as Utah 's agricultural college , USU focused on science , engineering , agriculture , domestic arts , military science , and mechanic arts . The university offers programs in liberal arts , engineering , business , economics , natural resource sciences , as well as nationally ranked elementary & secondary education programs . It offers master 's and doctoral programs in humanities , social sciences , and STEM areas ( Science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) . It received its current name in 1957 . The university is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . Utah State University has produced 7 Rhodes Scholars , 1 Nobel Prize winner , 1 MacArthur Fellows program inductee , 4 recipients of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship , and 34 recipients of the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship . USU has nine colleges and offers 159 undergraduate degrees , 83 master 's degrees , and 41 doctoral degrees ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troy Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Vincent', 'summary': 'Troy Darnell Vincent ( born June 8 , 1970 ) is a former American football cornerback for the Miami Dolphins , Philadelphia Eagles , Buffalo Bills and Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Dolphins with the 7th overall pick in the 1992 NFL Draft . He played college football for Wisconsin , and has been named as a first-time nominee to the 2017 College Football Hall of Fame . On September 28 , 2011 , Vincent was named as one of the Preliminary Nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2012 in his first year of eligibility , and each year since . He was previously inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame for the Philadelphia Eagles and was entered into the Hall of Fame for the State of Pennsylvania , the University of Wisconsin and Pennsbury High , his high school alma mater . Vincent is currently Executive Vice President of Football Operations for the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Vital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Vital', 'summary': 'Lionel Vital ( born July 15 , 1963 ) is the Director of College Scouting for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He is a former American football running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and Buffalo Bills . He also was a member of the Calgary Stampeders and Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at Nicholls State University .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholls State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholls_State_University', 'summary': "Nicholls State University is a public university in Thibodaux , Louisiana . Founded in 1948 , Nicholls is part of the University of Louisiana System of universities . Originally named Francis T. Nicholls Junior College , the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls , a former governor of Louisiana and member of the Louisiana Supreme Court . The 287-acre ( 1.16 km2 ) campus , once part of Acadia Plantation , fronts on Bayou Lafourche , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) southwest of New Orleans and 60 miles ( 97 km ) southeast of Baton Rouge . Its oldest structure , Elkins Hall , was completed in 1948 and is on the National Register of Historic Places . Nicholls is located in the Acadiana region . It is also within the geographical bounds of the Mississippi River Delta , and close to the Mississippi River , its distributaries , Louisiana 's wetlands , and the Gulf of Mexico ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Voytek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Voytek', 'summary': 'Edward Louis Voytek ( April 4 , 1935 - January 16 , 2016 ) was a National Football League ( NFL ) guard for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at Purdue University and was drafted in the 22nd round of the 1957 NFL Draft . Voytek died on January 16 , 2016 in Independence , Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957-58', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- V', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Washington_Redskins_players_21', 'intro': 'This is a list of American football players who have played for the Washington Redskins, as well as its predecessors the Boston Braves (1932) and Boston Redskins (1933-1936), in the National Football League (NFL). It includes players that have played at least five games in the NFL regular season. [a] The Washington Redskins franchise was founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise. The name was changed the next year to the Redskins. In 1937, the franchise moved to Washington, D.C. The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships. Overall, the Redskins have had a total of 23 players and coaches (17 primary, six minor)[b] inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many Redskins players have also had successful college football careers, including six who were Heisman Trophy winners: Gary Beban, Desmond Howard, Vic Janowicz, George Rogers, Danny Wuerffel, and Robert Griffin III. In addition, the Heisman Trophy sculpture was modeled after Ed Smith in 1934, who became a Redskins player in 1936. Several former players have become head coach of the Redskins, including Turk Edwards, Dick Todd, and Jack Pardee.'} | null | null | What century did the university attended by Clarence Verdin transition to a university of four years ? | twentieth |
072018f586202b38 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Princeton_University_people_(government)', 'title': 'List of Princeton University people (government)', 'header': ['Name', 'Affiliation', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fakhruddin Ahmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ahmed', 'summary': "Fakhruddin Ahmed ( born 1 May 1940 ) is a Bangladeshi economist , civil servant , and a former governor of the Bangladesh Bank , the country 's central bank . On 12 January 2007 , he was appointed as the Chief Adviser ( Head of the Government ) of the non-party interim caretaker government of Bangladesh , amidst Bangladeshi political crisis in 2006 . He continued in that post for nearly two years , a longer than usual time , but new elections were held in 29 December 2008 , and the Awami League assumed power based on its majority ."}]}, {'value': 'PhD 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Advisor of the caretaker government ( interim prime minister ) of Bangladesh , 2007-09 . Governor of Bangladesh Bank , 2001-05', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Advisor_of_Bangladesh', 'summary': "The Chief Adviser was the head of the Caretaker Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh who served as the Head of Government for 90 days during transition between one elected government to another during the term of the caretaker government . The Caretaker Government was mandated only to hold the Parliamentary Elections in Bangladesh . The Chief Adviser headed an Advisory Committee comprising ten Advisers . With powers roughly equivalent to those of the Prime Minister of an elected government , his executive power was constrained with certain constitutional limitations . He , as well as the other advisers , were selected from politically neutral individuals so as to be acceptable to all major political parties ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh', 'summary': 'The Caretaker Government of Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার ) was a form of government in which Bangladesh used to be ruled by a selected government for an interim period during the transition from one elected government to another , after the completion of tenure of the former , during the period between 1996 and 2008 . The outgoing elected government used to hand over its power to the nonelected nonpartisan caretaker government ( CTG ) . Top members of the caretaker government did not represent any political party ; nor were they allowed to contest the elections . The main objective of the caretaker government was to create a level playing field environment in which an election could be held in a free and fair manner without any political influence by the outgoing government . It was not empowered to take any policy decisions unless it was necessary . The head of the caretaker government was called the Chief Adviser ( in place of Prime Minister of Bangladesh ) and was selected by the President of Bangladesh . The Chief Adviser selected the other advisers . The top positions of the administration were generally distributed among the advisers . The Chief Adviser and the other advisers were committed for their activities to the President of Bangladesh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank', 'summary': "Bangladesh Bank ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক ) is the central bank of Bangladesh and is a member of the Asian Clearing Union . The bank is active in developing green banking and financial inclusion policy and is an important member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion . Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit ( BFIU ) , a department of Bangladesh Bank , has got the membership of Egmont Group . Bangladesh Bank is the first central bank in the world to introduce a dedicated hotline ( 16236 ) for the general populace to complain any banking related problem . Moreover , the organisation is the first central bank in the world to issue a Green Banking Policy . To acknowledge this contribution , then-governor Dr. Atiur Rahman was given the title 'Green Governor ' at the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference , held at the Qatar National Convention Centre in Doha . But after the death now on his remark led is on MD Unus Ali 2nd Officer Of Bangladesh Bank ."}]}, {'value': 'Chung Un-chan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chung_Un-chan', 'summary': 'Chung Un-chan ( born March 21 , 1947 in Gongju , South Chungcheong Province , South Korea ) was the Prime Minister of South Korea ( 2009-2010 ) . He was a professor of Seoul National University from 1978 to 2009 , serving as the president of the university from July 2002 to July 2006 until he was designated to the Prime Minister . He acquired his M.S . From Miami University , and his Ph.D. in Economics from Princeton University .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of South Korea , 2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea', 'summary': "The Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 국무총리 ; Hanja : 國務總理 ; RR : Gungmuchongni ) ( informally referred to as PMOTROK or PMOSK ) is the de jure head of government of South Korea who is appointed by the President of South Korea , with the National Assembly 's approval . The officeholder is not required to be a member of the National Assembly . The Prime Minister serves in a role similar to that of a vice president ."}]}, {'value': 'Grover Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grover_Cleveland', 'summary': 'Stephen Grover Cleveland ( March 18 , 1837 - June 24 , 1908 ) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States , the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office ( 1885-1889 and 1893-1897 ) . [ b ] He won the popular vote for three presidential elections - in 1884 , 1888 , and 1892 - and was one of two Democrats ( with Woodrow Wilson ) to be elected president during the era of Republican political domination dating from 1861 to 1933 . Born to a Presbyterian minister , Cleveland grew up in upstate New York . In 1881 , he was elected Mayor of Buffalo and later , governor of New York . Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs ; Free Silver ; inflation ; imperialism ; and subsidies to business , farmers , or veterans . His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era . Cleveland won praise for his honesty , self-reliance , integrity , and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism . He fought political corruption , patronage , and bossism . As a reformer , Cleveland had such prestige that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party , called Mugwumps , largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his support in the 1884 election . As his second administration began , disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depression , which Cleveland was unable to reverse . It ruined his Democratic Party , opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the Democratic Party in 1896 . The result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era .'}]}, {'value': 'F 1899-1908 , T 1901-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22nd and 24th President of the United States , 1885-89 , 1893-97 . Governor of New York , 1883-85', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_New_York', 'summary': "The Governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York . The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military and naval forces . The current governor is Andrew Cuomo , a Democrat , who took office on January 1 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'John F. Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_F._Kennedy', 'summary': "John Fitzgerald Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 - November 22 , 1963 ) , often referred to by the initials JFK and Jack , was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War , and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba . A Democrat , Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president . Kennedy was born into a wealthy , political family in Brookline , Massachusetts . He graduated from Harvard University in 1940 , before joining the U.S . Naval Reserve the following year . During World War II , he commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service . After the war , Kennedy represented the Massachusetts 's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 . He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960 . While in the Senate , Kennedy published his book Profiles in Courage , which won a Pulitzer Prize . In the 1960 presidential election , he narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon , who was the incumbent vice president . Kennedy 's administration included high tensions with communist states in the Cold War ."}]}, {'value': 'Att 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35th President of the United States , 1961-63 . U.S . Senator from Massachusetts , 1953-60 . U.S. Navy officer during World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison', 'summary': "James Madison Jr. ( March 16 , 1751 [ b ] - June 28 , 1836 ) was an American statesman , lawyer , diplomat , philosopher and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817 . He is hailed as the Father of the Constitution for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the United States Bill of Rights . He co-wrote The Federalist Papers , co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party , and served as the fifth United States secretary of State from 1801 to 1809 . Born into a prominent Virginia planter family , Madison served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War . He became dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation and helped organize the Constitutional Convention , which produced a new constitution to supplant the Articles of Confederation . Madison 's Virginia Plan served as the basis for the Constitutional Convention 's deliberations , and he was one of the most influential individuals at the convention . Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution , and he joined with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers , a series of pro-ratification essays that was one of the most influential works of political science in American history . After the ratification of the Constitution , Madison emerged as an important leader in the United States House of Representatives and served as a close adviser to President George Washington . He was the main force behind the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights , which enshrines guarantees of personal freedoms and rights within the Constitution . During the early 1790s , Madison came to oppose the economic program and accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Along with Thomas Jefferson , Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party , which was , alongside Hamilton 's Federalist Party , one of the nation 's first major political parties . After Jefferson won the 1800 presidential election , Madison served as secretary of State from 1801 to 1809 ."}]}, {'value': "B 1771 , Princeton 's first GS", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fourth President of the United States , 1809-17 . Secretary of State , 1801-09 . Father of the U.S. Constitution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State', 'summary': "The secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America and the head of the United States Department of State . The secretary of state 's duties are principally concerned with foreign policy , and he or she is considered to be the U.S. government 's minister of foreign affairs . The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The secretary of state , along with the secretary of the treasury , secretary of defense , and attorney general , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently US $ 210,700 ) . The current secretary of state is Mike Pompeo , who has served as Secretary of State in the administration of President Donald Trump since early 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Constitution', 'summary': 'The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America . The Constitution , originally comprising seven articles , delineates the national frame of government . Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers , whereby the federal government is divided into three branches : the legislative , consisting of the bicameral Congress ( Article One ) ; the executive , consisting of the president ( Article Two ) ; and the judicial , consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts ( Article Three ) . Articles Four , Five and Six embody concepts of federalism , describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments , the states in relationship to the federal government , and the shared process of constitutional amendment . Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it . It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force . Since the Constitution came into force in 1789 , it has been amended 27 times , including one amendment that repealed a previous one , in order to meet the needs of a nation that has profoundly changed since the eighteenth century . In general , the first ten amendments , known collectively as the Bill of Rights , offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government . The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections . Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures . Amendments to the United States Constitution , unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide , are appended to the document . All four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on parchment .'}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Pablo Kuczynski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski', 'summary': "Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard ( Spanish : [ ˈpeðɾo ˈpaβlo kuˈtʃinski ɣoˈðarð ] ; [ a ] born 3 October 1938 ) , better known simply as PPK ( Spanish : [ pepeˈka ] ) , is a Peruvian economist , politician and public administrator who served as the 66th President of Peru from 2016 to 2018 . He was previously the Prime Minister of Peru from 2005 to 2006 . His administration ended on 23 March 2018 , following his address to the nation two days earlier , announcing his resignation . Since 10 April 2019 he has been in pretrial detention , due to an ongoing investigation on corruption , money laundering , and connections to Odebrecht , a public works company accused of paying bribes . Kuczynski was born in the Miraflores District of Lima to a German Jewish father and a Swiss mother of French descent . Kuczynski 's parents fled from Germany after the Nazis came to power . Kuczynski worked in the United States before entering Peruvian politics . He held positions at both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund before being designated as the general manager of Peru 's Central Reserve Bank . He later served as Minister of Energy and Mines in the early 1980s under President Fernando Belaúnde Terry , and as Minister of Economy and Finance and Prime Minister under President Alejandro Toledo in the 2000s . Kuczynski was a presidential candidate in the 2011 presidential election , placing third . His opponents Ollanta Humala and Keiko Fujimori went on to the 5 June 2011 runoff election , in which Humala was elected . Kuczynski went on to stand in the 2016 election , where he narrowly defeated Fujimori in the second round ."}]}, {'value': 'MPA 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66th President of Peru , 2016-2018 . Prime Minister of Peru , 2005-06 . Deputy Director-General of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru , 1967-69 . Minister of Energy and Mines , 1980-82 . Minister of Economy and Finance , 2001-02 , 2004-05', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_Peru', 'summary': 'The President of Peru ( Spanish : Presidente del Perú ) , officially called the President of the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : Presidente de la República del Perú ) , is the head of state and head of government of Peru and represents the republic in official international matters . The president personifies the Republic of Peru , is the head of executive power , and is the supreme head of the Armed Forces and Police of Peru . His position corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country and to the highest ranking public official . Presidents de facto who assumed power through political coups are also included in this list . The presidency of Peru can be held for a period of 5 years without immediate re-election . After a constitutional period , the president is allowed to be re-elected . A presidential inauguration is held every five years on July 28 , in the Congress of Peru . The last directly elected President of Peru was Pedro Pablo Kuczynski , from 28 July 2016 to 21 March 2018 , when he resigned from office . Following the traditional constitutional succession , First Vice President Martín Vizcarra , former governor of Moquegua , Minister of Transportation , and Ambassador to Canada , succeeded him in office as the 67th President of Peru , on 23 March 2018 . There have also been a number of false presidents . On both accounts of the dissolution of Congress , in April 1992 and September 2019 by Alberto Fujimori and Martin Vizcarra respectively , Congress swore in vice presidents as the de facto president . It corresponds , as a generic mandate , to direct the general policy of the government and the administration of the State .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru', 'summary': 'The President of the Council of Ministers of Peru , informally called Premier ( form of address ) or Prime Minister , heads the Council of Ministers , and is appointed by the president ( pending ratification by Congress as with all members of the Council ) . The prime minister of Peru is , however , not the head of government , since in Peru the president is the one who serves as the actual head of government . Peru is one of the few countries in Latin America ( others are Argentina , Belize , Cuba and Haiti ) where the position of prime minister currently exists . The current spot for Prime Minister has been filled by Vicente Zeballos following the resignation of the 151st prime minister , César Villanueva , who took office on 2 April 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru', 'summary': 'The Central Reserve Bank of Peru ( Spanish : Banco Central de Reserva del Perú ; BCRP ) is the Peruvian central bank . It mints and issues metal and paper money , the sol .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mines_(Peru)', 'summary': 'The Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru ( Spanish : Ministerio de Energía y Minas de Perú , MINEM ) , is an entity of the Peruvian government responsible for managing the energy and mining sectors of Peru . Additionally , it is charged with overseeing the equal distribution of energy throughout the country . The current minister is Francisco Ísmodes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Peru)', 'summary': "The Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru is the entity in charge of the planning and execution of the economic policies of the Peruvian Government with the goal of optimizing the economic and financial activities of the state , establish macroeconomic activity , and achieve the sustainable growth of the nation 's economy . Its headquarters is located in Lima . The current Minister of Economy and Finance is Carlos Oliva Neyra ."}]}, {'value': 'Syngman Rhee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syngman_Rhee', 'summary': 'Syngman Rhee ( Korean : 이승만 , pronounced [ i.sɯŋ.man ] [ note 1 ] ; 26 March 1875 - 19 July 1965 ) was a South Korean politician who served as the first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960 . Rhee was the first and the last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea from 1919 to 1925 and 1947 to 1948 , and was elected President of South Korea in the 1948 presidential election . Rhee oversaw the transfer of power from the United States Army Military Government in Korea to the Government of South Korea and the establishment of the First Republic of Korea . Rhee adopted a strongly anti-communist and pro-American stance , and led South Korea through the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 . He obtained a Bachelor of Arts from George Washington University in 1907 , and a Master of Arts from Harvard University in 1908 . In 1910 , he obtained a Ph.D. from Princeton University .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First President of South Korea , 1948-60', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_South_Korea', 'summary': 'The President of the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국 대통령 ; Hanja : 大韓民國 大統領 ; RR : Daehan Minguk Daetongnyeong ; informally referred to as POTROK or POSK ) is the chief executive of South Korea as the head of state and head of government , as well as the commander-in-chief of the South Korean Armed Forces . The Constitution and the amended Presidential Election Act of 1987 provide for election of the president by direct , secret ballot , ending sixteen years of indirect presidential elections under the preceding two governments . The president is directly elected to a five-year term , with no possibility of re-election . If a presidential vacancy should occur , a successor must be elected within sixty days , during which time presidential duties are to be performed by the prime minister or other senior cabinet members in the order of priority as determined by law . While in office , the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae ( the Blue House ) , and is exempt from criminal liability ( except for insurrection or treason ) . Moon Jae-in , former human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-President Roh Moo-hyun , assumed post of President of South Korea on 10 May 2017 immediately upon being elected with a plurality of 41.1% , in contrast to 24.0% and 21.4% won by his major opponents , conservative Hong Joon-pyo and centrist Ahn Cheol-soo , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Idrissa Seck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idrissa_Seck', 'summary': 'Idrissa Seck ( born August 9 , 1960 ) is a Senegalese politician who was Prime Minister of Senegal from November 2002 to July 2004 . He was a leading member of the Senegalese Democratic Party ( PDS ) and was considered a protégé of President Abdoulaye Wade , but he subsequently went into opposition and was a candidate in the February 2007 presidential election , taking second place with about 15% of the vote .'}]}, {'value': 'Att', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Senegal , 2002-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Senegal', 'summary': 'The Prime Minister of Senegal was the head of government of Senegal . The Prime Minister was appointed by the President of Senegal , who is directly elected for a seven-year term . The Prime Minister , in turn , appointed the Senegalese cabinet , after consultation with the President . On 14 May 2019 , the post was abolished . The following is a list of Prime Ministers of Senegal , since the country gained independence from France in 1960 .'}]}, {'value': 'Woodrow Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson', 'summary': 'Thomas Woodrow Wilson ( December 28 , 1856 - February 3 , 1924 ) was an American politician , lawyer , and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921 . A member of the Democratic Party , Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election . As president , he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933 . He also led the United States into World War I in 1917 , establishing an activist foreign policy known as Wilsonianism . He was the leading architect of the League of Nations . Wilson spent his early years in the American South ( mainly in Augusta , Georgia ) during the Civil War and Reconstruction . After earning a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University , Wilson taught at various schools before becoming the president of Princeton University . As governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913 , Wilson broke with party bosses and won the passage of several progressive reforms . His success in New Jersey gave him a national reputation as a progressive reformer , and he won the presidential nomination at the 1912 Democratic National Convention . Wilson defeated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt to win the 1912 presidential election , becoming the first Southerner to be elected president since the American Civil War . During his first term , Wilson presided over the passage of his progressive New Freedom domestic agenda . His first major priority was the passage of the Revenue Act of 1913 , which lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax .'}]}, {'value': 'B 1879 , Pres 1902-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28th President of the United States , 1913-21 . Governor of New Jersey , 1911-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey', 'summary': "The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jersey 's state government . The office of governor is an elected position , for which elected officials serve four-year terms . Governors can not be elected to more than two consecutive terms , but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve . The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket , a mansion located in Princeton , New Jersey ; the office of the governor is at the New Jersey State House in Trenton . The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston , who served from August 31 , 1776 , to July 25 , 1790 . The current governor is Phil Murphy , a Democrat who assumed office on January 16 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul van Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_van_Zeeland', 'summary': "Paul Guillaume , Viscount van Zeeland ( 11 November 1893 - 22 September 1973 ) was a Belgian lawyer , economist , Catholic politician , and statesman born in Soignies . Van Zeeland was a professor of law and later director of the Institute of Economic Science at the Catholic University of Leuven ( Leuven ) , and vice-governor of the National Bank of Belgium . In March 1935 , he became the prime minister of a government of national unity ( a coalition comprising the three major parties : Catholics , Liberals and Socialists ) . Given decree powers , he was able to abate the economic crisis the country was going through , by devaluing the currency and resorting to expansive budgetary policies . Van Zeeland 's government resigned in the spring of 1936 due to the agitation of Rexism ( a Belgian fascist party ) , but he was able to start a new term ( June 1936 - November 1937 ) . After proclaiming martial law , the government was able to suppress the Rexists . The second Van Zeeland government carried through a progressive social reform programme , introducing the 40 h working week and measures against unemployment , which helped to ease the political tensions . Also during his second term , Belgium gave up its military alliance with France and reverted to its traditional neutrality policy , now dubbed policy of independence . In 1939 , Van Zeeland became president of the Committee on Refugees , established in London , and was made High Commissioner for the repatriation of displaced Belgians in 1944 . In 1946 , he was one of the founders of the European League for Economic Cooperation . After the war , he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in several Catholic governments between 1949 and 1954 and as economic advisor to the Belgian government and to the council of ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation . He was Honorary Secretary General of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group ."}]}, {'value': 'PhD 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime minister of Belgium , 1936-37', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Politics and government -- Heads of state and government', 'section_text': 'Four Presidents of the United States have had connections to Princeton . Princeton alumni and former students have served as heads of government in Bangladesh , Belgium , Peru , Senegal , and South Korea .', 'uid': 'List_of_Princeton_University_people_(government)_0', 'intro': 'Four Presidents of the United States have had connections to Princeton. Princeton alumni and former students have served as heads of government in Bangladesh, Belgium, Peru, Senegal, and South Korea.'} | null | null | For the earliest notability , when was the Princeton alum born ? | born 1 May 1940 |
0720ded414c7accd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Modoc_County', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Modoc County', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Battle of Land 's Ranch", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South of State Hwy 139 and Co. Rd . 114', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tule Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tule_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Tulelake ( /ˈtuːlileɪk/ TOO-lee-layk ) is a city in Northeastern Siskiyou County , California , United States , at an elevation of 4,066 feet ( 1,239 m ) above sea level . The town is named after nearby Tule Lake . The population was 1,010 at the 2010 census , down from 1,020 at the 2000 census . Tulelake peace officers are authorized by state law , along with cooperation of the state of Oregon , to serve as and be recognized as peace officers within Malin , Oregon , along with the inverse being true for peace officers employed within Malin , wherein they are recognized as peace officers within Tulelake by the California Penal Code . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloody Point', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41°57′02″N 121°26′14″W / 41.950684°N 121.437346°W / 41.950684 ; -121.437346 ( Bloody Point )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tule Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tule_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Tulelake ( /ˈtuːlileɪk/ TOO-lee-layk ) is a city in Northeastern Siskiyou County , California , United States , at an elevation of 4,066 feet ( 1,239 m ) above sea level . The town is named after nearby Tule Lake . The population was 1,010 at the 2010 census , down from 1,020 at the 2000 census . Tulelake peace officers are authorized by state law , along with cooperation of the state of Oregon , to serve as and be recognized as peace officers within Malin , Oregon , along with the inverse being true for peace officers employed within Malin , wherein they are recognized as peace officers within Tulelake by the California Penal Code . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonner Grade', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Pass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedarville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedarville,_California', 'summary': 'Cedarville ( formerly Surprise Valley and Deep Creek ) is a census-designated place located 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Alturas , at an elevation of 4,652 feet ( 1,418 m ) , in Modoc County , California .'}]}, {'value': '109', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chimney Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Hwy 395 41°35′46″N 120°25′26″W / 41.596217°N 120.4239°W / 41.596217 ; -120.4239 ( Chimney Rock )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alturas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alturas,_California', 'summary': "Alturas ( formerly , Dorris Bridge , Dorris ' Bridge , and Dorrisville ) is a city in and the county seat of Modoc County , California . The population was 2,827 at the 2010 census . Alturas is located on the Pit River , east of the center of Modoc County , at an elevation of 4370 feet ( 1332 m ) . As the county seat , the town is a home to regional government offices , including a California Highway Patrol office and a state Department of Motor Vehicles office ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cressler and Bonner Trading Post', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedarville Park 41°31′44″N 120°10′26″W / 41.528933°N 120.173833°W / 41.528933 ; -120.173833 ( Cressler and Bonner Trading Post )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedarville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedarville,_California', 'summary': 'Cedarville ( formerly Surprise Valley and Deep Creek ) is a census-designated place located 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Alturas , at an elevation of 4,652 feet ( 1,418 m ) , in Modoc County , California .'}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evans and Bailey Fight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hill top , south of Centerville Rd . 41°24′56″N 120°48′09″W / 41.41565°N 120.802567°W / 41.41565 ; -120.802567 ( Evans and Bailey Fight )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canby,_California', 'summary': "Canby is a census-designated place in Modoc County , California . It is located 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Alturas , at an elevation of 4314 feet ( 1315 m ) . It had a population of 315 at the 2010 census . The ZIP Code is 96015 . The community is inside area code 530 . Canby is the location of the main branch of the I'SOT religious community , and is known for the I'SOT 's nativity scenes prominently displayed along the town 's main street , California State Route 299 ."}]}, {'value': '546', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fandango Pass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fandango_Pass', 'summary': 'The Fandango Pass ( previously Lassen Pass ; variants Lassen Cut-off , Lassen Horn ) is a gap in the Warner Mountains of Modoc County , California , USA . Located in the Modoc National Forest , its elevation is 6,135 feet ( 1,870 m ) above sea level . It is approximately 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) southwest of Fort Bidwell . Fandango Pass was historically notable for its location as the convergence of two trails , the Applegate and the Lassen , that were traveled by emigrant pioneers between 1846 and 1850 . The pass can now be traversed on a 10 mi ( 16 km ) section of graded gravel , 1.5 lanes wide . It is closed during winter storms .'}]}, {'value': 'Fandango Pass 41°48′08″N 120°12′25″W / 41.802114°N 120.206895°W / 41.802114 ; -120.206895 ( Fandango Pass )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fandango_Pass', 'summary': 'The Fandango Pass ( previously Lassen Pass ; variants Lassen Cut-off , Lassen Horn ) is a gap in the Warner Mountains of Modoc County , California , USA . Located in the Modoc National Forest , its elevation is 6,135 feet ( 1,870 m ) above sea level . It is approximately 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) southwest of Fort Bidwell . Fandango Pass was historically notable for its location as the convergence of two trails , the Applegate and the Lassen , that were traveled by emigrant pioneers between 1846 and 1850 . The pass can now be traversed on a 10 mi ( 16 km ) section of graded gravel , 1.5 lanes wide . It is closed during winter storms .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Bidwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bidwell,_California', 'summary': 'Fort Bidwell is a census-designated place in Modoc County , California . It is located 32 miles ( 51 km ) northeast of Alturas , at an elevation of 4564 feet ( 1391 m ) . The population was 173 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '430', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Bidwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bidwell,_California', 'summary': 'Fort Bidwell is a census-designated place in Modoc County , California . It is located 32 miles ( 51 km ) northeast of Alturas , at an elevation of 4564 feet ( 1391 m ) . The population was 173 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Bidwell Indian Community Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Bidwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bidwell,_California', 'summary': 'Fort Bidwell is a census-designated place in Modoc County , California . It is located 32 miles ( 51 km ) northeast of Alturas , at an elevation of 4564 feet ( 1391 m ) . The population was 173 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Fremont 's Camp", 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tule Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tule_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Tulelake ( /ˈtuːlileɪk/ TOO-lee-layk ) is a city in Northeastern Siskiyou County , California , United States , at an elevation of 4,066 feet ( 1,239 m ) above sea level . The town is named after nearby Tule Lake . The population was 1,010 at the 2010 census , down from 1,020 at the 2000 census . Tulelake peace officers are authorized by state law , along with cooperation of the state of Oregon , to serve as and be recognized as peace officers within Malin , Oregon , along with the inverse being true for peace officers employed within Malin , wherein they are recognized as peace officers within Tulelake by the California Penal Code . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Infernal Caverns Battleground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infernal_Caverns', 'summary': 'Infernal Caverns is the site of an 1867 battle between U.S. armed forces and Shoshone , Paiute , and Pit River Indians . Infernal Caverns Battleground is California Historical Landmark No . 16 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferry Ranch 41°16′20″N 120°34′34″W / 41.272222°N 120.576111°W / 41.272222 ; -120.576111 ( Infernal Caverns Battleground )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Likely', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Likely,_California', 'summary': 'Likely ( formerly , South Fork ) is a census-designated place in Modoc County , California . It is located near the South Fork of the Pit River 18 miles ( 29 km ) south of the county seat of Alturas , at an elevation of 4,449 feet ( 1,356 m ) . Located 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) north-northwest of Likely Mountain , it is somewhat sheltered from prevailing southwesterly winds , and its microclimate is noticeably drier and less stormy than surrounding areas . The ZIP Code for the community is 96116 . Likely has been noted for its unusual place name .'}]}, {'value': '111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Emigrant Trail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW of Co. Rd . 84 41°25′07″N 120°59′48″W / 41.418494°N 120.996573°W / 41.418494 ; -120.996573 ( Old Emigrant Trail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canby,_California', 'summary': "Canby is a census-designated place in Modoc County , California . It is located 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Alturas , at an elevation of 4314 feet ( 1315 m ) . It had a population of 315 at the 2010 census . The ZIP Code is 96015 . The community is inside area code 530 . Canby is the location of the main branch of the I'SOT religious community , and is known for the I'SOT 's nativity scenes prominently displayed along the town 's main street , California State Route 299 ."}]}, {'value': '850-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tule Lake War Relocation Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tule_Lake_War_Relocation_Center', 'summary': 'The Tule Lake National Monument in Modoc and Siskiyou counties in California , consists primarily of the site of the Tule Lake War Relocation Center , one of ten concentration camps constructed in 1942 by the United States government to incarcerate Japanese Americans forcibly removed from their homes on the West Coast . They totaled nearly 120,000 people , more than two-thirds of whom were United States citizens . After a period of use , this facility was renamed the Tule Lake Segregation Center in 1943 , and used as a maximum security , segregation camp to separate and hold those prisoners considered disloyal or disruptive to the operations of other camps . Inmates from other camps were sent here to segregate them from the general population . Draft resisters and others who protested the injustices of the camps , including by their answers on the loyalty questionnaire , were sent here . At its peak , Tule Lake Segregation Center ( with 18,700 inmates ) was the largest of the ten camps and the most controversial . 29,840 people were held there over the four years it was open . After the war it became a holding area for Japanese Americans slated for deportation or expatriation to Japan , including some who had renounced US citizenship under duress . Many joined a class action suit because of civil rights abuses ; many gained the chance to stay in the United States through court hearings but did not regain their citizenship due to opposition by the Department of Justice . The camp was not closed until March 20 , 1946 , months after the end of the war . Twenty years later , members of the class action suit gained restoration of US citizenship through court rulings . California later designated this Tule Lake camp site as a California Historical Landmark and in 2006 , it was ranked as a National Historic Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 139 and Co Rd 176 41°53′22″N 121°22′29″W / 41.889444°N 121.374722°W / 41.889444 ; -121.374722 ( Tule Lake War Relocation Center )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tule Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tule_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Tulelake ( /ˈtuːlileɪk/ TOO-lee-layk ) is a city in Northeastern Siskiyou County , California , United States , at an elevation of 4,066 feet ( 1,239 m ) above sea level . The town is named after nearby Tule Lake . The population was 1,010 at the 2010 census , down from 1,020 at the 2000 census . Tulelake peace officers are authorized by state law , along with cooperation of the state of Oregon , to serve as and be recognized as peace officers within Malin , Oregon , along with the inverse being true for peace officers employed within Malin , wherein they are recognized as peace officers within Tulelake by the California Penal Code . [ citation needed ]'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Modoc County , California . Click the `` Map of all coordinates '' link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below .", 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Modoc_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Modoc County, California. Click the Map of all coordinates link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.'} | null | null | When did the battle in Likely take place ? | 1867 |
0721c54d608e2782 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Team', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Kirui John Cheruiyot Korir Wilson Kiprotich Kebenei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Kirui', 'summary': 'Paul Kiprop Kirui ( born February 5 , 1980 ) is a Kenyan distance and marathon runner . He participated at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2004 and finished first place . He had participated the World Half Marathon Championships twice before ; in 2002 he finished 10th , but the next year he did not finish . His marathon personal best is 2:06:44 , set in 2006 Rotterdam Marathon , when he finished 2nd behind compatriot Sammy Korir . Kirui reached the podium at the 2010 Seoul International Marathon , taking third in 2:07:35 - his quickest time in three years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Cheruiyot_Korir', 'summary': 'John Cheruiyot Korir ( born 13 December 1981 ) is a Kenyan athlete who specializes in long-distance running . He is known to be an athlete who often shines at trials but fails to win big competitions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilson_Kiprotich_Kebenei', 'summary': "Wilson Kiprotich Kebenei ( born 20 July 1980 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner . He is a Nandi by ethnicity . He finished eighth at the 2004 World Half Marathon Championships . At the 2006 World Road Running Championships he finished third in the individual competition . This was good enough to help Kenya win a gold medal in the team competition . Among his victories on the circuit are the Stramilano Half Marathon and Giro di Castelbuono in 2005 , and victories at the World 's Best 10K in Puerto Rico and Philadelphia Half Marathon in 2006 . He was also fourth at the Beijing Marathon that year ."}]}, {'value': '3:07:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Solomon Tsige Alene Emere Berhanu Addane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:08:37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda', 'summary': "Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda ; Luganda : Eggwanga Yuganda ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts , including an 8-year-long far right military dictatorship led by Idi Amin . Additionally , a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region led by Joseph Kony , has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilson Busienei Martin Toroitich Joseph Nsubuga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilson_Busienei', 'summary': 'Wilson Kipkemei Busienei ( born 18 August 1981 in Nakasongola ) is an Ugandan long-distance runner . He is best known for winning three gold medals at the 2005 Summer Universiade . He has represented his country at the World Championship level in cross country running and road running and on the track . He took part in the 2004 Summer Olympics , finishing eleventh in the 10,000 metres . Busienei has also competed at the Commonwealth Games , having taken fifth in the 10,000 m in 2006 . He ran at the 2010 Giro al Sas 10,000 m race in Italy in October and crossed the line after Edwin Soi to finish as runner-up .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Toroitich', 'summary': 'Martin Kitiyo Toroitich ( born 10 August 1983 in Kurongur ) is a Ugandan long-distance runner who specializes in the half marathon . His younger brother Boniface Kiprop Toroitich is a successful Ugandan runner .'}]}, {'value': '3:13:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': 'Yonas Kifle Samson Kiflemariam Tesfayohannes Mesfen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonas_Kifle', 'summary': 'Yonas Andebrhan Kifle ( born 5 November 1977 ) is an Eritrean runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres , the marathon and cross-country running . He has represented Eritrea at the Olympics on four occasions ; in 2000 , 2004 , 2008 and 2012 . He has also competed at World Championship-level in cross country , road running , and on the track indoors and outdoors . He was the bronze medallist in the half marathon at the 2007 All-Africa Games and the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . His personal bests include 59:30 minutes for the half marathon and 2:07:34 hours for the marathon ( an Eritrean record ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samson_Kiflemariam', 'summary': 'Samson Kiflemariam Gashazghi ( born 23 January 1984 ) is an Eritrean long-distance runner who specializes in the 5000 metres , cross-country running , but as mountain runner he won 2010 World Mountain Running Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tesfayohannes_Mesfen', 'summary': 'Tesfayohannes Mesfin ( born November 24 , 1974 ) is an Eritrean runner who specializes in the half marathon and cross-country running . He has several top-25 placements in global competitions . At the 2004 World Cross Country Championships he finished 22nd in the long race and also won a bronze medal with the Eritrean team . He followed up with a 20th place at the 2005 World Cross Country Championships and a ninth place at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships . He finished 21st at the 2004 World Half Marathon Championships , 12th at the 2005 World Half Marathon Championships ( team silver medal ) and 21st at the 2006 World Road Running Championships ( team silver medal ) . In track competitions he has a sixth place from the 10,000 metres at the 2006 African Championships . He also placed more lowly at the 2002 World Cross Country Championships , the 2003 World Cross Country Championships , the 2003 World Half Marathon Championships , the 2009 World Championships and the 2010 World Cross Country Championships . He competed but did not finish the 2008 Olympic maraton . His personal best times are 13:27.06 minutes in the 5000 metres ( Seville , 2006 ) ; 28:19.88 minutes in the 10,000 metres ( Bambous , 2006 ) ; 1:03:08 hours in the half marathon ( Edmonton , 2005 ) and 2:12:17 hours in the marathon ( Hamburg Marathon , 2008 ) . He was born in Eritrea ኤርትራ , Seraye ሰራየ , Tekhela፣ ተኸላ in the village Dibezana ፣ ድበዛና and now lives in Bodø , Norway .'}]}, {'value': '3:15:04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Yukinobu Nakazaki Yoshinori Oda Terumasa Okamura', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:15:10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Ahmed Hassan Abdullah Jumah Al-Noor Foaad Abubaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_Abdullah', 'summary': 'Ahmad Hassan Abdullah ( Arabic : عبد الله أحمد حسن , born Albert Chepkurui on July 29 , 1981 in Kaptarakwa , Kenya ) is a long-distance and cross country runner , now representing Qatar after his switch from Kenya in 2003 . Other runners who have made the same switch include Saif Saeed Shaheen . Abdullah has won bronze medals at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the 2004 and 2008 editions of the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . He represented Qatar over 10,000 metres at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and three times at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics . He is a two-time Asian champion in the 10,000 m ( 2003 and 2007 ) and holds the Asian record with his personal best time of 26:38.76 minutes .'}]}, {'value': '3:17:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanzania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanzania', 'summary': "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabiano Joseph Stephen Rogart Dhako Naftali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiano_Joseph', 'summary': 'Fabiano Joseph Naasi ( born December 24 , 1985 , in Babati , Manyara ) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': '3:17:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Moulay Ali Ouadih Larbi Zéroual Mohamed Serbouti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larbi_Zéroual', 'summary': "Larbi Zéroual ( born 14 January 1971 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1996 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '3:19:24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Yevgeniy Rybakov Leonid Shvetsov Aleksandr Vasilyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yevgeniy_Rybakov', 'summary': 'Yevgeny Rybakov ( Russian : Евгений Николаевич Рыбаков ; born 27 February 1985 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who competes in the long-distance track and road events . His twin brother , Anatoly , is also a long-distance runner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonid_Shvetsov', 'summary': "Leonid Shvetsov ( born 28 March 1969 ) is a Russian long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics . He also held the record for the fastest time at Walt Disney World Marathon since 1995 at a time of 2:11:50 ."}]}, {'value': '3:20:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Justin Young Josh Cox Teddy Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Cox', 'summary': "Josh Cox ( August 9 , 1975 ) is an American former long-distance runner . He is the American record holder in the 50k . Cox , a four-time US Olympic Marathon Trials qualifier and three-time U.S. National Team member , has been the top American marathon finisher at the World Track & Field Championships . Cox was named the USA Track & Field Athlete of the Week in January 2009 for breaking the 50k record by four minutes at Arizonas Rock n Roll Marathon , and again in January 2011 for winning the P.F.Changs Rock n Roll Arizona Marathon , en route to breaking his own 50k American Record by three and a half minutes , running the second fastest time in history , and missing the world record by 7 seconds . In 2009 and 2011 , Coxs 50k time was the fastest in the world . Cox set a course record at the 1997 Mountain Masochist 50-mile trail run in Virginia at the age of 22 ; at 23 , he ran his first marathon ( 2:19 ) , making him the youngest qualifier for the 2000 Olympic Marathon Trials . In his 4th Olympic Marathon Trials in 2012 Cox finished in 14th place with a time of 2:13:50 , a new personal best by one second . His other running accomplishments include a course record at the 2007 Air Force Marathon , winning the 2008 Rocket City Marathon , and a runner up finish at the 2009 California International Marathon , ( 2:13 ) . In April 2010 , the day before the Boston Marathon , Cox won the Boston Athletic Association 5k . A week later he won the Rock n Roll Half Marathon in Nashville , Tennessee . In December 2010 Cox won the Zappos.com Rock n Roll Las Vegas Marathon . Outside of his 140-mile week training regimen , Cox has starred on ABC 's Bachelorette show , and , for the past four years , has offered his perspective for NBC Universal Sports ."}]}, {'value': '3:22:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botswana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana', 'summary': "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Gabalebe Moloko Kabo Gabaseme Kaelo Mosalagae', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:25:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Ram Bahadur Subha Muresh Kumar Yadav Ajith Singh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:34:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nepal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nepal', 'summary': "Nepal ( Nepali : नेपाल [ neˈpal ] ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked country in South Asia . It is located mainly in the Himalayas , but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . With an estimated population of 26.4 million , it is 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area . It borders China in the north and India in the south , east and west while Bangladesh is located within only 27 km ( 17 mi ) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the capital and the largest city . Nepal is a multiethnic country with Nepali as the official language . The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic period of the Indian subcontinent , the era in ancient India when Hinduism was founded , the predominant religion of the country . In the middle of the first millennium BCE , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal . Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet . The centrally located Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the culture of Indo-Aryans , and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala . The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley 's traders ."}]}, {'value': 'Uttam Khatri Arjun Prasad Dhakal Nara Bahadur Khatri', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:51:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Aziz Driouche Rachid El-Ghanmouni Abdelhadi Habassa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aziz_Driouche', 'summary': 'Aziz Driouche ( born 13 November 1977 in Boujad ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . At the 2000 World Cross Country Championships he finished eighteenth in the short race , while the Moroccan team of which he was a part took a bronze medal in the team competition . Competing in the 3000 metres steeplechase during track season , he finished fifth at the 1999 Summer Universiade and fourth at the 2001 Summer Universiade , the latter in a personal best time of 8:25.69 minutes . He has a degree in mechanical engineering from Kagos Kashima University , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rachid_El-Ghanmouni', 'summary': 'Rachid Ghanmouni ( born 10 April 1978 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . He was born in Rich , Rachidia . He finished thirteenth in the marathon race at the 2003 World Championships in a personal best time of 2:10:56 hours . He also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games , but did not finish . He finished 27th at the 2003 World Half Marathon Championships and 34th at the 2004 World Half Marathon Championships . His personal best times are 2:09:11 in the marathon , achieved in April 2006 in the Paris Marathon ; and 1:01:36 hours in the half marathon , achieved in April 2003 in Safi . In October 2006 he was to be tested for doping in Formiguères , but fled from the site . He was subject to a two-year suspension in January 2008 , and after he lost a legal battle the suspension was upheld . The suspension expired in March 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Abdelhadi_Habassa', 'summary': 'Abdelhadi Habassa ( born 13 January 1976 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . He finished eighteenth at the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships . His personal best time in the 10,000 metres was 28:16.28 minutes , achieved in July 2001 in Ottawa . His personal best time in the half marathon was 1:01:21 hours , achieved in April 2003 in Safi . In 2008 Habassa was found guilty of norandrosterone doping . The sample was delivered on 3 February 2008 in an in-competition test in Valladolid , Spain . He received an IAAF suspension from May 2008 to May 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'DNF', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Fernando Rey Víctor Morente Javier Cortés', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNF', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Team results -- Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2004_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_2', 'intro': "The 13th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on October 3, 2004 in New Delhi, India. A total of 152 athletes, 91 men and 61 women, from 55 countries took part. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given both\nfor the men's race and for the women's race. Complete results were published for the men's race, for the women's race, for men's team, and for women's team. The competition also incorporated the 1st Asian Half Marathon Championships. Abdullah Ahmed Hassan of Qatar and Sun Yingjie of China were the inaugural winners. The tournament has not been held since, however."} | null | null | What is the finishing time of the country whose capital and largest city is Addis Ababa ? | 3:08:37 |
072246e2dc726ee0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kappa_Alpha_Psi_brothers', 'title': 'List of Kappa Alpha Psi brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cy Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cy_Alexander', 'summary': "Cyrus Walker Alexander III ( born September 9 , 1953 ) is an American former college basketball head coach who most recently coached North Carolina A & T University , having resigned on January 29 , 2016 after 22 games into the 2015-16 season . He was also a longtime men 's basketball coach at South Carolina State University . In April 2003 , after 16 seasons at SCSU , Alexander moved to coach Tennessee State University . Alexander was fired as coach of TSU in February 2009 . He was born in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . On April 21 , 2012 , Alexander was hired as head coach of NC A & T . He resigned in January 2016 to pursue other opportunities within the North Carolina A & T athletics department ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington ( DC ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_DC', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Former head basketball coach of North Carolina A & T State University , Tennessee State University and South Carolina State University ;', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_A&T_State_University', 'summary': "North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University ( also known as North Carolina A & T State University , North Carolina A & T , N.C. A & T , or simply A & T ) is a public , historically black , research university in Greensboro , North Carolina . It is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina System . Founded by the North Carolina General Assembly on March 9 , 1891 , as the Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race , it is the second college established under the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1890 , and the first for people of color in the state of North Carolina . Initially , the college offered instruction in agriculture , English , horticulture , and mathematics . In 1967 , the college was designated a Regional University by the North Carolina General Assembly and renamed North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University . With an enrollment of over 12,556 students , North Carolina A & T is the largest historically black university in the U.S. , a position it has held since 2014 . According to U.S. News & World Report , the university is ranked seventh nationally among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) and first among publlic HBCUs . The university is also well recognized for its degree program in engineering . The university 's College of Engineering has consistently ranked first in the nation for the number of degrees awarded to African Americans at undergraduate level , and is a leading producer of African-American engineers with master 's and doctoratal degrees . Likewise , its College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences produces more African American agricultural graduates than any campus in the country . The university is also a leading producer of African-American kinesiology undergraduates , landscape architects and journalism/mass communications grads . The university offers 54 undergraduate , 29 master 's , and nine doctoral degrees through its eight colleges , one school and one joint school ; the university awards more than 1,900 degrees annually , and has an alumni base around 55,000 in numbers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "Tennessee State University ( Tennessee State , Tenn State , or TSU ) is a public and historically black land-grant university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , it is the largest and only state-funded historically black university in Tennessee . It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Tennessee State University offers 41 bachelors degrees , 23 master 's degrees , and eight doctoral degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_State_University', 'summary': 'South Carolina State University ( SCSU or SC State ) is a public historically black university in Orangeburg , South Carolina . It is the only public , historically black land-grant institution in South Carolina , is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund , and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bernie Bickerstaff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernie_Bickerstaff', 'summary': "Bernard Tyrone Bickerstaff ( born February 11 , 1944 ) is an American basketball coach and front office executive , currently serving as the Senior Basketball Advisor for the Cleveland Cavaliers . As a coach , he previously worked as the head coach for the NBA 's Seattle SuperSonics , Denver Nuggets , Washington Bullets/Wizards , Charlotte Bobcats , and Los Angeles Lakers . He has also been an assistant for the Portland Trail Blazers , Chicago Bulls , Los Angeles Lakers , and Cavaliers . He has served in numerous other NBA front office positions , and has been a consultant for the Harlem Globetrotters ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_State_University', 'summary': "San Diego State University ( SDSU ) is a public research university in San Diego , California . Founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School , it is the third-oldest university in the 23-member California State University ( CSU ) system . SDSU has a Fall 2019 student body of 35,081 and an alumni base of more than 300,000 . It is classified among Doctoral Universities : High Research Activity . In the 2015-16 fiscal year , the university obtained $ 130 million in public and private funding - a total of 707 awards - up from $ 120.6 million the previous fiscal year . As reported by the Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index released by the Academic Analytics organization of Stony Brook , New York , SDSU is the number one small research university in the United States in 2006 and 2007 . SDSU sponsors the second-highest number of Fulbright Scholars in the State of California , just behind UC Berkeley . Since 2005 , the university has produced over 65 Fulbright student scholars . The university generates over $ 2.4 billion annually for the San Diego economy , while 60 percent of SDSU graduates remain in San Diego , making SDSU a primary educator of the region 's work force . Committed to serving the diverse San Diego region , SDSU ranks among the top ten universities nationwide in terms of ethnic and racial diversity among its student body , as well as the number of bachelor 's degrees conferred upon minority students . San Diego State University consistently ranks in the top 500 universities in the world , and according to Forbes , is among the top 93rd percentile of public colleges in the United States . San Diego State University is a member of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , the American Association of State Colleges and Universities , and the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Assistant coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers ; NBA coach and front office executive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers', 'summary': "The Cleveland Cavaliers , often referred to as the Cavs , are an American professional basketball team based in Cleveland . The Cavaliers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team began play as an expansion team in 1970 , along with the Portland Trail Blazers and Buffalo Braves . Home games were first held at Cleveland Arena from 1970 to 1974 , followed by the Richfield Coliseum from 1974 to 1994 . Since 1994 , the Cavs have played home games at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in downtown Cleveland , which is shared with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League and the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League . Dan Gilbert has owned the team since March 2005 . The Cavaliers opened their inaugural season losing their first 15 games and struggled in their early years , placing no better than sixth in the Eastern Conference during their first five seasons . The team won their first Central Division title in 1976 , which also marked the first winning season and playoff appearance in franchise history , where they advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals . The franchise was purchased by Ted Stepien in 1980 . Stepien 's tenure as owner was marked by six coaching changes , questionable trades and draft decisions , and poor attendance , leading to $ 15 million in financial losses . The Cavs went 66-180 in that time and endured a 24-game losing streak spanning the 1981-82 and 1982-83 seasons . George and Gordon Gund purchased the franchise in 1983 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Rolando Blackman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolando_Blackman', 'summary': 'Rolando Antonio Blackman ( born February 26 , 1959 ) is a retired Panamanian-born American professional basketball player . He was a four-time All-Star who spent most of his career with the Dallas Mavericks . Blackman was born in Panama City , Panama , and raised in Brooklyn , New York , from the age of eight .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Psi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_State_University', 'summary': "Kansas State University ( KSU ) , commonly shortened to Kansas State or K-State , is a public research university with its main campus in Manhattan , Kansas . It was opened as the state 's land-grant college in 1863 and was the first public institution of higher learning in the state of Kansas . It had a record high enrollment of 24,766 students for the Fall 2014 semester . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Kansas State 's academic offerings are administered through nine colleges , including the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Technology and Aviation in Salina . Graduate degrees offered include 65 master 's degree programs and 45 doctoral degrees . Branch campuses are in Salina and Olathe . The Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus in Salina is home to the College of Technology and Aviation . The Olathe Innovation Campus has a focus on graduate work in research bioenergy , animal health , plant science and food safety and security ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Dallas Mavericks guard ; College Basketball Hall of Fame , 2015 ; Assistant coach with Turkey national basketball team ; one of only two former Maverick players to have his jersey retired by the team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey_national_basketball_team', 'summary': 'The Turkey national basketball team ( Turkish : Türkiye Millî Basketbol Takımı ) represents Turkey in international basketball tournaments . They are governed by the Turkish Basketball Federation . Their nickname is the 12 Dev Adam , meaning 12 Giant Men . Turkey has competed at every major international basketball tournament . Their greatest achievements are winning two silver medals on home soil at the EuroBasket ( 2001 ) , and FIBA World Cup ( 2010 ) respectively . Turkey has also won two gold ( 1987 , 2013 ) , one silver ( 1971 ) , and three bronze ( 1967 , 1983 , 2009 ) medals at the Mediterranean Games . Currently , Turkey stands 15th in the FIBA World Rankings .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter Bond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Bond', 'summary': "Walter Bond ( born February 1 , 1969 ) is an American former professional basketball player . A 200-pound , 6 ' 5 shooting guard from the University of Minnesota , Bond was not drafted by an NBA team but did manage to play in 3 NBA seasons . He played for the Dallas Mavericks ( 1992/93 ) , Utah Jazz ( 1993/94 ) and Detroit Pistons ( 1994/95 ) . In January 1995 Bond signed two 10-day contracts with Utah Jazz . In his NBA career , Bond played in 153 games , and scored a total of 873 points . He scored 590 points in 1 season with the Dallas Mavericks , 273 points in two seasons with Utah Jazz , and 10 points in one season with the Detroit Pistons On November 10 , 1992 , in just his second professional game in the NBA , he scored a career high 25 points as a Maverick against the Minnesota Timberwolves . His single game scoring stats declined for the rest of his 151 NBA games . He also played professionally in Italy for Cirio Avellino ( Serie A2 , Jan-Jun '98 ) . Walter is now a motivational speaker , booking over 100 speaking appearances every year in the United States and internationally . He is also the host of Food Network series Giving You The Business , which premiered in April 2013 . Bond had his 1990 NCAA elite 8 ring stolen from him in 1991 . In March 2010 , it was retrieved after it was missing for nearly 20 years and returned to him as police detectives unexpectedly found it in a house they were searching ."}]}, {'value': 'Psi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Bridges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Bridges_(basketball)', 'summary': "William C. Bridges ( April 4 , 1939 - September 25 , 2015 ) was an American basketball player . A 6 ' 6 power forward from Hobbs , New Mexico , Bridges played collegiately for the University of Kansas . At Kansas , he averaged 13.2 points and 13.9 rebounds per game , was chosen All-Big Eight three seasons , and was an All-American in 1961 . Bridges played for the Kansas City Steers of the American Basketball League prior to entering the NBA . Bridges led the ABL in rebounding during both seasons he played for the Steers , and led the league in scoring during his second season . He set the ABL single-game scoring record with 55 points on December 9 , 1962 . The league folded at the end of 1962 , and the Steers were declared ABL champions . Bridges then entered the National Basketball Association and spent 13 seasons ( 1962-1975 ) as a member of the St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks , Philadelphia 76ers , Los Angeles Lakers , and Golden State Warriors . Bridges won an NBA Championship with the Warriors in 1975 and appeared in three All-Star Games during the course of his career . Though somewhat undersized for his position , Bridges was a strong rebounder and averaged a double-double ( 11.9 points , 11.9 rebounds ) over the course of his NBA career . He is also the only player besides Bill Russell , Wilt Chamberlain and Willis Reed to record more than 35 rebounds in a playoff game . Bridges ' league leading 366 personal fouls during the 1967-68 season was , at the time , an NBA record ."}]}, {'value': 'Mu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kansas', 'summary': "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA Forward ; 1975 NBA Champion ; 3 time NBA All Star', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Buntin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Buntin', 'summary': 'William L. Buntin ( May 5 , 1942 - May 9 , 1968 ) was an American basketball player . He played collegiately for the University of Michigan and in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Buntin died of a heart attack at age 26 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sigma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA Forward ;', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willie Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Burton', 'summary': 'Willie Ricardo Burton ( born May 26 , 1968 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who was selected by the Miami Heat in the first round ( 9th overall pick ) in the 1990 NBA draft from the University of Minnesota . Burton played for numerous NBA teams as a journeyman from 1990 to 1999 . He was born in Detroit where he attended high school at St. Martin De Porres . Willie has three children with Carla Burton .'}]}, {'value': 'Psi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA Forward ;', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mack Calvin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Calvin', 'summary': 'Mack Calvin ( born July 27 , 1947 ) is an American former basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Former ABA Guard ;', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Capel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Capel', 'summary': "Jason Maurice Capel ( born January 15 , 1980 ) is an American college basketball coach , currently an assistant at Pittsburgh . He was previously the 15th head coach of the Appalachian State Mountaineers men 's basketball team . He is a former basketball player for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and is the brother of Jeff Capel , former Duke University basketball player and current University of Pittsburgh head coach . Capel provided color commentary for ACC basketball games on Raycom Sports during the 2007-2008 college basketball season . As of January 2018 , he was a commentator for Bein Sports . He is a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . He is married to his college sweetheart Ashley Heath , also a graduate of UNC ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC , UNC-Chapel Hill , North Carolina , Chapel Hill , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . The flagship of the University of North Carolina system , it is considered a Public Ivy , or a public institution which offers an academic experience equivalent to an Ivy League university . After being chartered in 1789 , the university first began enrolling students in 1795 , which also allows it to be one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States . Among the claimants , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the only one to have held classes and graduated students as a public university in the eighteenth century . The first public institution of higher education in North Carolina , the school opened its doors to students on February 12 , 1795 . Under the leadership of President Kemp Plummer Battle , in 1877 North Carolina became coeducational and began the process of desegregation in 1951 when African-American graduate students were admitted under Chancellor Robert Burton House . In 1952 , North Carolina opened its own hospital , UNC Health Care , for research and treatment , and has since specialized in cancer care . The school 's students , alumni , and sports teams are known as Tar Heels . The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study and is administratively divided into 13 separate professional schools and a primary unit , the College of Arts & Sciences . Five of the schools have been named : the UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School , the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media , the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health , the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , and the UNC Adams School of Dentistry . All undergraduates receive a liberal arts education and have the option to pursue a major within the professional schools of the university or within the College of Arts and Sciences from the time they obtain junior status . UNC 's faculty and alumni include 9 Nobel Prize laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 49 Rhodes Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Former mens head basketball coach of Appalachian State University ; former basketball player for the North Carolina Tar Heels', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_men's_basketball", 'summary': 'The Appalachian State Mountaineers basketball team is the college basketball team at Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina . The Mountaineers compete in the Sun Belt Conference after having competed in the Southern Conference from 1972 to 2014 . They are currently a Division I member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Appalachian State plays their home games at the George M. Holmes Convocation Center . Notable past coaches include Buzz Peterson , Press Maravich , and Bobby Cremins . The Mountaineers have appeared in the NCAA Tournament twice , 1979 and 2000 , and appeared in the National Invitation Tournament in 2007 . The Mountaineers also reached the semifinals of the 2010 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament .'}, {'url': "/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball program is the intercollegiate men 's basketball team of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The Tar Heels have won six Men 's Basketball National Championships ( 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , and 2017 ) . North Carolina 's six NCAA Tournament Championships are third-most all-time , behind University of California , Los Angeles ( 11 ) and University of Kentucky ( 8 ) . They have also won 18 Atlantic Coast Conference tournament titles , 32 Atlantic Coast Conference regular season titles , and an Atlantic Coast Conference record 20 outright Regular Season Championships . The program has produced many notable players who went on to play in the NBA , including three of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History : Billy Cunningham , Michael Jordan and James Worthy . Many Tar Heel assistant coaches have gone on to become head coaches elsewhere . From the Tar Heels ' first season in 1910-11 through the 2018-19 season , the program has amassed a .739 all-time winning percentage ( second highest all-time ) , winning 2,261 games and losing 799 games in 109 seasons . The Tar Heels also have the most consecutive 20-win seasons with 31 seasons from the 1970-71 season through the 2000-2001 season . On March 2 , 2010 , North Carolina became the second college basketball program to reach 2,000 wins in its history . The Tar Heels are currently ranked 3rd all time in wins trailing Kentucky by 34 games and Kansas by 13 games . The Tar Heels are one of only four Division I Men 's Basketball programs to have ever achieved 2,000 victories . Kentucky , Kansas , and Duke are the other three ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Capel II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Capel_II', 'summary': "Felton Jeffrey Capel II ( January 6 , 1953 - November 13 , 2017 ) was an American National Basketball Association assistant coach , and , prior to that , a college basketball head coach . He was head coach of the Old Dominion Monarchs team from 1994 to 2001 , of the North Carolina A & T Aggies from 1993 to 1994 and of the Fayetteville State Broncos from 1989 to 1993 . He was the father of Pittsburgh Panthers head coach Jeff Capel III and former Appalachian State Mountaineers head coach Jason Capel . He was also an assistant coach with the NBA 's Charlotte Bobcats . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Capel was hired as an assistant coach for the Philadelphia 76ers ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville_State_University', 'summary': 'Fayetteville State University ( FSU ) is a historically black public regional university in Fayetteville , North Carolina . FSU is part of the University of North Carolina System and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .'}]}, {'value': 'Former mens head basketball coach Old Dominion University , North Carolina A & T University and Fayetteville State University ; former NBA assistant coach Philadelphia 76ers and Charlotte Bobcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_University', 'summary': "Old Dominion University ( ODU ) is a public research university in Norfolk , Virginia . It was established in 1930 as the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary and is now one of the largest universities in Virginia with an enrollment of 24,176 students for the 2019 academic year . Old Dominion University is also home to over 700 international students from 89 different countries . Its main campus covers over 251 acres ( 1.02 km2 ) straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont , Highland Park , and Lambert 's Point , approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from Downtown Norfolk . Old Dominion University is classified among Doctoral Universities : Higher Research Activity and provides nearly $ 2 billion annually to the regional economy . The university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nation 's largest providers of online distance learning courses . Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries . Old Dominion University derives its name from one of Virginia 's state nicknames , The Old Dominion , given to the state by King Charles II of England for remaining loyal to the crown during the English Civil War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_A&T_University', 'summary': "North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University ( also known as North Carolina A & T State University , North Carolina A & T , N.C. A & T , or simply A & T ) is a public , historically black , research university in Greensboro , North Carolina . It is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina System . Founded by the North Carolina General Assembly on March 9 , 1891 , as the Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race , it is the second college established under the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1890 , and the first for people of color in the state of North Carolina . Initially , the college offered instruction in agriculture , English , horticulture , and mathematics . In 1967 , the college was designated a Regional University by the North Carolina General Assembly and renamed North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University . With an enrollment of over 12,556 students , North Carolina A & T is the largest historically black university in the U.S. , a position it has held since 2014 . According to U.S. News & World Report , the university is ranked seventh nationally among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) and first among publlic HBCUs . The university is also well recognized for its degree program in engineering . The university 's College of Engineering has consistently ranked first in the nation for the number of degrees awarded to African Americans at undergraduate level , and is a leading producer of African-American engineers with master 's and doctoratal degrees . Likewise , its College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences produces more African American agricultural graduates than any campus in the country . The university is also a leading producer of African-American kinesiology undergraduates , landscape architects and journalism/mass communications grads . The university offers 54 undergraduate , 29 master 's , and nine doctoral degrees through its eight colleges , one school and one joint school ; the university awards more than 1,900 degrees annually , and has an alumni base around 55,000 in numbers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville_State_University', 'summary': 'Fayetteville State University ( FSU ) is a historically black public regional university in Fayetteville , North Carolina . FSU is part of the University of North Carolina System and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia 76ers ( also commonly known as the Sixers ) are an American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia . The 76ers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division and play at Wells Fargo Center . Founded in 1946 and originally known as the Syracuse Nationals , they are one of the oldest franchises in the NBA , and one of only eight ( out of 23 ) to survive the league 's first decade . The 76ers have had a prominent history , with many of the greatest players in NBA history having played for the organization , including Wilt Chamberlain , Hal Greer , Billy Cunningham , Julius Erving , Andrew Toney , Moses Malone , Charles Barkley , and Allen Iverson . They have won three NBA championships , with their first coming as the Syracuse Nationals in 1955 . The second title came in 1967 , a team which was led by Chamberlain . The third title came in 1983 , won by a team led by Erving and Malone . The 76ers have only been back to the NBA Finals once since then : in 2001 , where they were led by Iverson and lost to the Los Angeles Lakers in five games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Bobcats', 'summary': "The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Hornets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team is largely owned by retired NBA player Michael Jordan , who acquired a controlling interest in the team in 2010 . The Hornets play their home games at the Spectrum Center in Uptown Charlotte . The original Hornets franchise was established in 1988 as an expansion team , owned by George Shinn . In 2002 , Shinn 's franchise relocated to New Orleans and became the New Orleans Hornets . In 2004 , the NBA established the Charlotte Bobcats , which was regarded as a new expansion team at the time . In 2013 , the New Orleans franchise announced it would rebrand itself the New Orleans Pelicans , ultimately returning the Hornets name , records , and official history ( spanning from 1988 to 2002 ) to Charlotte . The Bobcats were officially renamed the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilt Chamberlain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain', 'summary': "Wilton Norman Chamberlain ( /ˈtʃeɪmbərlɪn/ ; August 21 , 1936 - October 12 , 1999 ) was an American basketball player who played as a center and is considered one of the greatest players in history . He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors , the Philadelphia 76ers , and the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played for the University of Kansas and also for the Harlem Globetrotters before playing in the NBA . Chamberlain stood 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) tall , and weighed 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) as a rookie before bulking up to 275 and eventually to over 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) with the Lakers . Chamberlain holds numerous NBA records in scoring , rebounding , and durability categories . He is the only player to score 100 points in a single NBA game or average more than 40 and 50 points in a season . He won seven scoring , eleven rebounding , nine field goal percentage titles and led the league in assists once . Chamberlain is the only player in NBA history to average at least 30 points and 20 rebounds per game in a season , which he accomplished seven times . He is also the only player to average at least 30 points and 20 rebounds per game over the entire course of his NBA career . Although he suffered a long string of losses in the playoffs , Chamberlain had a successful career , winning two NBA championships , earning four regular-season Most Valuable Player awards , the Rookie of the Year award , one NBA Finals MVP award , and was selected to 13 All-Star Games and ten All-NBA First and Second teams . He was subsequently enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978 , elected into the NBA 's 35th Anniversary Team of 1980 , and in 1996 he was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . Chamberlain was known by several nicknames during his basketball playing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Mu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kansas', 'summary': "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA center ; Basketball Hall of Fame , 1978 ; College Basketball Hall of Fame , 2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame , located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield , Massachusetts . It serves as basketball 's most complete library , in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball . Dedicated to Canadian-American physician and inventor of the sport James Naismith , it was opened and inducted its first class in 1959 . As of the induction of the Class of 2018 , the Hall has formally inducted 389 individuals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame , located in Kansas City , Missouri , is a hall of fame and museum dedicated to men 's college basketball . The museum is an integral portion of the College Basketball Experience created by the National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , located at the Sprint Center . The hall is meant as a complement to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , with a focus strictly on those who have contributed greatly to college basketball . On November 17 , 2006 the NABC honored around 180 players , coaches and other notable contributors to college basketball by inducting them into the founding class of the Hall of Fame . Oscar Robertson , Bill Russell , Dean Smith , John Wooden , and the family of James Naismith , were selected to represent the inaugural class . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts has indicated it will help with the exhibits . The other interactive portions of the College Basketball Experience are called 'The Entry Experience , ' 'The Fan Experience , ' and 'The Game . ' The NABC recently renamed the Guardians Classic college tournament the CBE Classic to help promote it ."}]}, {'value': 'John Chaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Chaney_(basketball_coach)', 'summary': 'John Chaney ( born January 21 , 1932 ) is an American retired college basketball coach , best known for his success at Temple University .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethune-Cookman_University', 'summary': 'Bethune-Cookman University ( B-CU ) is a private historically black university in Daytona Beach , Florida . The primary administration building , White Hall , and the Mary McLeod Bethune Home are in the National Register of Historic Places . Although accredited , in June 2018 the university was put on probation by its regional accreditor .'}]}, {'value': 'Distinguished Cheyney University of Pennsylvania and Temple University head coach ; Basketball Hall of Fame 2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheyney_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is a public historically black university in Cheyney , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1837 , it was the first historically black institute . It is a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . The university offers bachelor 's degrees . The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Temple_Owls_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Temple Owls men 's basketball team represents Temple University in the sport of basketball . The Owls compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I as a member of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . They play their home games in the Liacouras Center on the university 's main campus in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and are currently led by head coach Aaron Mckie . Temple is the fifth-most winningest NCAA Division I men 's college basketball program of all time , with 1903 wins at the end of the 2017-18 season . On March 7 , 2012 , the Temple Owls announced that they would be rejoining the Big East Conference for all sports in 2013 after 31 years in the Atlantic 10 Conference , with the Owls football team membership beginning in the 2012 season . However , before Temple became an all-sports member of the Big East , the conference split along football lines . The league 's non-FBS football schools formed a new Big East in 2013 , while Temple and the remaining football members remained in the old conference , but renamed it the American Athletic Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame , located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield , Massachusetts . It serves as basketball 's most complete library , in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball . Dedicated to Canadian-American physician and inventor of the sport James Naismith , it was opened and inducted its first class in 1959 . As of the induction of the Class of 2018 , the Hall has formally inducted 389 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'David Cox ( basketball )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cox_(basketball)', 'summary': "David Cox ( born October 17 , 1973 ) is an American college basketball coach , and current head coach of the Rhode Island Rams men 's basketball team ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_William_&_Mary', 'summary': "The College of William & Mary ( also known as William & Mary , W & M , and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia ) is a public research university in Williamsburg , Virginia . Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II , it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States , after Harvard University . William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson ( third ) , James Monroe ( fifth ) , and John Tyler ( tenth ) as well as other key figures pivotal to the development of the nation , including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph of Virginia , the first United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph of Virginia , the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia , Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky , sixteen members of the Continental Congress , and four signers of the Declaration of Independence , earning it the nickname the Alma Mater of the Nation . A young George Washington ( 1732-1799 ) also received his surveyor 's license at the college , and he would become the college 's first American chancellor in 1788 . The F.H.C . Society , founded in 1750 , was the first collegiate fraternity in the United States , and W & M students founded the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society in 1776 , the first Greek-letter fraternity . W & M was also the first school of higher education in the United States to install an honor code of conduct for students , dating back to 1736 . The establishment of graduate programs in law and medicine in 1779 makes it one of the earliest higher level universities in the United States . In addition to its undergraduate program , W & M is home to several graduate programs and four professional schools . The Marshall-Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States . In his 1985 book Public Ivies : A Guide to America 's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities , Richard Moll included William & Mary as one of the original eight Public Ivies ."}]}, {'value': 'Current head basketball coach of University of Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "The University of Rhode Island ( URI ) is a public research university with its main campus in Kingston , Rhode Island . It is the flagship public research as well as the land grant and sea grant university for the state of Rhode Island . Its main campus is located in the village of Kingston in southern Rhode Island . Additionally , smaller campuses include the Feinstein Campus in Providence , the Rhode Island Nursing Education Center in Providence , the Narragansett Bay Campus in Narragansett , and the W. Alton Jones Campus in West Greenwich . The university offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees in 80 undergraduate and 49 graduate areas of study through eight academic colleges . These colleges include Arts and Sciences , Business , Education and Professional Studies , Engineering , Health Sciences , Environment and Life Sciences , Nursing , and Pharmacy . Another college , University College for Academic Success , serves primarily as an advising college for all incoming undergraduates and follows them through their first two years of enrollment at URI . As of 2019 , the University of Rhode Island enrolls 14,653 undergraduate students , 1,982 graduate students , and 1,339 non-degree students . The in-state tuition for undergrad URI students in 2018-2019 is $ 14,138 , while Regional students paid $ 22,324 for tuition , and out of state students paid $ 30,862 . 75% of students received some type of financial aid ."}]}, {'value': 'Gene Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Cross', 'summary': 'Gene Cross ( born December 20 , 1971 ) is a former American professional basketball coach , currently serving as a Director of Amateur Scouting for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}]}, {'value': 'Former head professional and collegiate basketball coach ;', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erick Dampier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erick_Dampier', 'summary': 'Erick Travez Dampier ( born July 14 , 1975 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Indiana Pacers , Golden State Warriors , Dallas Mavericks , Miami Heat and Atlanta Hawks . He is a 6 ft 11 in / 265 lb . center .'}]}, {'value': 'Eta Upsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_State_University', 'summary': "Mississippi State University for Agriculture and Applied Science , commonly known as Mississippi State University ( MSU ) , is a public land-grant research university adjacent to Starkville , Mississippi . It is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very High Research Activity and has a total research and development budget of $ 239.4 million , the largest in Mississippi . The university was chartered as Mississippi Agricultural & Mechanical College on February 28 , 1878 and admitted its first students in 1880 . Organized into 12 colleges and schools , the university offers over 180 baccalaureate , graduate , and professional degree programs , and is home to Mississippi 's only accredited programs in architecture and veterinary medicine . Mississippi State participates in the National Sea Grant College Program and National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program . The university 's main campus in Starkville is supplemented by auxiliary campuses in Meridian , Biloxi , and Vicksburg . The 19th and current president of Mississippi State is Mark E. Keenum , a former United States Under Secretary of Agriculture . Mississippi State 's intercollegiate sports teams , the Mississippi State Bulldogs , compete in NCAA Division I athletics as members of the Southeastern Conference 's western division . Mississippi State was a founding member of the SEC in 1932 . In their more-than 120-year history , the Bulldogs have won 21 individual national championships and 30 regular season conference championships . The school is noted for a pervasive baseball fan culture , with Dudy Noble Field holding 17 of the top 25 all-time NCAA attendance records and the school 's Left Field Lounge being described as an epicenter of college baseball ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harold Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Ellis_(basketball)', 'summary': "Harold Ellis ( born October 7 , 1970 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . A 6 ' 5 ( 1.96 m ) shooting guard from Morehouse College , Ellis was never drafted by a National Basketball Association team but did manage to play in 3 NBA seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Pi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA Los Angeles Clippers Denver Nuggets forward ; NBA team executive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Clippers ( branded as the LA Clippers ) are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Clippers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Pacific Division in the league 's Western Conference . The Clippers play their home games at the Staples Center , an arena they share with fellow NBA team the Los Angeles Lakers , as well as the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The franchise was founded in 1970 as the Buffalo Braves , and were one of three expansion teams to join the NBA that year , along with the Cleveland Cavaliers and Portland Trail Blazers . The Braves saw some success and reached the playoffs three times , led by league Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Bob McAdoo . Conflicts with the Canisius Golden Griffins over the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium and the sale of the franchise led to their relocating from Buffalo , New York , to San Diego , California . In 1978 , upon relocating , the franchise was rebranded to be known as the San Diego Clippers , in reference to the sailing ships that can be seen in the San Diego Bay . The franchise saw limited success on the court in its six years in San Diego despite the acquisition of star center Bill Walton , who missed nearly three full seasons due to injury upon his arrival . In 1981 , the franchise was acquired by Los Angeles-based real estate mogul Donald Sterling . In 1984 , the franchise was controversially relocated to Los Angeles by Sterling without the approval of the NBA . Despite fines and a lawsuit brought on against franchise ownership by the NBA seeking to return the franchise to San Diego , the team was ultimately permitted to remain in Los Angeles , where they failed to see significant regular season or playoff success . They were frequently seen as an example of a perennial loser in American professional sports , drawing unfavorable comparisons to their historically successful city-rivals , the Lakers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denver_Nuggets', 'summary': "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver . The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , but changed its name to Rockets before the first season . It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974 . After the name change , the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976 , losing to the New York Nets . The team has had some periods of success , qualifying for the ABA Playoffs for all seasons from 1967 to the 1976 ABA playoffs where it lost in the finals . The team joined the NBA in 1976 after the ABA-NBA merger and qualified for the NBA playoffs in nine consecutive seasons in the 1980s and ten consecutive seasons from 2004 to 2013 . However , it has not made an appearance in a championship round since its last year in the ABA ; as such , they are also the only of the four surviving former ABA teams to have never reached the NBA Finals . The Nuggets play their home games at Pepsi Center , which they share with the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alex English', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_English', 'summary': 'Alexander English ( born January 5 , 1954 ) is an American retired basketball player . He was most recently an assistant coach with the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball at the University of South Carolina . Upon his arrival in Denver in 1980 , English commenced an assault on the NBA scoring books . With the erratic , fast-paced , and high-scoring Nuggets , he averaged 21 points through the final 24 games of the 1979-80 season , then proceeded with averages of 24 , 25 , 28 , 26 , 28 , nearly 30 ( in the 1985-86 season ) , 29 , 25 , 27 , and 18 points per game during his decade-long scoring spree . He also led the Nuggets to nine consecutive playoff appearances , two Midwest Division titles , and the 1985 Western Conference Finals . English set 31 team records throughout his decade in Denver , and was the leading scorer in 55% of the games he played for the Nuggets . In total , English played 15 seasons in the NBA for four teams , averaging 21.5 points and 5.5 rebounds per game during his NBA career . He was named to eight NBA All-Star teams and made the All-NBA Second Team three times . His number 2 jersey was retired by the Denver Nuggets in 1992 and he was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NBA forward ; Basketball Hall of Fame , 1997 ; College Basketball Hall of Fame , 2006 , NBA assistant coach for Toronto Raptors and Sacramento Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame , located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield , Massachusetts . It serves as basketball 's most complete library , in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball . Dedicated to Canadian-American physician and inventor of the sport James Naismith , it was opened and inducted its first class in 1959 . As of the induction of the Class of 2018 , the Hall has formally inducted 389 individuals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/College_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame , located in Kansas City , Missouri , is a hall of fame and museum dedicated to men 's college basketball . The museum is an integral portion of the College Basketball Experience created by the National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , located at the Sprint Center . The hall is meant as a complement to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , with a focus strictly on those who have contributed greatly to college basketball . On November 17 , 2006 the NABC honored around 180 players , coaches and other notable contributors to college basketball by inducting them into the founding class of the Hall of Fame . Oscar Robertson , Bill Russell , Dean Smith , John Wooden , and the family of James Naismith , were selected to represent the inaugural class . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts has indicated it will help with the exhibits . The other interactive portions of the College Basketball Experience are called 'The Entry Experience , ' 'The Fan Experience , ' and 'The Game . ' The NABC recently renamed the Guardians Classic college tournament the CBE Classic to help promote it ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Finch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Finch', 'summary': "Larry O. Finch ( February 16 , 1951 - April 2 , 2011 ) was a player and coach for the University of Memphis men 's basketball team . He is perhaps most famous for leading the Memphis Tigers to the NCAA men 's basketball championship game in 1973 in a heroic loss to the UCLA Bruins , led by Bill Walton ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis ( TN ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County , Tennessee , United States . The 2018 city population was 650,618 , making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River , the second most populous city in Tennessee , as well as the 26th largest city in the United States . Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States , with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017 . The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region , which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas and Mississippi . Memphis is the seat of Shelby County , the most populous county in Tennessee . As one of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States , the city features a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods . The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1541 with his expedition into the New World . The high Chickasaw Bluffs protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi would then be contested between the Spanish , French , and the English as Memphis took shape . Modern Memphis was founded in 1819 by three prominent Americans : John Overton , James Winchester , and future president Andrew Jackson . Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the Antebellum South as a market for agricultural goods , natural resources like lumber , and the American slave trade . After the American Civil War and the end of slavery , the city experienced even faster growth into the 20th century as it became among the largest world markets for cotton and lumber . Home to Tennessee 's largest African-American population , Memphis played a prominent role in the American civil rights movement and was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's 1968 assassination ."}]}, {'value': 'Former head coach of University of Memphis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Memphis', 'summary': 'The University of Memphis ( UofM ) is a public research university in Memphis , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , the university has an enrollment of more than 22,000 students . The university maintains The Center for Earthquake Research and Information ( CERI ) , The Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law , the former Lambuth University campus ( now a branch campus of The University of Memphis ) , The Loewenberg College of Nursing , The School of Public Health , The College of Communication and Fine Arts , The FedEx Institute of Technology , The Advanced Distributed Learning Workforce Co-Lab , and The Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology .'}]}, {'value': 'Caesar Felton Gayles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caesar_Felton_Gayles', 'summary': 'Caesar Felton Zip Gayles ( May 22 , 1900 - November 5 , 1986 ) was an American football and basketball coach . He served as the head football coach at Tennessee Agricultural & Industrial State College - now known as Tennessee State University - in 1927 , Arkansas Agricultural , Mechanical & Normal College - now known as University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff-from 1928 to 1929 , and at Langston University from 1930 to 1957 , compiling a career college football record of 155-89-23 . He was also the head basketball coach at Langston from 1930 to 1965 , tallying a mark of 571-281 . Gayles was inducted into the Oklahoma Athletic Hall of Fame in 1974 , the NAIA Basketball Coaches Hall of Fame in 1986 , and the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pi ( Charter Member )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': "Distinguished Langston University men 's basketball head coach ; College Basketball Hall of Fame 2014", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langston_University', 'summary': 'Langston University ( LU ) is a public university in Langston , Oklahoma . It is the only historically black college in the state . Though located in a rural setting 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Guthrie , Langston also serves an urban mission , with University Centers in both Tulsa ( at the same campus as the OSU-Tulsa facility ) and Oklahoma City , and a nursing program set to open in Ardmore . The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .'}, {'url': '/wiki/College_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame , located in Kansas City , Missouri , is a hall of fame and museum dedicated to men 's college basketball . The museum is an integral portion of the College Basketball Experience created by the National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , located at the Sprint Center . The hall is meant as a complement to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , with a focus strictly on those who have contributed greatly to college basketball . On November 17 , 2006 the NABC honored around 180 players , coaches and other notable contributors to college basketball by inducting them into the founding class of the Hall of Fame . Oscar Robertson , Bill Russell , Dean Smith , John Wooden , and the family of James Naismith , were selected to represent the inaugural class . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts has indicated it will help with the exhibits . The other interactive portions of the College Basketball Experience are called 'The Entry Experience , ' 'The Fan Experience , ' and 'The Game . ' The NABC recently renamed the Guardians Classic college tournament the CBE Classic to help promote it ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Garrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Garrett_(basketball)', 'summary': "William Leon Garrett ( April 4 , 1929 - August 7 , 1974 ) was a basketball player , coach , educator , and a college administrator who is best known as the first African American to regularly play on a Big Ten Conference varsity basketball team . Prior to becoming a college player for Indiana University ( 1947-51 ) , the Shelbyville , Indiana , native led his Shelbyville High School basketball team to its first state high school basketball championship in 1947 and he was named Indiana Mr. Basketball . In 1959 Garrett coached Indianapolis 's Crispus Attucks High School boys ' basketball team to the state high school basketball championship title , making him the only Indiana Mr. Basketball to win a state championship as a player and as a coach . The Boston Celtics chose Garrett in the second round of the 1951 National Basketball Association draft , but he was drafted into the U.S. Army and released from the Celtics without playing in an NBA regular season or playoff game . After completing his military service in 1953 , Garrett played exhibition games for the Harlem Globetrotters for less than two years before becoming a basketball coach and educator in Indianapolis . In his later years Garrett served as a coach and athletic director at Crispus Attucks High School , an instructor at Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana , and as assistant dean for student services at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis . Garrett was inducted into Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University', 'summary': 'Indiana University ( IU ) is a system of public universities in the state of Indiana . Indiana University has a combined student body of more than 110,000 students , which includes approximately 46,000 students enrolled at the Indiana University Bloomington campus .'}]}, {'value': 'First African-American to play on the IU basketball team and also the first to regularly start on a Big Ten team ; Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame , 1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame is a sports museum and hall of fame in New Castle , Indiana . While it honors men and women associated with high school , college , and professional basketball in Indiana , an emphasis is placed on the athlete 's high school career for induction ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Kappa_Alpha_Psi_brothers_12', 'intro': 'The following is a list of notable members of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. (commonly referred to as Kappas or Nupes). These members are recognized as leaders in the arts, athletics, business, civil rights, education, government, and science. Kappa Alpha Psi was founded on the campus of Indiana University in 1911. The fraternity has more than 105,000 members with 721 undergraduate and alumni chapters in every state of the United States, and international chapters in the United Kingdom, Germany, Korea, Japan, the Caribbean, Saint Thomas, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and South Africa.'} | null | null | What is the original chapter of the brother who is an American basketball coach and front office executive , currently serving as the Senior Basketball Advisor for the Cleveland Cavaliers ? | Delta Epsilon |
072308c8ba891933 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Greece', 'title': 'List of football clubs in Greece', 'header': ['Club', 'Greek name', 'Settlement', 'Regional unit', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': 'AEK Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C.', 'summary': "AEK Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ AEK [ aek ] ; Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ; Athlitikί Énosis Konstadinoupόleos , meaning Athletic Union of Constantinople ) , also known in European competitions as AEK Athens FC , is a Greek professional football club based in Nea Filadelfeia , a suburb of Athens , Greece . Established in Athens in 1924 by Greek refugees from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919-1922 ) , AEK has become one of the three most popular clubs in Greece and the Greek diaspora and one of the three most successful teams in Greek football ( including Olympiacos and Panathinaikos ) , winning 32 national titles and the only one to have won all the competitions organised by the Hellenic Football Federation ( including 12 Championships , 15 Greek Cups , 1 League Cup and 3 Super Cups The club has appeared several times in European competitions ( UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League and the defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ) , in which they are the most successful Greek football club in terms of achievements . They are the only Greek team to have reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup ( 1976-77 ) and they were the first Greek team to compete in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 1994-95 ) and also to have reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup ( 1968-69 ) and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup twice ( 1996-97 and 1997-98 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Α.Ε.Κ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nea Filadelfeia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nea_Filadelfeia', 'summary': 'Nea Filadelfeia ( Greek : Νέα Φιλαδέλφεια , meaning New Philadelphia ) is a suburb of Athens , Greece . Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Filadelfeia-Chalkidona , of which it is the seat and a municipal unit . The municipal unit has an area of 2.850 km2 . It was named after the Anatolian city Filadelfeia , now Alaşehir in Turkey , and it was settled by Greek refugees from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919-1922 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Athens_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Central Athens ( Greek : Κεντρικός Τομέας Αθηνών ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Attica . The regional unit covers the central part of the agglomeration of Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Attica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attica_(region)', 'summary': "Attica Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Αττικής , Periféria Attikís ; IPA : [ atiˈci ] ) is an administrative region of Greece , that encompasses the entire metropolitan area of Athens , the country 's capital and largest city . The region is coextensive with the former Attica Prefecture of Central Greece , but covers a greater area than the historical region of Attica ."}]}, {'value': 'AEL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athlitiki_Enosi_Larissa_F.C.', 'summary': "AEL Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ ΑΕΛ ) , also known by its full name Athlitiki Enosi Larissa ( Greek : Αθλητική Ένωση Λάρισας , lit . 'Athletic Union of Larissa ' ) , simply called AEL or Larissa , is a Greek professional football club based in the city of Larissa , capital of Greece 's Thessaly region . Founded in 1964 , it is directly associated with the city of Larissa and its representation . The club 's emblem , is a rising horse and its colors are crimson and white . It is the only team outside the two major Greek cities ( Athens and Thessaloniki ) to have won the Greek Championship in the season 1987-88 . AEL has also won the Greek Cup twice ( 1984-85 and 2006-07 ) and came runners-up in the Cup finals of 1982 and 1984 . This record places the club among the top teams in the history of Greek football . They play their home games at AEL FC Arena , a newly built stadium ( 2010 ) with a capacity of 16,118 seats . The team currently competes in the Greek Super League , the first tier of the Greek football league system ."}]}, {'value': 'Α.Ε.Λ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa', 'summary': 'Larissa ( /ləˈrɪsə/ ; Greek : Λάρισα , romanized : Lárissa [ ˈlarisa ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Thessaly region in Greece . It is the fourth-most populous city in Greece with a population of 144,651 according to the 2011 census ( 181,713 est . 2018 ) . It is also capital of the Larissa regional unit . It is a principal agricultural centre and a national transport hub , linked by road and rail with the port of Volos , the cities of Thessaloniki and Athens . The municipality of Larissa has 162,591 inhabitants , while the regional unit of Larissa reached a population of 284,325 ( in 2011 [ update ] ) . Legend has it that Achilles was born here . Hippocrates , the Father of Medicine , died here . Today , Larissa is an important commercial , transportation , agricultural and industrial centre of Greece .'}]}, {'value': 'Larissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Larissa ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Λάρισας ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Thessaly . Its capital is the city of Larissa . Total population 284,325 ( 2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Thessaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaly', 'summary': "Thessaly ( Greek : Θεσσαλία , Thessalía ; ancient Thessalian : Πετθαλία , Petthalía ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece , comprising most of the ancient region of the same name . Before the Greek Dark Ages , Thessaly was known as Aeolia ( Greek : Αἰολία , Aiolía ) , and appears thus in Homer 's Odyssey . Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881 , after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule . Since 1987 it has formed one of the country 's 13 regions and is further ( since the Kallikratis reform of 2010 ) sub-divided into 5 regional units and 25 municipalities . The capital of the region is Larissa . Thessaly lies in northern Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia on the north , Epirus on the west , Central Greece on the south and the Aegean Sea on the east . The Thessaly region also includes the Sporades islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Aris Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C.', 'summary': "Aris Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Άρης ) is a Greek professional football club based in the city of Thessaloniki , Macedonia , Greece , part of the multi-sports club A.C. Aris Thessaloniki . Aris is one of Greece 's most successful club and the second biggest one in Thessaloniki , having won the fourth most Super League titles after Olympiacos , Panathinaikos and AEK Athens , while they are tied with PAOK . Created in 1914 as Aris Thessaloniki Football Club , the club was a founding member of the Macedonian Football Clubs Association , as well as the Hellenic Football Federation . The colours of the club are golden/yellow , a dominant colour in the culture of Macedonia and reminiscent of the Byzantine heritage of Thessaloniki , and black . It is named after Ares , the ancient Olympian God of War , associated also with courage and masculinity , whose image is portrayed on the club 's logo as depicted in the Ludovisi Ares sculpture . Aris was also one of the strongest and most popular teams in Greece during the interwar period . They have won the Greek championship three times ( 1928 , 1932 , 1946 ) , the Greek Cup once ( 1970 ) , and they have remained undefeated at home in European competitions in 28 home matches since 1968 . The team 's home ground is the Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Άρης Θεσσαλονίκης', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki', 'summary': "Thessaloniki ( /ˌθɛsələˈniːki/ ; Greek : Θεσσαλονίκη , romanized : Thessaloníki [ θesaloˈnici ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Thessalonica ( English : /ˌθɛsələˈnaɪkə , ˌθɛsəˈlɒnɪkə/ ) , Saloniki or Salonica ( /səˈlɒnɪkə , ˌsæləˈniːkə/ ) , is the second-largest city in Greece , with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area , and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia , the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace . It is also known in Greek as η Συμπρωτεύουσα ( i Symprōtévousa ) , literally the co-capital , a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα ( Symvasilévousa ) or co-reigning city of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire , alongside Constantinople . Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf , at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea . It is bounded on the west by the delta of the Axios/Vardar . The municipality of Thessaloniki , the historical center , had a population of 325,182 in 2011 , while the Thessaloniki Urban Area had a population of 824,676 and the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area had 1,030,338 inhabitants in 2011 . It is Greece 's second major economic , industrial , commercial and political centre ; it is a major transportation hub for Greece and southeastern Europe , notably through the Port of Thessaloniki . The city is renowned for its festivals , events and vibrant cultural life in general , and is considered to be Greece 's cultural capital . Events such as the Thessaloniki International Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually , while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora . Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital . The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon . An important metropolis by the Roman period , Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire . It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1430 , and remained an important seaport and multi-ethnic metropolis during the nearly five centuries of Turkish rule ."}]}, {'value': 'Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Thessaloniki ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Macedonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Macedonia', 'summary': 'Central Macedonia ( Greek : Κεντρική Μακεδονία , romanized : Kentrikí Makedonía , Greek pronunciation : [ ce̞n.dɾiˈci mɐ.ce̞.ðo̞ˈni.ɐ ] ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece , consisting of the central part of the geographical and historical region of Macedonia . With a population of almost 1.9 million , it is the second most populous in Greece after Attica .'}]}, {'value': 'Asteras Tripolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asteras_Tripoli_F.C.', 'summary': "Asteras Tripolis Football Club ( Greek : Αστέρας Τρίπολης , transliterated Asteras Tripolis , translated Star of Tripoli ) is a Greek professional football club from the town of Tripoli in Arcadia , Peloponnese , Greece . The club was founded on 26 March 1931 and since the 2007-08 season , they have been in the Super League , the top professional league in Greece . The club 's home ground is the Theodoros Kolokotronis Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Αστέρας Τρίπολης', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tripoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece', 'summary': 'Tripoli ( Greek : Τρίπολη , Trípoli , formerly Τρίπολις , Trípolis ; earlier Τριπολιτσά Tripolitsá ) is a city in the central part of the Peloponnese , in Greece . It is the capital of the Peloponnese region as well as of the regional unit of Arcadia . The homonym municipality has around 47,000 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcadia', 'summary': 'Arcadia ( Greek : Αρκαδία , Arkadía ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the administrative region of Peloponnese . It is situated in the central and eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula . It takes its name from the mythological figure Arcas . In Greek mythology , it was the home of the god Pan . In European Renaissance arts , Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled , harmonious wilderness .'}]}, {'value': 'Peloponnese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peloponnese_(region)', 'summary': 'The Peloponnese region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Πελοποννήσου ) is a region in southern Greece . It borders the West Greece region to the north and Attica to the north-east . The region has an area of about 15,490 square kilometres ( 5,980 square miles ) . It covers most of the Peloponnese peninsula , except for the northwestern subregions of Achaea and Elis which belong to West Greece and a small portion of the Argolid peninsula that is part of Attica .'}]}, {'value': 'Atromitos Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atromitos_F.C.', 'summary': 'Atromitos Football Club ( Greek : Π.Α.Ε . Α.Π.Σ . Ατρόμητος Αθηνών , PAE APS Atromitos Athinon ) , also simply known as Atromitos ( literally meaning Fearless ) , is a Greek professional football club based in Peristeri , Athens that plays in the Super League . It was founded in 1923 and its home ground is Peristeri Stadium . In recent years , Atromitos has established itself as one of the most competitive and strong clubs in Greece . They were runners-up of the Greek Cup in 2011 and 2012 and have had breakthrough runs in the league , finishing 4th in 2011-12 , 3rd in 2012-13 , 4th in 2013-14 and 4th as well in 2014-15 and 2018-19 . Their best performance in the league has been third place , which they have achieved in the 1928 and 2013 seasons of the Greek Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Ατρόμητος Αθηνών', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peristeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peristeri', 'summary': 'Peristeri ( Greek : Περιστέρι , meaning pigeon/dove in Greek ) is a suburban municipality in the northwestern part of the Athens agglomeration , Greece . With 139,981 inhabitants ( 2011 census ) , it is the seventh-largest municipality of Greece by population .'}]}, {'value': 'West Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Athens_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'West Athens ( Greek : Δυτικός Τομέας Αθηνών ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Attica . The regional unit covers the west-central part of the agglomeration of Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Attica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attica_(region)', 'summary': "Attica Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Αττικής , Periféria Attikís ; IPA : [ atiˈci ] ) is an administrative region of Greece , that encompasses the entire metropolitan area of Athens , the country 's capital and largest city . The region is coextensive with the former Attica Prefecture of Central Greece , but covers a greater area than the historical region of Attica ."}]}, {'value': 'Lamia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAS_Lamia_1964', 'summary': 'Lamia Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Lamia , Greece . It was founded in 1964 . The club plays in the Super League , the first tier of Greek football . It plays its home matches at the Lamia Municipal Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Λαμία', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lamia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamia_(city)', 'summary': 'Lamia ( Greek : Λαμία , Lamía , pronounced [ laˈmia ] ) is a city in central Greece . The city dates back to antiquity , and is today the capital of the regional unit of Phthiotis and of the Central Greece region ( comprising five regional units ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Phthiotis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phthiotis', 'summary': 'Phthiotis ( Greek : Φθιώτιδα , Fthiótida , [ ˈfθjɔtiða ] ; ancient Greek and Katharevousa : Φθιῶτις ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece . The capital is the city of Lamia . It is bordered by the Malian Gulf to the east , Boeotia in the south , Phocis in the south , Aetolia-Acarnania in the southwest , Evrytania in the west , Karditsa regional unit in the north , Larissa regional unit in the north , and Magnesia in the northeast . The name dates back to ancient times . It is best known as the home of Achilles .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Greece_(region)', 'summary': 'Central Greece ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Στερεάς Ελλάδας , Periféreia Stereás Elládas , properly translated as Region of Central Greece , colloquially known as Roúmeli ( Ρούμελη ) ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece . The region occupies the eastern half of the traditional region of Central Greece , including the island of Euboea . To the south it borders the regions of Attica and the Peloponnese , to the west the region of West Greece and to the north the regions of Thessaly and Epirus . Its capital city is Lamia .'}]}, {'value': 'OFI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OFI_Crete_F.C.', 'summary': "OFI Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Όμιλος Φιλάθλων Ηρακλείου 1925 , Club of Fans of Heraklion 1925 ) , is a Greek professional football club based in Heraklion , on the island of Crete . It is a part of the OFI multi sports club . Outside Greece , the club is generally known as OFI Crete , however , the name Crete is not actually part of the club 's official title . The team competes in the Super League , the top division of the Greek football league system , and hosts home games at the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium . OFI is the Cretan club with the most continuous appearances in the Greek first division . It has won one Greek Cup ( 1986-87 ) and one Balkans Cup , while they have competed seven times in UEFA competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Ο.Φ.Η', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heraklion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heraklion', 'summary': 'Heraklion or Iraklion ( /hɪˈrækliən/ ; Greek : Ηράκλειο , Irákleio , pronounced [ iˈraklio ] ) is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit . It is the fifth largest city in Greece with a population of 140,730 according to the 2011 census . The population of the municipality was 173,993 . The Bronze Age palace of Knossos , also known as the Palace of Minos , is located nearby . Heraklion was Europes fastest growing tourism destination for 2017 , according to Euromonitor , with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals . According to the ranking , Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe , as the 66th area on the Planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017 , with 3.2 million visitors and the 19th in Europe for 2018 , with 3,4 million visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Heraklion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Heraklion ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ηρακλείου ) is one of the four regional units of Crete . The capital is the city of Heraklion .'}]}, {'value': 'Crete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crete', 'summary': "Crete ( Greek : Κρήτη , Kríti [ 'kriti ] ; Ancient Greek : Κρήτη , Krḗtē ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands , the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea , after Sicily , Sardinia , Cyprus , and Corsica . It bounds the southern border of the Aegean sea . Crete lies approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) south of the Greek mainland . It has an area of 8,336 km2 ( 3,219 sq mi ) and a coastline of 1,046 km ( 650 mi ) . Crete and a number of surrounding islands and islets constitute the region of Crete ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Κρήτης ) , the southernmost of the 13 top-level administrative units of Greece ; the region is the fifth most populous region of Greece . Its capital and largest city is Heraklion , located on the northern shore of the island . As of 2011 [ update ] , the region had a population of 623,065 . The Dodecanese are located to the northeast of Crete , while the Cyclades are situated to the north , separated by the Sea of Crete . The Peloponnese is to the region 's northwest . Humans have inhabited the island since at least 130,000 years ago , during the Paleolithic age . Crete was the centre of Europe 's first advanced civilization , the Minoans , from 2700 to 1420 BC ; the Minoan civilization was overrun by the Mycenaean civilization from mainland Greece . Later , Crete fell under Roman rule , and afterwards the Byzantine Empire , Andalusian Arabs , the Venetian Republic , and the Ottoman Empire successively ruled Crete ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympiacos Piraeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C.', 'summary': "Olympiacos Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός Σ.Φ.Π . Greek pronunciation : [ olimbiaˈkos ] ) , also known simply as Olympiacos , Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P . ( Oλυμπιακός Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós , Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus ) , is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus , Athens . Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP , their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club 's emblem , the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete , symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece . Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium , a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus . Founded on 10 March 1925 , Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history , having won 44 League titles , 27 Cups ( 17 Doubles ) and 4 Super Cups , all records . Τotalling 75 national trophies , Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club . The club 's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles , while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won , with seven in a row in two occasions ( 1997-2003 and 2011-2017 ) , breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s ( 1954-1959 ) , when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed Thrylos ( Greek : Θρύλος , The Legend ) . Having won the 2014-15 league title , Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history , a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president , Sepp Blatter . They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups ( 1957-1961 ) , as well as six League titles undefeated ( 1937 , 1938 , 1948 , 1951 , 1954 , 1955 ) . Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football , and by winning the 2012-13 title , their 40th in total , they added a fourth star above their crest , each one representing 10 League titles . In European competitions , Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998-99 , losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus , as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup quarter-finals in 1992-93 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ολυμπιακός Πειραιώς', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piraeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piraeus', 'summary': "Piraeus ( /paɪˈriːəs , pɪˈreɪəs/ ; Greek : Πειραιάς Pireás [ pireˈas ] , Ancient Greek : Πειραιεύς , Peiraieús , pronounced [ peːrai̯eús ] ) is a port city in the region of Attica , Greece . Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area , 12 kilometres ( 7 miles ) southwest from its city centre ( municipality of Athens ) , and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf . According to the 2011 census , Piraeus had a population of 163.688 people within its administrative limits , making it the fifth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the urban area of the Greek capital , following the municipality of Athens . The municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus form the greater Piraeus area , with a total population of 448,997 , and is part οf Athens urban area . Piraeus has a long recorded history , dating to ancient Greece . The city was founded in the early 5th century BC , when this area was selected to become the new port of classical Athens and was built as a prototype harbour , concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens . During the Golden Age of Athens the Long Walls were constructed to fortify Athens and its port ( Piraeus ) . Consequently , it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece , but declined gradually after the 3rd century B.C. , growing once more in the 19th century , after Athens ' declaration as the capital of Greece . In the modern era , Piraeus is a large city , bustling with activity and an integral part of Athens , acting as home to the country 's biggest harbour and bearing all the characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial center . The port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece , the largest passenger port in Europe and the second largest in the world , servicing about 20 million passengers annually . With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs , Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in the Eastern Mediterranean . The municipality hosted events in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens ."}]}, {'value': 'Piraeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piraeus_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Piraeus ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Πειραιώς ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Attica . The regional unit covers the west-central part of the agglomeration of Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Attica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attica_(region)', 'summary': "Attica Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Αττικής , Periféria Attikís ; IPA : [ atiˈci ] ) is an administrative region of Greece , that encompasses the entire metropolitan area of Athens , the country 's capital and largest city . The region is coextensive with the former Attica Prefecture of Central Greece , but covers a greater area than the historical region of Attica ."}]}, {'value': 'Panathinaikos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C.', 'summary': 'Panathinaikos Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Παναθηναϊκός Α.Ο . [ panaθinaiˈkos ] ( listen ) ) , known as Panathinaikos , or by its full name , and the name of its parent sports club , Panathinaikos A.O . or PAO ( Παναθηναϊκός Αθλητικός Όμιλος ; Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos , All-Athenian Athletic Club ) , is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens , Greece . The name Panathinaikos was inspired by the ancient work of Isocrates , Panathenaicus , where the orator praises the Athenians for their democratic education and their military superiority , used for the benefit of all Greeks . Today a part of Panathinaikos A.O. , they are the oldest active football club in Greece , initially founded only to practice this sport . Created in 1908 as Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon ( Football Club of Athens ) by Georgios Kalafatis , they play in the Super League Greece , being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division . Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships , 18 Greek Cups , achieving eight times the Double , and 3 Greek Super Cups . They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated , going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963-64 season . Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions . It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup ( later renamed UEFA Champions League ) final in 1971 ( which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2-0 ) , and also the semi-finals twice , in 1985 and 1996 . It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup ( 1971 ) . Furthermore , they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions ( in 1992 and 2002 ) , as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice ( 1988 and 2003 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Παναθηναϊκός', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Athens_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Central Athens ( Greek : Κεντρικός Τομέας Αθηνών ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Attica . The regional unit covers the central part of the agglomeration of Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Attica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attica_(region)', 'summary': "Attica Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Αττικής , Periféria Attikís ; IPA : [ atiˈci ] ) is an administrative region of Greece , that encompasses the entire metropolitan area of Athens , the country 's capital and largest city . The region is coextensive with the former Attica Prefecture of Central Greece , but covers a greater area than the historical region of Attica ."}]}, {'value': 'Panetolikos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panetolikos_F.C.', 'summary': "Panetolikos Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Παναιτωλικός ) , or with its full name Panetolikós Yimnastikós Filekpedeftikós Síllogos ( Greek : Παναιτωλικός Γυμναστικός Φιλεκπαιδευτικός Σύλλογος ; Pan-Aetolian Gymnastic and Educational Club ) , is a Greek professional football club based in Agrinio , Greece . Panetolikos was founded in 1926 and is considered one of the historical clubs in Greece , currently participating in the Greek First Division . Some of the most well known players that started their career in the club are Stratos Apostolakis , former Greek recordman in international caps ( 96 ) , and Petros Michos . Team colors are yellow and blue . The club 's symbol is Titormus , the ancient Aetolian hero and their motto is Τίτορμος Αιτωλός Ούτος Άλλος Ηρακλής ( Títormos Etolós Oútos Állos Iraklís ) , translated as Titormus the Aetolian is another Heracles ."}]}, {'value': 'Παναιτωλικός', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agrinio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agrinio', 'summary': 'Agrinio ( Greek : Αγρίνιο , pronounced [ aˈɣrinio ] , Latin : Agrinium ) is the largest city of the Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit of Greece and its largest municipality , with 106,053 inhabitants . It is the economical center of Aetolia-Acarnania , although its capital is the town of Mesolonghi . The settlement dates back to ancient times . Ancient Agrinion was 3 kilometres ( 2 miles ) northeast of the present city ; some walls and foundations of which have been excavated . In medieval times and until 1836 , the city was known as Vrachori ( Βραχώρι ) . The majority of the local population was occupied for an important period of time in the tobacco industry , from the last decades of 19th till the end of the 20th century . Big tobacco companies were founded in the city , including the famous Papastratos , alongside Panagopoulos and Papapetrou . Agrinion is also agriculturally known for its production of Agrinion olives .'}]}, {'value': 'Aetolia-Acarnania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania', 'summary': "Aetolia-Acarnania ( Greek : Αιτωλοακαρνανία , Aitoloakarnanía , Greek pronunciation : [ etolo.akarnaˈɲi.a ] ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the geographic region of Central Greece and the administrative region of West Greece . A combination of the historical regions of Aetolia and Acarnania , it is the country 's largest regional unit . Its capital is Missolonghi for historical reasons , with its biggest city and economic centre at Agrinio . The area is now connected with the Peloponnese peninsula via the Rio-Antirio Bridge . The surrounding regional units take in Arta in Epirus , a narrow length bordering Karditsa of Thessaly , Evrytania to the northeast , and Phocis to the east ."}]}, {'value': 'West Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Greece', 'summary': 'Western Greece Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Δυτικής Ελλάδας ) is one of the thirteen regions of Greece . It comprises the western part of continental Greece and the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula . The capital of the Western Greece is Patras , the third-largest-city in the country with a population of about 280,000 inhabitants'}]}, {'value': 'Panionios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panionios_F.C.', 'summary': "Panionios G.S.S . Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Πανιώνιος Γ.Σ.Σ . ( Πανιώνιος Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Σμύρνης , Panionios Gymnastikos Syllogos Smyrnis ) , the Pan-Ionian Gymnastics Club of Smyrna , more commonly known as Panionios F.C . or simply Panionios , is a Greek professional football club based in Nea Smyrni , Athens , Greece . Part of Panionios G.S.S . ( founded in 1890 in Smyrna , Ottoman Empire ) , Panionios F.C . is the oldest Greek football club . In the wake of the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919-22 ) and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey , the multi-sport club Panionios G.S.S . was transferred to Athens . They have won two Greek Cups ( in 1979 and 1998 ) , while they were runners-up in the Greek Championship during the 1950-51 and 1970-71 seasons . They have won also the 1971 Balkans Cup and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1998-99 season . The team currently competes in the Super League Greece ."}]}, {'value': 'Πανιώνιος', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nea Smyrni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nea_Smyrni', 'summary': "Nea Smyrni ( Greek : Νέα Σμύρνη , Néa Smýrni , New Smyrna ) is a municipality and a southern suburb of Athens , Greece . At the 2011 census , it had 73,076 inhabitants . It was named after the former Greek city Smyrna ( today 's İzmir in Turkey ) , from where many refugees arrived and settled in the Nea Smyrni area following the 1922 catastrophe of Asia Minor and the Great fire of Smyrna , as a result of the Greco-Turkish war ."}]}, {'value': 'South Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Athens_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'South Athens ( Greek : Νότιος Τομέας Αθηνών ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Attica . The regional unit covers the south-central part of the agglomeration of Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Attica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attica_(region)', 'summary': "Attica Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Αττικής , Periféria Attikís ; IPA : [ atiˈci ] ) is an administrative region of Greece , that encompasses the entire metropolitan area of Athens , the country 's capital and largest city . The region is coextensive with the former Attica Prefecture of Central Greece , but covers a greater area than the historical region of Attica ."}]}, {'value': 'PAOK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAOK_FC', 'summary': "PAOK Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ ΠΑΟΚ , Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινοπολιτών , Panthessaloníkios Athlitikós Ómilos Konstantinopolitón , Pan-Thessalonian Athletic Club of Constantinopolitans ) , commonly known as PAOK FC , PAOK Thessaloniki or simply PAOK , is a Greek professional football club based in Thessaloniki , Macedonia , Greece , and current Super League champions . PAOK are one of the top domestic clubs , the most widely supported in Northern Greece and with the 3rd largest fanbase in the country , according to the latest polls and researches . A research by Marca in August 2018 , reported that PAOK are the most popular Greek football team on social media . Established on 20 April 1926 by Greek refugees who fled to Thessaloniki from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919-1922 ) , they play their home games at Toumba Stadium , a 29,000 seating capacity football ground . Their name , along with the club 's emblem , the Byzantine-style double-headed eagle with retracted wings , honours the memory of the people and places ( mostly from the city of Constantinople ) that once belonged to the Byzantine Empire . PAOK currently plays in the top-flight Super League , which they have won three times ( in 1976 , 1985 and 2019 ) . They are seven-time winners of the Greek Cup ( in 1972 , 1974 , 2001 , 2003 , 2017 , 2018 and 2019 ) . The club has never been relegated to a lower national division , a feat equalled only by rivals Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . PAOK are the only team in Greece that won the Double ( in 2019 ) , going unbeaten ( 26-4-0 record ) in a national round-robin league tournament ( league format since 1959 ) . Panathinaikos have also won a Championship undefeated ( in 1964 with a 24-6-0 record ) , however without winning the Cup that season . The team has appeared several times in the UEFA Europa League , but has yet to reach the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . Their best European performance was in the 1973-74 season , when they reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Π.Α.Ο.Κ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki', 'summary': "Thessaloniki ( /ˌθɛsələˈniːki/ ; Greek : Θεσσαλονίκη , romanized : Thessaloníki [ θesaloˈnici ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Thessalonica ( English : /ˌθɛsələˈnaɪkə , ˌθɛsəˈlɒnɪkə/ ) , Saloniki or Salonica ( /səˈlɒnɪkə , ˌsæləˈniːkə/ ) , is the second-largest city in Greece , with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area , and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia , the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace . It is also known in Greek as η Συμπρωτεύουσα ( i Symprōtévousa ) , literally the co-capital , a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα ( Symvasilévousa ) or co-reigning city of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire , alongside Constantinople . Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf , at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea . It is bounded on the west by the delta of the Axios/Vardar . The municipality of Thessaloniki , the historical center , had a population of 325,182 in 2011 , while the Thessaloniki Urban Area had a population of 824,676 and the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area had 1,030,338 inhabitants in 2011 . It is Greece 's second major economic , industrial , commercial and political centre ; it is a major transportation hub for Greece and southeastern Europe , notably through the Port of Thessaloniki . The city is renowned for its festivals , events and vibrant cultural life in general , and is considered to be Greece 's cultural capital . Events such as the Thessaloniki International Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually , while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora . Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital . The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon . An important metropolis by the Roman period , Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire . It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1430 , and remained an important seaport and multi-ethnic metropolis during the nearly five centuries of Turkish rule ."}]}, {'value': 'Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Thessaloniki ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Macedonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Macedonia', 'summary': 'Central Macedonia ( Greek : Κεντρική Μακεδονία , romanized : Kentrikí Makedonía , Greek pronunciation : [ ce̞n.dɾiˈci mɐ.ce̞.ðo̞ˈni.ɐ ] ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece , consisting of the central part of the geographical and historical region of Macedonia . With a population of almost 1.9 million , it is the second most populous in Greece after Attica .'}]}, {'value': 'Volos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volos_N.F.C.', 'summary': 'Volos Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Magnesia , Volos , Greece . The club currently competes in the Super League , the first tier of the Greek football league system . Volos plays its home matches at the Panthessaliko Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Βόλος', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volos', 'summary': "Volos ( Greek : Βόλος ) is a coastal port city in Thessaly situated midway on the Greek mainland , about 330 kilometres ( 205 miles ) north of Athens and 220 kilometres ( 137 miles ) south of Thessaloniki it 's also the sixth-most-populous city of Greece . It is the capital of the Magnesia regional unit of Thessaly Region . Volos is the only outlet to the sea from Thessaly , the country 's largest agricultural region . With a population of 144,449 ( 2011 ) , it is an important industrial centre , while its port provides a bridge between Europe and Asia . Volos is the newest of the Greek port cities , with a large proportion of modern buildings erected following the catastrophic earthquakes of 1955 . It includes the municipal units of Volos , Nea Ionia and Iolkos , as well as smaller suburban communities . The economy of the city is based on manufacturing , trade , services and tourism . Home to the University of Thessaly , the city also offers facilities for conferences , exhibitions and major sporting , cultural and scientific events . Volos participated in the 2004 Olympic Games , and the city has since played host to other athletic events , such as the European Athletic Championships . Volos hosted the 7th International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics from 27 July to 5 August 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Magnesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Magnesia ( Greek : Μαγνησία , Magnisía , IPA : [ maɣniˈsia ] ) , Ancient Greek : Magnēsía , deriving from the tribe name Magnetes , is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Thessaly . Its capital is the city of Volos . About 70% of the population of Magnesia live in the Greater Volos area , which is the second-largest city in Thessaly and the third busiest commercial port in Greece . According to the most recent census ( 2011 ) , the population stands at 190,010 . The regional unit hosts 2,000,000 tourists annually . Magnesia is represented in the Greek Parliament by six seats . Its main agricultural products are wheat , cotton , tomatoes , grapes , olives , apples and honey .'}]}, {'value': 'Thessaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaly', 'summary': "Thessaly ( Greek : Θεσσαλία , Thessalía ; ancient Thessalian : Πετθαλία , Petthalía ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece , comprising most of the ancient region of the same name . Before the Greek Dark Ages , Thessaly was known as Aeolia ( Greek : Αἰολία , Aiolía ) , and appears thus in Homer 's Odyssey . Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881 , after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule . Since 1987 it has formed one of the country 's 13 regions and is further ( since the Kallikratis reform of 2010 ) sub-divided into 5 regional units and 25 municipalities . The capital of the region is Larissa . Thessaly lies in northern Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia on the north , Epirus on the west , Central Greece on the south and the Aegean Sea on the east . The Thessaly region also includes the Sporades islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Xanthi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xanthi_F.C.', 'summary': "Xanthi Football Club ( Greek : Α.Ο . Ξάνθη Π.Α.Ε . ) is a Greek professional football club based in Western Thrace , Xanthi . The club competes in the Super League , and plays at Xanthi FC Arena . The club since in 1967 . Xanthi is well set up in terms of their financial support and youth setup . Xanthi participated in the UEFA Cup / Europa League in 2001-02 , 2005-06 , 2006-07 and 2013-14 seasons . In the 2004-05 season , Xanthi finished fourth in the Alpha Ethinki ( first division , today Super League ) , the club 's all-time best performance . Xanthi 's first appearance in the first division was in 1989 , and the club has been taking part continuously since then ."}]}, {'value': 'Ξάνθη', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xanthi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xanthi', 'summary': "Xanthi ( Greek : Ξάνθη , Xánthi , [ ˈksanθi ] ) is a city in Thrace , northeastern Greece . It is the capital of the Xanthi regional unit of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace . Amphitheatrically built on the foot of Rhodope mountain chain , the city is divided by the Kosynthos River , into the west part , where the old and the modern town are located , and the east part that boasts a rich natural environment . The Old Town of Xanthi is known throughout Greece for its distinctive architecture , combining many Byzantine Greek churches with neoclassical mansions of Greek merchants from the 18th and 19th centuries and Ottoman-era mosques . Other landmarks in Xanthi include the Archaeological Museum of Abdera and the Greek Folk Art Museum . Xanthi is famous throughout Greece ( especially Macedonia and Thrace ) for its annual spring carnival ( Greek : καρναβάλι ) which has a significant role in the city 's economy . Over 40 cultural associations from around Greece participate in the carnival program . The festivities which take place during the period include concerts , theatre plays , music and dance nights , exhibitions , a cycling event , games on the streets , and re-enactments of old customs ."}]}, {'value': 'Xanthi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Xanthi ( pronounced [ ˈksanθi ] , Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ξάνθης ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Region of East Macedonia and Thrace . The capital is Xanthi . Together with the regional units Rhodope and Evros , it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace .'}]}, {'value': 'East Macedonia and Thrace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Macedonia_and_Thrace', 'summary': 'Eastern Macedonia and Thrace ( Greek : Ανατολική Μακεδονία και Θράκη , Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thráki ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece . It consists of the northeastern parts of the country , comprising the eastern part of the region of Greek Macedonia along with the region of Western Thrace , and the islands of Thasos and Samothrace .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Superleague Greece 1', 'section_text': 'Main article : 2019–20 Superleague Greece 1 AthensArisPAOKAsterasLamiaAELOFIOlympiacosPanetolikosVolosXanthiAthens teams AEK Atromitos Panathinaikos Panionios Location of clubs for the 2019–20 Superleague Greece 1 season', 'uid': 'List_of_football_clubs_in_Greece_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of football clubs located in Greece and the leagues and divisions they are playing in for 2019-20 season.'} | null | null | In English , what is the motto of the football club with the Greek name Παναθηναϊκός that is from a settlement with 106,053 inhabitants in Greece 's largest regional unit ? | Titormus the Aetolian is another Heracles |
072417279ae03278 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Huskies_in_the_NFL_Draft', 'title': 'List of Washington Huskies in the NFL Draft', 'header': ['Debut year', 'Player name', 'Position', 'Debut NFL/AFL team', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Kopay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Kopay', 'summary': 'David Marquette Kopay ( born June 28 , 1942 ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League who in 1975 became one of the first professional athletes to come out as gay .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Jordan_(American_football)', 'summary': "Jeffrey Lincoln Jordan ( born July 12 , 1945 in St. Louis , Missouri ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the Los Angeles Rams and the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Washington . He graduated from Central Valley High School in Spokane , Washington in 1963 . After being a reserved running back on Central Valley 's team as a junior , he burst onto the scene as a senior and became an all-state running back which earned him a football scholarship to the University of Washington . He played fullback for the Huskies from 1964 through 1966 . At 6-1 , 215 , he had outstanding speed , running the 40 yard dash in 4.4 . During his sophomore season of 1964 , he beat out fullback Junior Coffey for the starting position . Coffey who went on to play for the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL had been an All-Pacific Coast Conference selection . As a senior in 1966 , Jordan was instrumental in helping the Huskies beat the Ohio State Buckeyes 38-32 in Columbus Ohio , scoring on three short TD runs in the first half . A teammate of Jordan 's on the Huskies 1966 team was TE Mac Bledsoe who is the father of former Washington State and NFL QB Drew Bledsoe . In Jordan 's three-year college career , in which he was hampered by injuries after a fine soph season , he rushed 220 times for 791 yards ( 3.6 ave ) and 11 TDs . Following college , he played 3 years in the NFL for legendary coach George Allen , in 1970 , when he played in 9 games for the LA Rams , rushing for 50 yards on 10 carries and one game each in 1971 and 1972 with the Washington Redskins ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Greater Los Angeles area . The Rams compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The club has won three NFL championships , and is the only one to win championships representing three cities ( Cleveland in 1945 , Los Angeles in 1951 , and St. Louis in 1999 ) . Starting in 2020 , the Rams will play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood , which they will share with the Los Angeles Chargers . The franchise began in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams , based in Cleveland , Ohio . The club was owned by Homer Marshman and featured players such as William Bud Cooper , Harry The Horse Mattos , Stan Pincura , and Mike Sebastian . Damon Buzz Wetzel joined as general manager . The franchise moved to Los Angeles in 1946 following the 1945 NFL Championship Game victory , making way for Paul Brown 's Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference and becoming the only NFL championship team to play the following season in another city . The club played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving into a reconstructed Anaheim Stadium in Orange County , California in 1980 . The Rams left California and moved to St. Louis , Missouri , following the 1994 NFL season . Five seasons after relocating , the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23-16 victory over the Tennessee Titans . They then appeared in Super Bowl XXXVI , where they lost 20-17 to the New England Patriots ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glen Bonner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Bonner', 'summary': 'Glen Lee Bonner ( May 5 , 1952 - October 16 , 2017 ) was an American football running back in the National Football League who played for the San Diego Chargers . He played college football for the Washington Huskies . Bonner died in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers', 'summary': "The professional American football team now known as the Los Angeles Chargers previously played in San Diego , California as the San Diego Chargers from 1961 to 2017 before relocating back to Los Angeles where the team played their inaugural season . The Chargers franchise relocated from Los Angeles to San Diego in 1961 . The Chargers ' first home game in San Diego was at Balboa Stadium against the Oakland Raiders on September 17 , 1961 . Their final game as a San Diego-based club was played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego on January 1 , 2017 against the Kansas City Chiefs , who defeated the Chargers , 37-27 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Baldassin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Baldassin', 'summary': 'Michael Robert Mike Baldassin ( born July 26 , 1955 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for two NFL seasons for the San Francisco 49ers .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rich Camarillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rich_Camarillo', 'summary': 'Richard Jon Camarillo ( born November 29 , 1959 ) is a former professional American Football punter who played 16 seasons in the NFL for the New England Patriots ( 1981-1987 ) , Los Angeles Rams ( 1988 ) , Phoenix Cardinals ( 1989-1993 ) , Houston Oilers ( 1994-1995 ) , and Oakland Raiders ( 1996 ) . Camarillo attended El Rancho High School in Pico Rivera , California , graduating in 1977 . Before his NFL career , he earned All-America honors at Cerritos Junior College . He then transferred to the University of Washington , ( 79-80 ) . Where he was selected as a member of the Huskies All-Century team . A consistently solid , dependable punter during his 16 NFL seasons , Camarillo led the league in punting yards twice ( 1985 , 1994 ) , net yard average three times , ( 1983 , 1991 & 1992 ) , gross yards per punt once ( 1989 ) . He also led the league in 1994 with 35 balls inside the 20 . With the Patriots , Camarillo made a championship appearance in Super Bowl XX , and ended up getting to punt quite often as his team was blown out 46-10 by the Chicago Bears . Camarillo punted 6 times for 263 yards ( 43.8 avg ) , with 225 net yards ( 37.5 avg ) , 1 touchback , and 1 punt in the 20 , including a then Super Bowl record 62-yard punt that planted the Bears back at their own 4-yard line , this record being broken by another Patriots punter , Ryan Allen , who kicked a 64 yard punt in Super Bowl XLIX . However , Chicago still managed to drive a Super Bowl-record 96 yards and score a touchdown anyway . Camarillo finished his career with 1,027 punts for 43,895 yards ( 42.7 avg ) and 279 punts inside the 20 . Upon his retirement , that mark stood as the most in NFL history .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Patriots', 'summary': "The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston area . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 28 miles ( 45 km ) southwest of Boston , Massachusetts . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . Founded in 1959 as the Boston Patriots , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the team joined the NFL in the leagues ' 1970 merger , then changed its name when it moved to Foxborough in 1971 . The New England Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium through 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . Since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 , the Patriots have become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , claiming 16 AFC East titles as part of 18 consecutive winning seasons since 2001 . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten-year period ( 126 , in 2003-2012 ) , an undefeated 16-game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21-game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( eleven straight division titles from 2009 to 2019 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( nine ) and wins ( six ) by a head coach-quarterback tandem , most conference championships overall ( eleven ) , most Super Bowl appearances overall ( eleven ) . The Patriots are tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most Super Bowl wins ( six ) , and with the Denver Broncos for the most Super Bowl losses ( five ) ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vince Albritton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vince_Albritton', 'summary': 'Vince Denader Albritton ( born July 23 , 1962 ) is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at the University of Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys', 'summary': "The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record eleven Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers ; both are second to Pittsburgh 's and New England 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966-85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $ 4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Moon', 'summary': 'Harold Warren Moon ( born November 18 , 1956 ) is a former American and Canadian football quarterback who played professionally for 23 seasons . He spent the majority of his career with the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Moon also played for the Minnesota Vikings , Seattle Seahawks , and Kansas City Chiefs in the NFL . Moon also served as a broadcaster for the Seahawks . Moon began his professional career with the Eskimos in 1978 , after going unselected in the NFL Draft . His success during his six seasons in the CFL led him to the NFL in 1984 with the Oilers . Over his 17 NFL seasons , Moon was named to nine Pro Bowls and made seven playoff appearances . Following ten seasons with the Oilers , he had brief multiple-year stints with the Vikings , Seahawks , and Chiefs before retiring at age 44 . At the time of his retirement , Moon held several all-time professional gridiron football passing records . He was less successful in the NFL postseason , never advancing beyond the division round of the playoffs , although he won five Grey Cups in the CFL . Moon was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , becoming the first African-American quarterback and the first undrafted quarterback to receive the honor .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Oilers', 'summary': "The Houston Oilers were a professional American football team who played in Houston , Texas from 1960 to 1996 before relocating and becoming the Tennessee Titans . The Oilers began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The team won two AFL championships before joining the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger in the late 1960s . The Oilers competed in the East Division ( along with Buffalo , New York and Boston ) of the AFL before the merger , after which they joined the newly formed AFC Central . The Oilers throughout their existence were owned by Bud Adams and played their home games at the Astrodome for the majority of their time in Houston - Jeppesen Stadium and Rice Stadium hosted the Oilers for their first eight years . The Oilers were the first champions of the American Football League , winning the 1960 and 1961 contests , but they never won another championship . The Oilers appeared in the 1962 AFL Championship , losing in double overtime to their in-state rivals , the Dallas Texans ; they also won the AFL East Division title in 1967 and qualified for the AFL Playoffs in 1969 , both times losing to the Oakland Raiders . From 1978 to 1980 , the Oilers , led by Bum Phillips and in the midst of the Luv Ya Blue campaign , appeared in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games ( but lost both ) . The Oilers were a consistent playoff team from 1987 to 1993 , an era that included both of the Oilers ' only division titles ( 1991 and 1993 ) , as well as the dubious distinction of being on the losing end of the largest comeback in NFL history . For the rest of the Oilers ' time in Houston , however , they compiled losing seasons in almost every year outside the aforementioned high points . The Oilers ' main colors were Columbia blue and white , with scarlet trim , while their logo was a simple derrick . Oilers jerseys were always Columbia blue for home and white for away ."}]}, {'value': 'Pro Bowl ( 1988 ) , ( 1989 ) , ( 1990 ) , ( 1991 ) , ( 1992 ) , ( 1993 ) , ( 1994 ) , ( 1995 ) , ( 1997 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1989 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's 39th annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1988 season . The game was played on Sunday , January 29 , 1989 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii before a crowd of 50,113 . The final score was NFC 34 , AFC 3 . Marv Levy of the Buffalo Bills led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka . The referee was Ben Dreith . Randall Cunningham of the Philadelphia Eagles was named the game 's MVP . Players on the winning NFC team received $ 10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $ 5,000 . It was the last Pro Bowl game played in January for two decades , until the 2010 Pro Bowl . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/1990_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1990 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's fortieth annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1989 season . The game was played on Friday , February 2 , 1990 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii before a crowd of 50,445 . The final score was NFC 27 , AFC 21 . Bud Carson of the Cleveland Browns led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Los Angeles Rams head coach John Robinson . The referee was Johnny Grier . Jerry Gray of the Los Angeles Rams was named the game 's MVP . Players on the winning NFC team received $ 10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $ 5,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1991_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1991 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's 41st annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1990 season . The game was played on Sunday , February 3 , 1991 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii before a crowd of 50,345 . The final score was AFC 23 , NFC 21 . Art Shell of the Los Angeles Raiders led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert . The referee was Gordon McCarter . Quarterback Jim Kelly of the Buffalo Bills was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . Players on the winning AFC team received $ 10,000 apiece while the NFC participants each took home $ 5,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1992_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1992 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's 42nd annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1991 season . The game was played on Sunday , February 2 , 1992 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii before a crowd of 50,209 . The final score was NFC 21 , AFC 15 . Dan Reeves of the Denver Broncos led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Detroit Lions head coach Wayne Fontes . The referee was Gerald Austin . Michael Irvin of the Dallas Cowboys was the game 's MVP . Players on the winning NFC team received $ 10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $ 5,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1993_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1993 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's all-star game for the 1992 season . The game was played on February 7 , 1993 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . The final score was AFC - 23 , NFC - 20 . Steve Tasker of the Buffalo Bills was the game 's MVP . This was the first Pro Bowl to go into overtime . All four starting linebackers of the New Orleans Saints , who were collectively nicknamed the Dome Patrol , were part of the NFC squad . The Dome Patrol consisted of Rickey Jackson , Sam Mills , Vaughan Johnson , and Pat Swilling . The game 's referee was Howard Roe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1994_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1994 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's all-star game for the 1993 season . The game was played on February 6 , 1994 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . The final Score was NFC 17 , AFC 3 . Andre Rison of the Atlanta Falcons was the game 's MVP . This was also Joe Montana 's last Pro Bowl appearance ( coincidentally , the coaches for this game were from both teams that Montana played for in his career : Kansas City 's Marty Schottenheimer and San Francisco 's George Seifert ) . The referee was Gordon McCarter . The game was tied 3-3 at halftime on field goals by Norm Johnson of the Atlanta Falcons and Gary Anderson of the Pittsburgh Steelers . The NFC scored late in the 3rd quarter on a 4-yard touchdown run by Los Angeles Ram rookie , Jerome Bettis . The NFC scored again in the 4th quarter on a touchdown pass from Bobby Hebert ( Falcons ) to Cris Carter ( Minnesota Vikings ) to provide the final margin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1995_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1995 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's all-star game for the 1994 season . The game was played on February 5 , 1995 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . The final Score was AFC 41 , NFC 13 . This was the AFC 's largest margin of victory since the AFL-NFL merger . Rookie Marshall Faulk of the Indianapolis Colts rushed for a Pro Bowl record 180 yards and was the game 's MVP . Chris Warren added 127 yards rushing as the AFC posted records for rushing yards ( 400 ) and total yards ( 552 ) . Both Warren and Faulk broke the Pro Bowl rushing record , formerly held by O.J . Simpson . The coaches were Dallas Barry Switzer and Bill Cowher of the Pittsburgh Steelers . The game was viewed by 49,121 at Aloha Stadium . The referee was Larry Nemmers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1996_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1996 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's all-star game for the 1995 season . The game was played on February 4 , 1996 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . The final score was NFC 20 , AFC 13 . Jerry Rice of the San Francisco 49ers was named the game 's Most Valuable Player after he had 2 clutch catches , including the final one which won the game . He finished with six catches for 82 yards . The attendance for the game was 50,034 . The coaches were Mike Holmgren of the Green Bay Packers and Ted Marchibroda of the Indianapolis Colts . The referee was Tom White ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The 1998 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's all-star game for the 1997 season . The game was played on February 1 , 1998 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . The final score was AFC 29 , NFC 24 . Warren Moon of the Seattle Seahawks , invited to participate because of an injury to John Elway , was the game 's MVP . The referee was Gary Lane . The halftime show was Montell Jordan ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. C. Pearson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._C._Pearson', 'summary': 'Jayice Pearson ( born August 17 , 1963 ) is an American retired National Football League defensive back .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs', 'summary': "The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . ( It is not associated with the NFL Dallas Texans . ) In 1963 , the team moved to Kansas City and assumed its current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $ 2 billion . Hunt 's son , Clark , serves as chairman and CEO . While Hunt 's ownership stakes passed collectively to his widow and children after his death in 2006 , Clark is the operating head of the franchise ; he represents the Chiefs at all league meetings and has ultimate authority on personnel changes . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 . They became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , was the final such competition before the leagues ' merger went into full effect ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garth Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garth_Thomas', 'summary': 'Garth C. Thomas ( born November 26 , 1963 ) is a former American football guard who played one season with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League . He previously played football at Redmond High School and the University of Washington He currently resides in Bellevue , Washington with his wife Shelley .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks', 'summary': "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . They previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976-1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000-2001 ) . Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the 12th Man , 12th Fan , or 12s . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first registering 136.6 decibels during a game against the San Francisco 49ers in September 2013 , and later during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints a few months later , with a then record-setting 137.6 dB . The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan . Steve Largent , Cortez Kennedy , Walter Jones , and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . In addition to them , Dave Brown , Jacob Green , Dave Krieg , Curt Warner , and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyrone Rodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrone_Rodgers', 'summary': 'Tyrone Dworin Rodgers ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League who played for the Seattle Seahawks ( 1992-1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks', 'summary': "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . They previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976-1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000-2001 ) . Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the 12th Man , 12th Fan , or 12s . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first registering 136.6 decibels during a game against the San Francisco 49ers in September 2013 , and later during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints a few months later , with a then record-setting 137.6 dB . The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan . Steve Largent , Cortez Kennedy , Walter Jones , and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . In addition to them , Dave Brown , Jacob Green , Dave Krieg , Curt Warner , and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darryl Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darryl_Hall_(defensive_back)', 'summary': 'Darryl Edgar Hall ( born August 1 , 1966 ) is a former Grey Cup champion and all-star Canadian Football League defensive back . He also played 3 years in the National Football League with the Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Broncos', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete as a member club of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust and currently play home games at Empower Field at Mile High ( formerly known as Invesco Field at Mile High from 2001-2010 , Sports Authority Field at Mile High from 2011-2017 , and Broncos Stadium at Mile High from 2018-2019 ) . Prior to that , they played at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not have a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's most successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 ) , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) ) , and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 - tied with the New England Patriots ) . Thirteen players who have played for Denver are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Shannon Sharpe , Gary Zimmerman , Willie Brown , Tony Dorsett , Jerry Rice , Andre Reed , Terrell Davis , Brian Dawkins , Ty Law , Champ Bailey and Steve Atwater , along with late club owner Pat Bowlen ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beno Bryant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beno_Bryant', 'summary': 'Beno Bryant ( born January 1 , 1971 ) is a former American football return specialist and running back for the Seattle Seahawks .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks', 'summary': "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . They previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976-1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000-2001 ) . Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the 12th Man , 12th Fan , or 12s . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first registering 136.6 decibels during a game against the San Francisco 49ers in September 2013 , and later during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints a few months later , with a then record-setting 137.6 dB . The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan . Steve Largent , Cortez Kennedy , Walter Jones , and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . In addition to them , Dave Brown , Jacob Green , Dave Krieg , Curt Warner , and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': "D'Marco Farr", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/D'Marco_Farr", 'summary': "D'Marco Farr ( born June 9 , 1971 ) is a former American football player and with the Los Angeles/St . Louis Rams in the National Football League and current sideline reporter for the Los Angeles Rams . Farr played defensive tackle for the Rams from 1994-2000 and recorded 36.5 career sacks . He was a member of the Rams team that won Super Bowl XXXIV ."}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Greater Los Angeles area . The Rams compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The club has won three NFL championships , and is the only one to win championships representing three cities ( Cleveland in 1945 , Los Angeles in 1951 , and St. Louis in 1999 ) . Starting in 2020 , the Rams will play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood , which they will share with the Los Angeles Chargers . The franchise began in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams , based in Cleveland , Ohio . The club was owned by Homer Marshman and featured players such as William Bud Cooper , Harry The Horse Mattos , Stan Pincura , and Mike Sebastian . Damon Buzz Wetzel joined as general manager . The franchise moved to Los Angeles in 1946 following the 1945 NFL Championship Game victory , making way for Paul Brown 's Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference and becoming the only NFL championship team to play the following season in another city . The club played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving into a reconstructed Anaheim Stadium in Orange County , California in 1980 . The Rams left California and moved to St. Louis , Missouri , following the 1994 NFL season . Five seasons after relocating , the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23-16 victory over the Tennessee Titans . They then appeared in Super Bowl XXXVI , where they lost 20-17 to the New England Patriots ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamal Fountaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamal_Fountaine', 'summary': 'Jamal Fountaine ( January 29 , 1971 ) is a former NFL defensive end .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Huard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Huard', 'summary': 'Damon Paul Huard ( born July 9 , 1973 ) is a former American football quarterback . He is the director of community relations and fundraiser for the University of Washington football program , his alma mater . Huard was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996 , and played twelve seasons in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins , New England Patriots , and Kansas City Chiefs . While with the Patriots , he won two Super Bowl rings .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional American football franchise based in Cincinnati , Ohio . The Bengals compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Their home stadium is Paul Brown Stadium , located in downtown Cincinnati . Their divisional opponents are the Baltimore Ravens , Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers . The Bengals were founded in 1966 as a member of the American Football League ( AFL ) by former Cleveland Browns head coach Paul Brown , and began play in the 1968 season . Brown was the Bengals ' head coach from their inception to 1975 . After being dismissed as the Browns ' head coach by Art Modell ( who had purchased majority interest in the team in 1961 ) in January 1963 , Brown had shown interest in establishing another NFL franchise in Ohio and looked at both Cincinnati and Columbus . He ultimately chose the former when a deal between the city , Hamilton County , and Major League Baseball 's Cincinnati Reds ( who were seeking a replacement for the obsolete Crosley Field ) was struck that resulted in an agreement to build a multipurpose stadium which could host both baseball and football games . Due to the impending merger of the AFL and the NFL , which was scheduled to take full effect in the 1970 season , Brown agreed to join the AFL as its tenth and final franchise . The Bengals , like the other former AFL teams , were assigned to the AFC following the merger . Cincinnati was also selected because , like their neighbors the Reds , they could draw from several large neighboring cities ( Louisville and Lexington , Kentucky ; Columbus , Dayton , and Springfield , Ohio ) that are all no more than 110 miles ( 180 km ) away from downtown Cincinnati , along with Indianapolis , until the Baltimore Colts relocated there prior to the 1984 NFL season . The Bengals won the AFC championship in 1981 and 1988 , but lost Super Bowls XVI and XXIII to the San Francisco 49ers ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dane Looker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dane_Looker', 'summary': 'Dane Alan Looker ( born May 5 , 1976 ) is a former American football wide receiver and current member of the Puyallup , Washington school board . He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2000 . He played college football at University of Washington . Looker also played for the New England Patriots and Detroit Lions .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Rams', 'summary': "In 1995 , the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League relocated the franchise from southern California to the Midwestern United States , moving to St. Louis , Missouri and becoming known as the St. Louis Rams . The Rams called St. Louis home from 1995 until the end of the 2015 season , after which they returned to playing in their former home in Los Angeles . The Rams ' relocation to St. Louis gave the city a professional football team for the first time since the end of the 1987 season . That was the last year that the now-Arizona Cardinals played there before moving to Tempe in 1988 . The relocation was the second in Rams franchise history ; the team previously called Cleveland , Ohio home until 1946 . The Rams played their home games at what is now known as The Dome at America 's Center in downtown St. Louis , which the city had been constructing for the previous few years in the hopes of gaining an NFL team . The city was left out of the expansion that brought Charlotte and Jacksonville into the league for 1995 and another attempt to secure a franchise fell through when the ownership group controlling the New England Patriots was forced out of power by their stadium 's owner and operator . The Rams new stadium was not ready for them when they initially arrived in Missouri , so they were forced to temporarily share Busch Memorial Stadium with the St. Louis Cardinals . Their first game in St. Louis against the New Orleans Saints was played on September 10 , 1995 with the Rams winning 17-13 . The then- Trans World Dome opened on November 12 , 1995 with the home team scoring a 28-17 victory against the Carolina Panthers . The Rams ' last game played in St. Louis , in what was by then known as the Edward Jones Dome , was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17 , 2015 , which they won , 31-23 . The Rams last game as a St. Louis-based franchise was on January 3 , 2016 , against the San Francisco 49ers at Levi 's Stadium , when they lost in overtime 19-16 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Ware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Ware_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Kevin Ware ( born September 30 , 1980 ) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and San Francisco 49ers . He played college football at the University of Washington . Ware was arrested for evading arrest on June 27 , 2010 in Houston .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C. J. Wallace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._J._Wallace_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Cecil James Wallace Jr. ( born April 17 , 1985 ) is a former American football safety . He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2009 . He played college football at Washington . He also played for the Las Vegas Locomotives and San Diego Chargers .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks', 'summary': "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . They previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976-1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000-2001 ) . Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the 12th Man , 12th Fan , or 12s . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first registering 136.6 decibels during a game against the San Francisco 49ers in September 2013 , and later during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints a few months later , with a then record-setting 137.6 dB . The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan . Steve Largent , Cortez Kennedy , Walter Jones , and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . In addition to them , Dave Brown , Jacob Green , Dave Krieg , Curt Warner , and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Aiyewa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Aiyewa', 'summary': 'Bamidele Victor Aiyewa ( born February 4 , 1989 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Washington . Aiyewa was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2011 . He has also been a member of the Green Bay Packers , San Diego Chargers , FXFL Blacktips , and BC Lions .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Buccaneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers', 'summary': "The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are a professional American football team based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers currently compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The club joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team , along with the Seattle Seahawks . Tampa Bay played its first season in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division as part of the 1976 expansion plan , whereby each new franchise would play every other franchise over the first two years . After the season , the team switched conferences with the Seahawks and became a member of the NFC Central division . During the 2002 league realignment , the Buccaneers joined three former NFC West teams to form the NFC South . The club is owned by the Glazer family , and plays its home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa . The Buccaneers are the first post-merger expansion team to win a division championship , a playoff game , and to host and play in a conference championship game ; all three accomplishments occurred during the 1979 season . They are also the first team since the merger to complete a winning season when starting 10 or more rookies , which happened in the 2010 season . In 1976 and 1977 , the Buccaneers lost their first 26 games . They would not win their first game in franchise history until Week 13 , of 14 , in 1977 . After a brief winning era in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team suffered through 14 consecutive losing seasons ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jermaine Kearse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jermaine_Kearse', 'summary': 'Jermaine Levan Kearse ( born February 6 , 1990 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2012 and later won Super Bowl XLVIII with the team , beating the Denver Broncos . Kearse played college football at Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks', 'summary': "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . They previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976-1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000-2001 ) . Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the 12th Man , 12th Fan , or 12s . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first registering 136.6 decibels during a game against the San Francisco 49ers in September 2013 , and later during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints a few months later , with a then record-setting 137.6 dB . The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan . Steve Largent , Cortez Kennedy , Walter Jones , and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . In addition to them , Dave Brown , Jacob Green , Dave Krieg , Curt Warner , and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Washington_Huskies_in_the_NFL_Draft_1', 'intro': 'The University of Washington Husky football team has had over 300 players drafted into the National Football League (NFL) since the league began holding drafts in 1936. Because of the NFL-AFL merger agreement, the history of the AFL is officially recognized by the NFL and therefore this list includes the AFL Draft (1960-1966) and the Common Draft (1967-1969). Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL Draft. Generally, the team with the worst record the previous year picks first, the next-worst team second, and so on. Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular-season record with any remaining ties broken by strength of schedule. Playoff participants are sequenced after non-playoff teams, based on their round of elimination (wild card, division, conference, and Super Bowl). See NFL Draft Rules for further detail. Before the merger agreements in 1966, the American Football League (AFL) operated in direct competition with the NFL and held a separate draft. This led to a massive bidding war over top prospects between the two leagues. As part of the merger agreement on June 8, 1966, the two leagues would hold a multiple round Common Draft. Once the AFL officially merged with the NFL in 1970, the Common Draft simply became the NFL Draft.'} | null | null | What year did the player drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in 1970 graduate from high school ? | 1963 |
072486a7a5242987 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._deild_karla', 'title': '3. deild karla', 'header': ['Year', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', '3rd Place', '4th Place'], 'data': [{'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Fjallabyggðar', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélag Fjallabyggðar ( KF ) is an Icelandic football club from the towns Ólafsfjörður and Siglufjörður who form the municipality Fjallabyggð , currently playing in the 3. deild karla . Their main colours are blue and white as a tertiary .'}]}, {'value': 'Tindastóll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tindastóll_(Football)', 'summary': "Knattspyrnudeild Tindastóls ( Tindastóll Football ) , also known as Tindastóll , is an Icelandic football club based in Sauðárkrókur . It is part of the Tindastóll sport club . As of 2018 the men 's team plays in 2. deild karla and the women 's team plays in 2. deild kvenna ."}]}, {'value': 'Afturelding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Afturelding', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Afturelding , commonly known as Afturelding or UMFA , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Mosfellsbær located just north of the capital Reykjavík . The club was founded in 1909 and today is primarily known for its handball , football and volleyball teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Ernir Í', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sindri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UMF_Sindri_Höfn', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Sindri , commonly known as Sindri , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Höfn located on the east coast of Iceland . It fields departments in basketball , football , gymnastics , swimming , track & field and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Léttir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Léttir', 'summary': 'Léttir is an Icelandic football club located in Reykjavík . They currently play in the 4. deild karla ( fifth tier ) league , and participate in the Icelandic Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Hvöt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hvöt_Blönduós', 'summary': 'Hvöt was an Icelandic football club from the town of Blönduós located in the north of Iceland .'}]}, {'value': 'Leiknir F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Leiknir', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Leiknir , commonly referred to as Leiknir F. to differentiate them from the Reykjavík club also called Leiknir , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from Fáskrúðsfjörður . Their football team plays in 2. deild karla , the third level of Icelandic football . The club was founded in 1940 . In 2015 the club placed 2nd in the 2. deild karla and won promotion to the 1. deild karla . After magically avoiding relegation on goal difference from the 1. deild karla with a 7-2 win against HK in the final round of the season , the team was relegated back to the 2. deild karla in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afturelding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Afturelding', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Afturelding , commonly known as Afturelding or UMFA , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Mosfellsbær located just north of the capital Reykjavík . The club was founded in 1909 and today is primarily known for its handball , football and volleyball teams .'}]}, {'value': 'KÍB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Njarðvík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélag_Njarðvíkur', 'summary': "Ungmennafélag Njarðvíkur is an Icelandic multi-sports club based in Njarðvík , Reykjanesbær , on the south-west peninsula of Iceland . It is primarily known for its men 's basketball team which has won the national championship 17 times . Its women 's basketball team won the national championship and the basketball cup in 2012 . The club also fields departments in football , swimming , power lifting , judo and triathlon ."}]}, {'value': 'Huginn / Höttur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Huginn', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Huginn ( ÍF Huginn ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Seyðisfjörður . The team is currently fielding a merged senior squad with Höttur from Egilsstaðir named Höttur/Huginn , which plays in the 3. deild karla , the 4th tier of Icelandic football .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Höttur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Höttur is an Icelandic sports club from Egilsstaðir in the center , of the east side of Iceland . It is primarily known for its basketball , football and track & field departments but also fields departments in badminton , gymnastics , handball , swimming , taekwondo and volleyball . The club was founded in 1952 as Ungmennafélagið Höttur . On 19 february 1974 it merged with Knattspyrnufélagið Spyrnir and became Íþróttafélagið Höttur .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haukar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haukar', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélagið Haukar ( English : Hawks F.C . ) is an Icelandic multi-sport club from Hafnarfjörður with divisions in Football , Handball , Basketball , Karate , Skiing & Chess .'}]}, {'value': 'Nökkvi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Þróttur N', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Fjarðabyggðar', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélag Fjarðabyggðar ( KFF ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Fjarðabyggð located on the east coast of Iceland . The club was founded in 2001 with a merger of three local clubs , Íþróttafélagið Þróttur Neskaupstað , Ungmennafélagið Austri Eskifirði and Ungmennafélagið Valur Reyðarfirði . The next year , for the first time , Fjarðabyggð sent a women 's team to play at league level . In 2010 Ungmennafélagið Súlan Stöðvarfirði came into the merger ."}]}, {'value': 'Fjölnir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Fjölnir', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir , commonly known as Fjölnir , is a multi-sport club from Iceland . The club is located in Grafarvogur , Reykjavík . The club was founded in 1988 under the original name Ungmennafélagið Grafarvogur however because another team already had the abbreviation UMFG the name was changed to Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir , commonly referred to as Fjölnir . A total of nine sports are practised at the club , these are football , basketball , handball , teakwondo , karate , tennis , swimming , athletics and gymnastics . Chess is also played at the club . Each one of these sports has their own department with their own board but all are under the main board and the club office .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handknattleiksfélag_Kópavogs', 'summary': 'Handknattleiksfélag Kópavogs ( HK ) or HK Iceland is an Icelandic sports club from the town of Kópavogur , mainly known for its football and handball teams . The club has a football team playing in the top tier of Icelandic football .'}]}, {'value': 'Völsungur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Völsungur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Völsungur is an Icelandic football club from the town of Húsavík located on the north coast of Iceland on the shores of Skjálfandi bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Njarðvík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélag_Njarðvíkur', 'summary': "Ungmennafélag Njarðvíkur is an Icelandic multi-sports club based in Njarðvík , Reykjanesbær , on the south-west peninsula of Iceland . It is primarily known for its men 's basketball team which has won the national championship 17 times . Its women 's basketball team won the national championship and the basketball cup in 2012 . The club also fields departments in football , swimming , power lifting , judo and triathlon ."}]}, {'value': 'KFS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KFS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fjölnir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Fjölnir', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir , commonly known as Fjölnir , is a multi-sport club from Iceland . The club is located in Grafarvogur , Reykjavík . The club was founded in 1988 under the original name Ungmennafélagið Grafarvogur however because another team already had the abbreviation UMFG the name was changed to Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir , commonly referred to as Fjölnir . A total of nine sports are practised at the club , these are football , basketball , handball , teakwondo , karate , tennis , swimming , athletics and gymnastics . Chess is also played at the club . Each one of these sports has their own department with their own board but all are under the main board and the club office .'}]}, {'value': 'Fjarðabyggð', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Fjarðabyggðar', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélag Fjarðabyggðar ( KFF ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Fjarðabyggð located on the east coast of Iceland . The club was founded in 2001 with a merger of three local clubs , Íþróttafélagið Þróttur Neskaupstað , Ungmennafélagið Austri Eskifirði and Ungmennafélagið Valur Reyðarfirði . The next year , for the first time , Fjarðabyggð sent a women 's team to play at league level . In 2010 Ungmennafélagið Súlan Stöðvarfirði came into the merger ."}]}, {'value': 'Leiknir F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Leiknir', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Leiknir , commonly referred to as Leiknir F. to differentiate them from the Reykjavík club also called Leiknir , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from Fáskrúðsfjörður . Their football team plays in 2. deild karla , the third level of Icelandic football . The club was founded in 1940 . In 2015 the club placed 2nd in the 2. deild karla and won promotion to the 1. deild karla . After magically avoiding relegation on goal difference from the 1. deild karla with a 7-2 win against HK in the final round of the season , the team was relegated back to the 2. deild karla in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vikingur Ó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Víkingur', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Víkingur , also known as Víkingur Ólafsvík ( to distinguish them from Víkingur Reykjavík ) , is an Icelandic football club from the town of Ólafsvík located on the west coast of Iceland situated on the western end of the Snæfellsnes . They played in the Úrvalsdeild , the Icelandic top tier , for the first time in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Leiknir R', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leiknir_Reykjavík', 'summary': "Íþróttafélagið Leiknir , commonly known as Leiknir Reykjavík , is an Icelandic sports club . It is best known for its men 's football team that plays in 1. deild karla , the second tier of Icelandic football . The club was founded in 1973 and is based in Breiðholt , Reykjavík . In 2014 the men 's football team placed 1st in the 1. deild karla and won a promotion to the Úrvalsdeild , however after just one season they were relegated to back to the first division . Their home is Leiknisvöllur , where they have played since their early years . The club 's motto is Pride of Breiðholt . The club runs a youth setup in its district for children aged 6-18 . The club is renowned for playing many homegrown players and developing young players . Currently the majority of their players are homegrown . Leiknir also has a basketball and karate division . The basketball team also plays in the lower leagues of the Icelandic basketball ladder , although the club does not run youth programs for basketball ."}]}, {'value': 'Númi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Höttur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Höttur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Höttur is an Icelandic sports club from Egilsstaðir in the center , of the east side of Iceland . It is primarily known for its basketball , football and track & field departments but also fields departments in badminton , gymnastics , handball , swimming , taekwondo and volleyball . The club was founded in 1952 as Ungmennafélagið Höttur . On 19 february 1974 it merged with Knattspyrnufélagið Spyrnir and became Íþróttafélagið Höttur .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huginn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Huginn', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Huginn ( ÍF Huginn ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Seyðisfjörður . The team is currently fielding a merged senior squad with Höttur from Egilsstaðir named Höttur/Huginn , which plays in the 3. deild karla , the 4th tier of Icelandic football .'}]}, {'value': 'Fjarðabyggð', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Fjarðabyggðar', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélag Fjarðabyggðar ( KFF ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Fjarðabyggð located on the east coast of Iceland . The club was founded in 2001 with a merger of three local clubs , Íþróttafélagið Þróttur Neskaupstað , Ungmennafélagið Austri Eskifirði and Ungmennafélagið Valur Reyðarfirði . The next year , for the first time , Fjarðabyggð sent a women 's team to play at league level . In 2010 Ungmennafélagið Súlan Stöðvarfirði came into the merger ."}]}, {'value': 'Skallagrímur', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Skallagrímur_men's_football", 'summary': "The Skallagrímur men 's football team , commonly known as Skallagrímur , is the men 's football department of Ungmennafélagið Skallagrímur , based in Borgarnes , Iceland ."}]}, {'value': 'Reynir S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reynir_Sandgerði', 'summary': 'Reynir Sandgerði , sometimes known as Reynir S. , is an Icelandic sports club based in Sandgerði on the Reykjanes peninsular . The club has active departments in football , basketball and swimming .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reynir S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reynir_Sandgerði', 'summary': 'Reynir Sandgerði , sometimes known as Reynir S. , is an Icelandic sports club based in Sandgerði on the Reykjanes peninsular . The club has active departments in football , basketball and swimming .'}]}, {'value': 'Sindri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UMF_Sindri_Höfn', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Sindri , commonly known as Sindri , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Höfn located on the east coast of Iceland . It fields departments in basketball , football , gymnastics , swimming , track & field and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Grótta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Grótta', 'summary': "Íþróttafélagið Grótta ( English : Grótta Sports Club ) is an Icelandic sports club based in the town of Seltjarnarnes , in the Capital Region . The club is best known for its women 's handball team that won the national championship in 2015 and 2016 , but also has departments for gymnastics , football and powerlifting ."}]}, {'value': 'Leiknir F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Leiknir', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Leiknir , commonly referred to as Leiknir F. to differentiate them from the Reykjavík club also called Leiknir , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from Fáskrúðsfjörður . Their football team plays in 2. deild karla , the third level of Icelandic football . The club was founded in 1940 . In 2015 the club placed 2nd in the 2. deild karla and won promotion to the 1. deild karla . After magically avoiding relegation on goal difference from the 1. deild karla with a 7-2 win against HK in the final round of the season , the team was relegated back to the 2. deild karla in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Höttur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Höttur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Höttur is an Icelandic sports club from Egilsstaðir in the center , of the east side of Iceland . It is primarily known for its basketball , football and track & field departments but also fields departments in badminton , gymnastics , handball , swimming , taekwondo and volleyball . The club was founded in 1952 as Ungmennafélagið Höttur . On 19 february 1974 it merged with Knattspyrnufélagið Spyrnir and became Íþróttafélagið Höttur .'}]}, {'value': 'Magni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magni_Grenivík', 'summary': 'Magni Grenivík is an Icelandic sports club from the village of Grenivík , mainly known for its football team . The club has a football team currently playing in the second tier of Icelandic football also known as Inkasso-deild karla . Magni was founded in 1915 by Magnús Björnsson making it one of the oldest teams in Icelandic football history .'}]}, {'value': 'ÍH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélag_Hafnarfjarðar', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélag Hafnarfjarðar ( better known as ÍH ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Hafnarfjörður .'}]}, {'value': 'Kári', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélagið_Kári', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélagið Kári , commonly known as Kári , is an Icelandic football club from the town of Akranes . The club 's football team is playing in the third tier of Icelandic football ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grótta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Grótta', 'summary': "Íþróttafélagið Grótta ( English : Grótta Sports Club ) is an Icelandic sports club based in the town of Seltjarnarnes , in the Capital Region . The club is best known for its women 's handball team that won the national championship in 2015 and 2016 , but also has departments for gymnastics , football and powerlifting ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnudeild_Hamars', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélagið Hamar ( better known as Hamar ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Hveragerði located just south-east of the capital Reykjavík .'}]}, {'value': 'Hvöt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hvöt_Blönduós', 'summary': 'Hvöt was an Icelandic football club from the town of Blönduós located in the north of Iceland .'}]}, {'value': 'Víðir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Víðir', 'summary': "Víðir is an Icelandic sports club from Garður on the Reykjanes peninsula of Iceland . They currently play in the 2. deild karla . They last played in Iceland 's top tier in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamrarnir/Vinir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélag_Hafnarfjarðar', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélag Hafnarfjarðar ( better known as ÍH ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Hafnarfjörður .'}]}, {'value': 'BÍ/Bolungarvík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BÍ/Bolungarvík', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnudeild Vestra , also known as Vestri , is the football department of the Vestri sport club and is based in Ísafjarðarbær , Iceland .'}]}, {'value': 'KV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Vesturbæjar', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélag Vesturbæjar , commonly known as KV , is an Icelandic sports club from the capital city , Reykjavík in the area of Vesturbær . It is best known for its football team but has also fielded teams in other sports , such as basketball and handball .'}]}, {'value': 'Skallagrímur', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Skallagrímur_men's_football", 'summary': "The Skallagrímur men 's football team , commonly known as Skallagrímur , is the men 's football department of Ungmennafélagið Skallagrímur , based in Borgarnes , Iceland ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Völsungur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Völsungur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Völsungur is an Icelandic football club from the town of Húsavík located on the north coast of Iceland on the shores of Skjálfandi bay .'}]}, {'value': 'KV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Vesturbæjar', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélag Vesturbæjar , commonly known as KV , is an Icelandic sports club from the capital city , Reykjavík in the area of Vesturbær . It is best known for its football team but has also fielded teams in other sports , such as basketball and handball .'}]}, {'value': 'Hvíti riddarinn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ýmir', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tindastóll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tindastóll_(Football)', 'summary': "Knattspyrnudeild Tindastóls ( Tindastóll Football ) , also known as Tindastóll , is an Icelandic football club based in Sauðárkrókur . It is part of the Tindastóll sport club . As of 2018 the men 's team plays in 2. deild karla and the women 's team plays in 2. deild kvenna ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalvík/Reynir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalvík/Reynir', 'summary': 'Dalvík/Reynir is an Icelandic football club based in Dalvík . The club was formed in 2006 after the merger between UMFS Dalvík & Reynir Árskógsströnd'}]}, {'value': 'Árborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Árborg_FC', 'summary': "Árborg Football Club ( Icelandic : Knattspyrnufélagið Árborg ) , is an Icelandic football club in the municipality of Árborg , which contains two villages , Stokkseyri and Eyrarbakki , one country side called Sandvíkurhreppur , and a town called Selfoss . The club 's ground is in Selfoss where most of the players come from . Árborg FC currently plays in 4. deild karla ( 5th level in pyramid ) . They have been active members of KSÍ since 2001 before that the club was called Lesbískir Mávar ( lesbian Seagulls ) and played in the Sunnlenska Utandeild ( Non division football south ) . Guðmundur Garðar Sigfússon is Árborg FC´s most capped player with over 200 official games ."}]}, {'value': 'KB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Breiðholts', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélag Breiðholts , abbreviated as KB , is an Icelandic football club based in the Breiðholt area of the capital , Reykjavík . KB is used as reserve team for Leiknir Reykjavík and does not run a youth setup . It was founded in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Vesturbæjar', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélag Vesturbæjar , commonly known as KV , is an Icelandic sports club from the capital city , Reykjavík in the area of Vesturbær . It is best known for its football team but has also fielded teams in other sports , such as basketball and handball .'}]}, {'value': 'KFR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Rangæinga', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélag Rangæinga ( better known as KFR ) is an Icelandic football club from the towns of Hella and Hvolsvöllur , in Rangárvallasýsla . The club represents a united team for Rangárþing ( Rangárþing eystra and Rangárþing ytra ) . Prior to KFR 's foundation the football clubs in the two towns in Rangárþing , Hekla from Hella and Baldur from Hvolsvöllur occasionally took part in the Icelandic leagues . In the years prior to KFR 's foundation the clubs often fielded a merged team , calling themselves Hekla/Baldur or HB . KFR was the next step . KFR has n't fielded a team every season since its foundation but they 've started to compete more regularly . The team achieved promotion from 3. deild in 2011 and competed in the 2012 2. deild karla , where they got relegated to 3. deild again , although this time the 3. deild is n't the lowest league in the Icelandic system following the restructuring of the league pyramid ."}]}, {'value': 'KB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Breiðholts', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélag Breiðholts , abbreviated as KB , is an Icelandic football club based in the Breiðholt area of the capital , Reykjavík . KB is used as reserve team for Leiknir Reykjavík and does not run a youth setup . It was founded in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Magni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magni_Grenivík', 'summary': 'Magni Grenivík is an Icelandic sports club from the village of Grenivík , mainly known for its football team . The club has a football team currently playing in the second tier of Icelandic football also known as Inkasso-deild karla . Magni was founded in 1915 by Magnús Björnsson making it one of the oldest teams in Icelandic football history .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sindri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UMF_Sindri_Höfn', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Sindri , commonly known as Sindri , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Höfn located on the east coast of Iceland . It fields departments in basketball , football , gymnastics , swimming , track & field and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Ægir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélagið_Ægir', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélagið Ægir is an Icelandic sports club from the town of Þorlákshöfn , mainly known for its football team . The club has a football team playing in the fifth tier of Icelandic football .'}]}, {'value': 'Leiknir F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Leiknir', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Leiknir , commonly referred to as Leiknir F. to differentiate them from the Reykjavík club also called Leiknir , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from Fáskrúðsfjörður . Their football team plays in 2. deild karla , the third level of Icelandic football . The club was founded in 1940 . In 2015 the club placed 2nd in the 2. deild karla and won promotion to the 1. deild karla . After magically avoiding relegation on goal difference from the 1. deild karla with a 7-2 win against HK in the final round of the season , the team was relegated back to the 2. deild karla in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Magni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magni_Grenivík', 'summary': 'Magni Grenivík is an Icelandic sports club from the village of Grenivík , mainly known for its football team . The club has a football team currently playing in the second tier of Icelandic football also known as Inkasso-deild karla . Magni was founded in 1915 by Magnús Björnsson making it one of the oldest teams in Icelandic football history .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fjarðabyggð', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Fjarðabyggðar', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélag Fjarðabyggðar ( KFF ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Fjarðabyggð located on the east coast of Iceland . The club was founded in 2001 with a merger of three local clubs , Íþróttafélagið Þróttur Neskaupstað , Ungmennafélagið Austri Eskifirði and Ungmennafélagið Valur Reyðarfirði . The next year , for the first time , Fjarðabyggð sent a women 's team to play at league level . In 2010 Ungmennafélagið Súlan Stöðvarfirði came into the merger ."}]}, {'value': 'Huginn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Huginn', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Huginn ( ÍF Huginn ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Seyðisfjörður . The team is currently fielding a merged senior squad with Höttur from Egilsstaðir named Höttur/Huginn , which plays in the 3. deild karla , the 4th tier of Icelandic football .'}]}, {'value': 'KFR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Rangæinga', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélag Rangæinga ( better known as KFR ) is an Icelandic football club from the towns of Hella and Hvolsvöllur , in Rangárvallasýsla . The club represents a united team for Rangárþing ( Rangárþing eystra and Rangárþing ytra ) . Prior to KFR 's foundation the football clubs in the two towns in Rangárþing , Hekla from Hella and Baldur from Hvolsvöllur occasionally took part in the Icelandic leagues . In the years prior to KFR 's foundation the clubs often fielded a merged team , calling themselves Hekla/Baldur or HB . KFR was the next step . KFR has n't fielded a team every season since its foundation but they 've started to compete more regularly . The team achieved promotion from 3. deild in 2011 and competed in the 2012 2. deild karla , where they got relegated to 3. deild again , although this time the 3. deild is n't the lowest league in the Icelandic system following the restructuring of the league pyramid ."}]}, {'value': 'Víðir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Víðir', 'summary': "Víðir is an Icelandic sports club from Garður on the Reykjanes peninsula of Iceland . They currently play in the 2. deild karla . They last played in Iceland 's top tier in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Höttur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Höttur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Höttur is an Icelandic sports club from Egilsstaðir in the center , of the east side of Iceland . It is primarily known for its basketball , football and track & field departments but also fields departments in badminton , gymnastics , handball , swimming , taekwondo and volleyball . The club was founded in 1952 as Ungmennafélagið Höttur . On 19 february 1974 it merged with Knattspyrnufélagið Spyrnir and became Íþróttafélagið Höttur .'}]}, {'value': 'Leiknir F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Leiknir', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Leiknir , commonly referred to as Leiknir F. to differentiate them from the Reykjavík club also called Leiknir , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from Fáskrúðsfjörður . Their football team plays in 2. deild karla , the third level of Icelandic football . The club was founded in 1940 . In 2015 the club placed 2nd in the 2. deild karla and won promotion to the 1. deild karla . After magically avoiding relegation on goal difference from the 1. deild karla with a 7-2 win against HK in the final round of the season , the team was relegated back to the 2. deild karla in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Berserkir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélagið_Berserkir', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélagið Berserkir is an Icelandic football club located in Reykjavík , currently playing in 4. deild karla . In effect they are the reserves team of Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur .'}]}, {'value': 'Víðir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Víðir', 'summary': "Víðir is an Icelandic sports club from Garður on the Reykjanes peninsula of Iceland . They currently play in the 2. deild karla . They last played in Iceland 's top tier in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magni_Grenivík', 'summary': 'Magni Grenivík is an Icelandic sports club from the village of Grenivík , mainly known for its football team . The club has a football team currently playing in the second tier of Icelandic football also known as Inkasso-deild karla . Magni was founded in 1915 by Magnús Björnsson making it one of the oldest teams in Icelandic football history .'}]}, {'value': 'Völsungur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Völsungur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Völsungur is an Icelandic football club from the town of Húsavík located on the north coast of Iceland on the shores of Skjálfandi bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Reynir S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reynir_Sandgerði', 'summary': 'Reynir Sandgerði , sometimes known as Reynir S. , is an Icelandic sports club based in Sandgerði on the Reykjanes peninsular . The club has active departments in football , basketball and swimming .'}]}, {'value': 'Einherji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Einherji', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Einherji is an Icelandic sports club , based in Vopnafjörður , Iceland . The club is named after the einherjar , figures from Norse Mythology .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tindastóll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tindastóll_(Football)', 'summary': "Knattspyrnudeild Tindastóls ( Tindastóll Football ) , also known as Tindastóll , is an Icelandic football club based in Sauðárkrókur . It is part of the Tindastóll sport club . As of 2018 the men 's team plays in 2. deild karla and the women 's team plays in 2. deild kvenna ."}]}, {'value': 'Víðir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Víðir', 'summary': "Víðir is an Icelandic sports club from Garður on the Reykjanes peninsula of Iceland . They currently play in the 2. deild karla . They last played in Iceland 's top tier in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Einherji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Einherji', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Einherji is an Icelandic sports club , based in Vopnafjörður , Iceland . The club is named after the einherjar , figures from Norse Mythology .'}]}, {'value': 'Kári', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélagið_Kári', 'summary': "Knattspyrnufélagið Kári , commonly known as Kári , is an Icelandic football club from the town of Akranes . The club 's football team is playing in the third tier of Icelandic football ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Past winners', 'section_text': 'Promoted teams shown in green', 'uid': '3._deild_karla_1', 'intro': "3. deild karla (e. Men's Third division) is a football league in Iceland. It is the fourth level, and second-lowest division, in the Icelandic football league system. Current champions are Kári. The league was reformed into a 10-team double round-robin tournament for the 2013 season, with the introduction of the newly established 5th level of the Icelandic football league system, 4. deild karla."} | null | null | In what year was the club known as UMFA founded ? | 1909 |
07270b22525a1a0f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Iwate)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Iwate)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Type', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': '* Chūson-ji Precinct 中尊寺境内 Chūsonji keidai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chūson-ji', 'summary': 'Chūson-ji ( 中尊寺 ) is a Buddhist temple in the town of Hiraizumi in southern Iwate Prefecture , Japan . It is the head temple of the Tendai sect in Tōhoku region of northern Honshu . The temple claims it was founded in 850 by Ennin , the third chief abbot of the sect . George Sansom states Chūson-ji was founded by Fujiwara no Kiyohira in 1095 . Chūson-ji is designated as a Special Historic Site and in June 2011 was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as a part of the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiraizumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiraizumi,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Hiraizumi ( 平泉町 , Hiraizumi-chō ) is a town located in Nishiiwai District , Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,440 and a population density of 117 persons per km² in 2,648 households . The total area of the town was 63.39 km² . It is noted for the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi , which achieved UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Muryōkō-in Site 無量光院跡 Muryōkōin ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muryōkō-in', 'summary': 'Muryōkō-in ( 無量光院跡 ) is former temple in Hiraizumi in what is now southern Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan . Muryōkō-in was built by Fujiwara no Hidehira , the third of the Northern Fujiwara rulers of Hiraizumi . It was designed to imitate the Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in in Uji , south of Kyoto , but on a larger scale . The temple was described in the Kamakura period chronicle , Azuma Kagami . Twice a year , the centerline of the hall was aligned with the sun setting behind Mount Kinkeisan to the west , creating an image of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss . Nothing remains of the temple today except for some foundation stones and the remnants of earthen walls . The twelfth-century garden with pond , island and ornamental stones has been reconstructed and were designated a Special Historic Site They form part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiraizumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiraizumi,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Hiraizumi ( 平泉町 , Hiraizumi-chō ) is a town located in Nishiiwai District , Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,440 and a population density of 117 persons per km² in 2,648 households . The total area of the town was 63.39 km² . It is noted for the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi , which achieved UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '117', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Mōtsū-ji Precinct and associated Chinjusha 毛越寺境内 附 鎮守社跡 Mōtsūji keidai tsuketari chinjūsha ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mōtsū-ji', 'summary': 'Mōtsū-ji ( 毛越寺 ) is a Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect in the town of Hiraizumi in southern Iwate Prefecture ] , Japan , and also refers to the historic area surrounding it containing the ruins of two older temples , Enryū-ji ( 圓隆寺 ) and Kashō-ji ( 嘉祥寺 ) in a Jōdo ( Pure Land ) garden . The current temple was built in the 18th century and bears no relation to the ancient temple structures that once stood here . In June 2011 , Mōtsū-ji was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinjusha', 'summary': "In Japan , a chinjusha ( 鎮守社•鎮社 , or tutelary shrine ) is a Shinto shrine which enshrines a tutelary kami ( 鎮守神 , chinjugami ) ; that is , a patron spirit that protects a given area , village , building or a Buddhist temple . The Imperial Palace has its own tutelary shrine dedicated to the 21 guardian gods of Ise Shrine . Tutelary shrines are usually very small , but there is a range in size , and the great Hiyoshi Taisha for example is Enryaku-ji 's tutelary shrine . The tutelary shrine of a temple or the complex the two together form are sometimes called a temple-shrine ( 寺社 , jisha ) . If a tutelary shrine is called chinju-dō , it is the tutelary shrine of a Buddhist temple . Even in that case , however , the shrine retains its distinctive architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Hiraizumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiraizumi,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Hiraizumi ( 平泉町 , Hiraizumi-chō ) is a town located in Nishiiwai District , Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,440 and a population density of 117 persons per km² in 2,648 households . The total area of the town was 63.39 km² . It is noted for the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi , which achieved UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '116', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayaorishinden Site 綾織新田遺跡 Ayaorishinden iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayaorishinden_Site', 'summary': 'Ayaorishinden Site ( 綾織新田遺跡 , Ayaorishinden iseki ) is the remains of a large early Jōmon period settlement located in the city of Tōno , in Iwate Prefecture in the far northern Tōhoku region of Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The site is located on a river terrace of on a branch of the Kitakami River in the Tōno Basin , at an altitude of approximately 270 meters . The settlement consisted of 17 large pit houses , wells , and roads , with the houses arranged around a central square . Each house had a width of 4 to 6 meters , and a length of 8 to 14 meters , and the presence of multiple hearths seem to indicate that these were used by multiple family groups . A cemetery pit in the south end of the settlement yielded earrings made of stone and bone . The Tōno City Board of Education conducted exploratory surveys in 1997 , and the site came under city protection in 2000 . It was designated a National Historic Site in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tōno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tōno,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Tōno ( 遠野市 , Tōno-shi ) is a city in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 26,110 , and a population density of 31.6 persons per km² in 10,089 households . The total area is 825.97 square kilometres ( 318.91 sq mi ) . Tōno is known as The City of Folklore for its rural nature , its preservation of traditional culture and especially for the collection of folktales , Tōno Monogatari , written by Kunio Yanagita in 1910 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '3344', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōshū Kaidō 奥州街道 Ōshū Kaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōshū_Kaidō', 'summary': 'The Ōshū Kaidō ( 奥州街道 ) was one of the five routes of the Edo period . It was built to connect Edo ( modern-day Tokyo ) with Mutsu Province and the present-day city of Shirakawa , Fukushima Prefecture , Japan . It was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu for government officials traveling through the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Ichinohe , Iwate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ichinohe,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ichinohe ( 一戸町 , Ichinohe-machi ) is a town located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 11,797 , and a population density of 39.3 persons per km² in 5765 households . The total area of the town is 300.03 square kilometres ( 115.84 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iwate,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Iwate ( 岩手町 , Iwate-machi ) is a town located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 12,637 , and a population density of 35.1 persons per km² in 5423 households . The total area of the town is 360.46 square kilometres ( 139.17 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '00003655', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shimofunato Shell Mound 下船渡貝塚 Shimofunato kaizuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimofunato_Shell_Mound', 'summary': 'Shimofunato Shell Midden ( 下船渡貝塚 , Shimofunato kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the city of Ōfunato , Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . since 1934 . The rocky rias coast of Iwate Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . In particular , the deeply indented Ōfunato Bay area was a rich fishing ground and is the location of 16 known Jōmon-period shell middens , a number of which have been designated National Historic Sites . The Shimofunato Shell Midden dates from the late Jōmon period , and is located at an elevation of between 20 and 30 meters above the present sea level , on the east side of Ōfunato Bay . The midden , which has a thickness of between 0.6 and 1.2 meters , was first excavated between 1924-1925 and again in 1961 , and many artifacts were recovered , including clay Dogū and large quantities of pottery shards . The remains of two adult humans and one child were also found .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōfunato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōfunato,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ōfunato ( 大船渡市 , Ōfunato-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 35,666 , and a population density of 111 persons per km² in 15,017 households . The total area of the city is 322.51 square kilometres ( 124.52 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '129', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsunozuka Kofun 角塚古墳 Tsunozuka kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsunozuka_Kofun', 'summary': 'Tsunozuka Kofun ( 角塚古墳 ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in the Isawa district of the city of Ōshū , Iwate in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is significant in that it is the northernmost keyhole-shaped kofun yet discovered , and indicates the penetration of Kofun period culture into lands traditionally considered part of the Emishi cultural zone . The Tsunozuka Kofun is located in the southern portion of the Kitakami Basin of the Kitakami River on the alluvial fan of the Isawa River . The tomb does not appear in any historical records and the name of rank of the person buried within is unknown . From the style of the mound and grave goods uncovered within , archaeologists have dated the kofun to the late 5th or early 6th century AD . The kofun was excavated in 1935 and 1945 , during which time a number of haniwa were discovered . However , it was not until 1947 that archaeologists confirmed that the structure was that of a keyhole-shaped kofun . The site received protection as an Iwate Prefectural Historic Site in 1957 . During further excavations held from 1974-1975 , more haniwa and the fukiishi stones which originally covered the tomb were uncovered . The site received further protection as a National Historic Site in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōshū,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ōshū ( 奥州市 , Ōshū-shi ) ( also historically called Voxu by Italians ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 114,521 , and a population density of 115 persons per km² in 44,924 households . The total area of the city is 993.30 square kilometres ( 383.52 sq mi ) . Ōshū is famous for its Maesawa Beef , numerous festivals , historic temples and shrines and Fujiwara no Sato , a theme park and movie lot based on the exploits of the Northern Fujiwaras in the 12th century . Many famous people have claimed Ōshū as their home including Ichiro Ozawa , the long-time leader of the Democratic Party of Japan . It was referred to historically by Italian scholars as a kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '168', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kabayama Site 樺山遺跡 Kabayama iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kabayama_Site', 'summary': 'Kabayama Site ( 樺山遺跡 , Kabayama Iseki ) is a Japanese National Historic Site located in Kitakami , Iwate , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The Kabayama site is the location of a Jōmon period settlement and possible ceremonial center . It is located approximately seven kilometers south of the center of the modern city of Kitakami , on the Kitakami River near the foot of the Kitakami Mountains . The site was discovered in 1945 and has been excavated numerous times . The site is located on two levels of a low hill . The lower tier consists of 32 circular arrangements of elongated river stones in a radial pattern , each with a diameter of 1.2 meters , with a central dolmen . Dating from the middle Jōmon period , others may have been destroyed or relocated . As the soil underneath these stones is undisturbed , these are not burial markers , and the formations are too small to serve as a defensive perimeter . It is thought that these stones had a ceremonial meaning , similar to stone circles found at other Jōmon period sites , such as at the Ōyu Stone Circles discovered in Akita Prefecture . The upper level is located 20 meters higher , and consists of the remains of a number of pit dwellings . Fragments of earthenware and a number of jar coffins were found in the upper level , and have been dated to 5000 years ago for the eastern side of the hill , and 4000 years ago on the western side , indicating a long period of settlement . The site received protection as a national historic site in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitakami,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Kitakami ( 北上市 , Kitakami-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,311 , and a population density of 211 persons per km² in 37,085 households . The total area of the city is 437.55 square kilometres ( 168.94 sq mi ) . The city is famous for the sakura that bloom in Tenshochi Park .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '163', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hashino iron mining and smelting site 橋野高炉跡 Hashino kōro ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hashino_iron_mining_and_smelting_site', 'summary': 'Hashino iron mining and smelting site ( 橋野高炉跡 , Hashino kōro ato ) is the ruins of an iron smelting and primitive blast furnace built by the Tokugawa shogunate during the final years of the Edo period in Kamaishi , Iwate in the Tohoku region of northern Japan . It has been recognized as the oldest western-style blast furnace in Japan , and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the Sites of Japans Meiji Industrial Revolution : Iron and Steel , Shipbuilding and Coal Mining .'}]}, {'value': 'Kamaishi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamaishi,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Kamaishi ( 釜石市 , Kamaishi-shi ) is a city located on the Sanriku rias coast in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 34,289 , and a population density of 77.9 persons per km² , in 16,424 households . The total area of the city is 441.43 square kilometres ( 170.44 sq mi )'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '157', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinkeizan 金鶏山 Kinkeizan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinkeizan', 'summary': 'Mount Kinkei ( 金鶏山 , Kinkei-san or Kinkei-zan ) is a hill in the town of Hiraizumi in southwestern Iwate Prefecture , Japan . The mountain is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi . Mount Kinkei is a sacred mountain that has influenced the spatial layout of the temple complex at Hiraizumi . It lies approximately halfway between the temples of Chuson-ji and Mōtsū-ji . According to the legend , the hill was built in a single night by Fujiwara no Hidehira of the Northern Fujiwara to the west of Muryōkō-in temple , which was intended to be a copy of the Byōdō-in temple in Uji ( near Kyoto ) . The name of the hill is said to be derived from a golden cockerel was buried on the top . In 1930 , illegal excavations to find the legendary golden cockerel uncovered ceramic and earthenware and copper sutra containers , indicating that the summit of the hill was used as a sutra mound . The sutra containers are now at the Tokyo National Museum . Subsequent excavations found the remains of a Hall identified as belonging to Zaō Gongen ; associated with the cult of Miroku . On 22 February 2005 , Mount Kinkei was declared a national historic site .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiraizumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiraizumi,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Hiraizumi ( 平泉町 , Hiraizumi-chō ) is a town located in Nishiiwai District , Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,440 and a population density of 117 persons per km² in 2,648 households . The total area of the town was 63.39 km² . It is noted for the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi , which achieved UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '2,3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '3428', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kunohe Castle Site 九戸城跡 Kunohe-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunohe_Castle', 'summary': "Kunohe Castle ( 九戸城 , Kunohe-jō ) was a Japanese castle controlled by the Nanbu clan located in what is now the city of Ninohe , Iwate Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of far northern Japan . It was also referred to as Fukuoka Castle ( 福岡城 , Fukuoka-jō ) or Miyano Castle ' ( 宮野城 , Miyano-jō ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ninohe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninohe,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ninohe ( 二戸市 , Ninohe-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 25,785 , and a population density of 61.3 persons per km² in 11,865 households . The total area of the city is 420.42 square kilometres ( 162.33 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '134', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goshono Site 御所野遺跡 Goshono iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goshono_Site', 'summary': 'Goshono Site ( 御所野遺跡 , Goshono iseki ) is a Middle Jōmon period archaeological site in the town of Ichinohe , Iwate Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . Discovered during the construction of an industrial park in 1989 , the area was designated a National Historic Site in 1993 by the Japanese government .'}]}, {'value': 'Ichinohe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ichinohe,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ichinohe ( 一戸町 , Ichinohe-machi ) is a town located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 11,797 , and a population density of 39.3 persons per km² in 5765 households . The total area of the town is 300.03 square kilometres ( 115.84 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '169', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ezuriko Kofun Cluster 江釣子古墳群 Ezuriko kofun-gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ezuriko_Kofun_Cluster', 'summary': 'Ezuriko Kofun Cluster ( 江釣子古墳群 , Ezuriko kofun-gun ) is the designation given to a National Historic Site in Kitakami , Iwate , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan consisting of four separate sets of late Kofun period burial mounds near the confluence of the Waga River with the Kitakami River . Located on a river terrace at an altitude of 70-90 meters , the site consists of the Nekoyazu and Naganuma sites ( 29 tombs ) , Gojōmaru site ( 81 tombs ) , and Yahata site ( 23 tombs ) , with a total of some 120 burial mounds . The kofun are circular in shape , with a diameter of 4.5 to 16 meters and an average height of 0.4 to 0.7 meters . Archaeological excavations were conducted in 1954 by Waseda University on a portion of the site , and identified the kofun as being from the late 7th through early 8th centuries . Further investigation was performed by Tōhoku University in 1965 . The kofun contained stone chambers made from piled rounded river stones , the largest of which was 5 meters in length , with a central trench to hold the sarcophagus . In the Gojōmaru district , the one tomb was found to contain four chambers . Grave goods included remnants of bladed instruments ( swords , daggers , agricultural implements ) , jewelry ( magatama beads , cylindrical beads , glass beads , etc . ) , horse fittings , and earthenware pottery . The site received protection as a National Historical Site in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitakami,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Kitakami ( 北上市 , Kitakami-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,311 , and a population density of 211 persons per km² in 37,085 households . The total area of the city is 437.55 square kilometres ( 168.94 sq mi ) . The city is famous for the sakura that bloom in Tenshochi Park .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '166', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Residence of Takano Chōei 高野長英旧宅 Takano Chōei kyū-taku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takano_Chōei', 'summary': 'Takano Chōei ( 高野 長英 , June 12 , 1804 - December 3 , 1850 ) was a prominent scholar of Rangaku ( western science ) during Bakumatsu period Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōshū,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ōshū ( 奥州市 , Ōshū-shi ) ( also historically called Voxu by Italians ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 114,521 , and a population density of 115 persons per km² in 44,924 households . The total area of the city is 993.30 square kilometres ( 383.52 sq mi ) . Ōshū is famous for its Maesawa Beef , numerous festivals , historic temples and shrines and Fujiwara no Sato , a theme park and movie lot based on the exploits of the Northern Fujiwaras in the 12th century . Many famous people have claimed Ōshū as their home including Ichiro Ozawa , the long-time leader of the Democratic Party of Japan . It was referred to historically by Italian scholars as a kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kunimisan Haiji Site 国見山廃寺跡 Kunimisan Haiji ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunimisan_Haiji', 'summary': 'Kunimizan Temple Site ( 国見山廃寺跡 , Kunimizan hai-dera ato ) is the remains of a large early Heian period temple complex located on the 244 metres ( 801 ft ) Mount Kunimi in the eastern portion of the city of Kitakami , in Iwate Prefecture in the far northern Tōhoku region of Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitakami,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Kitakami ( 北上市 , Kitakami-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,311 , and a population density of 211 persons per km² in 37,085 households . The total area of the city is 437.55 square kilometres ( 168.94 sq mi ) . The city is famous for the sakura that bloom in Tenshochi Park .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '3398', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honederamura Shōen Site 骨寺村荘園遺跡 Honederamura shōen iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shōen', 'summary': "A shōen ( 荘園 or 庄園 , shōen ) was a field or manor in Japan . The Japanese term comes from the Tang dynasty Chinese term 莊園 ( Mandarin : zhuāngyuán , Cantonese : zong1 jyun4 ) . Shōen , from about the 8th to the late 15th century , describes any of the private , tax-free , often autonomous estates or manors whose rise undermined the political and economic power of the emperor and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans . The estates developed from land tracts assigned to officially sanctioned Shintō shrines or Buddhist temples or granted by the emperor as gifts to the Imperial family , friends , or officials . As these estates grew , they became independent of the civil administrative system and contributed to the rise of a local military class . With the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate , or military dictatorship , in 1192 , centrally appointed stewards weakened the power of these local landlords . The shōen system passed out of existence around the middle of the 15th century , when villages became self-governing units , owing loyalty to a feudal lord ( daimyō ) who subdivided the area into fiefs and collected a fixed tax . After the decay of the ritsuryō system , a feudal system of manors developed . Landowners or nameholders commended shares of the revenue produced ( called shiki ) to more powerful leaders often at the court , in order to be exempted from taxes and to subvert the Chinese-style equal fields system , whereby land was redistributed after certain periods of time . In the Kamakura period a hierarchy of nameholder , manor stewards ( jitō ) , shugo ( military provincial governor ) , and the shōgun in Kamakura had evolved . These shōen were completely free from interference from the government , which therefore had no say or control of what occurred within the shōen 's boundaries . By the end of the Heian period virtually all Japanese land had become shōen and continued to be through the Ōnin War until the Sengoku period ."}]}, {'value': 'Ichinoseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ichinoseki,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ichinoseki ( 一関市 , Ichinoseki-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 114,922 and a population density of 91.5 persons per km² in 46,338 households . It is currently the second largest city by population in the prefecture , after Morioka . The total area of the city was 1,256.42 square kilometres ( 485.11 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '3415', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sakiyama Shell Mound 崎山貝塚 Sakiyama kaizuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakiyama_Shell_Mound', 'summary': 'Sakiyama Shell Midden ( 崎山貝塚 , Sakiyama Kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the city of Miyako , Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The rocky ria coast of Iwate Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . The Sakiyama Shell Midden is located on a narrow peninsula on the northern end of Miyako Bay , at an altitude of 115 meters above sea level , and approximately 1.5 kilometers from the present coastline . A preliminary survey was conducted in 1924 and in 1956 , however urban encroachment in the 1960s destroyed a portion of the site . The remainder only received protection by the national government as a historic site on July 16 , 1996 . The city of Miyako operates the Miyako City Sakiyama Kaizuka Jomon-mo-mori Museum displaying some of the artifacts uncovered at the site and a reconstruction of a pit dwelling .'}]}, {'value': 'Miyako', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyako,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Miyako ( 宮古市 , Miyako-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 52,782 , and a population density of 41.9 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 1,259.15 square kilometres ( 486.16 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '170', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiwa Castle Site 志波城跡 Shiwa-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiwa_Castle', 'summary': 'Shiwa Castle ( 志波城 , Shiwa-jō ) was an early Heian period jōsaku-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the city of Morioka in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu , Japan . The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site on September 14 , 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Morioka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morioka,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Morioka ( 盛岡市 , Morioka-shi ) is the capital city of Iwate Prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 293,138 , and a population density of 331 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 886.47 square kilometres ( 342.27 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '167', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morioka Castle Site 盛岡城跡 Morioka-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morioka_Castle', 'summary': 'Morioka Castle ( 盛岡城 , Morioka-jō ) is a hirayama-style Japanese castle constructed in 1611 . It was the seat of the Nanbu clan , a tozama daimyō clan who ruled over Morioka Domain , Mutsu Province in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The castle is located in what is now central Morioka , Iwate Prefecture , Japan . It was also referred to as Kozukata Castle ( 不来方城 , Kozukata-jō ) , but strictly speaking this name pertains to the predecessor of Morioka Castle on the same site .'}]}, {'value': 'Morioka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morioka,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Morioka ( 盛岡市 , Morioka-shi ) is the capital city of Iwate Prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 293,138 , and a population density of 331 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 886.47 square kilometres ( 342.27 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '141', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōsuzukami Site 大清水上遺跡 Ōsuzukami iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōsuzukami_Site', 'summary': 'Ōsuzukami Site ( 大清水上遺跡 , Ōsuzukami iseki ) is an archaeological site with the remains of a late Jōmon period settlement located in what is now the city of Ōshū , Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 2008 . The Ōsuzukami site is located in the southwestern portion of Iwate Prefecture , on a river terrace with an altitude of 280 meters . It was excavated in the year 2000 in conjunction with the construction of the Isawa Dam . The excavation revealed a central square with a diameter of approximately 20 meters , surrounded by 62 large pit dwellings orientated with their long axis facing towards the center of the square . Outside the large pit dwellings were smaller pit dwellings , and simple pits which were used for storage purposes . There was evidence of frequent rebuilding and expansion , indicating that the site had been used for a long period of time .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōshū,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ōshū ( 奥州市 , Ōshū-shi ) ( also historically called Voxu by Italians ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 114,521 , and a population density of 115 persons per km² in 44,924 households . The total area of the city is 993.30 square kilometres ( 383.52 sq mi ) . Ōshū is famous for its Maesawa Beef , numerous festivals , historic temples and shrines and Fujiwara no Sato , a theme park and movie lot based on the exploits of the Northern Fujiwaras in the 12th century . Many famous people have claimed Ōshū as their home including Ichiro Ozawa , the long-time leader of the Democratic Party of Japan . It was referred to historically by Italian scholars as a kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '00003597', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'National Historic Sites', 'section_text': 'As of 1 July 2019 , thirty Sites have been designated as being of national significance ( including three *Special Historic Sites ) . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Iwate)_0', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Iwate.'} | null | null | What municipality is the historic site located that was discovered during the construction of an industrial park in 1989 ? | Ichinohe |
0727a728e3d6dfb1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_rink', 'title': 'Speed skating rink', 'header': ['Country', 'City', 'Track name', 'Elevation ( m )', 'Finished'], 'data': [{'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk_Arena', 'summary': 'Minsk Arena ( Belarusian : Мінск-Арэна ) , known locally as the Botvinik Arena , ( Russian : Арена Ботвинника , Belarusian : Арэна Бaтвiнiка ) is the main indoor arena in Minsk , Belarus . Along the main arena , the Minsk-Arena complex includes four venues which are the arena itself ( hosting 15,000 spectators ) , a cycling track ( hosting 2,000 spectators ) , a skating stadium ( 3,000 spectators ) and a multilevel parking structure .'}]}, {'value': '209', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympic Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_Oval', 'summary': "The Olympic Oval in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , is North America 's first covered speed skating oval ; it was built for the 1988 Winter Olympics and opened 33 years ago on September 27 , 1987 . Located on the University of Calgary campus , it is the official designated training centre for Speed Skating Canada and the Elite Athlete Pathway ."}]}, {'value': '1105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort St. John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'The City of Fort St. John is a city in northeastern British Columbia , Canada . The most populous municipality of the Peace River Regional District , the city encompasses a total area of about 22 square kilometres ( 8.5 sq mi ) with 20,155 residents at the 2016 Census . Located at Mile 47 , it is one of the largest cities along the Alaska Highway . Originally established in 1794 , as a trading post , Fort St. John is the oldest European-established settlement in present-day British Columbia . Fort St. John is served by the Fort St. John Airport . The municipal slogan is Fort St. John : The Energetic City .'}]}, {'value': 'Pomeroy Sport Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_St._John_Enerplex', 'summary': 'Fort St. John Enerplex , also known for sponsorship reasons as Pomeroy Sport Centre , is a sports venue in the Canadian town of Fort St. John , British Columbia . The indoor arena features two ice hockey rinks , a long-track speed skating rink and a walkway . The venue was taking into use on 23 December 2009 , and officially opened 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '671', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is a coastal city located in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver and the location of the Vancouver International Airport . During the 2010 Winter Olympics , the Richmond Olympic Oval was a venue for the long track speed skating events . As of 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 198,309 people with 60% being immigrants , the highest proportion of immigrants in Canada . Richmond is located on Lulu Island at the mouth of the Fraser River . It encompasses adjacent Sea Island and some smaller uninhabited islets to the north and south . Neighbouring communities are Vancouver and Burnaby to the north , New Westminster to the east , and Delta to the south . The Strait of Georgia forms its western border .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond Olympic Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Olympic_Oval', 'summary': "The Richmond Olympic Oval ( French : Anneau olympique de Richmond ) is an indoor multi-sports arena in the Canadian city of Richmond , British Columbia . The oval was built for the 2010 Winter Olympics and was originally configured with a speed skating rink . The venue has since been reconfigured and now serves as a community multi-sport park and includes two ice hockey rinks , two running tracks , a climbing wall , a rowing tank and a flexible area which can be used for , among other sports , basketball , volleyball , indoor soccer and table tennis . The Olympic bid called for the oval to be located on the grounds of Simon Fraser University ( SFU ) in Burnaby , but Richmond was instead selected in 2004 . Although twice the price of the SFU alternative , the location was selected because the city offered to cover all costs exceeding $ 60 million . Construction started in 2006 , cost $ 178 million CAD and the venue opened on 12 December 2008 . In addition to speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics , the venue has hosted the 2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships . Designed by CannonDesign , the oval 's elements are made to resemble the heron ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changchun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changchun', 'summary': "Changchun ( Chinese : 长春 ) is the capital and largest city of Jilin Province , People 's Republic of China . Lying in the center of the Songliao Plain , Changchun is administered as a sub-provincial city , comprising 7 districts , 1 county and 2 county-level cities . According to the 2010 census of China , Changchun had a total population of 7,674,439 under its jurisdiction . The city 's metro area , comprising 5 districts and 4 development areas , had a population of 3,815,270 in 2010 , as the Shuangyang and Jiutai districts are not urbanized yet . It is one of the biggest cities in Northeast China , along with Shenyang , Dalian and Harbin . The name of the city means long spring in Chinese . Between 1932 and 1945 , Changchun was renamed Hsinking ( Chinese : 新京 ; pinyin : Xīnjīng ; literally : 'new capital ' ) by the Japanese as it became the capital of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo , occupying modern Northeast China . After the foundation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , Changchun was established as the provincial capital of Jilin in 1954 . Known locally as China 's City of Automobiles , Changchun is an important industrial base with a particular focus on the automotive sector . Because of its key role in the domestic automobile industry , Changchun was sometimes referred to as the Detroit of China . Apart from this industrial aspect , Changchun is also one of four National Garden Cities awarded by the Ministry of Construction of P.R . China in 2001 due to its high urban greening rate ."}]}, {'value': 'Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink', 'urls': []}, {'value': '210', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daqing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daqing', 'summary': "Daqing ( Chinese : 大庆 ; pinyin : Dàqìng ; formerly romanized as Taching ) is a prefecture-level city in the west of Heilongjiang province , People 's Republic of China . The name literally means Great Celebration . Daqing is known as the Oil Capital of China and has experienced a phenomenal boom since oil was discovered at the Daqing Oil Field in 1959 . Its population was 2,963,458 at the 2010 Census , of whom 1,415,268 lived in the built-up area in four out of the total of five urban districts : Sartu , Longfeng , Ranghulu and Honggang ."}]}, {'value': 'Daqing Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '149', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harbin', 'summary': "Harbin ( Manchu : ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ ; Chinese : 哈尔滨 Hā'ěrbīn ) is a sub-provincial city and the provincial capital of Heilongjiang province , People 's Republic of China , as well as the second largest city by urban population and largest city by metropolitan population ( urban and rural together ) in Northeast China . Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts , two county-level cities and seven counties , and is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2010 census , the built-up area ( which consists of all districts except Shuangcheng and Acheng ) had 5,282,093 inhabitants , while the total metropolitan population was up to 10,635,971 . Harbin serves as a key political , economic , scientific , cultural and communications hub in Northeast China , as well as an important industrial base of the nation . Harbin , whose name was originally a Manchu word meaning a place for drying fishing nets , grew from a small rural settlement on the Songhua River to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China . Founded in 1898 with the coming of the Chinese Eastern Railway , the city first prospered as a region inhabited by an overwhelming majority of immigrants from the Russian Empire . With its often harsh winters , Harbin is heralded as the Ice City for its well-known winter tourism and recreations . Harbin is notable for its beautiful ice sculpture festival in the winter . Besides being well known for its historical Russian legacy , the city serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade today . In the 1920s , the city was considered China 's fashion capital since new designs from Paris and Moscow reached here first before arriving in Shanghai . The city was voted China Top Tourist City by the China National Tourism Administration in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Heilongjiang Indoor Rink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heilongjiang_Indoor_Rink', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '141', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qiqihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qiqihar', 'summary': "Qiqihar ( Chinese : 齐齐哈尔 ; pinyin : Qíqíhā'ěr ) is the second largest city in the Heilongjiang province of China , located in the west central part of the province . The built-up ( or metro ) area made up of Longsha , Tiefeng and Jianhua districts had 979,517 inhabitants , while the total population of the prefecture-level city was 5,367,003 at the 2010 census . These are mainly Han Chinese , though the city is also home to thirty-four minorities including Manchus , Daur , and Mongols . Close to Qiqihar are numerous wetlands and the Zhalong Nature Reserve , famous in China for being home to numerous red-crowned cranes ."}]}, {'value': 'Indoor Icerink', 'urls': []}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shenyang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenyang', 'summary': "Shenyang ( [ ʂə̀n.jǎŋ ] ; Chinese : 沈阳 ) , formerly known as Fengtian ( Chinese : 奉天 ; pinyin : Fèngtiān ) or by its Manchu name Mukden , is a major sub-provincial city and the provincial capital of Liaoning province , People 's Republic of China . Located in central-north Liaoning , it is the province 's most populous city as well as the largest city in Northeast China by urban population , with an urban population of 6.3 million ( 2010 census ) , while the total metropolitan population is up to 8.1 million . Shenyang is also the central city of one of the major megalopolises in China , the Greater Shenyang Metropolitan Area , with a total population over 23 million . The city 's administrative region includes the ten metropolitan districts of Shenyang proper , the county-level city of Xinmin , and two counties of Kangping and Faku . In the 17th century , Shenyang was conquered by the Manchu people and briefly used as the capital of the Qing dynasty . The Battle of Mukden took place in 1905 as part of the Russo-Japanese War . Japan 's subsequent victory allowed them to annex the region west of the old city and increase their influence on Shenyang ; the Mukden Incident led the Japanese to further invade and occupy the rest of Northeast China , creating the puppet state of Manchukuo . After the Japanese surrender in 1945 , Shenyang remained a Kuomintang stronghold , but was captured by the Communists in 1948 after the Liaoshen Campaign . Along with its nearby cities , Shenyang is an important industrial center in China , and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China 's northeast - particularly with Japan , Russia and Korea . A center of heavy industry in China since the 1930s , and the spearhead of the Chinese central government 's Northeast Area Revitalization Plan , the city has been diversifying its industry , including expanding into the service sector . Growing industries include software , automotive and electronics ."}]}, {'value': 'Bayi Speed Skating Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ürümqi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ürümqi', 'summary': "Ürümqi ( UK : /ʊˈrʊmtʃi/ , US : /ˌʊrʊmˈtʃiː/ ; Uyghur pronunciation : [ ʏrʏmˈtʃi ] ; Uyghur : ئۈرۈمچى , CTA : Ürümçi ; Chinese : 乌鲁木齐 ; pinyin : Wūlǔmùqí ) , abbreviated Wushi ( Chinese : 乌市 ; pinyin : Wūshì ) , formerly known as Tihwa ( Chinese : 迪化 ; pinyin : Díhuà ) , is the capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People 's Republic of China . Ürümqi was a major hub on the Silk Road during China 's Tang dynasty and developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century . With an estimated population of 3.5 million in 2015 , Ürümqi is the second-largest city in China 's northwestern interior as well as the largest in Central Asia in terms of population . According to the Guinness Book of Records , Ürümqi is the most remote city from any sea in the world . Ürümqi has seen significant economical development since the 1990s and currently serves as a regional transport node and a cultural , political and commercial center ."}]}, {'value': 'Xinjiang Ice Sport Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1710', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Sportforum Hohenschönhausen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportforum_Hohenschönhausen', 'summary': 'Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is a multi-purpose sports complex in the locality of Alt-Hohenschönhausen of the borough of Lichtenberg in Berlin . The Sportforum was named Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era . Sportforum Hohenschönhausen covers an area between 45 and 50 hectares , and comprises 35 sports facilities , including three ice rinks , two gymnasiums , a football stadium , as well as eight halls and open spaces for athletics , swimming , handball , volleyball , judo , fencing , archery , beach volleyball and football . The entire building ensemble ( including the Dynamo-Sporthalle , built from 1956 to 1958 ) , which was built from 1956 to designs by an architectural collective led by Walter Schmidt , is a protected building of cultural heritage . The Sportforum is the second largest sports complex in Berlin as of 2019 . One of the main users of the Sportforum is the Olympiastützpunkt Berlin ( OSB ) . More than 300 national team athletes regularly train on the grounds . The Sportforum is the largest Olympic training center in Germany . In addition , there are eleven recognized regional service centers with around 800 national team athletes , a location for the Berlin School and Competitive Sports Center ( formerly known as the sports school Werner Seelenbinder ) , the House of Athletes with around 200 boarding school places , and the Institute for Sports Science of the Humboldt University of Berlin , with approximately 500 students , and about 20 other sports clubs . More than 3,000 athletes use the Sportforum every day . Among other main users are BFC Dynamo , Eisbären Berlin junior teams , SC Berlin and SSG Humboldt zu Berlin , but also other clubs use the Sportforum as a training ground , such as Berlin TSC , Füchse Berlin , ALBA Berlin junior teams , SC Charlottenburg , SV Preußen Berlin or SG Weißensee . In total , players from around 30 clubs use the Sportforum .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt', 'summary': "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ."}]}, {'value': 'Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann Halle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '214', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inzell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inzell', 'summary': 'Inzell is a municipality in the district of Traunstein in Bavaria , Germany . It is known for the Eisstadion Inzell , an outdoor artificial ice rink that has been used for many international speed skating championships . It is now an indoor oval .'}]}, {'value': 'Max Aicher Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Aicher_Arena', 'summary': 'The Max Aicher Arena ( in the past also known as Eisstadion Inzell and Ludwig-Schwabl-Stadion ) is a stadium located in Inzell , Germany , best known as a speed skating venue . It is an indoor , artificial ice rink , located 690 metres ( 2,264 feet ) above sea level and has a capacity of 10,000 people . Since its opening , as an outdoor venue , towards the end of 1965 , more than 80 world records in speed skating have been broken here , and until the advent of indoor speed skating arenas , it was known as the fastest European speed skating rink , second in the world after the Medeu rink . The stadium is also used for ice hockey , ice speedway , and ( in the summer months ) roller skating .'}]}, {'value': '690', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torino', 'summary': "Turin ( /tjʊəˈrɪn , ˈtjʊərɪn/ tewr-IN , TEWR-in , Piedmontese : [ tyˈriŋ ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Torino [ toˈriːno ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Augusta Taurinorum , then Taurinum ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy . It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin , and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865 . The city is located mainly on the western bank of the Po River , in front of Susa Valley , and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga Hill . The population of the city proper is 875,698 ( 31 December 2018 ) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants . The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million . The city used to be a major European political centre . From 1563 , it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy , then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy , and the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865 . Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable individuals who contributed to the Risorgimento , such as Cavour . Even though much of its political significance and importance had been lost by World War II , Turin became a major European crossroad for industry , commerce and trade , and is part of the famous industrial triangle along with Milan and Genoa . Turin is ranked third in Italy , after Milan and Rome , for economic strength . With a GDP of $ 58 billion , Turin is the world 's 78th richest city by purchasing power . As of 2018 , the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city ."}]}, {'value': 'Oval Lingotto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oval_Lingotto', 'summary': 'Torino Oval Lingotto is an indoor arena in Turin , Italy . It was built for use at the 2006 Winter Olympics , during which it hosted speed skating events . It has a capacity of 8,500 spectators and was designed by HOK Sport , Studio Zoppini Associati of Milan and Buro Happold . After Olympic competition at the venue concluded on 25 February 2006 , plans for the structure now include use for fairs and exhibitions in connection with the Lingotto Fiere exhibition centre . It will also be able to accommodate 2,000 spectators for ice skating events .'}]}, {'value': '233', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagano_(city)', 'summary': 'Nagano ( 長野市 , Nagano-shi , Japanese : [ nagaꜜno ] ) is the capital and largest city of Nagano Prefecture , located in the Nagano Basin ( Zenkoji Daira ) in the central Chūbu region of Japan . Nagano is categorized as a core city of Japan . Nagano City is the highest prefectural capital in Japan , with an altitude of 371.4 meters ( 1,219 ft ) . The city is surrounded by mountains , near the confluence of the Chikuma River - the longest and widest river in Japan - and the Sai River . The total area of the city is 834.81 square kilometres ( 322.32 sq mi ) . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 370,632 in 160,625 households , and a population density of 444 persons per km² The total area of the city is 834.81 square kilometres ( 322.32 sq mi ) . Nagano City , located in the former Shinano Province , developed from the Nara period ( AD 710 to 794 ) as a temple town ( monzen machi ) . The city of Nagano is home to Zenkō-ji , a 7th-century Buddhist temple that is listed as a Japanese national treasure . Zenkō-ji was established in its current location in 642 AD . The location of Zenkō-ji is approximately 2 kilometers from the present-day central Nagano Station . During the Sengoku Period , the Age of Warring States , Nagano was the site of a series of battles , the Battles of Kawanakajima , between 1553 and 1564 . During the Edo period ( 1603 and 1868 ) , as the city developed , Nagano became an important post station ( shukuba ) on the Hokkoku Kaidō highway which connected Edo ( present day Tokyo ) with the Sea of Japan coast .'}]}, {'value': 'M-Wave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M-Wave', 'summary': "Nagano Olympic Memorial Arena ( 長野市オリンピック記念アリーナ , Naganoshi Orinpikku Kinen Ari-na ) , or M-Wave ( エムウェーブ , emu-ue-bu ) , is a covered speed skating oval in the city of Nagano , Japan . M-Wave , which opened in November , 1996 , was constructed for the speed skating events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . It was Japan 's first International Skating Union ( ISU ) standard indoor 400m double-track , and only second one in Japan . The other , Meiji Hokkaido-Tokachi Oval , is located in Obihiro , Hokkaido . In addition to the 1998 Winter Olympics , the 2002 World Figure Skating Championships , various ISU world speed skating championships and speed skating world cups , and the 2005 Special Winter Olympics were held . Outside the winter business , other sporting events , large-scale exhibitions and concerts are held . M-Wave is located in the eastern sections of Nagano City , in the communities of Asahi ( 朝陽 ) and Mamejima ( 大豆島 ) , near the Chikuma River and the city of Suzaka ( 須坂 ) . M-Wave is located within short distance of four other venues of the 1998 Winter Olympics . It is 3 kilometers from the Aqua Wing Arena , which hosted ice hockey ; 5 kilometers from Big Hat , which also hosted ice hockey ; 6 kilometers from White Ring ( arena ) , which hosted the figure skating ; and short track speed skating events ; and 11 kilometers from Nagano Olympic Stadium , which was used for the opening and closing ceremonies . The skating rink operates from October to March , with the 400-m speed skating oval and a regulation-size ice hockey rink inside the oval . M-Wave was constructed at a cost of 348 billion yen as a speed skating venue for the 1998 Winter Olympics . The building 's name , M-Wave comes from its distinct shape which is designed to resemble the surrounding mountains ."}]}, {'value': '346', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Obihiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obihiro', 'summary': "Obihiro ( 帯広市 , Obihiro-shi ) is a city in Tokachi Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan . Obihiro is the only designated city in the Tokachi area . The next most populous municipality in Tokachi is the adjacent town of Otofuke , with less than a third of Obihiro 's population . The city had approximately 500 foreign residents in 2008 . The city contains the headquarters of the Fifth Division of the Northern Army of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force . It also hosts the Rally Japan World Rally Championship-event . In 2008 , Obihiro was designated a model environmental city in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Meiji Hokkaido-Tokachi Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astana', 'summary': "Nur-Sultan ( US : /ˌnʊərsʊlˈtɑːn/ ; Kazakh : Nur-Sultan , Нұр-Сұлтан ; Russian : Нур-Султан ) , previously named Astana [ a ] ( Kazakh : Astana , Russian : Астана ) from 1998 to 2019 , is the capital city of Kazakhstan . In March 2019 , it was renamed to Nur-Sultan after the departing Kazakh president , Nursultan Nazarbayev . It stands on the banks of the Ishim River in the northern portion of Kazakhstan , within the Akmola Region , though administered separately from the region as a city with special status . A 2017 official estimate reported a population of 1,029,556 within the city limits , making it the second-largest city in the country , behind Almaty , the capital from 1991 to 1997 . Akmola ( from 1998 Astana and from 2019 Nur-Sultan ) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997 , and since then has developed economically into one of the most modernized cities in Central Asia . On 23 March 2019 , following a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan 's parliament , the city was renamed Nur-Sultan , after former Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev . Modern Nur-Sultan is a planned city , much like other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan , the city cardinally changed its shape . The Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa designed the master plan of Astana . As the seat of the Government of Kazakhstan , Nur-Sultan is the site of the Parliament House , the Supreme Court , the Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies . It is home to many futuristic buildings , hotels and skyscrapers ."}]}, {'value': 'Alau Ice Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alau_Ice_Palace', 'summary': 'The Alau Ice Palace ( Kazakh : Alau Muzaidyny Saraiy ) is an 8,000-seat speed skating oval in Nur-Sultan , Kazakhstan . As well as speed skating it is also used for other sports . It was opened in 2011 . The center hosted the speed skating events at the 2011 Asian Winter Games . In 2015 , it hosted the World Sprint Speed Skating Championships . It was ranked first among the worlds speed skating stadiums according to the Dutch AD Sportwereld publications ranking . For judo it was the venue for the 2015 World Judo Championships in August 2015 and for ice speedway it hosted final 1 of the 2018 Individual Ice Racing World Championship .'}]}, {'value': '348', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breda', 'summary': "Breda ( Dutch pronunciation : [ breːˈdaː ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands , located in the province of North Brabant . The name derived from brede Aa ( 'wide Aa ' or 'broad Aa ' ) and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa . As a fortified city , it was of strategic military and political significance . Although a direct Fiefdom of the Holy Roman Emperor , the city obtained a municipal charter ; the acquisition of Breda , through marriage , by the House of Nassau ensured that Breda would be at the centre of political and social life in the Low Countries . Breda had a population of 183,873 in 2019 ; the metropolitan area had a population of 324,812 . It is part of the Brabantse Stedenrij ."}]}, {'value': 'Kunstijsbaan Breda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dronten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dronten', 'summary': 'Dronten ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a municipality and a town in the central Netherlands , in the province of Flevoland . It had a population of 40,815 in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Leisure World Ice Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enschede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enschede', 'summary': 'Enschede ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɛnsxəˌdeː ] ( listen ) , also known as Eanske [ ˈɛːnskə ] in the local dialect of Twents ) , is a municipality and city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Overijssel and in the Twente region . The municipality of Enschede consisted of the city of Enschede until 1935 , when the rural municipality of Lonneker , which surrounded the city , was annexed after the rapid industrial expansion of Enschede which began in the 1860s and involved the building of railways and the digging of the Twentekanaal . The proposal for consolidation began in 1872 , per the Turbantia newspaper article on 22 Jun 1872 that referenced a committee of 5 to oversea a study . They were : J. Mosman ( Johannes Theodorus Mosman ) , H. Fikkert , H. G. Blijdenstein J . Bz. , C. C. Schleucker , and G. J. van Heek .'}]}, {'value': 'IJsbaan Twente', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Indoor speed skating tracks', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of indoor speed skating rinks Below is a complete list of the indoor 400 m speed skating tracks around the world . The data presented are retrieved from the online database Speed Skating News . [ 12 ]', 'uid': 'Speed_skating_rink_0', 'intro': 'A speed skating rink (or speed skating oval) is an ice rink (but also a sport venue) in which a speed skating competition is held.'} | null | null | What is the name of the track that is located in the city that is one of the largest cities along the Alaska Highway ? | Pomeroy Sport Centre |
0728cb3af24e4e0b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples', 'title': 'Turkic peoples', 'header': ['People', 'Primary homeland', 'Population', 'Modern language', 'Predominant religion and sect'], 'data': [{'value': 'Turks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkish_people', 'summary': 'Turkish people or the Turks ( Turkish : Türkler ) , also known as Anatolian Turks ( Turkish : Anadolu Türkleri ) , are a Turkic ethnic group and nation living mainly in Turkey and speaking Turkish , the most widely spoken Turkic language . They are the largest ethnic group in Turkey , as well as by far the largest ethnic group among the speakers of Turkic languages . Ethnic Turkish minorities exist in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire . In addition , a Turkish diaspora has been established with modern migration , particularly in Western Europe . Turks arrived from Central Asia and Western China and settled in the Anatolian basin in around the 11th century through the conquest of Seljuk Turks , mixing with the peoples of Anatolia . The region then began to transform from a predominately Greek Christian one to a Turkish Muslim society . Thereafter , the Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the Balkans , the Caucasus , the Middle East ( excluding Iran ) , and North Africa over the course of several centuries , with an advanced army and navy . The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War , when it was defeated by the Allies and partitioned . Following the successful Turkish War of Independence that ended with the Turkish national movement retaking most of the land lost to the Allies , the movement abolished the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922 and proclaimed the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923 . Not all Ottomans were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were Turks , but by 1923 , the majority of people living within the borders of the new Turkish republic identified as Turks . Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a Turk as anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship ; therefore , the legal use of the term Turkish as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition . However , the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity and are estimated at 70-75 percent .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '60 70 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkish_language', 'summary': "Turkish ( Türkçe ( help·info ) ) , also referred to as Istanbul Turkish ( İstanbul Türkçesi ) , and sometimes known as Turkey Turkish ( Türkiye Türkçesi ) , is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages , with around ten to fifteen million native speakers in Southeast Europe ( mostly in East and Western Thrace ) and sixty to sixty-five million native speakers in Western Asia ( mostly in Anatolia ) . Outside Turkey , significant smaller groups of speakers exist in Germany , Austria , Bulgaria , North Macedonia , Northern Cyprus , Greece , the Caucasus , and other parts of Europe and Central Asia . Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official language , even though Turkey is not a member state . To the west , the influence of Ottoman Turkish - the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire - spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded . In 1928 , as one of Atatürk 's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey , the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet . The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination . The basic word order of Turkish is subject-object-verb . Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender . The language makes usage of honorifics and has a strong T-V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness , social distance , age , courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee . The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect ."}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azerbaijanis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijanis', 'summary': "Azerbaijanis ( /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni/ ) or Azeris ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار , Azərilər آذریلر ) are a Turkic people living mainly in the Iranian region of Azerbaijan and the sovereign ( former Soviet ) Republic of Azerbaijan . They are the second-most numerous ethnic group among the Turkic peoples after Turkish people and predominantly Shia Muslims . They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in neighboring Iran and Georgia . The world 's largest number of ethnic Azerbaijanis live in Iran , followed by the Republic of Azerbaijan . They speak the Azerbaijani language , belonging to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages . The Azerbaijanis of Iran are believed to be descended from various groups , including Mannaeans , an ancient people who lived in the territory of present-day northwestern Iran to the south of Lake Urmia at around the 10th to 7th centuries BC , and spoke a dialect related to Hurrian ( a non-Semitic and non-Indo-European language related to Urartian ) , and the Medes , an ancient Iranian ethnic group which , under the rule of King Cyaxares , established the Median Empire and came to dominate the region . The Median Empire is believed to have conquered and assimilated the Mannaeans by the 6th century BC . Historical research suggests that the Old Azeri language , belonging to the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and believed to have descended from the language of the Medes , gradually gained currency and was widely spoken in the said region for many centuries . The Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania , an ancient country located in the eastern Caucasus region , and various Iranian peoples which settled the region . There is evidence that , despite repeated invasions and migrations , the aboriginal Caucasian population may have gradually been culturally and linguistically assimilated , first by Iranian peoples , such as the Persians , and later by the Oghuz Turks . Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians , including their language , history , early conversion to Christianity , and relations with the Armenians and Georgians , under whose strong religious and cultural influence the Caucasian Albanians came in the coming centuries . Many academics believe that the Udi language , belonging to the Northeast Caucasian languages and still spoken in Azerbaijan , is a remnant of the Caucasian Albanians ' language ."}]}, {'value': 'Iranian Azerbaijan , Republic of Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)', 'summary': 'The name Azerbaijan itself is derived from Atropates , the Persian Satrap ( governor ) of Medea in the Achaemenid empire , who ruled a region found in modern Iranian Azerbaijan called Atropatene . Atropates name is believed to be derived from the Old Persian roots meaning protected by fire . The name is also mentioned in the Avestan Frawardin Yasht : âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide which translates literally to : We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare-pata . According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam : In Middle Persian the name of the province was called Āturpātākān , older new-Persian Ādharbādhagān ( آذربادگان/آذرآبادگان ) , Ādharbāyagān , at present Āzerbāydjān/Āzarbāydjān , Greek Atropatíni ( ᾿Ατροπατήνη ) , Byzantine Greek Adravigánon ( ᾿Αδραβιγάνων ) , Armenian Atrpatakan , Syriac Adhorbāyghān . The name Atropat in Middle Persian was transformed to Adharbad and is connected with Zoroastrianism . A famous Zoroastrian priest by the name Adarbad Mahraspandan is well known for his counsels . Azerbaijan , due to its numerous fire-temples has also been quoted in a variety of historic sources as being the birthplace of the prophet Zoroaster although modern scholars have not yet reached an agreement on the location of his birth . With Qajar Iran being forced to cede to Imperial Russia its Caucasian territories north of the Aras River ( that is , modern-day Georgia , Dagestan , Armenia , and the Republic of Azerbaijan ) during the course of the 19th century , through the treaties of Gulistan ( 1813 ) and Turkmenchay ( 1828 ) , vast amounts of soil were irrevocably lost . Following the disintegration of the Russian Empire in 1917 , as well as the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic , in 1918 , the leading Musavat government adopted the name Azerbaijan for the newly established Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , which was proclaimed on May 27 , 1918 , for political reasons , even though the name of Azerbaijan had always been used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran . Thus , until 1918 , when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan , this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': '42 30-35 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azerbaijani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijani_language', 'summary': 'Azerbaijani ( /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni , ˌɑː- , -ˈʒɑːni/ ) or Azeri ( /æˈzɛəri , ɑː- , ə-/ ) , sometimes also Azeri Turkic , or Azeri Turkish , is a Turkic language spoken primarily by the Azerbaijanis , who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken , and in Iranian Azerbaijan where the South Azerbaijani variety is spoken . Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of Azerbaijani , there are some significant differences in phonology , lexicon , morphology , syntax , and sources of loanwords . North Azerbaijani has official status in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan ( a federal subject of Russia ) but South Azerbaijani does not have official status in Iran , where the majority of Azerbaijanis live . It is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia and Turkey and by diaspora communities , primarily in Europe and North America . Both Azerbaijani varieties are members of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages . The standardized form of North Azerbaijani ( spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia ) is based on the Shirvani dialect , while Iranian Azerbaijani uses the Tabrizi dialect as its prestige variety . Azerbaijani is closely related to Gagauz , Qashqai , Crimean Tatar , Turkish and Turkmen , sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages . According to linguistic comparative studies , the closest relative of Azerbaijani is the Turkmen language .'}]}, {'value': 'Shia Islam ( 65% ) , Sunni Islam ( 35% ) ( Hanafi )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanafi', 'summary': 'The Hanafi ( Arabic : حنفي Ḥanafī ) school is one of the four religious Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) . It is named after the scholar Abū Ḥanīfa an-Numan ibn Thābit ( d. 767 ) , a tabii whose legal views were preserved primarily by his two most important disciples , Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani . The other major schools of Sharia in Sunni Islam are Maliki , Shafi ` i and Hanbali . The Hanafi school is the maddhab with the largest number of followers among Sunni Muslims . It is predominant in the countries that were once part of the historic Ottoman Empire , Mughal Empire and Sultanates of Turkic rulers in the Indian subcontinent , northwest China and Central Asia . In the modern era , Hanafi is prevalent in the following regions : Turkey , the Balkans , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Palestine , Egypt , Afghanistan , parts of Iraq , parts of Iran , parts of Russia , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan , Pakistan , parts of India and China , and Bangladesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Uzbeks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbeks', 'summary': 'The Uzbeks ( Uzbek : Oʻzbek , Ўзбек , اوزبک , plural : Oʻzbeklar , Ўзбеклар , اوزبکلر ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Uzbekistan and wider Central Asia , being the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area . They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan but are also found as a minority group in Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Russia and China . Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey , Saudi Arabia , and Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'Uzbekistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbekistan', 'summary': "Uzbekistan ( UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ , US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn , -stɑːn/ ; Uzbek : O'zbekiston , Ўзбекистон pronounced [ ozbekiˈstɒn ] ) , officially Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O'zbekiston Respublikasi ) , is a country in Central Asia . It is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Along with Liechtenstein , it is one of the world 's only two doubly landlocked countries . As a sovereign state , Uzbekistan is a secular , unitary constitutional republic . It comprises 12 provinces and one autonomous republic . The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent . What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan . The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads , known as Scythians , who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Bactria ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Sogdia ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Fergana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) , and Margiana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) . The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and , after a period of Macedonian Greek rule , was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire , until the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century . The Muslim conquest in the 7th century converted the majority of the population , including the local ruling classes , into adherents of Islam . During this period , cities such as Samarkand , Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road . The local Khwarezmian dynasty , and Central Asia as a whole , were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century ."}]}, {'value': '32 28.3 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uzbek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbeks', 'summary': 'The Uzbeks ( Uzbek : Oʻzbek , Ўзбек , اوزبک , plural : Oʻzbeklar , Ўзбеклар , اوزبکلر ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Uzbekistan and wider Central Asia , being the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area . They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan but are also found as a minority group in Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Russia and China . Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey , Saudi Arabia , and Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhs', 'summary': "The Kazakhs ( also spelled Kazaks , Qazaqs ; Kazakh : singular : Kazakh : Қазақ , Qazaq , [ qɑˈzɑq ] ( listen ) , plural : Қазақтар , Qazaqtar , [ qɑzɑqˈtɑr ] ( listen ) ; the English name is transliterated from Russian ) are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly inhabit the Ural Mountains and northern parts of Central Asia ( largely Kazakhstan , but also parts of Russia , Uzbekistan , Mongolia and China ) , the region also known as the Eurasian sub-continent . Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465 , when several tribes under the rule of the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey departed from the Khanate of Abu ' l-Khayr Khan . The Kazakhs are descendants of the Turkic and medieval Mongol tribes - Argyns , Dughlats , Naimans , Jalairs , Keraits , Qarluqs and of the Kipchaks ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '15 13.8 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakh_language', 'summary': 'Kazakh or Kazak ( Latin : qazaqsha or qazaq tili , Cyrillic : қазақша or қазақ тілі , Arabic : قازاقشا or قازاق تىلى , pronounced [ qɑzɑqˈɕɑ ] , [ qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ ] ) , is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia . It is closely related to Nogai , Kyrgyz and Karakalpak . Kazakh is the official language of Kazakhstan and a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of Mongolia . Kazakh is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs through the former Soviet Union ( approximately 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian Census ) , Germany , Iran , Turkey and Afghanistan . Like other Turkic languages , Kazakh is an agglutinative language and it employs vowel harmony . In October 2017 , Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the government would transition from using Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet by 2025 . President Nazarbayev signed on February 19 , 2018 an amendment to the decree of October 26 , 2017 No . 569 On translating the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin script . The amended alphabet uses ⟨sh⟩ and ⟨ch⟩ for the Kazakh sounds /ɕ/ and /tɕ/ , respectively and eliminates the use of apostrophes .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uyghurs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uyghurs', 'summary': "The Uyghurs , alternately Uygurs , Uighurs or Uigurs , are a Turkic minority ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia . The Uyghurs are recognized as native [ note 1 ] to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China . They are considered to be one of China 's 55 officially recognized ethnic minorities . The Uyghurs are recognized by the Chinese government only as a regional minority within a multicultural nation . The Chinese government rejects the notion of the Uyghurs being an indigenous group . The Uyghurs have traditionally inhabited a series of oases scattered across the Taklamakan Desert within the Tarim Basin , a territory that has historically been controlled by many civilizations including China , the Mongols , the Tibetans , and various Turkic polities . The Uyghurs gradually started to become Islamized in the 10th century and most Uyghurs identified as Muslims by the 16th century . Islam has since played an important role in Uyghur culture and identity . An estimated 80% of Xinjiang 's Uyghurs still live in the Tarim Basin . The rest of Xinjiang 's Uyghurs mostly live in Ürümqi , the capital city of Xinjiang UAR , which is located in the historical region of Dzungaria . The largest community of Uyghurs living in another region of China are the Uyghurs living in Taoyuan County , in North-Central Hunan . Significant diasporic communities of Uyghurs exist in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Altishahr ( China )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altishahr', 'summary': 'Altishahr ( Traditional spelling : آلتی شهر , Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet : Алтә-шәһәр , Uyghur Latin alphabet : Altä-şähär or Alti-şähär , Modern Uyghur alphabet : ئالتە شەھەر ) is a historical name for the Tarim Basin region used in the 18th and 19th centuries . The term means the six cities in Turkic languages and refers to oasis towns along the rim of the Tarim , in what is now southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China . Six cities ( Altishahr ) was synonymous with Kashgaria .'}]}, {'value': '15 9 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uyghur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uyghur_language', 'summary': 'The Uyghur or Uighur language ( /ˈwiːɡər/ ; ئۇيغۇر تىلى , Уйғур тили , Uyghur tili , Uyƣur tili or ئۇيغۇرچە , Уйғурчә , Uyghurche , Uyƣurqə ; formerly known as Eastern Turki ) , is a Turkic language with 10 to 15 million speakers , spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China . Significant communities of Uyghur speakers are located in Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and various other countries have Uyghur-speaking expatriate communities . Uyghur is an official language of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is widely used in both social and official spheres , as well as in print , television and radio and is used as a common language by other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang . Uyghur belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family , which also includes languages such as Uzbek . Like many other Turkic languages , Uyghur displays vowel harmony and agglutination , lacks noun classes or grammatical gender and is a left-branching language with subject-object-verb word order . More distinctly Uyghur processes include , especially in northern dialects , vowel reduction and umlauting . In addition to influence of other Turkic languages , Uyghur has historically been influenced strongly by Arabic and Persian and more recently by Russian and Mandarin Chinese . The modified Arabic-derived writing system is the most common and the only standard in China , although other writing systems are used for auxiliary and historical purposes . Unlike most Arabic-derived scripts , the Uyghur Arabic alphabet has mandatory marking of all vowels due to modifications to the original Perso-Arabic script made in the 20th century . Two Latin and one Cyrillic alphabet are also used , though to a much lesser extent . The Arabic and Latin alphabets both have 32 characters .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkmens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkmens', 'summary': 'Turkmens ( Turkmen : Türkmenler , Түркменлер , توركمنلر , [ tʏɾkmɛnˈlɛɾ ] ; historically also the Turkmen ) are a nation and Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia , primarily the Turkmen nation state of Turkmenistan . Smaller communities are also found in Iran , Afghanistan and North Caucasus ( Stavropol Krai ) . They speak the Turkmen language , which is classified as a part of the Eastern Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages . Examples of other Oghuz languages are Turkish , Azerbaijani , Qashqai , Gagauz , Khorasani , and Salar .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkmenistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkmenistan', 'summary': "Turkmenistan ( /tɜːrkˈmɛnɪstæn/ ( listen ) or /tɜːrkmɛnɪˈstɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Turkmen : Türkmenistan , pronounced [ tʏɾkmɛnɪˈθtɑn ] ) is a sovereign country in Central Asia , bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest , Uzbekistan to the north and east , Afghanistan to the southeast , Iran to the south and southwest , and the Caspian Sea to the west . Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of the country . The population of the country is 5.6 million , the lowest of the Central Asian republics . Turkmenistan is one of the most sparsely populated nations in Asia . Turkmenistan has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries . In medieval times , Merv was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road , a caravan route used for trade with China until the mid-15th century . Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881 , Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia . In 1925 , Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union , Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkmen SSR ) ; it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Turkmenistan possesses the world 's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources . Most of the country is covered by the Karakum ( Black Sand ) Desert . From 1993 to 2017 , citizens received government-provided electricity , water and natural gas free of charge . The sovereign state of Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov ( also known as Turkmenbashi ) until his death in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '03 8 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkmen_language', 'summary': 'Turkmen ( Türkmençe , Түркменче , تۆرکمنچه , [ tʏɾkmɛntʃɛ ] or türkmen dili , түркмен дили , تۆرکمن ديلی , [ tʏɾkmɛn dɪlɪ ] ) is the official language of Turkmenistan and the language of the Turkmen peoples of Central Asia . It is a Turkic language spoken by 5.9 million people in Turkmenistan as well as by around 719,000 people in Northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in Northwestern Afghanistan . However , many Iranian Turkmen are speakers of Khorasani Turkic . Moreover , Iraqi and Syrian Turkmen speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani , in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic . These three varieties are not Turkmen in the sense of this article .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatars', 'summary': 'The Tatars ( /ˈtɑːtərz/ ; Tatar : татарлар , tatarlar ; Russian : татары ) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in Tatarstan and the wider Volga-Ural region . They speak Tatar , a Kipchak Turkic language . The vast majority of Tatars today reside in post-Soviet countries , primarily in Russia , Ukraine and Uzbekistan . The vast majority of Tatars are Muslims . The name Tatar first appears in written form on the Kul Tigin monument as 𐱃𐱃𐰺 , Ta-tar and likely was referring to the Tatar confederation . That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes . Historically , the term Tatars ( or Tartars ) was applied to anyone originating from the vast Northern and Central Asian landmass then known as Tartary , which was dominated by various mostly Turco-Mongol semi-nomadic empires and kingdoms . More recently , however , the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who refer to themselves as Tatars or who speak languages that are commonly referred to as Tatar , namely Tatar by Volga Tatars ( Tatars proper ) , Crimean Tatar by Crimean Tatars and Siberian Tatar by Siberian Tatars . The largest group amongst the Tatars by far and the one called Tatars in Russian , are the Volga Tatars , native to the Volga-Ural region ( Tatarstan and Bashkortostan ) , who for this reason are often also simply known as Tatars . They compose 53% of the population in Tatarstan . Their language is known as the Tatar language . As of 2002 [ update ] , there were an estimated 5 million ethnic Tatars in Russia .'}]}, {'value': 'Tatarstan ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatarstan', 'summary': 'The Republic of Tatarstan ( Russian : Респу́блика Татарста́н , romanized : Respúblika Tatarstán ; Tatar : Татарстан Республикасы ) , or simply Tatarstan ( Russian : Татарста́н , romanized : Tatarstán ; Tatar : Татарстан ) , is a federal subject ( a republic ) of the Russian Federation , located in the Volga Federal District . Its capital is the city of Kazan . The republic borders Kirov , Ulyanovsk , Samara , and Orenburg Oblasts , the Mari El , Udmurt , and Chuvash Republics , and the Republic of Bashkortostan . The area of the republic is 68,000 square kilometres ( 26,000 sq mi ) . The unofficial Tatarstan motto is Bez Buldırabız ! ( We can ! ) . As of the 2010 Census , the population of Tatarstan was 3,786,488 . The state has strong cultural ties with its eastern neighbor , the Republic of Bashkortostan . The state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan are Tatar and Russian .'}]}, {'value': '07 7 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatar_language', 'summary': 'The Tatar language ( татар теле , tatar tele or татарча , tatarça ) is a Turkic language spoken by Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan ( European Russia ) , as well as Siberia . It should not be confused with the Crimean Tatar or Siberian Tatar which are closely related but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyrgyzs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyrgyz_people', 'summary': 'The Kyrgyz people ( also spelled Kyrghyz and Kirghiz ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia , primarily Kyrgyzstan .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyrgyzstan', 'summary': "Kyrgyzstan ( /ˌkɜːrɡɪˈstɑːn/ KUR-gih-STAHN ; Kyrgyz : Кыргызстан Kırğızstan Kyrgyz pronunciation : [ qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn ] ) , officially the Kyrgyz Republic ( Kyrgyz : Кыргыз Республикасы , romanized : Kırğız Respublikası ; Russian : Кыргызская Республика , tr . Kyrgyzskaya Respublika ) , and also known as Kirghizia ( Russian : Киргизия [ kʲɪrˈɡʲizʲɪjə ] ) , is a country in Central Asia . Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain . It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north , Uzbekistan to the west and southwest , Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east . Its capital and largest city is Bishkek . Kyrgyzstan 's recorded history spans over 2,000 years , encompassing a variety of cultures and empires . Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain , which has helped preserve its ancient culture , Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road and other commercial and cultural routes . Though long inhabited by a succession of independent tribes and clans , Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under foreign domination and attained sovereignty as a nation-state only after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Since independence , the sovereign state has officially been a unitary parliamentary republic , although it continues to endure ethnic conflicts , revolts , economic troubles , transitional governments and political conflict . Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States , the Eurasian Economic Union , the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Turkic Council , the Türksoy community and the United Nations . Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country 's six million people , followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians . Kyrgyz is closely related to other Turkic languages , although Russian remains widely spoken and is an official language , a legacy of a century of Russification ."}]}, {'value': '026 4.5 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyrgyz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyrgyz_language', 'summary': "Kyrgyz language ( /kɪərˈɡiːz/ ; кыргыз тили , قىرعىزتئلى , qırğız tili , [ qɯrʁɯz tili ] or кыргызча , قىرعىزچا , qırğızça , [ qɯrʁɯzt͡ʃɑ ] ) is a Turkic language spoken by about four million people in Kyrgyzstan as well as Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Uzbekistan , Pakistan , Russia and China . Kyrgyz is a member of the Kyrgyz-Kipchak subgroup of the Kypchak languages and modern-day language convergence has resulted in an increasing degree of mutual intelligibility between Kazakh and Kyrgyz . Kyrgyz was originally written in the Turkic runes , gradually replaced by a Perso-Arabic alphabet ( in use until 1928 in USSR , still in use in China ) . Between 1928 and 1940 a Latin-script alphabet , the Uniform Turkic Alphabet , was used . In 1940 due to general Soviet policy , a Cyrillic alphabet eventually became common and has remained so to this day , though some Kyrgyz still use the Arabic alphabet . When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union 's collapse in 1991 , there was a popular idea among some Kyrgyzstanis to switch to the Latin script , which is still common in some small pockets of the countryside and make the Latin script the countrys official national script ( taking in mind a version closer to the Turkish alphabet rather than the original alphabet of 1928-40 ) . Although the plan has not yet been implemented , it remains in occasional discussion ."}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bashkirs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bashkir_people', 'summary': 'The Bashkirs ( /ˈbɑːʃkɪərz/ ; Bashkir : Башҡорттар , IPA : [ bɑʂqʊrtˈtɑr ] ; Russian : Башкиры , pronounced [ bɐʂˈkʲirɨ ] ) are a Turkic ethnic group , indigenous to Bashkortostan and the historical region of Badzhgard . This area extends both sides of the Ural Mountains where Eastern Europe meets North Asia . Smaller communities of Bashkirs also live in the Republic of Tatarstan , Perm Krai , Chelyabinsk , Orenburg , Tyumen , Sverdlovsk , Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of Russia . Bashkirs also reside in Kazakhstan and other countries . Most Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language , closely related to the Tatar and Kazakh languages which belong to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages . Cultural affinities are shared with the broader Turkic peoples . Religiously the Bashkirs are mainly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab faith .'}]}, {'value': 'Bashkortostan ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bashkortostan', 'summary': 'The Republic of Bashkortostan ( /bɑːʃˈkɔːrtoʊstæn/ ; Russian : Респу́блика Башкортоста́н , tr . Respublika Bashkortostan , IPA : [ rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bəʂkərtɐˈstan ] ; Bashkir : Башҡортостан Республикаһы ) , also historically known as Bashkiria ( Russian : Башки́рия , tr . Bashkiriya , IPA : [ bɐʂˈkʲirʲɪjə ] ) , is a federal subject of Russia . It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains . Its capital is the city of Ufa . With a population of 4,072,292 as of the 2010 Census , Bashkortostan is the most populous republic in Russia . Bashkortostan , the first ethnic autonomy in Russia , was established on 28 November [ O.S . 15 November ] 1917 . On 20 March 1919 , it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR , the first Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in RSFSR . In accordance with the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Russian Federation Constitution , Bashkortostan is a state , but has no sovereignty . On 11 October 1990 Bashkortostan adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty , but subsequently abandoned it . 11 October is Republic Day in Bashkortostan .'}]}, {'value': '009 2 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bashkir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bashkir_language', 'summary': 'Bashkir ( /ˈbɑːʃkɪər , ˈbæʃ-/ ; Bashkir : Башҡортса , Башҡорт теле , [ bɑʃˈqort tɘˈlɘ ] ( listen ) ) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch . It is co-official with Russian in Bashkortostan . It is spoken by approximately 1.2 million native speakers in Russia . It has three dialect groups : Southern , Eastern and Northwestern .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crimean Tatars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimean_Tatars', 'summary': "Crimean Tatars ( Crimean Tatar : qırımtatarlar , къырымтатарлар ) , or Crimeans ( Crimean Tatar : qırımlar , къырымлар ) , are a Turkic ethnic group and nation , who are indigenous people of Crimea and formed in the Crimean Peninsula during the 13th-17th centuries , primarily from Cumans that appeared in Crimea in the 10th century , with strong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea . Since 2014 Crimean Tatars have been officially recognized as an indigenous people of Ukraine . Crimean Tatars are considered as a national minority , not an indigenous people , by the Russian Federation . Crimean Tatars constituted the majority of Crimea 's population from the time of ethnogenesis until the mid-19th century , and the relative largest ethnic population until the end of the 19th century . Almost immediately after the retaking of Crimea from Axis forces , in May 1944 , the USSR State Defense Committee ordered the deportation of all of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea , including the families of Crimean Tatars serving in the Soviet Army - in trains and boxcars to Central Asia , primarily to Uzbekistan . Starting in 1967 , some were allowed to return to Crimea , and in 1989 the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union condemned the removal of Crimean Tatars from their motherland as inhumane and lawless . Today , Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 12% of the population of Crimea . There remains a large diaspora of Crimean Tatars in Turkey and Uzbekistan . The Crimean Tatars have been members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization ( UNPO ) since 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Crimea ( Russia/Ukraine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimea,_Ukraine', 'summary': 'The Autonomous Republic of Crimea ( Ukrainian : Автономна Республіка Крим , Avtonomna Respublika Krym ; Russian : Автономная Республика Крым , Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym ; Crimean Tatar : Qırım Muhtar Cumhuriyeti , Къырым Мухтар Джумхуриети , Ҡырым Мухтар Җумхуриети ; ) is an autonomous republic of Ukraine encompassing most of Crimea that was annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014 . Crimea was historically under the control of the Russian Empire from 1783 to 1917 and Soviet Union from 1918 to 1991 . Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War ( 7 November 1917 - 25 October 1922 ) , it was established in 1921 as the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the USSR . During World War II , Crimea was downgraded to the Crimean Oblast after its entire indigenous population , the Crimean Tatars were deported to Central Asia , an act recognized as a genocide . In 1954 , it was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR from the Russian SFSR . Later , following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , it was upgraded to the status of an autonomous republic within the Ukrainian SSR . When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Ukraine became an independent country , Crimea remained part of the newly independent Ukraine . In February 2014 , following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution that ousted the Ukrainian President , Viktor Yanukovych , pro-Russian separatists and Russian Armed Forces took over the territory . A controversial Crimea-wide referendum , unconstitutional under the Ukrainian and Crimean constitutions , was held on the issue of union with Russia which official results indicated was supported by a large majority of Crimeans . Russia formally annexed Crimea on 18 March 2014 , incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol as the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia . While Russia and 17 other UN member states - mostly undemocratic countries and countries highly supported by Russian Federation - recognize Crimea as part of the Russian Federation , Ukraine continues to claim Crimea as an integral part of its territory , supported by most foreign governments and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 .'}]}, {'value': '009 0.5 to 2 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crimean Tatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language', 'summary': 'Crimean Tatar ( qırımtatar tili , къырымтатар тили ) , sometimes called Crimean Turkic or Crimeatatar , or simply Crimean ( qırım tili , къырым тили ) , is a Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan , Turkey , Romania and Bulgaria , as well as small communities in the United States and Canada . It should not be confused with Tatar proper , spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia ; the languages are related , but belong to two different subgroups of the Kipchak languages and thus are not mutually intelligible . It has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz Turkic languages such as Azerbaijani , Gagauz , Turkish and Turkmen .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qashqai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qashqai_people', 'summary': "Qashqai ( pronounced [ qaʃqaːjiː ] ; also spelled Qashqa ' i , 'Qashqay , ' Kashkai , Kashkay , Qashqayı , Gashgai , Gashgay , Ghashghaei , in Persian : قشقایی ) is a conglomeration of clans in Iran consisting of mostly Turkic peoples but also Lurs , Kurds and Arabs . Almost all of them speak a Western Oghuz Turkic dialect known as the Qashqai language , which they call Turki , as well as Persian ( the national language of Iran ) in formal use . The Qashqai mainly live in the provinces of Fars , Khuzestan , Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad , Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Bushehr , and southern Isfahan , especially around the cities of Shiraz and Firuzabad in Fars . The majority of Qashqai people were originally nomadic pastoralists and some remain so today . The traditional nomadic Qashqai travelled with their flocks twice yearly to and from the summer highland pastures north of Shiraz roughly 480 km or 300 miles south to the winter pastures on lower ( and warmer ) lands near the Persian Gulf , to the southwest of Shiraz . The majority , however , have now become partially or wholly sedentary . The trend towards settlement has been increasing markedly since the 1960s . The Qashqai are made up of five major tribes : the Amale ( Qashqai ) / Amaleh ( Persian ) , the Dere-Shorlu / Darreh-Shuri , the Kashkollu / Kashkuli , the Shishbeyli / Sheshboluki , and the Eymur / Farsimadan . Smaller tribes include the Qaracha / Qarache ' i , Rahimli / Rahimi , and Safi-Khanli / Safi-Khani ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Iran ( Iran )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Iran', 'summary': 'Southern Iran consists of the southern mountain ranges of Zagros and Central Iranian Range , Khuzestan Plain and the northern coasts of Persian Gulf and Straight of Hormuz . It includes the provinces of Fars , Kohgiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad , Hormozgan and Bushehr . Sometimes Khuzestan and Kerman are also included in this region . The major cities are Shiraz , Bandarabbas , Bushehr , Marvdasht , Jahrom , Yasuj , Fasa and Borazjan . Southern Iran is ethnically diverse , including Persians , Lurs , Bakhtiaris , Qashqais , Larestanis , Basseries , Baloch , Arabs , Armenians , Afro-Iranians and Jews . Southern Iran is the homeland of the Persian people . Most people in southern Iran are ethnically Persian ( including Persian subgroups like Lurs and Bakhtiaris ) . Most people in Southern Iran are part of the Iranian ethno-linguistic group and speak an Iranian language .'}]}, {'value': '009 0.9 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qashqai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qashqai_language', 'summary': "Qashqai ( قاشقای ديلى , also spelled Qashqay , Kashkai , Kashkay , Qašqāʾī , and Qashqa ' i ) is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken by the Qashqai people , an ethnic group living mainly in the Fars Province of southern Iran . Encyclopædia Iranica regards Qashqai as an independent third group of dialects within the southwestern Turkic language group . It is known to speakers as Turki . Estimates of the number of Qashqai speakers vary . Ethnologue gave a figure of 949,000 in 2015 . The Qashqai language is closely related to Azerbaijani , also known as Azeri . However , some Qashqai varieties namely the variety spoken in the Sheshbeyli tribe share features with Turkish . In a sociopolitical sense , though , Qashqai is considered a language in its own right . Like other Turkic languages spoken in Iran , such as the Azerbaijani language , Qashqai uses a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script ."}]}, {'value': 'Shia Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuvashes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuvash_people', 'summary': 'The Chuvash people ( /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ ; Chuvash : чăваш , IPA : [ t͡ɕəˈʋaʂ ] ; Russian : чуваши , pronounced [ t͡ɕʊˈvaʂɨ ] ) are a Turkic ethnic group , native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia . Most of them live in the Republic of Chuvashia and surrounding areas , although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the Russian Federation .'}]}, {'value': 'Chuvashia ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuvashia', 'summary': 'The Chuvash Republic ( Russian : Чува́шская Респу́блика - Чува́шия , Chuváshskaya Respúblika - Chuváshiya ; Chuvash : Чӑваш Республики , Čăvaš Respubliki ) , or Chuvashia ( Russian : Чува́шия Chuváshiya ; Chuvash : Чӑваш Ен , Čăvaš Jen ) , is a federal subject of Russia ( a republic ) . It is the homeland of the Chuvash people , a Turkic ethnic group . Its capital is the city of Cheboksary . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 1,251,619 .'}]}, {'value': '010 1.7 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuvash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuvash_language', 'summary': 'Chuvash ( /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ ; Chuvash : Чӑвашла , translit . Căvašla , Çovaşla ; IPA : [ tɕəʋaʂˈla ] ) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia , primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas . It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages . Because of this , Chuvash has diverged considerably from the other Turkic languages , which are mutually intelligible to a greater or lesser extent . The writing system for the Chuvash language is based on the Cyrillic script , employing all of the letters used in the Russian alphabet and adding four letters of its own : Ӑ , Ӗ , Ҫ and Ӳ .'}]}, {'value': 'Orthodox Christianity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karakalpaks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karakalpaks', 'summary': 'The Karakalpaks or Qaraqalpaqs ( /ˈkærəlkəlpɑːks , -pæks/ ( listen ) ; Karakalpak : Qaraqalpaqlar , Қарақалпақлар , قاراقلپقلر ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan . During the 18th century , they settled in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the ( former ) delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea . The name Karakalpak comes from two words : qara meaning black and qalpaq meaning hat . The Karakalpaks number nearly 620,000 worldwide , out of which about 500,000 live in the Uzbek Republic of Karakalpakstan .'}]}, {'value': 'Karakalpakstan ( Uzbekistan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karakalpakstan', 'summary': 'Karakalpakstan ( Karakalpak : Qaraqalpaqstan / Қарақалпақстан ; Uzbek : Qoraqalpogʻiston ) , officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan ( Karakalpak : Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası / Қарақалпақстан Республикасы ; Uzbek : Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi ) , is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan . It occupies the whole northwestern end of Uzbekistan . The capital is Nukus ( Noʻkis / Нөкис ) . The Republic of Karakalpakstan has an area of 160,000 square kilometres ( 62,000 sq mi ) . Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarezm , though in classical Persian literature the area was known as Kāt ( کات ) .'}]}, {'value': '007 0.6 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karakalpak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karakalpak_language', 'summary': 'Karakalpak is a Turkic language spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan . It is divided into two dialects , Northeastern Karakalpak and Southeastern Karakalpak . It developed alongside neighboring Kazakh and Uzbek languages , being markedly influenced by both . Typologically , Karakalpak belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages , thus being closely related to and partially mutually intelligible to Kazakh .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yakuts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakuts', 'summary': 'The Yakuts , or the Sakha ( Yakut : саха , sakha , plural : сахалар , sakhalar ) , are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation , with some extending to the Amur , Magadan , Sakhalin regions , and the Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Districts . The Yakut language belongs to the Siberian branch of the Turkic languages . The Russian word yakut was taken from Tungus jeko . The Yakuts call themselves sakha or urangai sakha in some old chronicles .'}]}, {'value': 'Yakutia ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakutia', 'summary': "Yakutia or Yakutiya ( Russian : Якутия , tr . Yakutiya , IPA : [ jɪˈkutʲɪjə ] ; Yakut : Саха Сирэ ) , officially known as Republic of Yakutia ( Sakha ) ( Russian : Республика Саха ( Якутия ) , tr . Respublika Sakha ( Yakutiya ) , IPA : [ rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə sɐˈxa jɪˈkutʲɪjə ] ; Yakut : Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ , romanized : Sakha Öröspüübülükete , lit . 'Sakha Republic ' , IPA : [ saˈxa øɾøsˈpyːbylykete ] , ) , is a federal Russian republic . It had a population of 958,528 at the 2010 Census , mainly ethnic Yakuts and Russians . Comprising half the Far Eastern Federal District , it is the largest subnational governing body by area in the world at 3,083,523 square kilometers ( 1,190,555 sq mi ) . Its capital is the city of Yakutsk . It is also known for its extreme and severe climate , with the lowest temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere being recorded in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon , and regular winter averages commonly being below −35 °C ( −31 °F ) in Yakutsk . The hypercontinental tendencies also result in very warm summers for much of the republic ."}]}, {'value': '007 0.5 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sakha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakha_language', 'summary': 'The Yakut language , also known as Yakutian , Sakha , Saqa or Saxa , is a Turkic language with around 450,000 native speakers spoken in Sakha ( Yakutia ) , a federal republic in the Russian Federation by the Yakuts . Like most Turkic languages and their ancestral Proto-Turkic , Yakut is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony .'}]}, {'value': 'Orthodox Christianity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kumyks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumyks', 'summary': 'Kumyks ( Kumyk : къумукълар , qumuqlar , Russian : кумыки ) are a Turkic people living in the Kumyk plateau ( northern Dagestan and Chechnya ) , the lands bordering the Caspian Sea , Northern Ossetia , Chechnya and the banks of the Terek river . They speak the Kumyk language , which until the 1930s had been the lingua-franca of the Northern Caucasus . The territories traditionally populated by Kumyks , and where their historical states used to exist , are called Kumykia . ( Kumyk : Къумукъ , Qumuq ) . All of the lands inhabited by Kumyks once used to be a part of a Kumyk statehood Tarki Shamkhalate .'}]}, {'value': 'Dagestan ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dagestan', 'summary': "Dagestan ( /ˌdæɡɪˈstæn , -ˈstɑːn/ ; Russian : Дагеста́н ) , officially the Republic of Dagestan ( Russian : Респу́блика Дагеста́н ) , is a federal subject ( a republic ) of Russia , located in the North Caucasus region . Its capital and largest city is Makhachkala , centrally located on the Caspian Sea coast . With a population of 2,910,249 , Dagestan is very ethnically diverse and Russia 's most heterogeneous republic , with the largest ethnicity constituting less than 30% of the population . Largest among the ethnicities are the Avar , Dargin , Kumyk , Lezgian , Laks , Azerbaijani , Tabasaran , and Chechen . Ethnic Russians comprise about 3.6% of Dagestan 's total population . Russian is the primary official language and the lingua franca among the ethnicities ."}]}, {'value': '007 0.4 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kumyk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumyk_language', 'summary': 'Kumyk ( къумукъ тил , qumuq til ) is a Turkic language , spoken by about 426,212 speakers - the Kumyks - in the Dagestan , North Ossetia , and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karachays and Balkars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachay', 'summary': 'The Karachays ( Karachay-Balkar : Къарачайлыла , таулула Qaraçaylıla , tawlula ) are a Turkic people of the North Caucasus , mostly situated in the Russian Karachay-Cherkess Republic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Balkar', 'summary': 'The Balkars ( Karachay-Balkar : Малкъарлыла , таулула ; Malqarlıla , tawlula ) are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region , one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria . Their Karachay-Balkar language is of the Ponto-Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern ( Kipchak ) group of Turkic languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia', 'summary': "The Karachay-Cherkess Republic ( Russian : Карача́ево-Черке́сская Респу́блика , Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika ; Karachay-Balkar : Къарачай-Черкес Республика , Qaraçay-Çerkes Respublika ; Kabardian : Къэрэшей-Шэрджэс Республикэ , Ķêrêšei-Šêrdžês Respublikê , Nogai : Қарашай-Шеркеш Республика , Karaşay-Şerkeş Respublika ) or Karachay-Cherkessia ( Russian : Карача́ево-Черке́сия , Karachayevo-Cherkesiya ) is a federal subject ( a republic ) of Russia . It is geographically located in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia and is administratively part of the North Caucasian Federal District . Karachay-Cherkessia has a population of 477,859 ( 2010 Census ) . Cherkessk is the largest city and the capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic . Karachay-Cherkessia is one of Russia 's ethnic republics , primarily representing the indigenous Karachay people and Cherkess people . Karachays form the largest ethnic group at around 40% of the population , followed by ethnic Russians ( 30% ) and Cherkess ( 12% ) . The republic has five official languages : Russian , Abaza , Cherkess , Karachay-Balkar , and Nogai . The majority of the republic 's territory is within the Caucasus Mountains , except for a small strip at the northern edge of the Don Steppe . Karachay-Cherkessia is bordered by Krasnodar Krai to the west , Stavropol Krai to the north-east , Kabardino-Balkaria to the south-east , and an international border with Georgia to the south-west . Mount Elbrus , the highest mountain in Europe , is located on the border with Kabardino-Balkaria ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria', 'summary': "The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic ( Russian : Кабарди́но-Балка́рская Респу́блика , Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika ; Kabardian : Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ , Ķêbêrdej-Baĺķêr Respublikê ; Karachay-Balkar : Къабарты-Малкъар Республика , Qabartı-Malqar Respublika ) or Kabardino-Balkaria ( Russian : Кабарди́но-Балка́рия , Kabardino-Balkariya ) , is a federal subject of Russia ( a republic ) located in the North Caucasus . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 859,939 on 12,500 square km . Its capital is Nalchik . The area contains the highest mountain in Europe , Mount Elbrus , at 5,642 m. Mount Elbrus has 22 glaciers that feed three rivers - Baksan , Malka and Kuban . The mountain is covered with snow year-round . Kabardino-Balkaria includes two major ethnic communities , the Kabardins ( Circassians ) , who speak a North-West Caucasian language , and the Balkars who speak a Turkic language . Kabardins make up the bulk of the republic 's population , followed by Russians and Balkars . Other groups include Ossetians , Turks , Ukrainians , Armenians , Koreans , Chechens . According to a 2012 survey , 60% of the population adheres to Islam , 15.6% to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% to Adyghe ( Kabardian ) folk religion and other indigenous faiths , and 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians . In addition , 12% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious ."}]}, {'value': '007 0.4 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karachay-Balkar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language', 'summary': 'The Karachay-Balkar language ( Къарачай-Малкъар тил , Qaraçay-Malqar til or Таулу тил , Tawlu til , Kabardian : Къарачайбзэ ) is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia , European Russia , as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province , Turkey . It is divided into two dialects : Karachay-Baksan-Chegem , which pronounces two phonemes as /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ , and Malkar , which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as /ts/ and /z/ . The modern Karachay-Balkar written language is based on the Karachay-Baksan-Chegem dialect . The language is closely related to Kumyk .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuvans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuvans', 'summary': 'The Tuvans or Tuvinians ( Tuvan : Тывалар , Tıvalar ; Mongolian : Тува , Tuva ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Tuva . They speak Tuvan , a Siberian Turkic language . They are also regarded in Mongolia as one of the Uriankhai peoples . Tuvans have historically been cattle-herding nomads , tending to herds of goats , sheep , camels , reindeer , cattle and yaks for the past thousands of years . They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums covered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as they move to newer pastures . Traditionally , the Tuvans were divided into nine regions called khoshuun , namely the Tozhu , Salchak , Oyunnar , Khemchik , Khaasuut , Shalyk , Nibazy , Daavan and Choodu , and Beezi . The first four were ruled by Uriankhai Mongol princes , while the rest were administered by Borjigin Mongol princes .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuva ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuva', 'summary': "Tuva ( /ˈtuːvə/ ; Russian : Тува́ ) or Tyva ( Tuvan : Тыва ) , officially the Tyva Republic ( Russian : Респу́блика Тыва́ , tr . Respublika Tyva , IPA : [ rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva ] ; Tuvan : Тыва Республика , Tyva Respublika [ tʰɯˈʋa resˈpʰuplika ] ) , is a federal subject of Russia ( a republic , also defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a state ) . The Tuvan republic lies at the geographical center of Asia , in southern Siberia . The republic borders the Altai Republic , the Republic of Khakassia , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Irkutsk Oblast , and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and Mongolia to the south . Its capital is the city of Kyzyl . It has a population of 307,930 ( 2010 census ) . From 1921 to 1944 , Tuva constituted a sovereign , independent nation under the name of Tannu Tuva , officially , the Tuvan People 's Republic , or the People 's Republic of Tannu Tuva . The independence of Tannu Tuva , however , was recognized only by its neighbors : the Soviet Union and Communist Mongolia . A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue , while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority ; both are official and widely understood in the republic . Tuva is governed by the Great Khural , which elects a chairman for a four-year term ."}]}, {'value': '009 0.3 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuvan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuvan_language', 'summary': "Tuvan ( Tuvan : тыва дыл , tıwa dıl ; [ tʰɯˈʋa tɯl ] ) , also known as Tuvinian , Tyvan or Tuvin , is a Turkic language spoken in the Republic of Tuva in south-central Siberia in Russia . The language has borrowed a great number of roots from the Mongolian language , Tibetan and the Russian language . There are small diaspora groups of Tuvan people that speak distinct dialects of Tuvan in the People 's Republic of China and in Mongolia ."}]}, {'value': 'Tibetan Buddhism', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gagauzs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gagauz_people', 'summary': 'The Gagauzes are a Turkic people living mostly in southern Moldova ( Gagauzia , Taraclia District , Basarabeasca District ) , southwestern Ukraine ( Budjak ) , northeastern Bulgaria , Greece , Brazil , the United States , and Canada . The Gagauz are Eastern Orthodox Christians .'}]}, {'value': 'Gagauzia ( Moldova )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gagauzia', 'summary': 'Gagauzia or Gagauz Yeri ( Gagauz : Gagauz Yeri or Gagauziya ; Romanian : Găgăuzia ; Russian : Гагаузия , romanized : Gagauzija ) , officially the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia ( Gagauz : Avtonom Territorial Bölümlüü Gagauziya ; Romanian : Unitatea Teritorială Autonomă Găgăuzia ; Russian : Автономное территориальное образование Гагаузия , romanized : Avtonomnoje territoriaľnoje obrazovanije Gagauzija ) , is an autonomous region of Moldova . Its autonomy is ethnically motivated by the predominance of the Gagauz people , who are primarily Orthodox Turkic-speaking people . Gagauz Yeri literally means place of the Gagauz .'}]}, {'value': '009 0.2 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gagauz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gagauz_language', 'summary': "The Gagauz language ( Gagauz dili , Gagauzça ) is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people of Moldova , Ukraine , Russia , and Turkey , and it is the official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova . Gagauz belongs to the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages , alongside Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Crimean Tatar ( considered Kipchak in some cases ) , and Turkish . Gagauz has two dialects , Bulgar Gagauzi and Maritime Gagauzi . Gagauz is a distinct language from Balkan Gagauz Turkish . Though it was established as a written language in 1957 , Gagauz was not used in curriculum until 1959 . Gagauz is a language coming from Balkan Gagauz Turkish ; Balkan linguistics was the first to view the consequences of language contact as normal rather than corrupt . The term Gagauz language and identification of one 's language as Gagauz were established concurrently with or even after the creation of national self-awareness . About 150,000 Gagauzes resided in Moldova in 1986 , where they lived in settlements within the Komratskii , Chadyr-Lungskii and Vulkaneshtskii Rayons . Along with the majority of Gagauzes living in Moldova , there are four other cities in Bulgaria in which the Gagauz reside ."}]}, {'value': 'Orthodox Christianity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkic Karaites and Krymchaks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimean_Karaites', 'summary': 'The Crimean Karaites or Krymkaraylar , also known as Karaims and Qarays , are an ethnic group derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Karaite Judaism in Central and Eastern Europe , especially in the territory of the former Russian Empire . Karaim is a Russian , Ukrainian , Polish and Lithuanian name for the community . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Krymchaks', 'summary': "The Krymchaks ( Krymchak : plural : кърымчахлар , qrımçahlar , singular : кърымчах , qrımçah ) are Jewish ethno-religious communities of Crimea derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Orthodox Judaism . They have historically lived in close proximity to the Crimean Karaites , also Turkic but who follow Karaite Judaism . At first krymchak was a Russian descriptive used to differentiate them from their Ashkenazi Jewish coreligionists , as well as other Jewish communities in the former Russian Empire such as the Georgian Jews , but in the second half of the 19th century this name was adopted by the Krymchaks themselves . Before this their self-designation was Срель балалары ( Srel balalary ) - literally Children of Israel . The Crimean Tatars referred to them as zuluflı çufutlar ( Jews with pe'ot ) to distinguish them from the Karaites , who were called zulufsız çufutlar ( Jews without pe'ot ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '007 0.2 M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karaim and Krymchak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karaim_language', 'summary': "The Karaim language ( Crimean dialect : къарай тили , Trakai dialect : karaj tili , traditional Hebrew name lashon kedar לשון קדר language of the nomads ) is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences , in a similar manner to Yiddish or Judaeo-Spanish . It is spoken by only a few dozen Crimean Karaites ( Qrimqaraylar ) in Lithuania , Poland and Crimea and Galicia in Ukraine . The three main dialects are those of Crimea , Trakai-Vilnius and Lutsk-Halych all of which are critically endangered . The Lithuanian dialect of Karaim is spoken mainly in the town of Trakai ( also known as Troki ) by a small community living there since the 14th century . There is a chance the language will survive in Trakai as a result of official support and because of its appeal to tourists coming to the Trakai Island Castle , where Crimean Karaites are presented as the castle 's ancient defenders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Krymchak_language', 'summary': "The Krymchak language ( кърымчах тыльы , Qrımçah tılyı ) ( also called Judeo-Crimean Tatar , Krimchak , Chagatai , Dzhagatay ) is a moribund Turkic language spoken in Crimea by the Krymchak people . The Krymchak community was composed of Jewish immigrants who arrived from all over Europe and Asia and who continuously added to the Krymchak population . The Krymchak language , as well as culture and daily life , was similar to Crimean Tatar , the peninsula 's majority population , with the addition of a significant Hebrew influence . Like most Jewish languages , it contains many Hebrew loanwords . Before the Soviet era , it was written using Hebrew characters . In the Soviet Union in the 1930s , it was written with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet ( a variant of the Latin script ) , like Crimean Tatar and Karaim . Now it is written in the Cyrillic script . Over the last century the language has disappeared and been replaced by Russian , with approximately 70% of the population perishing in the Holocaust . When in May 1944 almost all Crimean Tatars were deported to Soviet Uzbekistan , many speakers of Krymchak were among them , and some remained in Uzbekistan . Nowadays the language is almost extinct . According to the Ukrainian census of 2001 , less than 785 Krymchak people remain in Crimea . One estimate supposes that of the approximately 1500-2000 Krymchaks living worldwide , mostly in Israel , Crimea , Russia , and the United States , only 5-7 are native speakers ."}]}, {'value': 'Judaism', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Demographics', 'section_text': 'Bashkirs , painting from 1812 , Paris The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia , across Central Asia , to Southern Europe . As of 2011 [ update ] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Azerbaijan , in addition to Turkey and Iran . Additionally , Turkic people are found within Crimea , Altishahr region of western China , northern Iraq , Israel , Russia , Afghanistan , and the Balkans : Moldova , Bulgaria , Romania , and former Yugoslavia . A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius , the capital of Lithuania . Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland . [ 159 ] There are also considerable populations of Turkic people ( originating mostly from Turkey ) in Germany , United States , and Australia , largely because of migrations during the 20th century . Sometimes ethnographers group Turkic people into six branches : the Oghuz Turks , Kipchak , Karluk , Siberian , Chuvash , and Sakha/Yakut branches . The Oghuz have been termed Western Turks , while the remaining five , in such a classificatory scheme , are called Eastern Turks . Much of the Turkic population of Central Asia has significant Caucasoid and Mongoloid ancestry . The genetic distances between the different populations of Uzbeks scattered across Uzbekistan is no greater than the distance between many of them and the Karakalpaks . This suggests that Karakalpaks and Uzbeks have very similar origins . The Karakalpaks have a somewhat greater bias towards the eastern markers than the Uzbeks . [ 160 ] Historical population : Year Population 1 AD 2–2.5 million ? 2013 150–200 million The Turkic people display a great variety of ethnic types . [ 161 ] They possess physical features ranging from Caucasoid to Northern Mongoloid . Mongoloid and Caucasoid facial structure is common among many Turkic groups , such as Chuvash people , Tatars , Kazakhs , Uzbeks , and Bashkirs .', 'uid': 'Turkic_peoples_0', 'intro': 'The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa. The origins of the Turkic people are a matter of contention among scholars. Yunusbayev suggested they may lie in a region stretching from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria. According to several linguists southern Mongolia is the homeland of the early Turkic language. The Turkic peoples speak related languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits, common ancestry and historical backgrounds. In time, different Turkic groups came in contact with other ethnicities, absorbing them, leaving some Turkic groups more diverse than the others. Many vastly differing ethnic groups have throughout history become part of the Turkic peoples through language shift, acculturation, intermixing, adoption and religious conversion. Despite this, many do share, to varying degrees, non-linguistic characteristics like cultural traits, ancestry from a common gene pool, and historical experiences. The most notable modern Turkic-speaking ethnic groups include Turkish people, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Kyrgyz and Uyghur people.'} | null | null | What is the population of the people who traveled with their flocks twice yearly to and from the summer highland pastures north of Shiraz ? | 009 0.9 M |
072ce15ab4c6bb22 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya', 'title': 'Senate of Kenya', 'header': ['County No', 'County Name', 'Name', 'Party', 'Coalition'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mombasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mombasa_County', 'summary': 'Mombasa County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya . Its capital and the only city in the county is Mombasa . Initially it was one of the former districts of Kenya but in 2013 it was reconstituted as a county , on the same boundaries . It is the smallest county in Kenya , covering an area of 229.7 km2 excluding 65 km2 of water mass . The county is situated in the south eastern part of the former Coast Province . It borders Kilifi County to the north , Kwale County to the south west and the Indian Ocean to the east . Administratively , the county is divided into seven divisions , eighteen locations and thirty sub-locations . Kenya was divided into eight provinces prior to 2013 , which were subdivided into 47 counties . In the former Coast Province there are six counties , Mombasa being one of them . It is situated in the southeast of Coast Province . It is the smallest in size , covering an area of 212.5 km² . The county lies between latitudes 3°56 and 4°10 south of the equator and longitudes 39°34 and 39°46 east .'}]}, {'value': 'Hassan Omar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDM-K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiper_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': 'The Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya ( WDM-K ) refers to a political party in Kenya , which originated as a result of the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum . Website www.wiper.co.ke . It is headed by Kalonzo Musyoka , who ran for president in 2007 and served as the vice-president in the Grand Coalition of Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga . It is now a member of the main opposition NASA .'}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coalition_for_Reforms_and_Democracy', 'summary': "The Coalition for Reforms and Democracy is a coalition of multiple political parties , built around the triumvirate of Raila Odinga , Kalonzo Musyoka , and Moses Wetangula , to contest the Kenya general elections of 2013 . The members of the coalition are Orange Democratic Movement , Wiper Democratic Movement , Amani National Congress , FORD-Kenya , Kenya Social Congress , KADU-Asili , Peoples Democratic Party , Mkenya Solidarity Movement , Chama Cha Uzalendo , Muungano Development Movement Party of Kenya , United Democratic Movement , Chama Cha Mwananchi , Federal Party of Kenya Following the hotly contested elections that saw Jubilee alliance win , Cord filed a petition contesting the results . The Supreme Court rejected Cord 's petition and declared Kenyatta the president-elect . The Coalition of Reforms and Democracy is currently the official opposition party in Kenya . It has a wide support in Kenya with roughly 50% of the Electorate in Kenya . The coalition will be dissolved after the current session of parliament as part of the creation of the National Super Alliance ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kwale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwale_County', 'summary': 'Kwale County is a county in the former Coast Province of Kenya . Its capital is Kwale , although Ukunda is the largest town . Kwale county has an estimated population of 649,931 . Kwale is mainly an inland county , but it has coastline south of Mombasa . Diani Beach is part of the Msambweni division . Shimba Hills National Reserve and Mwaluganje elephant sanctuary are other attractions in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Issa Juma Boy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ODM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': "The Orange Democratic Movement ( ODM ) is a centre-left political party in Kenya . It is the successor of a grassroots people 's movement which was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign . This movement separated in August 2007 into the Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement - Kenya ( formerly the Orange Democratic Movement ¥ - Kenya , known as ODM-Kenya ) . The name orange originates from the ballot cards in the referendum , in which the banana represented a 'yes ' vote , and the orange represented a 'no ' vote . Thus the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in the 2005 referendum . The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta 's KANU party and Raila Odinga 's LDP . KANU has since pulled out . As of March 2018 [ update ] the ODM is led by Raila Odinga ."}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilifi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilifi_County', 'summary': 'Kilifi County is a county of Kenya . It was formed in 2010 as a result of a merger of Kilifi District and Malindi District . Its capital is Kilifi and its largest town is Malindi . The county has a population of 1,453,787 . It covers an area of 12,245.90 km2 ( 4,728.17 sq mi ) . Kilifi county forms a constituency when electing a senator and a woman representatives of Kenyan Parliament and Senate . It also elects its own governor who is the county leader . The county is represented in parliament by seven legislators , one woman representative and a Senator in senate . The county also has 35 ward representatives . The county is located north and northeast of Mombasa . Kilifi has fewer tourists than Mombasa County , but there are some tourists beaches in Kikambala , Watamu , Malindi and Kilifi .'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart Madzayo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ODM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': "The Orange Democratic Movement ( ODM ) is a centre-left political party in Kenya . It is the successor of a grassroots people 's movement which was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign . This movement separated in August 2007 into the Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement - Kenya ( formerly the Orange Democratic Movement ¥ - Kenya , known as ODM-Kenya ) . The name orange originates from the ballot cards in the referendum , in which the banana represented a 'yes ' vote , and the orange represented a 'no ' vote . Thus the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in the 2005 referendum . The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta 's KANU party and Raila Odinga 's LDP . KANU has since pulled out . As of March 2018 [ update ] the ODM is led by Raila Odinga ."}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tana-River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tana_River_County', 'summary': "Tana River County is a county in the former Coast Province , Kenya . It is named after the Tana River . It has an area of 35,375.8 square kilometres ( 13,658.7 sq mi ) and a population of 315,943 . The capital and largest town is Hola ( sometimes known as Galole ) . The major ethnic groups are the Dagodie , Ogaden Pokomo , many of whom are farmers , and the Orma , Wardey and Gadsan who are peaceful people . The county is generally dry and prone to drought . Rainfall is erratic , with rainy seasons in March-May and October-December . Conflicts have occurred between farmers and other people over access to water . Flooding is also a regular problem , caused by heavy rainfall in upstream areas of the Tana River . On 22 August 2012 , in the worst violent incident in Kenya since 2001 , at least 52 people were killed in ethnic violence in Tana River County between the Orma'wardey and Pokomo groups . Tana River County presents an interesting case of the nexus between conflict and food security . A recent survey prepared by ALMRP , Tana River District and presented to the Tana River District Steering Group ( 2004 ) found that the county is 79% food insecure and with an incidence of poverty at 62% ( Interim Poverty Strategy Paper ( I-PSP ) , 2000-2003 , Kenya ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Juma Wario', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FPK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federal_Party_of_Kenya', 'summary': 'The Federal Party of Kenya ( FPK ) is a political party in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lamu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamu_County', 'summary': 'Lamu County is located in the Northern Coast of Kenya and is one of the Six Coastal Counties in Kenya . It borders Tana River County in the southwest , Garissa County to the north , Republic of Somalia to the northeast and the Indian Ocean to the South . It lies 1° 40 and 2° 30south and longitude 40° 15 and 40° 38south . The County has a land surface of 6,273.1 km that include the mainland and over 65 islands that form the Lamu Archipelago . The total length of the coastline is 130 km while land water mass area stands at 308 km . The County has 2 constituencies namely Lamu West and Lamu East . These two also consist of the two districts referred to as the sub-counties in Lamu County . Lamu West has Amu Mkomani , Shela , Hindi , Mkunumbi , Hongwe , Bahari and Witu Divisions while Lamu East has Faza , Basuba and Kiunga divisions . There are 10 wards , 23 locations , and 38 sub-locations in the Countyn . The main economic activities in the county include crop production , livestock production , fisheries , tourism and mining , most notably quarrying . Among the challenges facing Lamu is population growth owing to migration into Lamu from other parts of the country , fuelled partly by the anticipated opportunities accruing from the Lamu Port South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport ( LAPSSET ) Corridor . Other challenges include landlessness and poor land management , insufficient social services such as healthcare and education , inadequate supply of piped and fresh water , under-developed infrastructure , and food insecurity .'}]}, {'value': 'Abu Chiaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abu_Chiaba', 'summary': 'Abu Mohamed Abu Chiaba ( born 1947 ) is a Kenyan politician who has been a member of the Senate of Kenya since 2013 . Born in Barawa , Somalia , he was first elected to the National Assembly of Kenya at the 1992 elections by winning the Lamu East Constituency seat on a KANU ticket . He reclaimed the seat at the 2002 elections , still representing KANU . In the 2007 parliamentary election he retained the seat , but now on a Party of National Unity ticket .'}]}, {'value': 'TNA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_National_Alliance_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The National Alliance ( TNA ) was a political party in Kenya . It attained its current identity when it was taken over by Uhuru Kenyatta and rebranded as the vehicle for his 2012 presidential campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jubilee_Alliance', 'summary': 'The Jubilee Alliance was a political alliance in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taita-Taveta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taita-Taveta_County', 'summary': "Taita-Taveta County ( previously known as Taita Taveta District ) is a county of Kenya . It lies approximately 140 km northwest of Mombasa and 380 km southeast of Nairobi . The capital , nominally , is in Mwatate town but county government offices are in Wundanyi . The population of the county was 340,671 persons according to the 2019 national census , with population densities ranging from 14 persons per km2 to more than 117 persons per km2 . This is due to the varied rainfall and terrain with the lower zones receiving an average 440 mm of rain per annum and the highland areas receiving up to 1,900 mm of rain . The county ranges in altitude from 500 m above sea level to 2,228 m at Vuria Peak , which is the county 's highest point ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Mwazo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ODM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': "The Orange Democratic Movement ( ODM ) is a centre-left political party in Kenya . It is the successor of a grassroots people 's movement which was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign . This movement separated in August 2007 into the Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement - Kenya ( formerly the Orange Democratic Movement ¥ - Kenya , known as ODM-Kenya ) . The name orange originates from the ballot cards in the referendum , in which the banana represented a 'yes ' vote , and the orange represented a 'no ' vote . Thus the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in the 2005 referendum . The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta 's KANU party and Raila Odinga 's LDP . KANU has since pulled out . As of March 2018 [ update ] the ODM is led by Raila Odinga ."}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garissa_County', 'summary': 'Garissa County is an administrative County in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya . Its capital and largest urban area is Garissa . As of August 31 , 2016 , Garissa county had more than 260,000 Somali refugees in refugee camps at Dadaab , which is located in Garissa County . The county has a population of 400,060 , and a land area of about 45,720.2 km2 ( 17,652.7 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Yusuf Haji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yusuf_Haji', 'summary': 'Mohamed Yusuf Haji ( Somali : Maxamed Yuusuf Xaaji ) ( born 23 December 1940 ) is a Kenyan politician . He was the Minister of Defence of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 , and briefly served as its acting Minister of Internal Security and Provincial Affairs in 2012 . He has served in the Senate of Kenya since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'TNA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_National_Alliance_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The National Alliance ( TNA ) was a political party in Kenya . It attained its current identity when it was taken over by Uhuru Kenyatta and rebranded as the vehicle for his 2012 presidential campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wajir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wajir_County', 'summary': 'Wajir County is a county in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya . Its capital and largest town is Wajir . The county has a population of 781,263 and an area of 55,840.6 km² . The county is bordered to the north by Ethiopia , to the northeast by Mandera County , to the east by Somalia , to the south by Garissa County , to the west by Isiolo County and to the northwest by Marsabit County . The county has six constituencies : Eldas , Tarbaj , Wajir North , Wajir West , Wajir East , and Wajir South .'}]}, {'value': 'Abdirahman Ali', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ODM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': "The Orange Democratic Movement ( ODM ) is a centre-left political party in Kenya . It is the successor of a grassroots people 's movement which was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign . This movement separated in August 2007 into the Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement - Kenya ( formerly the Orange Democratic Movement ¥ - Kenya , known as ODM-Kenya ) . The name orange originates from the ballot cards in the referendum , in which the banana represented a 'yes ' vote , and the orange represented a 'no ' vote . Thus the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in the 2005 referendum . The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta 's KANU party and Raila Odinga 's LDP . KANU has since pulled out . As of March 2018 [ update ] the ODM is led by Raila Odinga ."}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandera_County', 'summary': 'Mandera County is a county in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya . Its capital and largest town is Mandera . The county is bordered by Ethiopia to the north , by Somalia to the east and by Wajir County to the southwest . According to the 2019 census , the county has a population of 867,457 and an area of 25,939.8 km² . The main economic activity in the county is pastoralism , while others include cross-border trade with Ethiopia , artisanal mining , beekeeping and agriculture along the Dawa River .'}]}, {'value': 'Billow Kerow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'URP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Republican_Party_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The United Republican Party ( URP ) was a political party in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marsabit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marsabit_County', 'summary': 'Marsabit County ( up to 2010 Marsabit District ) is a county of Kenya . Covering a surface area of 66.923,1 square kilometres Marsabit is the largest county in Kenya . Its capital is Marsabit and its largest town Moyale . According to the 2019 census , the county has a population of 459,785 . It is bordered to the North by Ethiopia , to the West by Turkana County to the South by Samburu County and Isiolo County , and to the East by Wajir County .'}]}, {'value': 'Godana Hargura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ODM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': "The Orange Democratic Movement ( ODM ) is a centre-left political party in Kenya . It is the successor of a grassroots people 's movement which was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign . This movement separated in August 2007 into the Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement - Kenya ( formerly the Orange Democratic Movement ¥ - Kenya , known as ODM-Kenya ) . The name orange originates from the ballot cards in the referendum , in which the banana represented a 'yes ' vote , and the orange represented a 'no ' vote . Thus the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in the 2005 referendum . The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta 's KANU party and Raila Odinga 's LDP . KANU has since pulled out . As of March 2018 [ update ] the ODM is led by Raila Odinga ."}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isiolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isiolo_County', 'summary': 'Isiolo County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya . Its population is 268,002 ( 2019 census ) and its capital is Isiolo . Isiolo County is to be the first county to be developed as part of the Kenya Vision 2030 program . Its capital and largest town is Isiolo . Other upcoming urban centres are : Garbatulla , Modogashe , Kinna , Merti and Oldonyiro . The local topography is arid or semi-arid low plains . Ewaso Nyiro River flows through the county and partly bounds it . It borders Marsabit County to the north , Wajir County to the east , Garissa and Tana River counties to the south east , Meru County to the south , Laikipia County to the south west and Samburu County to the west . Three different National Game Reserves are located in Isiolo County : Bisanadi National Reserve , Buffalo Springs National Reserve and Shaba National Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohammed Kuti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammed_Kuti', 'summary': 'Mohammed Abdi Kuti is a Kenyan politician and the current governor of Isiolo County from August 23 , 2017 . Kuti previously served as the senator for Isiolo county for one term ( 2013-2017 ) , a post he was elected to as a member of the United Republican Party . He further represented the Isiolo North Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya for 10 years ( 2003-2013 ) . He also held the positions of Minister for Youth Affairs in 2005 and Minister for Livestock from 2008-2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'URP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Republican_Party_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The United Republican Party ( URP ) was a political party in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meru_County', 'summary': 'Meru County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya , located in the former Eastern Province . It has a population of 1.55 million people . Meru County is the home of the Ngaa people ( Meru ) , who are related to other ethnicities living around the Mount Kenya region : the Kikuyu , Embu people and to some extent the Kamba people Also , peoples from the east coast of Kenya , along the Indian Ocean , like the Bajuni , Swahili , Mijikenda , and further inland , the Taita , Taveta and westwards to the Lake Victoria coast , the Kisii and Maragoli as well as other Luhya people , are all related to the Meru . The county headquarters is in the town of Meru . The current governor of Meru County is Hon . Kiraitu Murungi of Jubilee Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiraitu Murungi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiraitu_Murungi', 'summary': 'Kiraitu Murungi ( born 1 January 1952 ) is the Governor of Meru County in Central Kenya . He is a former long-serving Member of Parliament for South Imenti constituency ( 1992-2013 ) , former Cabinet Minister , and former Senator for Meru County .'}]}, {'value': 'APK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alliance_Party_Of_Kenya', 'summary': 'The Alliance Party of Kenya ( APK ) was a political party in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tharaka Nithi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tharaka_Nithi_County', 'summary': "Tharaka-Nithi County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya located in Kenya 's former Eastern Province . The county has an area of 2609 km² and as of the 2019 census a population of 393,177 . Tharaka-Nithi County is the home to the Chuka , Muthambi , Mwimbi and Tharaka sections of the Ameru ( Meru ) community . The people of Tharaka-Nithi County are now predominantly Christian with the Catholics , the Presbyterian , and the Methodists being the predominant religious communities . The county consists of three constituencies : 60 . Maara , 61 . Chuka/Igambang'ombe , 62 . Tharaka ."}]}, {'value': 'Kithure Kindiki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TNA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_National_Alliance_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The National Alliance ( TNA ) was a political party in Kenya . It attained its current identity when it was taken over by Uhuru Kenyatta and rebranded as the vehicle for his 2012 presidential campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embu_County', 'summary': 'Embu County is a county of Kenya . The capital of Embu County and the former Eastern province headquarters , Embu is a large and largely metropolitan area with a population of 608,599 persons . The county borders Kirinyaga to the West , Kitui to the East , Tharaka Nithi to the North , Machakos to the South . The County occupies an area of 2,821 km2 . It is divided into four constituencies namely ; Manyatta , Runyenjes , Mbeere North and Mbeere South which will form Sub-Counties .'}]}, {'value': 'Lenny Kivuti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alliance_Party_Of_Kenya', 'summary': 'The Alliance Party of Kenya ( APK ) was a political party in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitui_County', 'summary': 'Kitui County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya . Its capital and largest town is Kitui , although Mwingi is also another major urban centre . The county has a population of 1,136,187 ( 2019 census ) . and an area of 30,430 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'David Musila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Musila', 'summary': "David Musila ( born 1943 ) is a Kenyan politician . He belongs to the Wiper Democratic Movement and was elected to represen Mwingi South Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya since the Kenyan parliamentary election of 1997 . He is currently a senator representing Kitui County . Musila was a DO , DC and deputy PC between 1966 and 1979 . In 1979 , he was Moi 's choice as PC for the troubled Central Province , a post which he retained until 1985 , after which he became Director of Tourism . He retired from the civil service in 1988 . He was elected as a KANU MP in 1997 and has remained in the house ever since , moving to the LDP wing of NARC in 2002 , and was Deputy-Speaker in the 2003 Parliament . He was a KANU official in the 1990s and later became Deputy Chairman and then Chairman of the Liberal Democratic party ( LDP ) ."}]}, {'value': 'WDM-K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiper_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': 'The Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya ( WDM-K ) refers to a political party in Kenya , which originated as a result of the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum . Website www.wiper.co.ke . It is headed by Kalonzo Musyoka , who ran for president in 2007 and served as the vice-president in the Grand Coalition of Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga . It is now a member of the main opposition NASA .'}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Machakos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Machakos_County', 'summary': "Machakos County is a county of Kenya . Its capital is Machakos . Its largest town is Machakos , the country 's first administrative headquarters . The county had a population of 1,421,932 as of 2019 . The county borders Nairobi and Kiambu counties to the west , Embu to the north , Kitui to the east , Makueni to the south , Kajiado to the south west , and Muranga and Kirinyaga to the north west ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnstone Muthama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnstone_Muthama', 'summary': 'Senator Johnson Nduya Muthamas Autobiography Johnson Nduya Muthama is a Kenyan business man and politician . He belongs to Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya . He once served as former ruling party KANU Vice Chairman to veteran Kamba politician , the late Joseph Mulu Mutusya in the larger Machakos District . Muthama is credited with assisting financially the former Cabinet Minister Paul Ngei from being declared bankrupt soon after 1979 elections when Standard Bank Ltd served him with a bankruptcy note after it failed to locate Ngeis assets to auction so as to recover Sh2 million debt . He was the MP and Government Chief Whip in the 10th Parliament when he served the larger Kangundo Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya from 2007 to 2013 . He worked successfully for the split of the Constituency giving birth to Matungulu Constituency . The Politician cum businessman was instrumental in negotiating for a coalition between retired President Mwai Kibaki and Wiper Leader Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka who became Vice President to calm tension after chaos erupted following the controversial 2007 Presidential elections before the Grant Coalition government was formed with ODM Leader Raila Odinga being appointed Prime Minister . He served as first Machakos Senator 2013-2017 and was the first to hold the office of Minority Whip under the Kenya Constitution 2010 . Muthama also co-chaired the Opposition outfit Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) . During the 2017 general election he made a bold move not to defend his seat in principal aware he was destined to win . Sen Muthama currently co-chairs the opposition Coalition National Super Alliance ( NASA ) Management Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'WDM-K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiper_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': 'The Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya ( WDM-K ) refers to a political party in Kenya , which originated as a result of the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum . Website www.wiper.co.ke . It is headed by Kalonzo Musyoka , who ran for president in 2007 and served as the vice-president in the Grand Coalition of Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga . It is now a member of the main opposition NASA .'}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makueni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makueni_County', 'summary': 'Makueni County ( formerly Makueni District ) is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya . Its capital and largest town is Wote . The county has a population of 987,653 ( 2019 census ) and an area of 8,008.9 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Mutula Kilonzo , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDM-K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiper_Democratic_Movement', 'summary': 'The Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya ( WDM-K ) refers to a political party in Kenya , which originated as a result of the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum . Website www.wiper.co.ke . It is headed by Kalonzo Musyoka , who ran for president in 2007 and served as the vice-president in the Grand Coalition of Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga . It is now a member of the main opposition NASA .'}]}, {'value': 'CORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nyandarua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nyandarua_County', 'summary': 'Nyandarua County is a County in the former Central Province of Kenya . Its capital and largest town is Ol Kalou . Formerly the capital was Nyahururu , which is now part of the Laikipia County . Nyandarua County has population of 596,268 and an area of 3,304 km² . The county is located on the northwestern part of the old Central Province , and contains the Aberdare Ranges . The county was split into two in 2007 : Nyandarua North District and Nyandarua South District . However , with the promulgation in 2010 of new constitution , these have been re-organised as sub counties of Nyandarua County . Daniel Waithaka was elected the first governor of the County 2013 General Election and Francis Kimemia seconds him in August 2017 elections .'}]}, {'value': 'Muriuki Karue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TNA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_National_Alliance_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The National Alliance ( TNA ) was a political party in Kenya . It attained its current identity when it was taken over by Uhuru Kenyatta and rebranded as the vehicle for his 2012 presidential campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nyeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nyeri_County', 'summary': 'Nyeri County is located in the central region of Kenya . Its capital and largest town is Nyeri . It has a population of 759,164 and an area of 2361 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Mutahi Kagwe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mutahi_Kagwe', 'summary': "Hon . Mutahi Kagwe ( born January , 1958 ) is a tenured Kenyan politician who served as the first Senator of Nyeri County . On 14th January 2020 , he was nominated by President Uhuru Kenyatta to assume the position of Cabinet Secretary Health . From 2002 - 2007 , Senator Kagwe served as the fifth Member of Parliament for Mukurweini Constituency , Nyeri Kenya . As a Member of Parliament he was the Chair of Parliamentary Committee on Finance , Trade , Tourism and Planning , before his appointment as a Cabinet Minister for Information and Communications . Mukurweini Constituency . As Cabinet Minister he spearheaded the construction of the transformational East African Marine System ( T.E.A.M.S ) - The first Fibre Optic Project for Eastern Africa . It was during his term as Cabinet Minister that Kenya launched Mpesa , the world 's first ever money transfer system . As Senator , his credits include the championing of The Best Classroom , an Early Childhood Education program that aspires to promote the quality provision of ECDE nationwide . He is also credited with having sponsored the Cyber Security and Protection Bill in the Senate of Kenya . He has many professional memberships including the Marketing Society of Kenya , the Kenya Institute of Management , the parliamentarian network of the World Bank , and the commonwealth parliamentary association . Outside of politics he has held and continues to hold many positions including Chairman of several corporate boards ."}]}, {'value': 'NARC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Rainbow_Coalition', 'summary': 'The National Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) is a political party in Kenya . As an alliance , it was in power from 2002 and 2005 when it collapsed due to disagreements between members over a constitutional referendum .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirinyaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirinyaga_County', 'summary': "Kirinyaga County is a county in the former Central Province of Kenya . Its capital is Kutus and its largest town is Wanguru . In 2019 , the county had a population of 610,411 and an area of 1,478.1 km² . The county is bordered to the east and south by Embu County , to the south by a tiny part of Machakos County , to the southwest by Murang ' a County and to the northwest by Nyeri County . Kirinyaga county lies between 1158 and 5199 metres above sea level ; its highest point is the summit of Mount Kenya ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Karaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Karaba', 'summary': 'Dickson Daniel Karaba ( born 1948 ) is a Kenyan politician . He represented Kirinyaga County in the Kenyan Senate from 2013-2017 . He is a member of The National Alliance ( TNA ) , a constituent party of the Jubilee Alliance coalition .'}]}, {'value': 'TNA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_National_Alliance_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The National Alliance ( TNA ) was a political party in Kenya . It attained its current identity when it was taken over by Uhuru Kenyatta and rebranded as the vehicle for his 2012 presidential campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Jubilee', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Members of the Senate between 2013 and 2017 -- Elected Senators', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Senate_of_Kenya_2', 'intro': "The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of Kenya. The Senate was first established as part of Kenya's 1963 Constitution. After being abolished in 1966, the Senate was re-established by the 2010 Constitution."} | null | null | Who are the natives of this county that the former Cabinet Minister represented in the senate ? | the Ngaa people |
072d36279948fbe9 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wimbledon_gentlemen's_singles_champions", 'title': "List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions", 'header': ['Country', 'Amateur Era', 'Open Era', 'All-time', 'First title', 'Last title'], 'data': [{'value': 'United Kingdom ( UK )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1877_Wimbledon_Championship', 'summary': "The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men 's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club ( AEC & LTC ) in Wimbledon , London . It was the world 's first official lawn tennis tournament , and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or Major . The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868 , as the All England Croquet Club ; lawn tennis was introduced in February 1875 to compensate for the waning interest in croquet . In June 1877 the club decided to organise a tennis tournament to pay for the repair of its pony roller , needed to maintain the lawns . A set of rules was drawn up for the tournament , derived from the first standardised rules of tennis issued by the Marylebone Cricket Club in May 1875 . The Gentlemen 's Singles competition , the only event of the championship , was contested on grass courts by 22 players who each paid one guinea to participate . The tournament started on 9 July 1877 , and the final - delayed for three days by rain - was played on 19 July in front of a crowd of about 200 people who each paid an entry fee of one shilling . The winner received 12 guineas in prize money and a silver challenge cup , valued at 25 guineas , donated by the sports magazine The Field . Spencer Gore , a 27-year-old rackets player from Wandsworth , became the first Wimbledon champion by defeating William Marshall , a 28-year-old real tennis player , in three straight sets in a final that lasted 48 minutes . The tournament made a profit of £10 and the pony roller remained in use . An analysis made after the tournament led to some modifications of the rules regarding the court dimensions ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2016 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The main draw commenced on 27 June 2016 and concluded on 10 July 2016 . 2016 was the 130th edition of the championships , the 49th in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year . It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour , the WTA Tour , the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour . The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation . Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion in the Gentlemen 's Singles , but he lost in the third round to Sam Querrey , ending a 30-match winning streak in Grand Slams and Djokovic 's hopes of becoming the first man to achieve the golden calendar slam . The Gentlemen 's Singles title was won by Andy Murray . Serena Williams successfully defended her Ladies ' Singles title and equaled Steffi Graf 's Open Era record of 22 major singles titles . The Gentlemen 's Doubles event consisted of 'best of three sets ' matches for Rounds 1 and 2 in order to help with 'catch-up ' scheduling due to a rain stricken first week . It was also the first time since 2004 that play took place on Middle Sunday , also known as the People 's Sunday due to the fact that no tickets are sold in advance or through the ballot and all seats are made available on general sale the day before . For the first time in the championships ' history singles events were held in the wheelchair competitions . Australian Lleyton Hewitt , the 2002 Men 's Singles champion , two-time Grand Slam champion and former world No ."}]}, {'value': 'United States ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1920_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1920 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 21 June until 3 July . It was the 40th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1920 .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2000 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 114th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 26 June to 9 July 2000 . It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year . Pete Sampras won his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title , defeating Pat Rafter in the final . It was also his last Wimbledon title . Lindsay Davenport was unsuccessful in her title defence , being defeated by Venus Williams in the women 's final . It was the first of five Wimbledon titles for Venus Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1907_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1907 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 24 June until 5 July . It was the 31st staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1907 . The Prince and Princess of Wales ( the future George V and Queen Mary ) came as spectators . The Centre Court was protected by a tarpaulin cover for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2002 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 116th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 24 June to 7 July 2002 . It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year . Goran Ivanišević did not defend his title this year . Lleyton Hewitt , the World No.1 , defeated David Nalbandian in the final in straight sets to win his second Grand Slam title and first Wimbledon title . He became the first Australian since Pat Cash in 1987 to win Wimbledon . Venus Williams was unsuccessful in her title defence , being defeated in the final by her younger sister Serena in the women 's final ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2003 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 117th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 23 June to 6 July 2003 . It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year . Lleyton Hewitt was unsuccessful in his 2002 title defence , being upset in the first round by Grand Slam debutant Ivo Karlović . It was the first time in the Open Era history of Wimbledon that a defending champion had lost in the first round , the second time overall . This Wimbledon was notable for being Roger Federer 's first grand slam victory when he defeated Mark Philippoussis in the final . This would be the first of five consecutive Wimbledon titles for Federer , and eight overall . Serena Williams successfully defended her 2002 title , defeating her sister Venus in the final for the second consecutive year ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2017 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The main draw matches commenced on 3 July 2017 and concluded on 16 July 2017 . Roger Federer won the Gentlemen 's Singles title for a record eighth time , surpassing Pete Sampras and William Renshaw , who both won the Gentlemen 's Singles title seven times . Garbiñe Muguruza won the Ladies ' Singles title . The 2017 tournament was the 131st edition of the championships , the 50th in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year . It is played on grass courts , organised by the All England Lawn Tennis Club and the International Tennis Federation and is part of the ATP World Tour , the WTA Tour , the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour . Andy Murray was the defending champion in the Gentlemen 's singles but lost to Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals . Two-time defending Ladies ' singles champion Serena Williams did not defend her title , as she ended her season in April due to pregnancy ."}]}, {'value': 'France ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1924 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 23 June until 5 July . It was the 44th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1924 . This edition saw the introduction of a draw that made use of a seeding list . The seeding was based on nationality and aimed at preventing nominated players from the same nationality meeting before the later rounds . A maximum of four players could be nominated by a country and these would be seeded into four different quarters of the draw . In 1927 the system of seeding by nationality was extended with a merit-based seeding based on the ranking of players .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1946_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1946 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament was held from Monday 24 June until Saturday 6 July 1946 . It was the 60th staging of the Wimbledon Championships and the first one held after a six-year break due to World War II . In 1946 and 1947 Wimbledon was held before the French Championships and was thus the second Grand Slam tennis event of the year .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1976 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament was held from Monday 21 June until Saturday 3 July 1976 . It was the 90th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1976 . Björn Borg and Chris Evert won the singles title .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1990 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 104th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 25 June to 8 July 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'Serbia ( SRB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2011 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 125th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 20 June to 3 July 2011 . It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year and was part of the ATP World Tour , the WTA Tour , the ITF Junior Tour and the NEC Tour . The championships were organised by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the International Tennis Federation . In the professional tournaments there were two new singles champions for the first time since 2002 : Novak Djokovic and Petra Kvitová . By reaching the final Djokovic also claimed the World No . 1 in the ATP rankings from Rafael Nadal , while Kvitová became the first Grand Slam event winner born in the 1990s . In the doubles the Bryan brothers claimed the men 's title for a second time , and equalled the overall Grand Slam tournament record of 11 set by the Woodies , Mark Woodforde and Todd Woodbridge . In the women 's doubles Katarina Srebotnik won her first ladies major title after making four previous major finals . Srebotnik won alongside Květa Peschke ; this was Peschke 's first major title . In the mixed doubles Jürgen Melzer won his second major title , and first in the mixed doubles as he partnered Iveta Benešová to her first major title . In total , players from the Czech Republic ( Kvitová , Peschke , and Benešová ) were champions in three of the five main tour events in the tournament ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2019 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The main tournament began on Monday 1 July 2019 and finished on Sunday 14 July 2019 . The defending Gentlemen 's singles champion Novak Djokovic retained his title , while the defending Ladies ' singles champion Angelique Kerber lost in the second round to Lauren Davis . Simona Halep won the Ladies ' Singles title . This was the first Grand Slam tournament where both singles titles were won by players born in the Balkans . This was the first edition of the tournament to feature a standard tie break in the final set when the score in the set was 12 games all . The winner was the first player or pair to reach seven points whilst leading by two or more points or , in the case of a 6-6 point score , to establish a subsequent lead of two points . Henri Kontinen and John Peers won the first such tie break played in Wimbledon history , defeating Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury in a third round men 's doubles match . In men 's singles , the only such match was the final in which Novak Djokovic defeated Roger Federer , in what was also the longest final in tournament history lasting for 4 hours and 57 minutes . In the Women 's Singles , there are 16 qualifiers from 128 entrants , an increase from 12 qualifiers from 96 entrants . Doubles qualifying has been eliminated as a result . The change brings the qualification for the Women 's Singles into line with that for the Men 's Singles , which remains unchanged ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1985 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 99th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 24 June to 7 July 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1991 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 105th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 24 June to 7 July 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand ( NZL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1910_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 1910 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 20 June until 30 June . It was the 34th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1910 . The All England Club laid asphalt pathways round the courts . There was a field of 92 competitors for the men 's singles ."}]}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1913_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 1913 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 23 June until 4 July . It was the 37th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1913 . The 1913 Wimbledon Championships for the first time included a Women 's Doubles and Mixed Doubles competition . The men 's entry consisted of 116 competitors ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1966 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament was held from Monday 20 June until Saturday 2 July 1966 . It was the 80th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1966 . Manuel Santana and Billie Jean King won the singles titles .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2010 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 124th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 21 June to 4 July 2010 . It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year . The Queen of the United Kingdom , Elizabeth II attended on Thursday 24 June 2010 , for the first time in more than 30 years . Roger Federer was the defending men 's champion and first seed ( was actually ranked 2nd ) , but he was defeated in the quarterfinals by Tomáš Berdych . Berdych also defeated third seed Novak Djokovic in the semi-finals , but was defeated in straight sets by Rafael Nadal in the final . Nadal won his second Wimbledon title , having previously won the 2008 title . Serena Williams successfully defended the women 's crown , defeating Vera Zvonareva in the final to win her fourth Wimbledon title ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatia ( CRO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2001 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England , held from 25 June to 9 July 2001 . It was the 115th edition of the Wimbledon Championships , part of the 2001 ATP and WTA Tours , and it was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year . The tournament was the first in Wimbledon 's 124-year history in which 32 players in the men 's and women 's draws were seeded , instead of the usual sixteen . This move was made to appease clay court players who were unhappy with the traditional seeding system , which favoured grass court results over those of other surfaces . Pete Sampras was unsuccessful in his defence of the men 's singles title , losing in the fourth round to 19-year-old Roger Federer , who was then relatively unknown . Goran Ivanišević won the title , defeating 2000 runner-up Pat Rafter in the final in five sets . Ivanišević had previously been runner-up three times ( 1992 , 1994 and 1998 ) , but had fallen to number 125 in the world by 2001 and had only entered the 2001 tournament after being granted a wild card . Venus Williams successfully defended the women 's singles title , beating 19-year-old Justine Henin in the final in three sets . Henin became the first Belgian player to reach a Wimbledon final . Top seed Martina Hingis was beaten by Virginia Ruano Pascual in the first round ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 2001 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England , held from 25 June to 9 July 2001 . It was the 115th edition of the Wimbledon Championships , part of the 2001 ATP and WTA Tours , and it was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year . The tournament was the first in Wimbledon 's 124-year history in which 32 players in the men 's and women 's draws were seeded , instead of the usual sixteen . This move was made to appease clay court players who were unhappy with the traditional seeding system , which favoured grass court results over those of other surfaces . Pete Sampras was unsuccessful in his defence of the men 's singles title , losing in the fourth round to 19-year-old Roger Federer , who was then relatively unknown . Goran Ivanišević won the title , defeating 2000 runner-up Pat Rafter in the final in five sets . Ivanišević had previously been runner-up three times ( 1992 , 1994 and 1998 ) , but had fallen to number 125 in the world by 2001 and had only entered the 2001 tournament after being granted a wild card . Venus Williams successfully defended the women 's singles title , beating 19-year-old Justine Henin in the final in three sets . Henin became the first Belgian player to reach a Wimbledon final . Top seed Martina Hingis was beaten by Virginia Ruano Pascual in the first round ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) ¤', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czechoslovakia', 'summary': 'Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 1973 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament was scheduled to be held from Monday 25 June until Saturday 7 July 1973 but rain on the final Friday meant that the women 's singles final was postponed until Saturday and the mixed doubles final was rescheduled to Sunday 8 July . It was the 87th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1973 . Jan Kodeš and Billie Jean King won the singles titles ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': "The 1973 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament was scheduled to be held from Monday 25 June until Saturday 7 July 1973 but rain on the final Friday meant that the women 's singles final was postponed until Saturday and the mixed doubles final was rescheduled to Sunday 8 July . It was the 87th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1973 . Jan Kodeš and Billie Jean King won the singles titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Egypt ( EGY )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1954_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1954 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament was held from Monday 21 June until Saturday 3 July 1954 . It was the 68th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1954 . Jaroslav Drobný and Maureen Connolly won the singles titles .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1954_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1954 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament was held from Monday 21 June until Saturday 3 July 1954 . It was the 68th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1954 . Jaroslav Drobný and Maureen Connolly won the singles titles .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1996 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 110th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and was held from 24 June to 7 July 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Wimbledon_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1996 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London in England . It was the 110th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and was held from 24 June to 7 July 1996 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Statistics -- Championships by country', 'section_text': "The Gentlemen 's Singles trophy ( left ) , and the Ladies ' Singles plate ( right )", 'uid': "List_of_Wimbledon_gentlemen's_singles_champions_1", 'intro': "The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual British tennis tournament created in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts[a][b] at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom. The Gentlemen's Singles was the first event contested in 1877."} | null | null | When did the country with more all-time Wimbledon men 's singles titles than the United States get its current name ? | 1921 |
072d8f4f8bb37586 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_towns_in_comics', 'title': 'List of fictional towns in comics', 'header': ['Name', 'Debut', 'Creator ( s )', 'Publisher', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Argo City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argo_City', 'summary': "Krypton is a fictional planet appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The planet is the native world of Superman and is named after the element Kryptonite . The planet was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , and was first referred to in Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) . The planet made its first full appearance in Superman # 1 ( summer 1939 ) . Krypton is also the native world of Supergirl , Krypto the Superdog , and Power Girl ( in her case , an alternate-universe version designated Krypton-Two ) . It has been consistently described as having been destroyed shortly after Superman 's flight from the planet , although the exact details of its destruction vary by time period and writers . Kryptonians were the dominant species on Krypton ."}]}, {'value': 'Action Comics # 252 ( May 1959 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_Comics', 'summary': 'Action Comics is an American comic book/magazine series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics beginning with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': 'Fictional Kryptonian city in the DC Comics Universe , and the birthplace of Supergirl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krypton_(comics)', 'summary': "Krypton is a fictional planet appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The planet is the native world of Superman and is named after the element Kryptonite . The planet was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , and was first referred to in Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) . The planet made its first full appearance in Superman # 1 ( summer 1939 ) . Krypton is also the native world of Supergirl , Krypto the Superdog , and Power Girl ( in her case , an alternate-universe version designated Krypton-Two ) . It has been consistently described as having been destroyed shortly after Superman 's flight from the planet , although the exact details of its destruction vary by time period and writers . Kryptonians were the dominant species on Krypton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supergirl', 'summary': "Supergirl is the name of several fictional superheroine characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The original and most well known Supergirl is Kara Zor-El , who is the cousin of the superhero Superman . The character made her first appearance in Action Comics # 252 ( May 1959 ) and was created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino . Created as a female counterpart to Superman , Kara Zor-El shares his super powers and vulnerability to Kryptonite . Supergirl plays a supporting role in various DC Comics publications , including Action Comics , Superman , and several comic book series unrelated to Superman . In 1969 , Supergirl 's adventures became the lead feature in Adventure Comics , and she later starred in an eponymous comic book series which debuted in 1972 and ran until 1974 , followed by a second monthly comic book series , The Daring New Adventures of Supergirl , which ran from 1982 to 1984 . Due to changing editorial policy at DC , Supergirl was initially killed off in the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths . DC Comics subsequently rebooted the continuity of the DC Comics Universe , re-establishing Superman 's character as the sole survivor of Krypton 's destruction . Following the conclusion of Crisis on Infinite Earths , several different characters written as having no familial relationship to Superman have assumed the role of Supergirl , including Matrix , Linda Danvers , and Cir-El . Following the cancellation of the third Supergirl comic book series ( 1996-2003 ) , which starred the Matrix/Linda Danvers version of the character , a modern version of Kara Zor-El was reintroduced into the DC Comics continuity in The Supergirl from Krypton story within Superman/Batman # 8 ( February 2004 ) . This modern Kara Zor-El stars as Supergirl in an eponymous comic book series and additionally in a supporting role in various other DC Comics publications . Since her initial comic book appearances , the character later branched out into animation , film , television , and merchandising ."}]}, {'value': 'Astro City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astro_City', 'summary': "Kurt Busiek 's Astro City is an American superhero anthology comic book series centered on a fictional American city of that name . Created and written by Kurt Busiek , the series is mostly illustrated by Brent Anderson , with character designs and painted covers by Alex Ross . The first volume was published from 1995 to 1996 by Image Comics . In 1996 , a second volume was launched under the Homage Comics imprint of Image partner studio WildStorm , which was then acquired by DC Comics , where the series later transitioned to the WildStorm Signature Series imprint and continued until 2010 . During this period it switched from a regular ongoing series to a sequence of periodic mini-series and special issues . A third , ongoing volume was launched under DC 's Vertigo imprint in 2013 and concluded in 2018 , reverting to occasional miniseries and original graphic novels . Counting all series , mini-series and special issues , over 100 issues have been published ."}]}, {'value': 'Astro City # 1 ( August 1995 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astro_City', 'summary': "Kurt Busiek 's Astro City is an American superhero anthology comic book series centered on a fictional American city of that name . Created and written by Kurt Busiek , the series is mostly illustrated by Brent Anderson , with character designs and painted covers by Alex Ross . The first volume was published from 1995 to 1996 by Image Comics . In 1996 , a second volume was launched under the Homage Comics imprint of Image partner studio WildStorm , which was then acquired by DC Comics , where the series later transitioned to the WildStorm Signature Series imprint and continued until 2010 . During this period it switched from a regular ongoing series to a sequence of periodic mini-series and special issues . A third , ongoing volume was launched under DC 's Vertigo imprint in 2013 and concluded in 2018 , reverting to occasional miniseries and original graphic novels . Counting all series , mini-series and special issues , over 100 issues have been published ."}]}, {'value': 'Kurt Busiek and Brent Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Busiek', 'summary': 'Kurt Busiek ( /ˈbjuːsɪk/ ; born September 16 , 1960 ) is an American comic book writer . His work includes the Marvels limited series , his own series titled Astro City , and a four-year run on The Avengers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brent_Anderson', 'summary': 'Brent Anderson ( born June 15 , 1955 , in San Jose , California ) is an American comics artist known for his work on X-Men : God Loves , Man Kills and the comic book series Astro City .'}]}, {'value': 'Image Comics ; later Homage Comics and Vertigo Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Image_Comics', 'summary': 'Image Comics is an American comic book publisher and is the third largest comic book and graphic novel publisher in the industry in both unit and market share . It was founded in 1992 by several high-profile illustrators as a venue for creator-owned properties , in which comics creators could publish material of their own creation without giving up the copyrights to those properties . Normally this was a case in the work for hire-dominated American comics industry , in which the legal author is a publisher , such as Marvel Comics or DC Comics , and the creator is an employee of that publisher . Its output was originally dominated by superhero and fantasy series from the studios of the founding Image partners , but now includes comics in many genres by numerous independent creators . Its best-known publications include The Walking Dead , Spawn , Saga , and Kick-Ass .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Homage_Comics', 'summary': 'Homage Comics was a comic book publishing imprint , a subdivision of Wildstorm . It was created in 1995 to focus more on writer-driven titles . As part of Wildstorm , it was acquired by DC Comics in 1998 . In Summer 2004 the imprint was merged with the Cliffhanger imprint to form the Wildstorm Signature Series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vertigo_Comics', 'summary': "Vertigo ( also known as Vertigo Comics or DC Vertigo ) is a discontinued imprint of the American comic book publisher DC Comics . It was created in 1993 to publish stories with more graphic or adult content , which did not fit within the restrictions of the Comics Code Authority or DC 's primary superhero brand , thus allowing more creative freedom . These comics were free to contain explicit violence , substance abuse , sexuality , nudity , profanity , and other controversial subjects , similar to films and TV shows intended for adult audiences . Following a series of editorial restructurings in the 2010s , DC discontinued it in January 2020 , instead publishing later mature readers work under the DC label . Although its initial publications were primarily in the horror and fantasy genres , over time it also published works dealing with crime , social commentary , speculative fiction , biography , and other genres . Originally publishing a mix of company-owned work based on DC 's existing characters , and creator-owned work , its focus shifted to the latter . It pioneered in North America the publishing model in which monthly series sold through comic book shops are periodically collected into editions which are kept in print for bookstore sale . Several Vertigo series won the comics industry 's Eisner Award , including the best continuing series of various years ( The Sandman , Preacher , 100 Bullets , Y : The Last Man , and Fables ) . Several of its publications were adapted to film ( such as Constantine , A History of Violence , Stardust , and V for Vendetta ) and episodic television ( such as Constantine , iZombie , Lucifer , and Preacher ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fictional American city that is the setting of the ongoing superhero series Astro City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Valley_(comics)', 'summary': 'This page list the locations in the DC Universe , the shared universe setting of DC Comics .'}]}, {'value': 'The Flash # 110 ( December 1959 ) ( first mentioned )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Flash_(comic_book)', 'summary': "The Flash is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero of the same name . Since 2010 , the series focuses on Barry Allen , the second Flash , who was the original focus from 1959 to 1985 . Prior to Barry 's return , the series depicted the adventures of Wally West , the third Flash , from 1987 to 2006 and 2007 to 2008 . Bart Allen , the fourth Flash , also appeared as the lead for 13 issues between 2006 and 2007 . The series began as a Silver Age of Comic Books revival of Flash Comics from the Golden Age , which featured original Flash Jay Garrick , and continued the numbering of Flash Comics with a new title and Barry replacing Jay . Although the Flash is a mainstay in the DC Comics stable , the series has been canceled and rebooted eight times . The first series featuring Barry was canceled at issue # 350 after the character 's death in Crisis on Infinite Earths . When Wally succeeded Allen as the Flash , a new series began in June 1987 . The second series was briefly canceled in 2006 in the wake of the Infinite Crisis event that saw Bart replace Wally , but was restarted with its original numbering in 2007 when Wally returned as the Flash . Following Barry 's return in Final Crisis and The Flash : Rebirth , the second volume was canceled again , with a third volume restoring Barry as the primary Flash debuting in 2010 . A fourth volume was later launched in 2011 as part of The New 52 . The fifth and current volume was launched in 2016 as part of DC Rebirth ."}]}, {'value': 'John Broome and Carmine Infantino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmine_Infantino', 'summary': "Carmine Michael Infantino ( /ˌɪnfənˈtiːnoʊ/ ; May 24 , 1925 - April 4 , 2013 ) was an American comics artist and editor , primarily for DC Comics , during the late 1950s and early 1960s period known as the Silver Age of Comic Books . Among his character creations are the Silver Age version of DC super-speedster the Flash , with writer Robert Kanigher ; the stretching Elongated Man , with John Broome , and Christopher Chance , the second iteration of the Human Target , with Len Wein . He was inducted into comics ' Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fictional American city that is the hometown of Kid Flash , sidekick to the superhero the Flash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wally_West', 'summary': "Wallace Rudolph West is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics as the original Kid Flash and the third Flash . His power consists mainly of superhuman speed . The nephew of Barry Allen , the second Flash , he first appeared in Flash # 110 ( 1959 ) , which depicted his transformation into Kid Flash . Under the mantle of Kid Flash , Wally was depicted as a teenage sidekick to his uncle and a founding member of the Teen Titans . After Barry 's death in Crisis on Infinite Earths in 1985 , Wally took on the role of the Flash from 1986 to 2009 in DC 's main lineup until Barry returned in The Flash : Rebirth . In his debut as the Flash , Wally wears a distinct red and gold costume similar to Barry 's , which , like his uncle , he traditionally stores compressed inside a ring . He later creates a costume directly out of Speed Force energy . Following his return in DC Rebirth , Wally obtains a new red and silver costume that generates blue and white lightning to demonstrate that his connection to the Speed Force is stronger than ever . Generally portrayed as Caucasian with red hair and green eyes , Wally was reinterpreted as biracial for DC 's 2011 New 52 relaunch . A desire from fans to see the original interpretation of the character restored , however , led to the first Wally returning in 2016 's DC Rebirth , while his New 52 reinterpretation was revealed as a separate character . In 2011 , IGN ranked Wally West # 8 on their list of the Top 100 Super Heroes of All Time , ahead of other speedster heroes , stating that Wally West is one of the DCU 's greatest heroes , even if he does not rank as the original Scarlet Speedster . In 2013 , Wally West placed 6th on IGN 's Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics , also ahead of other speedsters ."}]}, {'value': 'Blüdhaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blüdhaven', 'summary': 'This page list the locations in the DC Universe , the shared universe setting of DC Comics .'}]}, {'value': 'Nightwing ( vol . 2 ) # 1 ( October 1996 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuck Dixon and Scott McDaniel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Dixon', 'summary': 'Charles Dixon ( born April 14 , 1954 ) is an American comic book writer , best known for his work on the Marvel Comics character the Punisher and on the DC Comics characters Batman , Nightwing , and Robin in the 1990s and early 2000s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_McDaniel', 'summary': "Scott McDaniel ( born 1965 ) is an American comics artist who has drawn numerous books , including Marvel Comics ' Fall from Grace storyline for the Daredevil series . Notable artwork for DC Comics include a long run on Batman as regular penciller , Nightwing , Richard Dragon , and most recently Green Arrow ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fictional American city that is the home of Nightwing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nightwing', 'summary': "Nightwing is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character has appeared in various incarnations , with the Nightwing identity most prominently being adopted by Dick Grayson when he reinvented himself from his role as Batman 's vigilante partner Robin . Although Nightwing is commonly associated with Batman , the title and concept have origins in classic Superman stories . The original Nightwing in DC Comics was an identity assumed by alien superhero Superman when stranded on the Kryptonian city of Kandor with his friend Jimmy Olsen . Drawing inspiration from Batman and Robin , the two protect Kandor as the superheroes Nightwing and Flamebird . Following the Crisis on Infinite Earths continuity reboot in 1985 , Nightwing was re-imagined as a legendary vigilante from Krypton whose story inspires Dick Grayson 's choice of name when he leaves behind his Robin identity . Other stories set among the Batman family of characters have seen acquaintances and friends of Richard John Dick Grayson briefly assume the title , including his fellow Robin alumnus Jason Todd . Meanwhile , Superman stories have seen Superman 's adopted son Chris Kent and Power Girl take up the name for brief turns as Nightwing . Various other characters have taken the name in stories set outside DC 's main continuity as well , and at times the role has been unoccupied , such as when Dick Grayson operated as Batman and after faking his death . In 2013 , Nightwing placed 5th on IGN 's Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics and Grayson as Nightwing was ranked the # 1 Sexiest Male Character in Comics by ComicsAlliance in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Champignac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champignac', 'summary': 'Champignac , or specifically Champignac-en-Cambrousse , is a fictional village frequently featured in the adventures of Spirou et Fantasio by André Franquin and the successive authors . The initial idea of Champignac is attributed to Henri Gillain . The village was introduced in the adventure Il y a un sorcier à Champignac , first published in Spirou magazine in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spirou et Fantasio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spirou_et_Fantasio', 'summary': "Spirou & Fantasio ( French : Spirou et Fantasio ) is one of the most popular classic Franco-Belgian comics . The series , which has been running since 1938 , shares many characteristics with other European humorous adventure comics like The Adventures of Tintin and Asterix . It has been written and drawn by a succession of artists . Spirou and Fantasio are the series ' main characters , two adventurous journalists who run into fantastic adventures , aided by Spirou 's pet squirrel Spip and their inventor friend the Count of Champignac ."}]}, {'value': 'André Franquin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Franquin', 'summary': "André Franquin ( French : [ fʁɑ̃kɛ̃ ] ; 3 January 1924 - 5 January 1997 ) was an influential Belgian comics artist , whose best known creations are Gaston and Marsupilami . He also produced the Spirou et Fantasio comic strip from 1947 to 1969 , a period seen by many as the series ' golden age ."}]}, {'value': '/', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home town of Spirou and Fantasio . It is well known for its mayor and local count , who is also a mad scientist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spirou_(character)', 'summary': 'Spirou ( Walloon for squirrel , mischievous ) is a Belgian comic strip character and protagonist in the comic strip series Spirou et Fantasio and Le Petit Spirou . He also serves as the mascot of the Belgian comic strip magazine Spirou .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fantasio', 'summary': "Fantasio is a fictional character from the Spirou et Fantasio comic strip . He was introduced in 1944 by Jijé , who was then drawing Spirou 's adventures . Fantasio is Spirou 's best friend and co-adventurer , a graphic reporter with an uncontrolled imagination and a mop of blond hair . In his early incarnation , he was considerably taller than Spirou , with a clown-like demeanour , and his hairstyle resembled that of Blondie character Dagwood Bumstead . In the Franquin era , he and Spirou became more alike . He has an evil megalomaniac cousin , Zantafio , who is his sworn enemy but bears a strong physical resemblance to him . Fantasio also appeared in the Gaston comic strip , where he was the main character 's superior , often seen trying to sign contracts with Monsieur De Mesmaeker . His job in this series could be described as an office manager . In opposition to his role in Spirou , in Gaston Fantasio was a serious character , playing straight man to Gaston 's goofy antics , who thus becomes to Fantasio what Fantasio is to Spirou . However , Fantasio left that series when André Franquin left Spirou et Fantasio after the album Panade à Champignac ( taking Gaston and the Marsupilami with him ) , being replaced in the role by Léon Prunelle ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mad_scientist', 'summary': 'Mad scientist ( also mad doctor or mad professor ) is a stock character of a scientist who is described as mad or insane owing to a combination of unusual or unsettling personality traits and the unabashedly ambitious , taboo or hubristic nature of their experiments . As a motif in fiction , the mad scientist may be villainous ( evil genius ) or antagonistic , benign or neutral ; may be insane , eccentric , or clumsy ; and often works with fictional technology or fails to recognize or value common human objections to attempting to play God . Some may have benevolent or good-spirited intentions , even if their actions are dangerous or questionable , which can make them accidental villains .'}]}, {'value': 'Citrusville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventure into Fear # 11 ( December 1972 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventure_into_Fear', 'summary': 'Adventure into Fear is an American horror comic book series published by Marvel Comics from cover dates November 1970 through December 1975 , for 31 issues . This is its trademarked cover title for all but its first nine issues , though the series is copyrighted in its postal indicia as simply Fear . The first nine issues , cover-titled Fear , reprinted science fiction/fantasy and monster stories from the late-1950s and early 1960s pre-superhero Marvel comics , primarily Journey into Mystery , Strange Tales , Tales to Astonish , and Tales of Suspense . Most were written by Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee and/or Larry Lieber , and generally penciled by Jack Kirby , Steve Ditko , or Don Heck , though occasionally by Paul Reinman or Joe Sinnott . Most covers were reprints , though Marie Severin drew the new top half of # 4 , John Severin the cover of # 8 , and the team of Gil Kane ( penciler ) and Frank Giacoia ( inker ) the covers of # 5 , 6 and 9 .'}]}, {'value': 'Steve Gerber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Gerber', 'summary': 'Stephen Ross Gerber ( /ˈɡɜːrbər/ ; September 20 , 1947 - February 10 , 2008 ) was an American comic book writer best known for co-creating the satiric Marvel Comics character Howard the Duck and a character-defining run on Man-Thing , one of their monster properties . Other notable works include Omega the Unknown , Marvel Spotlight : Son of Satan , The Defenders , Marvel Presents : Guardians of the Galaxy , Daredevil and Foolkiller . Gerber was known for including lengthy text pages in the midst of comic book stories , such as in his graphic novel , Stewart the Rat . Gerber was posthumously inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marvel Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fictional American town located in Cypress County , Florida ; the location of the Nexus of Realities and its guardian , the Man-Thing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man-Thing', 'summary': "The Man-Thing ( Dr. Theodore Ted Sallis ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writers Stan Lee , Roy Thomas , and Gerry Conway and artist Gray Morrow , the character first appeared in Savage Tales # 1 ( May 1971 ) , and went on to be featured in various titles and in his own series , including Adventure into Fear , which introduced the character Howard the Duck . Steve Gerber 's 39-issue run on the series is considered to be a cult classic . [ citation needed ] The Man-Thing is a large , slow-moving , empathic , humanoid swamp monster living in the Florida Everglades near a Seminole reservation and the fictitious town of Citrusville in Cypress County , Florida . Conan Stevens portrayed the character in the 2005 film Man-Thing ."}]}, {'value': 'The City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Transmetropolitan # 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Transmetropolitan', 'summary': "Transmetropolitan is a cyberpunk transhumanist comic book series written by Warren Ellis and co-created and designed by Darick Robertson ; it was published by the American company DC Comics in 1997-2002 . The series was originally part of the short-lived DC Comics imprint Helix , but upon the end of the book 's first year the series was moved to the Vertigo imprint after DC Comics shut down their Helix imprint . Transmetropolitan chronicles the battles of Spider Jerusalem , infamous renegade gonzo journalist of the future . Spider Jerusalem dedicates himself to fighting the corruption and abuse of power of two successive United States presidents . He and his filthy assistants strive to keep their world from turning more dystopian than it already is while dealing with the struggles of fame and power , brought about due to the popularity of Spider via his articles . The monthly series began in July 1997 and concluded in September 2002 . The series was later reprinted in an array of ten trade paperback volumes , and also featured two specials ( I Hate It Here and Filth of the City ) with text pieces written by Spider Jerusalem and illustrated by a wide range of comic artists . These were later collected in trade paperbacks ."}]}, {'value': 'Warren Ellis and Darick Robertson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Ellis', 'summary': 'Warren Girard Ellis ( born 16 February 1968 ) is a British comic-book writer , novelist , and screenwriter . He is best known as the co-creator of several original comics series , including Transmetropolitan ( 1997-2002 ) , Global Frequency ( 2002-2004 ) , Red ( 2003-2004 ) - adapted into the feature films Red ( 2010 ) and Red 2 ( 2013 ) - Trees ( 2014-present ) , and Injection ( 2015-present ) . Ellis is the author of the novels Crooked Little Vein ( 2007 ) and Gun Machine ( 2013 ) , and the novella Normal ( 2016 ) . A prolific comic-book writer , he has written several Marvel series , including Astonishing X-Men , Thunderbolts , Moon Knight , and the Extremis story arc of Iron Man , which was the basis for the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) . Ellis created The Authority and Planetary for WildStorm , and wrote a run of Hellblazer for Vertigo , and James Bond for Dynamite Entertainment . Ellis wrote the video games Hostile Waters ( 2001 ) , Cold Winter ( 2005 ) , and Dead Space ( 2008 ) . He also wrote the animated TV movie G.I . Joe : Resolute ( 2009 ) . Ellis is well known for sociocultural commentary , both through his online presence and through his writing , which covers transhumanist ( most notably nanotechnology , cryonics , mind transfer , and human enhancement ) and folkloric themes , often in combination with each other . He is a patron of Humanists UK , a charity focused on promoting humanism and advancing secularism . He is a resident of Southend-on-Sea , England .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Darick_Robertson', 'summary': 'Darick W. Robertson is an American artist best known for his work as a comic book illustrator on series he co-created , notably Transmetropolitan and The Boys . Robertson has illustrated hundreds of comics in his twenty plus years in the industry . His body of work ranges from science fiction characters of his own creation to work on renowned classic characters from Marvel and DC Comics .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fictional megacity which forms the main setting for the Vertigo comic Transmetropolitan by Warren Ellis . Located somewhere in the United States , the City is the largest metropolitan area in the futuristic world of the series ( an exact date is never given ) , and the center of political and social culture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megacity', 'summary': 'A megacity is a very large city metropolitan area , typically with a population of more than 10 million people . Precise definitions vary : the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs in its 2014 World Urbanization Prospects report counted urban agglomerations having over 10 million inhabitants . A University of Bonn report held that they are usually defined as metropolitan areas with a total population of 10 million or more people . Others list cities satisfying criteria of either 5 or 8 million and also have a population density of 2,000 per square kilometre . A megacity can be a single metropolitan area or two or more metropolitan areas that converge due to close proximity . [ citation needed ] The terms conurbation , metropolis , and metroplex are also applied to the latter . As of 2017 , there are 47 megacities in existence . Most of these urban agglomerations are in China and other countries of Asia . The largest are the metropolitan areas of Tokyo , Shanghai , and Jakarta , each having over 30 million inhabitants . China alone has 15 megacities , India has five , and Japan has three . Other countries with multiple megacities include the United States , Brazil and Pakistan , each with two . African megacities are also present in Nigeria , Egypt and the DRC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vertigo_Comics', 'summary': "Vertigo ( also known as Vertigo Comics or DC Vertigo ) is a discontinued imprint of the American comic book publisher DC Comics . It was created in 1993 to publish stories with more graphic or adult content , which did not fit within the restrictions of the Comics Code Authority or DC 's primary superhero brand , thus allowing more creative freedom . These comics were free to contain explicit violence , substance abuse , sexuality , nudity , profanity , and other controversial subjects , similar to films and TV shows intended for adult audiences . Following a series of editorial restructurings in the 2010s , DC discontinued it in January 2020 , instead publishing later mature readers work under the DC label . Although its initial publications were primarily in the horror and fantasy genres , over time it also published works dealing with crime , social commentary , speculative fiction , biography , and other genres . Originally publishing a mix of company-owned work based on DC 's existing characters , and creator-owned work , its focus shifted to the latter . It pioneered in North America the publishing model in which monthly series sold through comic book shops are periodically collected into editions which are kept in print for bookstore sale . Several Vertigo series won the comics industry 's Eisner Award , including the best continuing series of various years ( The Sandman , Preacher , 100 Bullets , Y : The Last Man , and Fables ) . Several of its publications were adapted to film ( such as Constantine , A History of Violence , Stardust , and V for Vendetta ) and episodic television ( such as Constantine , iZombie , Lucifer , and Preacher ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Transmetropolitan', 'summary': "Transmetropolitan is a cyberpunk transhumanist comic book series written by Warren Ellis and co-created and designed by Darick Robertson ; it was published by the American company DC Comics in 1997-2002 . The series was originally part of the short-lived DC Comics imprint Helix , but upon the end of the book 's first year the series was moved to the Vertigo imprint after DC Comics shut down their Helix imprint . Transmetropolitan chronicles the battles of Spider Jerusalem , infamous renegade gonzo journalist of the future . Spider Jerusalem dedicates himself to fighting the corruption and abuse of power of two successive United States presidents . He and his filthy assistants strive to keep their world from turning more dystopian than it already is while dealing with the struggles of fame and power , brought about due to the popularity of Spider via his articles . The monthly series began in July 1997 and concluded in September 2002 . The series was later reprinted in an array of ten trade paperback volumes , and also featured two specials ( I Hate It Here and Filth of the City ) with text pieces written by Spider Jerusalem and illustrated by a wide range of comic artists . These were later collected in trade paperbacks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Warren_Ellis', 'summary': 'Warren Girard Ellis ( born 16 February 1968 ) is a British comic-book writer , novelist , and screenwriter . He is best known as the co-creator of several original comics series , including Transmetropolitan ( 1997-2002 ) , Global Frequency ( 2002-2004 ) , Red ( 2003-2004 ) - adapted into the feature films Red ( 2010 ) and Red 2 ( 2013 ) - Trees ( 2014-present ) , and Injection ( 2015-present ) . Ellis is the author of the novels Crooked Little Vein ( 2007 ) and Gun Machine ( 2013 ) , and the novella Normal ( 2016 ) . A prolific comic-book writer , he has written several Marvel series , including Astonishing X-Men , Thunderbolts , Moon Knight , and the Extremis story arc of Iron Man , which was the basis for the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) . Ellis created The Authority and Planetary for WildStorm , and wrote a run of Hellblazer for Vertigo , and James Bond for Dynamite Entertainment . Ellis wrote the video games Hostile Waters ( 2001 ) , Cold Winter ( 2005 ) , and Dead Space ( 2008 ) . He also wrote the animated TV movie G.I . Joe : Resolute ( 2009 ) . Ellis is well known for sociocultural commentary , both through his online presence and through his writing , which covers transhumanist ( most notably nanotechnology , cryonics , mind transfer , and human enhancement ) and folkloric themes , often in combination with each other . He is a patron of Humanists UK , a charity focused on promoting humanism and advancing secularism . He is a resident of Southend-on-Sea , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Central City ( DC Comics )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_City_(DC_Comics)', 'summary': 'Central City is a fictional American city appearing in comic books published by DC Comics . It is the home of the Silver Age version of the Flash ( Barry Allen ) , and first appeared in Showcase # 4 in September-October 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 4 ( September-October 1956 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Kanigher , John Broome , and Carmine Infantino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kanigher', 'summary': "Robert Kanigher ( /ˈkænɪɡər/ ; June 18 , 1915 - May 7 , 2002 ) was an American comic book writer and editor whose career spanned five decades . He was involved with the Wonder Woman franchise for over twenty years , taking over the scripting from creator William Moulton Marston . In addition , Kanigher spent many years in charge of DC Comics ' war titles , as well as creating the character Sgt . Rock . Kanigher scripted what is considered the first Silver Age comic book story , Mystery of the Human Thunderbolt ! which introduced the Barry Allen version of the Flash in Showcase # 4 ( Oct. 1956 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fictional American city that is the home of the Silver Age Flash , Barry Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)', 'summary': "The Flash ( Bartholomew Henry Barry Allen ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character first appeared in Showcase # 4 ( October 1956 ) , created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino . Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash , who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick . Because he is a speedster , his power consists mainly of superhuman speed . Various other effects are also attributed to his ability to control the speed of molecular vibrations , including his ability to vibrate at speed to pass through objects . The Flash wears a distinct red and gold costume treated to resist friction and wind resistance , traditionally storing the costume compressed inside a ring . Barry Allen 's classic stories introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics , and this concept played a large part in DC 's various continuity reboots over the years . The Flash has traditionally always had a significant role in DC 's major company-wide reboot stories , and in the crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths # 8 ( Nov. 1985 ) , Barry Allen died saving the Multiverse , removing the character from the regular DC lineup for 23 years . His return to regular comics is foreshadowed during the narrative ( and a single image of a blur ) in Grant Morrison 's crossover story Final Crisis : Rogues ' Revenge # 3 ( Nov. 2008 ) , fully actualized in Geoff Johns ' accompanying The Flash : Rebirth # 1 ( June 2009 ) , kicking off a six-issue limited series . He has since played a pivotal role in the crossover stories Blackest Night ( 2009 ) , Flashpoint ( 2011 ) , Convergence ( 2015 ) , and DC Rebirth ( 2016 ) . Allen is the most well-known and commonly featured individual to take the mantle of the Flash , being present in numerous media adaptations , one-shots and comic-book story-arcs taking place in alternate universes . Barry Allen has been featured in several media , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program ."}]}, {'value': 'Coast City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coast_City', 'summary': 'Coast City is a city created by John Broome and Gil Kane that appears in stories published by DC Comics . It is depicted most often as the home of the Silver Age version of the superhero Green Lantern , Hal Jordan . Ferris Aircraft is one of the largest employers in Coast City .'}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 22 ( September-October 1959 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showcase_(comics)', 'summary': 'Showcase is a comic anthology series published by DC Comics . The general theme of the series was to feature new and minor characters as a way to gauge reader interest in them , without the difficulty and risk of featuring untested characters in their own ongoing titles . Showcase is regarded as the most successful of such tryout series , having been published continuously for more than 14 years , launching numerous popular titles , and maintaining a considerable readership of its own . The series ran from March-April 1956 to September 1970 , suspending publication with issue # 93 , and then was revived for eleven issues from August 1977 to September 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Broome and Gil Kane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Broome_(writer)', 'summary': 'John Broome ( May 4 , 1913 - March 14 , 1999 ) , who additionally used the pseudonyms John Osgood and Edgar Ray Meritt , was an American comic book writer for DC Comics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gil_Kane', 'summary': 'Gil Kane ( /dʒɪl keɪn/ ; born Eli Katz /kæts/ ; April 6 , 1926 - January 31 , 2000 ) was a Latvian-born American comics artist whose career spanned the 1940s to the 1990s and virtually every major comics company and character . Kane co-created the modern-day versions of the superheroes Green Lantern and the Atom for DC Comics , and co-created Iron Fist with Roy Thomas for Marvel Comics . He was involved in such major storylines as that of The Amazing Spider-Man # 96-98 , which , at the behest of the U.S. Department of Health , Education , and Welfare , bucked the then-prevalent Comics Code Authority to depict drug abuse , and ultimately spurred an update of the Code . Kane additionally pioneered an early graphic novel prototype , His Name Is . Savage , in 1968 , and a seminal graphic novel , Blackmark , in 1971 . In 1997 , he was inducted into both the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame and the Harvey Award Jack Kirby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fictional Californian city and home of the Silver Age version of the superhero Green Lantern , Hal Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Lantern', 'summary': "Green Lantern is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers , all of which come from imagination and/or emotions . [ citation needed ] The characters are typically depicted as members of the Green Lantern Corps , an interstellar law enforcement agency . The first Green Lantern character , Alan Scott , was created in 1940 by Martin Nodell during the Golden Age of Comic Books and usually fought common criminals in Capitol City ( and later , Gotham City ) with the aid of his magic ring . For the Silver Age of Comic Books , John Broome and Gil Kane reinvented the character as Hal Jordan in 1959 and shifted the focus of Green Lantern stories from fantasy to science fiction . Other notable Green Lanterns include Guy Gardner , John Stewart , and Kyle Rayner . The Green Lanterns are among DC Comics ' longer lasting sets of characters . They have been adapted to television , video games , and motion pictures ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hal_Jordan', 'summary': "Hal Jordan , also known as Green Lantern , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created in 1959 by writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane , and first appeared in Showcase # 22 ( October 1959 ) . Hal Jordan is a reinvention of the previous Green Lantern who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Alan Scott . Hal Jordan is a fighter pilot , a member and occasionally leader of an intergalactic police force called the Green Lantern Corps , as well as a founding member of the Justice League , DC 's flagship superhero team , alongside well-known heroes such as Batman , Superman , and Wonder Woman . He fights evil across the universe with a ring that grants him a variety of superpowers , but is usually portrayed as one of the protectors of Sector 2814 , which is the sector where Earth resides . His powers derive from his power ring and Green Lantern battery , which in the hands of someone capable of overcoming great fear allows the user to channel their will power into creating all manner of fantastic constructs . Jordan uses this power to fly , even through the vacuum of space ; to create shields , swords , and lasers ; and to construct his Green Lantern costume , which protects his secret identity in his civilian life on Earth . Jordan and all other Green Lanterns are monitored and empowered by the mysterious Guardians of the Universe , who were developed from an idea editor Julius Schwartz and Broome had originally conceived years prior in a story featuring Captain Comet in Strange Adventures # 22 ( July 1952 ) entitled Guardians of the Clockwork Universe . During the 1990s , Jordan also appeared as a villain . The story line Emerald Twilight saw a Jordan traumatized by the supervillain Mongul 's destruction of Jordan 's hometown Coast City , adopt the name Parallax , and threaten to destroy the universe . In subsequent years , DC Comics rehabilitated the character , first by having Jordan seek redemption for his actions as Parallax , and later by revealing that Parallax was in fact an evil cosmic entity that corrupted Jordan and took control of his actions . Between the character 's stint as Parallax and his return to DC Comics as a heroic Green Lantern once more , the character also briefly served as the Spectre , a supernatural character in DC Comics stories who acts as God 's wrathful agent on Earth ."}]}, {'value': 'Dingburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dingburg', 'summary': "Zippy the Pinhead is a fictional character who is the protagonist of Zippy , an American comic strip created by Bill Griffith . Zippy 's most famous quotation , Are we having fun yet ? , appears in Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations and became a catchphrase . He almost always wears a yellow muumuu/clown suit with large red polka dots , and puffy , white clown shoes . ( Other forms of attire may be seen when appropriate to the context , e.g . a toga . ) Although in name and appearance , Zippy is a microcephalic , he is distinctive not so much for his skull shape , or for any identifiable form of brain damage , but for his enthusiasm for philosophical non sequiturs ( All life is a blur of Republicans and meat ! ) , verbal free association , and the pursuit of popular culture ephemera . His wholehearted devotion to random artifacts satirizes the excesses of consumerism . The character of Zippy the Pinhead initially appeared in underground publications during the 1970s . The Zippy comic is distributed by King Features Syndicate to more than 100 newspapers , and Griffith self-syndicates strips to college newspapers and alternative weeklies . The strip is unique among syndicated multi-panel dailies for its characteristics of literary nonsense , including a near-absence of either straightforward gags or continuous narrative , and for its unusually intricate artwork , which is reminiscent of the style of Griffith 's 1970s underground comics ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Griffith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Griffith', 'summary': 'William Henry Jackson Griffith ( born January 20 , 1944 ) is an American cartoonist who signs his work Bill Griffith and Griffy . He is best known for his surreal daily comic strip Zippy . The catchphrase Are we having fun yet ? is credited to Griffith .'}]}, {'value': 'Zippy the Pinhead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hometown of Zippy the Pinhead , located seventeen miles west of Baltimore , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zippy_the_Pinhead', 'summary': "Zippy the Pinhead is a fictional character who is the protagonist of Zippy , an American comic strip created by Bill Griffith . Zippy 's most famous quotation , Are we having fun yet ? , appears in Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations and became a catchphrase . He almost always wears a yellow muumuu/clown suit with large red polka dots , and puffy , white clown shoes . ( Other forms of attire may be seen when appropriate to the context , e.g . a toga . ) Although in name and appearance , Zippy is a microcephalic , he is distinctive not so much for his skull shape , or for any identifiable form of brain damage , but for his enthusiasm for philosophical non sequiturs ( All life is a blur of Republicans and meat ! ) , verbal free association , and the pursuit of popular culture ephemera . His wholehearted devotion to random artifacts satirizes the excesses of consumerism . The character of Zippy the Pinhead initially appeared in underground publications during the 1970s . The Zippy comic is distributed by King Features Syndicate to more than 100 newspapers , and Griffith self-syndicates strips to college newspapers and alternative weeklies . The strip is unique among syndicated multi-panel dailies for its characteristics of literary nonsense , including a near-absence of either straightforward gags or continuous narrative , and for its unusually intricate artwork , which is reminiscent of the style of Griffith 's 1970s underground comics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Doomstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doomstadt', 'summary': "Latveria is a fictional nation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . It is depicted within the storylines of Marvel 's comic titles as an isolated European country ruled by the fictional Supreme Lord Doctor Doom , supposedly located in the Banat region . It is surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains , and also borders Symkaria ( home of Silver Sable ) to the south . Its capital is Doomstadt ."}]}, {'value': 'Fantastic Four ( vol . 1 ) # 5 ( 1962 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantastic_Four', 'summary': "The Fantastic Four are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The group debuted in Fantastic Four # 1 ( cover dated Nov. 1961 ) , which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium . The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby and editor/co-plotter Stan Lee , who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on . The four individuals traditionally associated with the Fantastic Four , who gained superpowers after exposure to cosmic rays during a scientific mission to outer space , are Mister Fantastic ( Reed Richards ) , a scientific genius and the leader of the group , who can stretch his body into incredible lengths and shapes ; the Invisible Girl ( Susan Sue Storm ; later Invisible Woman ) , who eventually married Reed , who can render herself invisible and later project powerful invisible force fields ; the Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , Sue 's younger brother , who can generate flames , surround himself with them and fly ; and the monstrous Thing ( Ben Grimm ) , their grumpy but benevolent friend , a former college football star and Reed 's college roommate as well as a good pilot , who possesses tremendous superhuman strength , durability , and endurance due to the nature of his stone-like flesh . Since their original 1961 introduction , the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a somewhat dysfunctional , yet loving , family . Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time , they would squabble and hold grudges both deep and petty and eschewed anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status . The team is also well known for its recurring encounters with characters such as the villainous monarch Doctor Doom , the planet-devouring Galactus , the Kree Empire 's ruthless and tyrannical enforcer Ronan the Accuser , Annihilus , ruler of the Negative Zone , the sea-dwelling prince Namor , the spacefaring Silver Surfer , and the Skrull warrior Kl'rt . The Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media , including four animated series and four live-action films ."}]}, {'value': 'Stan Lee , Jack Kirby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_Lee', 'summary': "Stan Lee ( born Stanley Martin Lieber /ˈliːbər/ ; December 28 , 1922 - November 12 , 2018 ) was an American comic book writer , editor , publisher , and producer . He rose through the ranks of a family-run business to become Marvel Comics ' primary creative leader for two decades , leading its expansion from a small division of a publishing house to a multimedia corporation that dominated the comics industry . In collaboration with others at Marvel - particularly co-writer/artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko - he co-created numerous popular fictional characters , including superheroes Spider-Man , the X-Men , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , the Fantastic Four , Black Panther , Daredevil , Doctor Strange , Scarlet Witch and Ant-Man . In doing so , he pioneered a more naturalistic approach to writing superhero comics in the 1960s , and in the 1970s he challenged the restrictions of the Comics Code Authority , indirectly leading to changes in its policies . In the 1980s he pursued the development of Marvel properties in other media , with mixed results . Following his retirement from Marvel in the 1990s , he remained a public figurehead for the company , and frequently made cameo appearances in films and television shows based on Marvel characters , on which he received an executive producer credit . Meanwhile , he continued independent creative ventures into his 90s , until his death in 2018 . Lee was inducted into the comic book industry 's Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995 . He received the NEA 's National Medal of Arts in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jack_Kirby', 'summary': "Jack Kirby ( born Jacob Kurtzberg ; /ˈkɜːrtsbɜːrɡ/ ; August 28 , 1917 - February 6 , 1994 ) was an American comic book artist , writer and editor , widely regarded as one of the medium 's major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators . He grew up in New York City and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and editorial cartoons . He entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s , drawing various comics features under different pen names , including Jack Curtiss , before ultimately settling on Jack Kirby . In 1940 , he and writer-editor Joe Simon created the highly successful superhero character Captain America for Timely Comics , predecessor of Marvel Comics . During the 1940s , Kirby regularly teamed with Simon , creating numerous characters for that company and for National Comics Publications , later to become DC Comics . After serving in the European Theater in World War II , Kirby produced work for DC Comics , Harvey Comics , Hillman Periodicals and other publishers . At Crestwood Publications , he and Simon created the genre of romance comics and later founded their own short-lived comic company , Mainline Publications . Kirby was involved in Timely 's 1950s iteration , Atlas Comics , which in the next decade became Marvel . There , in the 1960s under writer-editor Stan Lee , Kirby created many of the company 's major characters , including the Fantastic Four , the X-Men and the Hulk . The Lee-Kirby titles garnered high sales and critical acclaim , but in 1970 , feeling he had been treated unfairly , largely in the realm of authorship credit and creators ' rights , Kirby left the company for rival DC . At DC , Kirby created his Fourth World saga which spanned several comics titles . While these series proved commercially unsuccessful and were canceled , the Fourth World 's New Gods have continued as a significant part of the DC Universe ."}]}, {'value': 'Marvel Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvel_Comics', 'summary': "Marvel Comics is the brand name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. , formerly Marvel Publishing , Inc. and Marvel Comics Group , a publisher of American comic books and related media . In 2009 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment , Marvel Worldwide 's parent company . Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman under a number of corporations and imprints but now known as Timely Comics , and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics . The Marvel era began in 1961 , the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee , Jack Kirby , Steve Ditko and many others . The Marvel brand , which had been used over the years , was solidified as the company 's primary brand . Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man , Ant-Man , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Captain America , the Wasp , Wolverine , Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Doctor Strange , Ghost Rider , Blade , Daredevil and the Punisher . Superhero teams exist such as the Avengers , the X-Men , the Fantastic Four and the Guardians of the Galaxy as well as supervillains including Doctor Doom , Magneto , Thanos , Ultron , Green Goblin , Doctor Octopus , Red Skull , Loki , Venom , Dormammu , Galactus , and Kingpin . Most of Marvel 's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe , with most locations mirroring real-life places ; many major characters are based in New York City . Additionally , Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies . This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Doomstadt is a capital city of a fictional country , Latveria , in the Marvel Comics Universe . Its original name was Hassenstadt before Doctor Doom became dictator of the country . Doomstadt had also appeared in the film adaptation of the Fantastic four comics , Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer , but the name was just Hassenstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latveria', 'summary': "Latveria is a fictional nation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . It is depicted within the storylines of Marvel 's comic titles as an isolated European country ruled by the fictional Supreme Lord Doctor Doom , supposedly located in the Banat region . It is surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains , and also borders Symkaria ( home of Silver Sable ) to the south . Its capital is Doomstadt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Universe', 'summary': 'The Marvel Universe is a fictional universe where the stories in most American comic book titles and other media published by Marvel Comics take place . Super-teams such as the Avengers , the X-Men , the Fantastic Four , the Guardians of the Galaxy , the Defenders , the Inhumans , and many Marvel superheroes live in this universe , including characters such as Spider-Man , Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , Wolverine , the Hulk , the Human Torch , Black Panther , Doctor Strange , Scarlet Witch , Quicksilver , Captain Marvel , Ant-Man , the Wasp , the Punisher , Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , Deadpool , Blade , Ghost Rider , Moon Knight , Storm , Silver Surfer , Adam Warlock , Shang-Chi , Nova and numerous others . The Marvel Universe is further depicted as existing within a multiverse consisting of thousands of separate universes , all of which are the creations of Marvel Comics and all of which are , in a sense , Marvel universes . In this context , Marvel Universe is taken to refer to the mainstream Marvel continuity , which is known as Earth-616 or currently as Earth Prime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Doom', 'summary': "Doctor Victor Von Doom is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby , the character made his debut in The Fantastic Four # 5 ( July 1962 ) . The monarch of the fictional nation Latveria , Doom is usually depicted both as a principal archenemy and ally of Mister Fantastic and the Fantastic Four , though he has come into conflict with other superheroes as well , including Spider-Man , Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , Doctor Strange , Black Panther , the X-Men , and the Avengers . Doctor Doom was ranked # 4 by Wizard on its list of the 101 Greatest Villains of All Time and # 3 on IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time . In a later article , IGN would declare Doom as Marvel 's greatest villain . The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into several forms of media , including television series , video games , and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Most notably , Doctor Doom has been portrayed in licensed Fantastic Four live-action feature films by Joseph Culp in Roger Corman 's unreleased 1994 film ; Julian McMahon in the 2005 film and its 2007 sequel ; and Toby Kebbell in the 2015 film ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fantastic_four', 'summary': "The Fantastic Four are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The group debuted in Fantastic Four # 1 ( cover dated Nov. 1961 ) , which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium . The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby and editor/co-plotter Stan Lee , who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on . The four individuals traditionally associated with the Fantastic Four , who gained superpowers after exposure to cosmic rays during a scientific mission to outer space , are Mister Fantastic ( Reed Richards ) , a scientific genius and the leader of the group , who can stretch his body into incredible lengths and shapes ; the Invisible Girl ( Susan Sue Storm ; later Invisible Woman ) , who eventually married Reed , who can render herself invisible and later project powerful invisible force fields ; the Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , Sue 's younger brother , who can generate flames , surround himself with them and fly ; and the monstrous Thing ( Ben Grimm ) , their grumpy but benevolent friend , a former college football star and Reed 's college roommate as well as a good pilot , who possesses tremendous superhuman strength , durability , and endurance due to the nature of his stone-like flesh . Since their original 1961 introduction , the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a somewhat dysfunctional , yet loving , family . Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time , they would squabble and hold grudges both deep and petty and eschewed anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status . The team is also well known for its recurring encounters with characters such as the villainous monarch Doctor Doom , the planet-devouring Galactus , the Kree Empire 's ruthless and tyrannical enforcer Ronan the Accuser , Annihilus , ruler of the Negative Zone , the sea-dwelling prince Namor , the spacefaring Silver Surfer , and the Skrull warrior Kl'rt . The Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media , including four animated series and four live-action films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fantastic_Four:_Rise_of_the_Silver_Surfer', 'summary': 'Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( titled Fantastic 4 : Rise of the Silver Surfer on the DVD/Blu-ray release ) is a 2007 American superhero film , and sequel to the 2005 film Fantastic Four . Both films are based on the Fantastic Four comic book and were directed by Tim Story . The film stars Ioan Gruffudd , Jessica Alba , Chris Evans , and Michael Chiklis as the title characters , with Julian McMahon , Kerry Washington , Andre Braugher , and Laurence Fishburne in supporting roles . The plot follows the Fantastic Four as they confront , and later ally with , the Silver Surfer to save Earth from Galactus . Upon its release on June 15 , 2007 in North America , the film received mixed reviews from critics , though some considered it an improvement over the first film . While it was the highest-grossing film during its first week , the film ultimately made less than its predecessor , resulting in both the third film and a spin-off Silver Surfer film being cancelled . The series was later rebooted in 2015 and released to a worse critical and commercial reception .'}]}, {'value': 'Duckburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duckburg', 'summary': "The Donald Duck universe is a fictional shared universe which is the setting of stories involving Disney cartoon character Donald Duck , as well as Daisy Duck , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Scrooge McDuck , and many other characters . The world is a part of the Mickey Mouse universe , but is more detailed . Life in the Donald Duck universe centers on the city of Duckburg , usually located in the fictional U.S. state of Calisota , analogous to Northern California . The world also incorporates several other real and fictional locations , as well as historical figures and a fictional timeline , which is followed with varying degrees of consistency . Disney comics are the primary medium for Donald Duck stories . Contributors include Americans Carl Barks , Ted Osborne , Don Rosa , Tony Strobl , Al Taliaferro , and William Van Horn , as well as Italians Giovan Battista Carpi , Marco Rota , and Romano Scarpa . Other media includes short films in the Donald Duck series , children 's books such as Little Big Books and Little Golden Books , television series such as DuckTales ( 1987-1990 ) , Darkwing Duck ( 1991-1992 ) , and the Ducktales reboot ( 2017- ) , and video games such as QuackShot ( 1991 ) , Goin ' Quackers ( 2000 ) , and DuckTales : Remastered ( 2013 ) . Donald Duck universe is not an official Disney term , but is sometimes used by fans . Don Rosa has also used the terms Barks Universe and Italian Duck Universe to describe different versions of the world 's continuity . The terms Barksian or Barksian facts has also been used to describe the canon of the Donald Duck universe , as many comic book creators and fans only consider the stories by Carl Barks as factual , since he is the creator of many of its major characters , locations and ideas . Don Rosa is an example of this when creating his comic book series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck , with most of his stories being based on the works by Barks . Additionally , the stories by Al Taliaferro and Ted Osborne are also considered canon by many fans , being that they are the creators of Huey , Dewey and Louie and Grandma Duck , and part of their work precedes Barks ' work ."}]}, {'value': 'Donald Duck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Duck_in_comics', 'summary': "Donald Duck , a cartoon character created by the Walt Disney Company , is today the star of dozens of comic-book and comic-strip stories published each month ( in certain parts of the world , each week ) around the world . In many European countries , Donald is considered the lead character in Disney comics , more important and beloved than Mickey Mouse . In America , the Donald Duck comic strip debuted on February 7 , 1938 , following a 1936-1937 trial run in the Silly Symphony Sunday page . The strip ran for more than 50 years , ending in 1995 . The Donald Duck comic book first appeared as part of Dell Comics ' Four Color Comics one-shot series , beginning in 1942 . It became an independent comic book with issue # 26 in November 1952 . Donald Duck also has a prominent role in Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories , the American flagship anthology comic first published in 1940 . The most popular issues featured the Donald Duck 10-pagers written and drawn by Carl Barks , who began the run with issue # 31 ( April 1943 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Barks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Barks', 'summary': 'Carl Barks ( March 27 , 1901 - August 25 , 2000 ) was an American cartoonist , author , and painter . He is best known for his work in Disney comic books , as the writer and artist of the first Donald Duck stories and as the creator of Scrooge McDuck . He worked anonymously until late in his career ; fans dubbed him The Duck Man and The Good Duck Artist . In 1987 , Barks was one of the three inaugural inductees of the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame . Barks worked for the Disney Studio and Western Publishing where he created Duckburg and many of its inhabitants , such as Scrooge McDuck ( 1947 ) , Gladstone Gander ( 1948 ) , the Beagle Boys ( 1951 ) , The Junior Woodchucks ( 1951 ) , Gyro Gearloose ( 1952 ) , Cornelius Coot ( 1952 ) , Flintheart Glomgold ( 1956 ) , John D. Rockerduck ( 1961 ) and Magica De Spell ( 1961 ) . Will Eisner called him the Hans Christian Andersen of comic books .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_comics', 'summary': "Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring characters created by the Walt Disney Company , including Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge . The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on , starting with the Mickey Mouse comic strip . Mickey Mouse Magazine , the first American newsstand publication with Disney comics , launched in 1935 . In 1940 , Western Publishing launched the long-running flagship comic book , Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories , which will reach 750 issues in September 2019 . Uncle Scrooge , launched in 1952 , reached issue # 450 in June 2019 . In recent decades , Disney comics have seen a decline of popularity in the US . In the rest of the world Disney comics have been very successful , especially in Europe , where weekly Disney comics magazines and monthly paperback digests are national best sellers ."}]}, {'value': 'Home town of Donald Duck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Duck', 'summary': "Donald Fauntleroy Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 at Walt Disney Productions . Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill , legs , and feet . He typically wears a sailor shirt and cap with a bow tie . Donald is known for his semi-intelligible speech and his mischievous and temperamental personality . Along with his friend Mickey Mouse , Donald was included in TV Guide 's list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time in 2002 . He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character , and is the most published comic book character in the world outside of the superhero genre . Donald Duck appeared in comedic roles in animated cartoons . Donald 's first appearance was in The Wise Little Hen ( 1934 ) , but it was his second appearance in Orphan 's Benefit which introduced him as a temperamental comic foil to Mickey Mouse . Throughout the next two decades , Donald appeared in over 150 theatrical films , several of which were recognized at the Academy Awards . In the 1930s , he typically appeared as part of a comic trio with Mickey and Goofy and was given his own film series starting with Don Donald ( 1937 ) . These films introduced Donald 's love interest Daisy Duck and often included his three nephews Huey , Dewey , and Louie . After the film Chips Ahoy ( 1956 ) , Donald appeared primarily in educational films before eventually returning to theatrical animation in Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fawcett City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fawcett_City', 'summary': 'This page list the locations in the DC Universe , the shared universe setting of DC Comics .'}]}, {'value': 'The Power of Shazam ! ( 1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Power_of_Shazam!', 'summary': 'The Power of Shazam ! is a 1994 hardcover graphic novel , written and painted by Jerry Ordway for DC Comics . The 96-page story , depicting the revamped origins of former Fawcett Comics superhero Captain Marvel , was followed by an ongoing series , also titled The Power of Shazam ! , which ran from 1995 to 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Ordway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Ordway', 'summary': 'Jeremiah Ordway ( born November 28 , 1957 ) is an American writer , penciller , inker and painter of comic books . He is known for his inking work on a wide variety of DC Comics titles , including the continuity-redefining Crisis on Infinite Earths ( 1985-1986 ) , his long run working on the Superman titles from 1986-1993 , and for writing and painting the Captain Marvel original graphic novel The Power of Shazam ! ( 1994 ) , and writing the ongoing monthly series from 1995-1999 . He has provided inks for artists such as Curt Swan , Jack Kirby , Gil Kane , John Buscema , Steve Ditko , John Byrne , George Perez and others .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': 'Fictional American city that served as the home base of Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family during the 1990s and 2000s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)', 'summary': "Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam ( /ʃəˈzæm/ ) , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comics originally published by Fawcett Comics , and currently published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word SHAZAM ! ( acronym of six immortal elders : Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight and other abilities . The character battles an extensive rogues ' gallery , primarily archenemies Doctor Sivana , Black Adam , and Mister Mind . Based on book selling points , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other Marvels , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness powers similar to Billy 's . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial , Adventures of Captain Marvel , with Tom Tyler as Captain Marvel and Frank Coghlan , Jr. as Billy Batson . Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , Fawcett licensed the character rights to DC , which by 1991 acquired all rights to the entire family of characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marvel_Family', 'summary': "The Marvel Family , also known as the Shazam Family , or simply the Shazamily , are a group of superheroes who originally appeared in books published by Fawcett Comics and were later acquired by DC Comics . Created in 1942 by writer Otto Binder and artist Marc Swayze , the team was created as an extension of Fawcett 's Captain Marvel franchise , and included Marvel 's sister Mary Marvel , their friend Captain Marvel Jr. , and , at various times , a number of other characters as well . Because Marvel Comics trademarked their own Captain Marvel comic book during the interim between the demise of the Fawcett Comics ' Captain Marvel comics in 1953 and DC 's revival in 1972 , DC Comics is today unable to promote and market their Captain Marvel/Marvel Family properties under those names . Since 1972 , DC has instead used the trademark Shazam ! for their comic book titles with the Marvel Family characters , and the name under which they market and promote the characters . When referring to the Marvel Family on comic book covers or various merchandise , they are by this legal necessity called the Shazam Family . In 2012 , DC officially changed Captain Marvel 's name to Shazam , making Shazam Family the name of the superhero 's associates . In current continuity , the Shazam Family comprises the superpowered alter egos of Billy Batson ( teenaged alter-ego of Shazam/Captain Marvel ) and his foster siblings : Mary Bromfield ( formerly Mary Marvel ) , Freddy Freeman ( formerly Captain Marvel Jr. ) , Darla Dudley , Pedro Peña , and Eugene Choi . The Shazam Family make their cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe film Shazam ! , released in 2019 by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros ."}]}, {'value': 'Fuxholzen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fix und Foxi ( 1961 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fix_und_Foxi', 'summary': 'Fix und Foxi was a weekly German comics magazine created by Rolf Kauka , which ran uninterrupted from 1953 until 1994 . Re-christened Fix & Foxi , it was relaunched as a monthly magazine in 2000 , 2005 and 2010 respectively . Since the end of 2010 publication has once again ceased . During its heyday it was one of the most successful German comics magazines .'}]}, {'value': 'Rolf Kauka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolf_Kauka', 'summary': 'Rolf Kauka ( 9 April 1917 in Markranstädt , Saxony - 13 September 2000 in Thomasville , Georgia ) was a comic artist , most famous for the series Fix and Foxi . In 1951 , Rolf Kauka founded Kauka Publishing . Aside from Rolf Kaukas original comic characters , Kauka Publishing introduced to German audiences such international series as Asterix and The Smurfs from France and Belgium . Some characters received Germanized names , for instance Spirou & Fantasio / Pit & Pikkolo , Gaston Lagaffe / Jojo , etc . In 1973 , Kauka sold his publishing house to the English publisher IPC and the Dutch publishing group VNU . He maintained his right of authority , but removed himself from the active publishing world . In 1975 he founded the Kauka Comic Academy in Munich , where he concentrated on the training and continuing education of young writers and illustrators . At the end of the 1970s the publishing consortium was dissolved and Bauer/VPM began publishing Fix & Foxi . Kauka characters/series outside the Fuxholzen ( Fix und Foxi ) universe :'}]}, {'value': 'Rolf Kauka Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The home village of all of Kauka 's characters", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gooseville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald Duck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Duck_in_comics', 'summary': "Donald Duck , a cartoon character created by the Walt Disney Company , is today the star of dozens of comic-book and comic-strip stories published each month ( in certain parts of the world , each week ) around the world . In many European countries , Donald is considered the lead character in Disney comics , more important and beloved than Mickey Mouse . In America , the Donald Duck comic strip debuted on February 7 , 1938 , following a 1936-1937 trial run in the Silly Symphony Sunday page . The strip ran for more than 50 years , ending in 1995 . The Donald Duck comic book first appeared as part of Dell Comics ' Four Color Comics one-shot series , beginning in 1942 . It became an independent comic book with issue # 26 in November 1952 . Donald Duck also has a prominent role in Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories , the American flagship anthology comic first published in 1940 . The most popular issues featured the Donald Duck 10-pagers written and drawn by Carl Barks , who began the run with issue # 31 ( April 1943 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Barks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Barks', 'summary': 'Carl Barks ( March 27 , 1901 - August 25 , 2000 ) was an American cartoonist , author , and painter . He is best known for his work in Disney comic books , as the writer and artist of the first Donald Duck stories and as the creator of Scrooge McDuck . He worked anonymously until late in his career ; fans dubbed him The Duck Man and The Good Duck Artist . In 1987 , Barks was one of the three inaugural inductees of the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame . Barks worked for the Disney Studio and Western Publishing where he created Duckburg and many of its inhabitants , such as Scrooge McDuck ( 1947 ) , Gladstone Gander ( 1948 ) , the Beagle Boys ( 1951 ) , The Junior Woodchucks ( 1951 ) , Gyro Gearloose ( 1952 ) , Cornelius Coot ( 1952 ) , Flintheart Glomgold ( 1956 ) , John D. Rockerduck ( 1961 ) and Magica De Spell ( 1961 ) . Will Eisner called him the Hans Christian Andersen of comic books .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_comics', 'summary': "Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring characters created by the Walt Disney Company , including Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge . The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on , starting with the Mickey Mouse comic strip . Mickey Mouse Magazine , the first American newsstand publication with Disney comics , launched in 1935 . In 1940 , Western Publishing launched the long-running flagship comic book , Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories , which will reach 750 issues in September 2019 . Uncle Scrooge , launched in 1952 , reached issue # 450 in June 2019 . In recent decades , Disney comics have seen a decline of popularity in the US . In the rest of the world Disney comics have been very successful , especially in Europe , where weekly Disney comics magazines and monthly paperback digests are national best sellers ."}]}, {'value': 'The rival town of Duckburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duckburg', 'summary': "The Donald Duck universe is a fictional shared universe which is the setting of stories involving Disney cartoon character Donald Duck , as well as Daisy Duck , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Scrooge McDuck , and many other characters . The world is a part of the Mickey Mouse universe , but is more detailed . Life in the Donald Duck universe centers on the city of Duckburg , usually located in the fictional U.S. state of Calisota , analogous to Northern California . The world also incorporates several other real and fictional locations , as well as historical figures and a fictional timeline , which is followed with varying degrees of consistency . Disney comics are the primary medium for Donald Duck stories . Contributors include Americans Carl Barks , Ted Osborne , Don Rosa , Tony Strobl , Al Taliaferro , and William Van Horn , as well as Italians Giovan Battista Carpi , Marco Rota , and Romano Scarpa . Other media includes short films in the Donald Duck series , children 's books such as Little Big Books and Little Golden Books , television series such as DuckTales ( 1987-1990 ) , Darkwing Duck ( 1991-1992 ) , and the Ducktales reboot ( 2017- ) , and video games such as QuackShot ( 1991 ) , Goin ' Quackers ( 2000 ) , and DuckTales : Remastered ( 2013 ) . Donald Duck universe is not an official Disney term , but is sometimes used by fans . Don Rosa has also used the terms Barks Universe and Italian Duck Universe to describe different versions of the world 's continuity . The terms Barksian or Barksian facts has also been used to describe the canon of the Donald Duck universe , as many comic book creators and fans only consider the stories by Carl Barks as factual , since he is the creator of many of its major characters , locations and ideas . Don Rosa is an example of this when creating his comic book series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck , with most of his stories being based on the works by Barks . Additionally , the stories by Al Taliaferro and Ted Osborne are also considered canon by many fans , being that they are the creators of Huey , Dewey and Louie and Grandma Duck , and part of their work precedes Barks ' work ."}]}, {'value': 'Gotham City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotham_City', 'summary': "Gotham City ( /ˈɡɒθəm/ GOTH-əm ) , or simply Gotham , is a fictional city appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , best known as the home of Batman . The city was first identified as Batman 's place of residence in Batman # 4 ( December 1940 ) and has since been the primary setting for stories featuring the character . Gotham City is traditionally depicted as being located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Over the years , Gotham 's look and atmosphere has been influenced by cities such as New York City and Chicago . Locations used as inspiration or filming locations for Gotham City in the live-action Batman films and television series have included New York City , New Jersey , Chicago , Vancouver , Detroit , Pittsburgh , Los Angeles , London , and Hong Kong ."}]}, {'value': 'Batman # 4 ( Winter 1940 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman_(comic_book)', 'summary': "Batman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero Batman as its main protagonist . The character first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( cover dated May 1939 ) . Batman proved to be so popular that a self-titled ongoing comic book series began publication with a cover date of Spring 1940 . It was first advertised in early April 1940 , one month after the first appearance of his new sidekick , Robin , the Boy Wonder . Batman comics have proven to be popular since the 1940s . Though the Batman comic book was initially launched as a quarterly publication , it later became a bimonthly series through the late 1950s , after which it became a monthly publication and has remained so since . In September 2011 , The New 52 rebooted DC 's continuity . In this new timeline , the original Batman series ended and was relaunched with a new first issue . In 2016 , DC Comics began a second relaunch of its entire line of titles called DC Rebirth . Batman ( vol . 3 ) # 1 ( August 2016 ) was the debut twice-monthly relaunch of the comic book series ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Finger , Bob Kane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Finger', 'summary': "Milton Finger , known professionally as Bill Finger ( February 8 , 1914 - January 18 , 1974 ) , was an American comic strip and comic book writer best known as the co-creator , with Bob Kane , of the DC Comics character Batman , and the co-architect of the series ' development . Although Finger did not receive contemporaneous credit for his hand in the development of Batman , Kane acknowledged Finger 's contributions years after Finger 's death . Finger also wrote many of the original 1940s Green Lantern stories , featuring Alan Scott as the original , and contributed to the development of numerous other comic book series . He was posthumously inducted into the comic book industry 's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1999 . The Bill Finger Award , founded by Jerry Robinson and presented annually at the San Diego Comic-Con to honor excellence in comic-book writing , is named for him ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Kane', 'summary': "Robert Kane ( born Robert Kahn /kɑːn/ ; October 24 , 1915 - November 3 , 1998 ) was an American comic book writer , animator and artist who co-created , with Bill Finger , the DC Comics character Batman . Kane also co-created the animated series Cool McCool . He was inducted into the comic book industry 's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1994 and into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': "Fictional American city that is the home of Batman , and the principal setting for all Batman comics , films , and other adaptations . Generally portrayed as a dark , crime-ridden locale , writer/artist Frank Miller ( comics ) has described Gotham City as New York City at night . It was originally strongly inspired by Trenton , Ontario 's history , location , atmosphere , and various architectural styles , and has since incorporated elements from New York City , Detroit , Pittsburgh , London and Chicago . Anton Furst 's designs of Gotham City for Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) have been influential on subsequent portrayals : he set out to make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable . Gotham City was also the home of DC 's Golden Age Green Lantern , Alan Scott . All-American Comics # 16 , 1940", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman', 'summary': "Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger , and first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 in 1939 . Originally named the Bat-Man , the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader , the Dark Knight , and the World 's Greatest Detective . Batman 's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , a wealthy American playboy , philanthropist , and owner of Wayne Enterprises . Batman originated from an incident in Bruce 's childhood ; after witnessing the murder of his parents Dr. Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne , he swore vengeance against criminals , an oath tempered by a sense of justice . Bruce trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime . Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City with assistance from various supporting characters , including his butler Alfred , police commissioner Jim Gordon , and vigilante allies such as Robin . Unlike most superheroes , Batman does not possess any inhuman superpowers . He does , however , possess a genius-level intellect , is a peerless martial artist , and his vast wealth affords him an extraordinary arsenal of weaponry and equipment . A large assortment of villains make up Batman 's rogues gallery , including his nemesis , the Joker . The character became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title , Batman , the following year . As the decades went on , different interpretations of the character emerged ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Batman', 'summary': "Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger , and first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 in 1939 . Originally named the Bat-Man , the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader , the Dark Knight , and the World 's Greatest Detective . Batman 's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , a wealthy American playboy , philanthropist , and owner of Wayne Enterprises . Batman originated from an incident in Bruce 's childhood ; after witnessing the murder of his parents Dr. Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne , he swore vengeance against criminals , an oath tempered by a sense of justice . Bruce trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime . Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City with assistance from various supporting characters , including his butler Alfred , police commissioner Jim Gordon , and vigilante allies such as Robin . Unlike most superheroes , Batman does not possess any inhuman superpowers . He does , however , possess a genius-level intellect , is a peerless martial artist , and his vast wealth affords him an extraordinary arsenal of weaponry and equipment . A large assortment of villains make up Batman 's rogues gallery , including his nemesis , the Joker . The character became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title , Batman , the following year . As the decades went on , different interpretations of the character emerged ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_Miller_(comics)', 'summary': "Frank Miller ( born January 27 , 1957 ) is an American comic book writer , penciller and inker , novelist , screenwriter , film director , and producer best known for his comic book stories and graphic novels such as Ronin , Daredevil : Born Again , The Dark Knight Returns , Batman : Year One , Sin City , and 300 . He also directed the film version of The Spirit , shared directing duties with Robert Rodriguez on Sin City and Sin City : A Dame to Kill For , and produced the film 300 . His film Sin City earned a Palme d'Or nomination , and he has received every major comic book industry award . In 2015 , Miller was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame . He created the comic book characters Elektra for Marvel Comics ' Daredevil series and a female version of the Robin character , Carrie Kelley , for DC Comics . Miller is noted for combining film noir and manga influences in his comic art creations . I realized when I started Sin City that I found American and English comics be too wordy , too constipated , and Japanese comics to be too empty . So I was attempting to do a hybrid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trenton,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Trenton ( 2001 population 16,770 ) is a large unincorporated community in Southern Ontario in the municipality of Quinte West , Ontario , Canada . Located on the Bay of Quinte , it is the starting point for the Trent-Severn Waterway , which continues northwest to Peterborough and eventually Port Severn on Georgian Bay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anton_Furst', 'summary': "Anthony Francis Anton Furst ( 6 May 1944 - 24 November 1991 ) was an English production designer who won an Academy Award for overseeing design of Gotham City in Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gotham_City', 'summary': "Gotham City ( /ˈɡɒθəm/ GOTH-əm ) , or simply Gotham , is a fictional city appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , best known as the home of Batman . The city was first identified as Batman 's place of residence in Batman # 4 ( December 1940 ) and has since been the primary setting for stories featuring the character . Gotham City is traditionally depicted as being located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Over the years , Gotham 's look and atmosphere has been influenced by cities such as New York City and Chicago . Locations used as inspiration or filming locations for Gotham City in the live-action Batman films and television series have included New York City , New Jersey , Chicago , Vancouver , Detroit , Pittsburgh , Los Angeles , London , and Hong Kong ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Burton', 'summary': "Timothy Walter Burton [ a ] ( born August 25 , 1958 ) is an American director , producer , artist , writer , and animator . He is known for his dark , gothic , and eccentric horror and fantasy films such as Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) , Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) , The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) , Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) , and Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) . He is also known for blockbuster films , such as the adventure-comedy Pee-wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) , the superhero films Batman ( 1989 ) and its first sequel , Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , the sci-fi film Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) , the fantasy-drama Big Fish ( 2003 ) , the musical adventure film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) , the fantasy film Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , and the film adaptation of Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) . Burton has often worked with actor Johnny Depp and composer Danny Elfman , who has composed scores for all but three of the films Burton has directed . Helena Bonham Carter , Burton 's former domestic partner , has appeared in many of his films . He wrote and illustrated the poetry book The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories , published in 1997 by British publishing house Faber and Faber , and a compilation of his drawings , sketches and other artwork , entitled The Art of Tim Burton , was released in 2009 . A follow-up to that book , entitled The Napkin Art of Tim Burton : Things You Think About in a Bar , containing sketches made by Burton on napkins at bars and restaurants he occasionally visits , was released in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)', 'summary': "Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . It is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson as the Joker and Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman , alongside Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film takes place early in the title character 's war on crime , and depicts a battle with the Joker . After Burton was hired as director in 1986 , Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay . Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton 's Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast . Keaton 's casting caused a controversy since , by 1988 , he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role . Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film 's earnings ( including associated merchandise ) , and his own shooting schedule . The tone and themes of the film were influenced in part by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts the Red Hood origin story for the Joker , in which Batman inadvertently creates the Joker by causing him to fall into Axis Chemical acid , resulting in his transformation into a psychopath , but it adds a unique twist in presenting him specifically as a gangster named Jack Napier . Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gotham_City', 'summary': "Gotham City ( /ˈɡɒθəm/ GOTH-əm ) , or simply Gotham , is a fictional city appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , best known as the home of Batman . The city was first identified as Batman 's place of residence in Batman # 4 ( December 1940 ) and has since been the primary setting for stories featuring the character . Gotham City is traditionally depicted as being located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Over the years , Gotham 's look and atmosphere has been influenced by cities such as New York City and Chicago . Locations used as inspiration or filming locations for Gotham City in the live-action Batman films and television series have included New York City , New Jersey , Chicago , Vancouver , Detroit , Pittsburgh , Los Angeles , London , and Hong Kong ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All-American_Comics', 'summary': 'All-American Comics was a comics anthology and the flagship title of comic book publisher All-American Publications , one of the forerunners of DC Comics . It ran for 102 issues from 1939 to 1948 . Characters created for the title , including Green Lantern , the Atom , the Red Tornado , Doctor Mid-Nite , and Sargon the Sorcerer , later became mainstays of the DC Comics line .'}]}, {'value': "Hootin ' Holler", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barney Google and Snuffy Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barney_Google_and_Snuffy_Smith', 'summary': "Barney Google and Snuffy Smith , originally Take Barney Google , F'rinstance , is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Billy DeBeck . Since its debut on June 17 , 1919 , the strip has gained a large international readership , appearing in 900 newspapers in 21 countries . The initial appeal of the strip led to its adaptation to film , animation , popular song and television . It added several terms and phrases to the English language and inspired the 1923 hit tune Barney Google ( with the Goo-Goo-Googly Eyes ) with lyrics by Billy Rose , as well as the 1923 record , Come On , Spark Plug ! Barney Google himself , once the star of the strip and a very popular character in his own right , has been almost entirely phased out of the feature . An increasingly peripheral player in his own strip beginning in the late 1930s , Google was officially written out in 1954 , although he would occasionally return for cameo appearances . These cameos were often years apart - from a period between 1997 and 2012 , Barney Google was n't seen in the strip at all . Google was reintroduced to the strip in 2012 , and has been seen very occasionally since , making several week-long appearances . Snuffy Smith , who was initially introduced as a supporting player in 1934 , has now been the comic strip 's central character for over 60 years . Nevertheless , the feature is still titled Barney Google and Snuffy Smith . As of 17 June 2019 Barney Google has run for an entire century , making it the third longest-running and uninterrupted comics series of all time , after Rudolph Dirks ' The Katzenjammer Kids and Frank O . King 's Gasoline Alley ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy DeBeck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_DeBeck', 'summary': 'William Morgan DeBeck ( April 15 , 1890 - November 11 , 1942 ) , better known as Billy DeBeck , was an American cartoonist . He is most famous as the creator of the comic strip Barney Google , later retitled Barney Google and Snuffy Smith . The strip was especially popular in the 1920s and 1930s , and featured a number of well-known characters , including the title character , Bunky , Snuffy Smith , and Spark Plug the race horse . Spark Plug was a merchandising phenomenon , and has been called the Snoopy of the 1920s . DeBeck drew with a scratchy line in a big-foot style , in which characters had giant feet and bulbous noses . His strips often reflected his love of sports . In 1946 , the National Cartoonists Society inaugurated the Billy DeBeck Memorial Awards ( or the Barney Awards ) , which became the Reuben Award in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': '/', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hootin ' Holler is the home town of Snuffy Smith and his friends and relatives", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hub City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hub_City_(comics)', 'summary': "The Question is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by Steve Ditko , the Question first appeared in Charlton Comics ' Blue Beetle # 1 ( June 1967 ) . The character was acquired by DC Comics in the early 1980s and incorporated into the DC Universe . The Question 's secret identity was originally Vic Sage . However , after the events of the 2006-2007 miniseries 52 , Sage 's protégé Renee Montoya took up his mantle and became his successor . Following the DC relaunch The New 52 , Sage is reintroduced as a government agent . As conceived by Ditko , the Question was an adherent of objectivism during his career as a minor Charlton hero , much like Ditko 's earlier creation , Mr. A . In a 1987-1990 solo series from DC , the character developed a Zen-like philosophy ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Beetle # 1 ( June 1967 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Beetle', 'summary': "Blue Beetle is the name of three fictional superheroes who appear in a number of American comic books published by a variety of companies since 1939 . The most recent of the companies to own rights to the Blue Beetle is DC Comics who bought the rights to the character in 1983 , using the name for three distinct characters over the years . The original Blue Beetle was created by Fox Comics and later owned by Charlton Comics . The first Beetle was Dan Garret ( later spelled Dan Garrett ) , who initially gained super powers from a special vitamin , which was later changed to gaining powers from a sacred scarab . The original Blue Beetle was featured not only in his own comic but also a weekly radio serial . The second Blue Beetle was created by Charlton and later taken over by DC Comics , the successor to Dan Garrett known as Ted Kord . Kord jumped to the DC Comics universe during the Crisis on Infinite Earths alongside a number of other Charlton Comics characters . The second Blue Beetle later starred in his own 24 issue comic . Kord never had any super powers but used science to create various devices to help him fight crime . He became a member of the Justice League of America and was later killed during DC Comics ' Infinite Crisis cross over . The third Blue Beetle , created by DC Comics , is Jaime Reyes , a teenager who discovered that the original Blue Beetle scarab morphed into a battle suit allowing him to fight crime and travel in space . Over the years Reyes became a member of the Teen Titans and starred in two Blue Beetle comic series ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Ditko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Ditko', 'summary': "Stephen J. Ditko ( /ˈdɪtkoʊ/ ; November 2 , 1927 - c. June 29 , 2018 ) was an American comics artist and writer best known as the artist and co-creator , with Stan Lee , of the Marvel Comics superheroes Spider-Man and Doctor Strange . Ditko studied under Batman artist Jerry Robinson at the Cartoonist and Illustrators School in New York City . He began his professional career in 1953 , working in the studio of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby , beginning as an inker and coming under the influence of artist Mort Meskin . During this time , he then began his long association with Charlton Comics , where he did work in the genres of science fiction , horror , and mystery . He also co-created the superhero Captain Atom in 1960 . During the 1950s , Ditko also drew for Atlas Comics , a forerunner of Marvel Comics . He went on to contribute much significant work to Marvel . In 1966 , after being the exclusive artist on The Amazing Spider-Man and the Doctor Strange feature in Strange Tales , Ditko left Marvel for reasons he never specified . [ citation needed ] Ditko continued to work for Charlton and also DC Comics , including a revamp of the long-running character the Blue Beetle , and creating or co-creating the Question , the Creeper , Shade the Changing Man , and Hawk and Dove . Ditko also began contributing to small independent publishers , where he created Mr. A , a hero reflecting the influence of Ayn Rand 's philosophy of Objectivism . Ditko largely declined to give interviews , saying he preferred to communicate through his work . Ditko was inducted into the comics industry 's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1990 , and into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlton Comics ; later DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Comics', 'summary': "Charlton Comics was an American comic book publishing company that existed from 1945 to 1986 , having begun under a different name ( T.W.O . Charles Company ) in 1940 . It was based in Derby , Connecticut . The comic-book line was a division of Charlton Publications , which published magazines ( most notably song-lyric magazines ) , puzzle books and , briefly , books ( under the Monarch and Gold Star imprints ) . It had its own distribution company ( Capital Distribution ) . Charlton Comics published a wide variety of genres , including crime , science fiction , Western , horror , war and romance comics , as well as funny animal and superhero titles . The company was known for its low-budget practices , often using unpublished material acquired from defunct companies and paying comics creators among the lowest rates in the industry . Charlton Comics were also the last of the American comics to raise their price from ten cents to 12 cents in 1962 . It was unique among comic book companies in that it controlled all areas of publishing - from editorial to printing to distribution - rather than working with outside printers and distributors as did most other publishers . It did so under one roof at its Derby headquarters . The company was formed by John Santangelo , Sr. and Ed Levy in 1940 as T.W.O . Charles Company , named after the co-founders ' two sons , both named Charles , and became Charlton Publications in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hub City is the birthplace of controversial investigative reporter , Victor Sage - also known as the Question in the DC Universe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Question_(comics)', 'summary': "The Question is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by Steve Ditko , the Question first appeared in Charlton Comics ' Blue Beetle # 1 ( June 1967 ) . The character was acquired by DC Comics in the early 1980s and incorporated into the DC Universe . The Question 's secret identity was originally Vic Sage . However , after the events of the 2006-2007 miniseries 52 , Sage 's protégé Renee Montoya took up his mantle and became his successor . Following the DC relaunch The New 52 , Sage is reintroduced as a government agent . As conceived by Ditko , the Question was an adherent of objectivism during his career as a minor Charlton hero , much like Ditko 's earlier creation , Mr. A . In a 1987-1990 solo series from DC , the character developed a Zen-like philosophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DC_Universe', 'summary': "The DC Universe ( DCU ) is the fictional shared universe where most stories in American comic book titles published by DC Comics take place . DC superheroes such as Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Martian Manhunter , The Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman , and Green Arrow are from this universe , and it also contains well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Brainiac , Reverse-Flash , Sinestro , Deathstroke , Cheetah , and Darkseid . In context , the term DC Universe usually refers to the main DC continuity . The term DC Multiverse refers to the collection of all continuities within DC Comics publications . Within the Multiverse , the main DC Universe has gone by many names , but in recent years has been referred to by Prime Earth ( not to be confused with Earth Prime ) or Earth 0 . The main DC Universe , as well as the alternate realities related to it , began as the first shared universe in comic books and were quickly adapted to other media such as film serials or radio dramas . In subsequent decades , the continuity between all of these media became increasingly complex with certain storylines and events designed to simplify or streamline the more confusing aspects of characters ' histories ."}]}, {'value': 'Junktown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucky Bug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucky_Bug', 'summary': "Bucky Bug is a beetle who appears in Disney comics . He first appeared in the Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip , and later appeared as a regular feature in the comic book Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories ."}]}, {'value': 'Al Taliaferro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Taliaferro', 'summary': 'Charles Alfred Taliaferro ( August 29 , 1905 - February 3 , 1969 ) , known simply as Al Taliaferro , was a Disney comics artist who produced Disney comic strips for King Features Syndicate . Taliaferro is best known for his work on the Donald Duck comic strip . Many of his strips were written by Bob Karp .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_comics', 'summary': "Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring characters created by the Walt Disney Company , including Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge . The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on , starting with the Mickey Mouse comic strip . Mickey Mouse Magazine , the first American newsstand publication with Disney comics , launched in 1935 . In 1940 , Western Publishing launched the long-running flagship comic book , Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories , which will reach 750 issues in September 2019 . Uncle Scrooge , launched in 1952 , reached issue # 450 in June 2019 . In recent decades , Disney comics have seen a decline of popularity in the US . In the rest of the world Disney comics have been very successful , especially in Europe , where weekly Disney comics magazines and monthly paperback digests are national best sellers ."}]}, {'value': 'Home town of Bucky Bug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucky_Bug', 'summary': "Bucky Bug is a beetle who appears in Disney comics . He first appeared in the Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip , and later appeared as a regular feature in the comic book Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories ."}]}, {'value': 'Kandor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kandor_(comics)', 'summary': "Krypton is a fictional planet appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The planet is the native world of Superman and is named after the element Kryptonite . The planet was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , and was first referred to in Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) . The planet made its first full appearance in Superman # 1 ( summer 1939 ) . Krypton is also the native world of Supergirl , Krypto the Superdog , and Power Girl ( in her case , an alternate-universe version designated Krypton-Two ) . It has been consistently described as having been destroyed shortly after Superman 's flight from the planet , although the exact details of its destruction vary by time period and writers . Kryptonians were the dominant species on Krypton ."}]}, {'value': 'Action Comics # 242 ( July 1958 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otto Binder and Al Plastino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Binder', 'summary': 'Otto Oscar Binder ( August 26 , 1911 - October 13 , 1974 ) was an American author of science fiction and non-fiction books and stories , and comic books . He is best known as the co-creator of Supergirl and for his many scripts for Captain Marvel Adventures and other stories involving the entire superhero Marvel Family . He was prolific in the comic book field and is credited with writing over 4400 stories across a variety of publishers under his own name , as well as more than 160 stories under the pen-name Eando Binder .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Al_Plastino', 'summary': 'Alfred John Plastino ( December 15 , 1921 - November 25 , 2013 ) was an American comics artist best known as one of the most prolific Superman artists of the 1950s , along with his DC Comics colleague Wayne Boring . Plastino also worked as a comics writer , editor , letterer , and colorist . With writer Otto Binder , he co-created the DC characters Supergirl and Brainiac , as well as the teenage team the Legion of Super-Heroes .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fictional city in the DC Universe and the first capital of the fictional planet Krypton ( before it and its inhabitants were shrunk down and placed in a bottle by the humanoid computer named Brainiac ) in the DC Universe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Universe', 'summary': "The DC Universe ( DCU ) is the fictional shared universe where most stories in American comic book titles published by DC Comics take place . DC superheroes such as Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Martian Manhunter , The Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman , and Green Arrow are from this universe , and it also contains well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Brainiac , Reverse-Flash , Sinestro , Deathstroke , Cheetah , and Darkseid . In context , the term DC Universe usually refers to the main DC continuity . The term DC Multiverse refers to the collection of all continuities within DC Comics publications . Within the Multiverse , the main DC Universe has gone by many names , but in recent years has been referred to by Prime Earth ( not to be confused with Earth Prime ) or Earth 0 . The main DC Universe , as well as the alternate realities related to it , began as the first shared universe in comic books and were quickly adapted to other media such as film serials or radio dramas . In subsequent decades , the continuity between all of these media became increasingly complex with certain storylines and events designed to simplify or streamline the more confusing aspects of characters ' histories ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Krypton_(comics)', 'summary': "Krypton is a fictional planet appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The planet is the native world of Superman and is named after the element Kryptonite . The planet was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , and was first referred to in Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) . The planet made its first full appearance in Superman # 1 ( summer 1939 ) . Krypton is also the native world of Supergirl , Krypto the Superdog , and Power Girl ( in her case , an alternate-universe version designated Krypton-Two ) . It has been consistently described as having been destroyed shortly after Superman 's flight from the planet , although the exact details of its destruction vary by time period and writers . Kryptonians were the dominant species on Krypton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brainiac_(character)', 'summary': "Brainiac is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , usually as an adversary of Superman . Brainiac is Superman 's second-deadliest archenemy after Lex Luthor , and also a frequent enemy of the Justice League . Brainiac is typically depicted as an extraterrestrial cyborg or android . He is responsible for shrinking and stealing Kandor , the capital city of Superman 's home planet Krypton . In some continuities , he is also responsible for Krypton 's destruction . Due to multiple revisions of DC 's continuity , several variations of Brainiac have appeared . Most incarnations of Brainiac depict him as a green-skinned being in humanoid form . He is bald , with a set of linked electrode-like objects ( sometimes glowing ) protruding from his skull . His name is a portmanteau of the words brain and maniac . In 2009 , Brainiac was ranked as IGN 's 17th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DC_Universe', 'summary': "The DC Universe ( DCU ) is the fictional shared universe where most stories in American comic book titles published by DC Comics take place . DC superheroes such as Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Martian Manhunter , The Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman , and Green Arrow are from this universe , and it also contains well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Brainiac , Reverse-Flash , Sinestro , Deathstroke , Cheetah , and Darkseid . In context , the term DC Universe usually refers to the main DC continuity . The term DC Multiverse refers to the collection of all continuities within DC Comics publications . Within the Multiverse , the main DC Universe has gone by many names , but in recent years has been referred to by Prime Earth ( not to be confused with Earth Prime ) or Earth 0 . The main DC Universe , as well as the alternate realities related to it , began as the first shared universe in comic books and were quickly adapted to other media such as film serials or radio dramas . In subsequent decades , the continuity between all of these media became increasingly complex with certain storylines and events designed to simplify or streamline the more confusing aspects of characters ' histories ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' This is a list of fictional towns and villages in comics .', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_towns_in_comics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional towns and villages in comics.'} | null | null | How many years earlier did Donald Duck appear ( in a comic strip ) before the Fantastic Four appeared ( in a comic ) ? | 23 years |
072e9ad2f9e8f225 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size', 'title': 'List of Solar System objects by size', 'header': ['Body', 'Radius ( km )', 'Type', 'Remarks - shape', 'Refs r · M'], 'data': [{'value': '2004 UX 10 144897', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(144897)_2004_UX10', 'summary': '( 144897 ) 2004 UX10 is a Kuiper-belt object . It has a diameter of about 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) and was discovered by Andrew Becker , Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica on 20 October 2004 at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot , New Mexico . The object is classified as a cubewano . It is near a 2:3 resonance with Neptune . Brown estimates it is likely a dwarf planet based on its presumed size , calculated from its absolute magnitude ( H ) and assumed albedo .'}]}, {'value': '199 ± 19.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'plutino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plutino', 'summary': 'In astronomy , the plutinos are a dynamical group of trans-Neptunian objects that orbit in 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune . This means that for every two orbits a plutino makes , Neptune orbits three times . The dwarf planet Pluto is the largest member as well as the namesake of this group . Plutinos are named after mythological creatures associated with the underworld . Plutinos form the inner part of the Kuiper belt and represent about a quarter of the known Kuiper belt objects . They are also the most populous known class of resonant trans-Neptunian objects ( also see adjunct box with hierarchical listing ) . Aside from Pluto itself , the first plutino , ( 385185 ) 1993 RO , was discovered on September 16 , 1993 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mimas Saturn I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mimas_(moon)', 'summary': 'Mimas , also designated Saturn I , is a moon of Saturn which was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel . It is named after Mimas , a son of Gaia in Greek mythology . With a diameter of 396 kilometres ( 246 mi ) it is the smallest astronomical body that is known to still be rounded in shape because of self-gravitation . However , Mimas is not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium for its current rotation .'}]}, {'value': '198.2 ± 0.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moon of Saturn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn', 'summary': "The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse , ranging from tiny moonlets only tens of meters across to enormous Titan , which is larger than the planet Mercury . Saturn has 82 moons with confirmed orbits that are not embedded in its rings - of which only 13 have diameters greater than 50 kilometers - as well as dense rings that contain millions of embedded moonlets and innumerable smaller ring particles . Seven Saturnian moons are large enough to have collapsed into a relaxed , ellipsoidal shape , though only one or two of those , Titan and possibly Rhea , are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium . Particularly notable among Saturn 's moons are Titan , the second-largest moon in the Solar System ( after Jupiter 's Ganymede ) , with a nitrogen-rich Earth-like atmosphere and a landscape featuring dry river networks and hydrocarbon lakes , Enceladus , which emits jets of gas and dust from its south-polar region , and Iapetus , with its contrasting black and white hemispheres . Twenty-four of Saturn 's moons are regular satellites ; they have prograde orbits not greatly inclined to Saturn 's equatorial plane . They include the seven major satellites , four small moons that exist in a trojan orbit with larger moons , two mutually co-orbital moons and two moons that act as shepherds of Saturn 's F Ring . Two other known regular satellites orbit within gaps in Saturn 's rings . The relatively large Hyperion is locked in a resonance with Titan . The remaining regular moons orbit near the outer edge of the A Ring , within G Ring and between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus . The regular satellites are traditionally named after Titans and Titanesses or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn . The remaining 58 , with mean diameters ranging from 4 to 213 km , are irregular satellites , whose orbits are much farther from Saturn , have high inclinations , and are mixed between prograde and retrograde . These moons are probably captured minor planets , or debris from the breakup of such bodies after they were captured , creating collisional families ."}]}, {'value': 'round ( smallest body currently known to have an ellipsoidal shape , but not in hydrostatic equilibrium )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 SN 165 35671', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(35671)_1998_SN165', 'summary': '( 35671 ) 1998 SN165 , provisional designation 1998 SN165 , is a trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt located in the outermost region of the Solar System . It was discovered on 23 September 1998 , by American astronomer Arianna Gleason at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson , Arizona . The cold classical Kuiper belt object is a dwarf planet candidate , as it measures approximately 400 kilometers ( 250 miles ) in diameter . It has a grey-blue color and a rotation period of 8.8 hours .'}]}, {'value': '196.5 ± 19.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'cubewano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cubewano', 'summary': "A classical Kuiper belt object , also called a cubewano ( /ˌkjuːbiːˈwʌnoʊ/ QB1-o ) , [ a ] is a low-eccentricity Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) that orbits beyond Neptune and is not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune . Cubewanos have orbits with semi-major axes in the 40-50 AU range and , unlike Pluto , do not cross Neptune 's orbit . That is , they have low-eccentricity and sometimes low-inclination orbits like the classical planets . The name cubewano derives from the first trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) found after Pluto and Charon , 15760 Albion , which until January 2018 had only had the provisional designation ( 15760 ) 1992 QB1 . Similar objects found later were often called QB1-o 's , or cubewanos , after this object , though the term classical is much more frequently used in the scientific literature . Objects identified as cubewanos include :"}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilmarë Varda I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilmarë_(moon)', 'summary': 'Ilmarë /ˈɪlməriː/ ( or Quenya : [ ˈilmarɛ ] ; stress on the first syllable ) , or Varda I , full designation 174567 Varda I Ilmarë , is the single known natural satellite of the Kuiper Belt Object and possible dwarf planet Varda . It was discovered by Keith Noll et al . in 2009 , at a separation of about 0.12 arcsec , using discovery images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope on 26 April 2009 , and reported in 2011 . At approximately 350 km in diameter ( about 50% that of its primary ) , it is the fourth- or fifth-largest known moon of a Trans-Neptunian object , after Pluto I Charon , Eris I Dysnomia , Orcus I Vanth and very possibly Haumea I Hiʻiaka . Assuming that Ilmarë has the same albedo and density as Varda , Ilmarë would constitute approximately 8.4% of the system mass , approximately 2.2×1019 kg .'}]}, {'value': '180.5 +24 −19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moon of 174567 Varda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/174567_Varda', 'summary': '174567 Varda ( provisional designation 2003 MW12 ) is a binary trans-Neptunian object of the resonant hot classical population of the Kuiper belt , located in the outermost region of the Solar System . Its moon , Ilmarë , was discovered in 2009 . Brown estimates that , with an absolute magnitude of 3.5 and a calculated diameter of approximately 700-800 kilometers ( 430-500 miles ) , it is likely a dwarf planet . However , Grundy et al . argue that objects such as Varda , in the size range of 400-1000 km , with albedos less than ≈0.2 and densities of ≈1.2 g/cm3 or less , have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies , let alone differentiated , and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nereid Neptune II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nereid_(moon)', 'summary': 'Nereid is the third-largest moon of Neptune . Of all known moons in the solar system it has the most eccentric orbit . It was the second moon of Neptune to be discovered , by Gerard Kuiper in 1949 .'}]}, {'value': '178.5 ± 6.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moon of Neptune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune', 'summary': "Neptune has 14 known moons , which are named for minor water deities in Greek mythology . By far the largest of them is Triton , discovered by William Lassell on October 10 , 1846 , 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself ; over a century passed before the discovery of the second natural satellite , Nereid . Neptune 's outermost moon Neso , which has an orbital period of about 26 Julian years , orbits further from its planet than any other moon in the Solar System . Triton is unique among moons of planetary mass in that its orbit is retrograde to Neptune 's rotation and inclined relative to Neptune 's equator , which suggests that it did not form in orbit around Neptune but was instead gravitationally captured by it . The next-largest irregular satellite in the Solar System , Saturn 's moon Phoebe , has only 0.03% of Triton 's mass . The capture of Triton , probably occurring some time after Neptune formed a satellite system , was a catastrophic event for Neptune 's original satellites , disrupting their orbits so that they collided to form a rubble disc . Triton is massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to retain a thin atmosphere capable of forming clouds and hazes . Inward of Triton are seven small regular satellites , all of which have prograde orbits in planes that lie close to Neptune 's equatorial plane ; some of these orbit among Neptune 's rings . The largest of them is Proteus . They were re-accreted from the rubble disc generated after Triton 's capture after the Tritonian orbit became circular . Neptune also has six more outer irregular satellites other than Triton , including Nereid , whose orbits are much farther from Neptune and at high inclination : three of these have prograde orbits , while the remainder have retrograde orbits . In particular , Nereid has an unusually close and eccentric orbit for an irregular satellite , suggesting that it may have once been a regular satellite that was significantly perturbed to its current position when Triton was captured ."}]}, {'value': 'probably irregular in shape', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 UR 163 42301', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(42301)_2001_UR163', 'summary': '( 42301 ) 2001 UR163 , provisional designation 2001 UR163 , is a resonant trans-Neptunian object and possible dwarf planet located in the outermost region of the Solar System . It was discovered on 21 October 2001 by astronomers of the Deep Ecliptic Survey program at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson , Arizona , United States . The object measures approximately 600 kilometers in diameter and stays in an orbital resonance with Neptune ( 4:9 ) . It has the reddest color of any object in the Solar System .'}]}, {'value': '≈ 176', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'resonant KBO ( 4:9 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resonant_KBO', 'summary': 'In astronomy , a resonant trans-Neptunian object is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) in mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune . The orbital periods of the resonant objects are in a simple integer relations with the period of Neptune , e.g . 1:2 , 2:3 , etc . Resonant TNOs can be either part of the main Kuiper belt population , or the more distant scattered disc population .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 TL 66 15874', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66', 'summary': "( 15874 ) 1996 TL66 , provisional designation 1996 TL66 , is a trans-Neptunian object of the scattered disc orbiting in the outermost region of the Solar System . The Spitzer Space Telescope has estimated this object to be about 575 kilometres ( 357 mi ) in diameter , but 2012 estimates from the Herschel Space Observatory estimate the diameter as closer to 339 kilometres ( 211 mi ) . It is not a detached object , since its perihelion ( closest approach to the Sun ) is under the influence of Neptune . Light-curve-amplitude analysis suggests that it is a spheroid . Tancredi presents in the form of a decision tree , the set of questions to be considered in order to classify an object as an icy 'dwarf planet ' . They find that ( 15874 ) 1996 TL66 is very probably a dwarf planet . Mike Brown 's website , using a radiometrically determined diameter of 344 kilometres ( 214 mi ) , lists it as a possible dwarf planet ."}]}, {'value': '169.5 ± 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scattered_disc', 'summary': "The scattered disc ( or scattered disk ) is a distant circumstellar disc in the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy small solar system bodies , which are a subset of the broader family of trans-Neptunian objects . The scattered-disc objects ( SDOs ) have orbital eccentricities ranging as high as 0.8 , inclinations as high as 40° , and perihelia greater than 30 astronomical units ( 4.5×109 km ; 2.8×109 mi ) . These extreme orbits are thought to be the result of gravitational scattering by the gas giants , and the objects continue to be subject to perturbation by the planet Neptune . Although the closest scattered-disc objects approach the Sun at about 30-35 AU , their orbits can extend well beyond 100 AU . This makes scattered objects among the coldest and most distant objects in the Solar System . The innermost portion of the scattered disc overlaps with a torus-shaped region of orbiting objects traditionally called the Kuiper belt , but its outer limits reach much farther away from the Sun and farther above and below the ecliptic than the Kuiper belt proper . [ a ] Because of its unstable nature , astronomers now consider the scattered disc to be the place of origin for most periodic comets in the Solar System , with the centaurs , a population of icy bodies between Jupiter and Neptune , being the intermediate stage in an object 's migration from the disc to the inner Solar System . Eventually , perturbations from the giant planets send such objects towards the Sun , transforming them into periodic comets . Many objects of the proposed Oort cloud are also thought to have originated in the scattered disc . Detached objects are not sharply distinct from scattered disc objects , and some such as Sedna have sometimes been considered to be included in this group ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 XA 192 230965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(230965)_2004_XA192', 'summary': '( 230965 ) 2004 XA192 is a Kuiper-belt object with a diameter of 339+120−95 km . It has an absolute magnitude of approximately 4.42 , and albedo around 26% . It was discovered on 12 December 2004 at Palomar Observatory . It is currently at 35.8 AU from the Sun , near its perihelion .'}]}, {'value': '169.5 +60 −47.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDO', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 WC 19 119979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(119979)_2002_WC19', 'summary': "( 119979 ) 2002 WC19 , also written as ( 119979 ) 2002 WC19 , is a twotino , i.e . it is in a 1:2 orbital resonance with Neptune . It was discovered on November 16 , 2002 at the Palomar Observatory . It is probably a dwarf planet in Brown 's estimation . Knowing how many twotinos there are may reveal whether Neptune took roughly 1 million or 10 million years to migrate about 7 AU from its birth location ."}]}, {'value': '≈ 169', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'resonant KBO ( 1:2 ) ; binary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resonant_KBO', 'summary': 'In astronomy , a resonant trans-Neptunian object is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) in mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune . The orbital periods of the resonant objects are in a simple integer relations with the period of Neptune , e.g . 1:2 , 2:3 , etc . Resonant TNOs can be either part of the main Kuiper belt population , or the more distant scattered disc population .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minor-planet_moon', 'summary': 'A minor-planet moon is an astronomical object that orbits a minor planet as its natural satellite . As of January 2020 , there are 384 minor planets known or suspected to have moons . Discoveries of minor-planet moons ( and binary objects , in general ) are important because the determination of their orbits provides estimates on the mass and density of the primary , allowing insights of their physical properties that is generally not otherwise possible . The first modern era mention of the possibility of an asteroid satellite was in connection with an occultation of the bright star Gamma Ceti by the asteroid 6 Hebe in 1977 . The observer , amateur astronomer Paul D. Maley , detected an unmistakable 0.5 second disappearance of this naked eye star from a site near Victoria , Texas . Many hours later , several observations were reported in Mexico attributed to the occultation by 6 Hebe itself . Although not confirmed , this documents the first formally documented case of a suspected companion of an asteroid .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interamnia 704', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/704_Interamnia', 'summary': "704 Interamnia is a large F-type asteroid , with an estimated diameter of 350 kilometres . Its mean distance from the Sun is 3.067 ( AU ) . It was discovered on 2 October 1910 by Vincenzo Cerulli , and named after the Latin name for Teramo , Italy , where Cerulli worked . It is probably the fifth-most-massive asteroid after Ceres , Vesta , Pallas , and Hygiea , with a mass estimated to be 1.2% of the mass of the entire asteroid belt . Observations by the Very Large Telescope 's SPHERE imager in 2017-2019 have suggested that Interamnia may be in or near hydrostatic equilibrium and thus represents a transitional body between small solar system bodies and dwarf planets ."}]}, {'value': '166 ± 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'F-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid , falling into the wider C-group .'}]}, {'value': 'scalene ellipsoid ; likely in hydrostatic equilibrium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiʻiaka Haumea I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiʻiaka_(moon)', 'summary': 'Hiʻiaka is the larger , outer moon of the possible dwarf planet Haumea . It is named after one of the daughters of Haumea , Hiʻiaka , the patron goddess of the Big Island of Hawaii . It orbits once every 49.12±0.03 d at a distance of 49880±198 km , with an eccentricity of 0.0513±0.0078 and an inclination of 126.356±0.064° . Assuming its estimated diameter of over 300 km is accurate , it may be the fourth- or fifth-largest known moon of a Trans-Neptunian object , after Pluto I Charon , Eris I Dysnomia , Orcus I Vanth , very possibly Varda I Ilmarë , and perhaps Salacia I Actaea .'}]}, {'value': '≈ 160', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moon of Haumea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea', 'summary': "The outer Solar System dwarf planet Haumea has two known moons , Hiʻiaka and Namaka , named after Hawaiian goddesses . These small moons were discovered in 2005 , from observations of Haumea made at the large telescopes of the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii . Haumea 's moons are unusual in a number of ways . They are thought to be part of its extended collisional family , which formed billions of years ago from icy debris after a large impact disrupted Haumea 's ice mantle . Hiʻiaka , the larger , outermost moon , has large amounts of pure water ice on its surface , which is rare among Kuiper belt objects . Namaka , about one tenth the mass , has an orbit with surprising dynamics : it is unusually eccentric and appears to be greatly influenced by the larger satellite ."}]}, {'value': 'probably irregular in shape', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 TY 53', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_TY53', 'summary': '( 523643 ) 2010 TY53 , provisional designation 2010 TY53 is a trans-Neptunian object and centaur located in the outermost region of the Solar System . With an absolute magnitude of 5.7 , it approximately measures 325 kilometers ( 200 miles ) in diameter . It was discovered on 4 August 2010 by the Pan-STARRS-1 survey at the Haleakala Observatory , Hawaii , in the United States . According to American astronomer Michael Brown , it is possibly a dwarf planet .'}]}, {'value': '≈ 158', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extended centaur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)', 'summary': "Centaurs are small Solar System bodies with either a perihelion or a semi-major axis between those of the outer planets . They generally have unstable orbits because they cross or have crossed the orbits of one or more of the giant planets ; almost all their orbits have dynamic lifetimes of only a few million years , but there is one Centaur , 514107 Kaʻepaokaʻawela , which may be in a stable ( though retrograde ) orbit . [ how is this a centaur if the Trojans are n't ? ] Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets . They are named after the mythological centaurs that were a mixture of horse and human . Observational bias toward large objects makes determination of the total Centaur population difficult . Estimates for the number of Centaurs in the Solar System more than 1 km in diameter range from as low as 44,000 to more than 10,000,000 The first Centaur to be discovered , under the definition of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the one used here , was 944 Hidalgo in 1920 . However , they were not recognized as a distinct population until the discovery of 2060 Chiron in 1977 . The largest confirmed Centaur is 10199 Chariklo , which at 260 kilometers in diameter is as big as a mid-sized main-belt asteroid , and is known to have a system of rings . It was discovered in 1997 . However , the lost Centaur 1995 SN55 may be somewhat larger . The transneptunian object 2018 VG18 , which is a Centaur under the broader definition , may be quite a bit larger ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 TJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_TJ', 'summary': "2010 TJ is a trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc in the outermost region of the Solar System and measures approximately 460 kilometers in diameter . It was first observed by American astronomers David Rabinowitz , Megan Schwamb , and Suzanne Tourtellotte at ESO 's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile on 2 October 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '≈ 158', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDO', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 CD 158 469306', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(469306)_1999_CD158', 'summary': '( 469306 ) 1999 CD158 , provisional designation 1999 CD158 , is a resonant trans-Neptunian object and possible dwarf planet from the circumstellar disc of the Kuiper belt in the outer Solar System , approximately 440 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 10 February 1999 , by astronomers Jane Luu , David Jewitt and Chad Trujillo at Mauna Kea Observatories on the Big Island of Hawaii , United States .'}]}, {'value': '≈ 155', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'resonant KBO ( 4:7 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resonant_KBO', 'summary': 'In astronomy , a resonant trans-Neptunian object is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) in mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune . The orbital periods of the resonant objects are in a simple integer relations with the period of Neptune , e.g . 1:2 , 2:3 , etc . Resonant TNOs can be either part of the main Kuiper belt population , or the more distant scattered disc population .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europa 52', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/52_Europa', 'summary': "Europa ( minor planet designation : 52 Europa ) is the 6th-largest asteroid in the asteroid belt , having an average diameter of around 315 km . It is not round but is shaped like an ellipsoid of approximately 380×330×250 km . It was discovered on 4 February 1858 , by Hermann Goldschmidt from his balcony in Paris . It is named after Europa , one of Zeus 's conquests in Greek mythology , a name it shares with Jupiter 's moon Europa ."}]}, {'value': '152.0 ± 1.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': 'irregular shape', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 EW 95 120216', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(120216)_2004_EW95', 'summary': '( 120216 ) 2004 EW95 , provisionally known as 2004 EW95 , is a resonant trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt located in the outermost regions of the Solar System . It measures approximately 291 kilometers in diameter . It has more carbon than typical of KBOs , and the first to be confirmed as having this composition in this region of space . It is thought that it had originated closer to the Sun , maybe even the main asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '145.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'plutino', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davida 511', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/511_Davida', 'summary': 'Davida ( minor planet designation : 511 Davida ) is a large C-type asteroid in the asteroid belt . It was discovered by R. S. Dugan in 1903 . It is one of the ten most-massive asteroids , and the 7th-largest asteroid . Davida is named after David Peck Todd , an astronomy professor at Amherst College .'}]}, {'value': '145.2 ± 1.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': 'irregular shape', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 TX 300 55636', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(55636)_2002_TX300', 'summary': '( 55636 ) 2002 TX300 is a bright Kuiper belt object in the outer Solar System estimated to be about 286 kilometres ( 178 mi ) in diameter . It is a large member of the Haumea family that was discovered on October 15 , 2002 by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking ( NEAT ) program . 2002 TX300 is a classical Kuiper belt object with an absolute magnitude between that of 50000 Quaoar and 20000 Varuna . 2002 TX300 has the most eccentric and inclined orbit of the three . A variability of the visual brightness was also detected which could fit to 7.9 h or 15.8 h rotational period ( the distinction between single or double-peaked curved could not be made with confidence ) . The changes in brightness are quite close to the error margin and could also be due to an irregular shape .'}]}, {'value': '143 ± 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'cubewano ; Haumea family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cubewano', 'summary': "A classical Kuiper belt object , also called a cubewano ( /ˌkjuːbiːˈwʌnoʊ/ QB1-o ) , [ a ] is a low-eccentricity Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) that orbits beyond Neptune and is not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune . Cubewanos have orbits with semi-major axes in the 40-50 AU range and , unlike Pluto , do not cross Neptune 's orbit . That is , they have low-eccentricity and sometimes low-inclination orbits like the classical planets . The name cubewano derives from the first trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) found after Pluto and Charon , 15760 Albion , which until January 2018 had only had the provisional designation ( 15760 ) 1992 QB1 . Similar objects found later were often called QB1-o 's , or cubewanos , after this object , though the term classical is much more frequently used in the scientific literature . Objects identified as cubewanos include :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Haumea_family', 'summary': 'The Haumea or Haumean family is the only identified trans-Neptunian collisional family ; that is , the only group of trans-Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) with similar orbital parameters and spectra ( nearly pure water-ice ) that suggest they originated in the disruptive impact of a progenitor body . Calculations indicate that it is probably the only trans-Neptunian collisional family . Members are known as Haumeids .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvia 87', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/87_Sylvia', 'summary': 'Sylvia ( minor planet designation : 87 Sylvia ) is the 8th-largest asteroid in the asteroid belt . It is the parent body of the Sylvia family and member of Cybele group located beyond the core of the belt ( see minor-planet groups ) . Sylvia is the first asteroid known to possess more than one moon .'}]}, {'value': '143 ± 5.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'outer belt asteroid type X ; trinary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'The X-group of asteroids collects together several types with similar spectra , but probably quite different compositions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minor-planet_moon', 'summary': 'A minor-planet moon is an astronomical object that orbits a minor planet as its natural satellite . As of January 2020 , there are 384 minor planets known or suspected to have moons . Discoveries of minor-planet moons ( and binary objects , in general ) are important because the determination of their orbits provides estimates on the mass and density of the primary , allowing insights of their physical properties that is generally not otherwise possible . The first modern era mention of the possibility of an asteroid satellite was in connection with an occultation of the bright star Gamma Ceti by the asteroid 6 Hebe in 1977 . The observer , amateur astronomer Paul D. Maley , detected an unmistakable 0.5 second disappearance of this naked eye star from a site near Victoria , Texas . Many hours later , several observations were reported in Mexico attributed to the occultation by 6 Hebe itself . Although not confirmed , this documents the first formally documented case of a suspected companion of an asteroid .'}]}, {'value': 'irregular shape', 'urls': []}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actaea Salacia I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Actaea_(moon)', 'summary': 'Actaea /ækˈtiːə/ , officially ( 120347 ) Salacia I Actaea , is a natural satellite of the large classical Kuiper belt object 120347 Salacia . Its diameter is estimated 300 km ( 190 mi ) , which is approximately one-third the diameter of Salacia ; thus , Salacia and Actaea are viewed by some astronomers to be a binary system . [ by whom ? ] Assuming that the following size estimates are correct , Actaea is about the sixth-biggest known moon of a trans-Neptunian object , after Charon ( 1212 km ) , Dysnomia ( 685 km ) , Vanth ( 378 km ) , Ilmarë ( 361 km ) and Hiʻiaka ( 320 km ) , but possibly also Hiisi ( 250 km ) .'}]}, {'value': '143 ± 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moon of 120347 Salacia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/120347_Salacia', 'summary': '120347 Salacia , provisional designation 2004 SB60 , is a trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt , approximately 850 kilometers in diameter . As of 2018 , it is located about 44.8 astronomical units from the Sun , and reaches apparent magnitude 20.7 at opposition . Salacia was discovered on 22 September 2004 , by American astronomers Henry Roe , Michael Brown and Kristina Barkume at the Palomar Observatory in California , United States . It has been observed 124 times , with precovery images back to 25 July 1982 . Salacia orbits the Sun at an average distance that is slightly greater than that of Pluto . It was named after the Roman goddess Salacia and has a single known moon , Actaea . Brown estimated that Salacia is very likely a dwarf planet . However , William Grundy et al . argue that objects such as Salacia , in the size range of 400-1000 km , with albedos less than ≈0.2 and densities of ≈1.2 g/cm3 or less , have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies , let alone differentiated or collapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium , and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of objects by radius -- From 100 to 199 km', 'section_text': "This list contains a selection of objects estimated to be between 100 and 199 km in radius ( 200 and 399 km in diameter ) . The largest of these may lie above the boundary for hydrostatic equilibrium , but most are irregular . Most of the trans-Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) listed with a radius smaller than 200 km have `` assumed sizes based on a generic albedo of 0.09 '' since they are too far away to directly measure their sizes with existing instruments . Mass switches from 1021 kg to 1018 kg ( Zg ) . Main-belt asteroids have orbital elements constrained by ( 2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU ; q > 1.666 AU ) according to JPL Solar System Dynamics ( JPLSSD ) . [ 86 ] Many TNOs are omitted from this list as their sizes are poorly known . [ 49 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size_2', 'intro': "This is a partial list of Solar System objects by size, arranged in descending order of mean volumetric radius, and divided into several size classes. These lists can also be sorted according to an object's mass and, for the largest objects, volume, density and surface gravity, insofar as these values are available. This list contains the Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids), all named natural satellites, and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects. Objects on this list are ordered by mean radius rather than mass; thus, objects on the lower portions of the table can be more massive than objects higher on the list if they have a higher density. Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been discovered; in many cases their positions in this list are approximate, as there is frequently a large uncertainty in their estimated diameters. Solar System objects more massive than 1021 kilograms (one yottagram [Yg]) are known or expected to be approximately spherical. Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes (ellipsoids), achieving hydrostatic equilibrium, when their own gravity is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material. It was believed that the cutoff for round objects is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius if they have a large amount of ice in their makeup; however, later studies revealed that icy satellites as large as Iapetus (1,470 kilometers in diameter) are not in hydrostatic equilibrium at this time, and a 2019 assessment suggests that many TNOs in the size range of 400-1000 kilometers may not even be fully solid bodies, much less gravitationally rounded. Objects that are ellipsoids due to their own gravity are here generally referred to as being round, whether or not they are actually in equilibrium today, while objects that are clearly not ellipsoidal are referred to as being irregular. Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters (scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea). Unlike bodies such as Haumea, the irregular bodies have a significantly non-ellipsoidal profile, often with sharp edges. There can be difficulty in determining the diameter (within a factor of about 2) for typical objects beyond Saturn."} | null | null | What type of object has a grey-blue color and a rotation period of 8.8 hours ? | Cubewano |
072f923e81305a92 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'title': 'United States at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaitlyn Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 200m Individual Medley", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_200_metre_individual_medley", 'summary': "The girl 's 200 metre individual medley event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 15 , at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maxamillian Schneider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maxamillian_Schneider', 'summary': 'Maxamillian Schneider is an American athlete in the sports of judo and wrestling . Schneider began practicing judo at a very early age . He graduated in 2012 from Lane Technical College Prep High School where he began his wrestling career . Schneider attended California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo , California from 2012-2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place between 21-25 August in Singapore . There were a total of eight weight categories for both Boys and Girls .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' 66kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_66_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 66 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 21 at the International Convention Centre . This event was the second lightest of the boy 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 66 kilograms of body mass . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Reynolds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Girls ' 400m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_400_metres", 'summary': "The girls ' 400 metres event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 17-21 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katelyn Bouyssou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katelyn_Bouyssou', 'summary': 'Katelyn Bouyssou ( born June 11 , 1994 in Hope , Rhode Island is an American national competitor in judo . As a senior competitor she has won three national championships at 48 kg . ( in 2008 , 2010 , and 2015 ) as well as twice finishing third ( in 2008 and 2011 ) . At all three of her appearances at the world judo championships ( 2009 , 2010 , and 2017 ) , Bouyssou lost in the first round . Katelyn took a bronze at the Pan American Championships in 2017 . She was also the youngest judoka to ever qualify for the Senior National Team . She would win gold at the USA Junior National Olympics . Bouyssou is also an active wrestler . Bouyssou would earn her place on the national team by defeating reigning champion Natalie Lafon . Bouyssou is currently ( December 2017 ) ranked 27th in the world in her weight division .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place between 21-25 August in Singapore . There were a total of eight weight categories for both Boys and Girls .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' 52kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_52_kg", 'summary': "The Girls ' 52 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 22 at the International Convention Centre . This event was the second lightest of the girl 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 52 kilograms of body mass . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': '22 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Najee Glass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Najee_Glass', 'summary': "Najee Glass ( born June 12 , 1994 ) is an American sprinter and former American football wide receiver . A native of Woodbridge Township , New Jersey , Glass attended St. Peter 's Preparatory School , and is a senior at The University of Florida . Glass finished sixth in the 400 m at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . Glass was part of the US medley relay team that established a new World Youth best at the 2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics running a 31-second 300 m leg . On February 26 , 2012 , Glass ran 46.06 to win the Brooks PR Invitational . His time was good for a Dempsey record ( fastest of any collegiate or professional runner ) and a US # 1 . A few weeks later on March 11 , 2012 , Glass became the 2012 Indoor National Champion . His time 46.57 was good for number 4 all-time . He was an All-USA high school track and field team selection by USA Today in 2011 . Glass is a six-time USTFCCCA Indoor and Outdoor All-American . He also won USTFCCCA South Region Indoor Athlete of the Year . While at the University of Florida , Glass was a part of the winning 4 × 400 m team at the 2013 NCAA Division I Outdoor National Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Medley Relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_medley_relay", 'summary': "The boys ' medley relay competition at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 23 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium . The competitors were divided in 5 teams , each representing a different continent ."}]}, {'value': '23 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myasia Jacobs Robin Reynolds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Medley Relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_medley_relay", 'summary': "The girls ' medley relay event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 23 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium . The competitors were divided in 5 teams , each representing a different continent ."}]}, {'value': '23 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celina Merza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Fencing competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore consisted of three Cadet Male individual events , three Cadet Female individual events and one team event including both genders and all 3 weapons : épée , foil and saber . 78 fencers from 36 nations were competing . The venue was located at the International Convention Centre ( ICC ) . Fencing was one of the five sports that was continually featured at the Olympics since Athens in 1896 ; the others being athletics , swimming , cycling and gymnastics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cadet Female Sabre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Cadet_Female_Sabre', 'summary': 'These are the results of the cadet female saber competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . The competition was held on August 16 .'}]}, {'value': '16 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiera Janzen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 400m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_400_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The girls ' 400 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 20 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '16 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin McDowell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at East Coast Park . There were competitions on August 15 , 16 and 19 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Triathlon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'", 'summary': "Boys ' triathlon was part of the triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics programme . The event consisted of 750 metres ( 0.47 mi ) swimming , 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) cycling , and 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) running . It was held on 16 August 2010 at East Coast Park . The park is Singapore 's most popular public beach and park ; it is the venue of the Osim Singapore Triathlon , an Olympic triathlon event which began in 2002 . Competitors swam in the open seas of the Singapore Strait and raced on the park 's 12-kilometre ( 7.5 mi ) track . Aaron Barclay of New Zealand finished the race in first place . He was among the first few athletes to complete the first leg of the race and led a pack of nine riders in the second leg . Barclay ran neck and neck with Kevin McDowell of the United States before reaching the finish line . The event was Barclay 's first triathlon outside Oceania , and his gold medal was New Zealand 's first medal in the Youth Olympics . McDowell , who was a favourite to win the race after winning the American qualifying event , finished in second place . Alois Knabl of Austria finished third to win the bronze medal . Knabl was one of several athletes from his country who had the highest chances of winning a medal ."}]}, {'value': '16 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Massialas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Massialas', 'summary': "Alexander Massialas ( born April 20 , 1994 ) is an American foil fencer , team silver medallist in the 2014 World Fencing Championships . At the 2016 Summer Olympics he competed in the Men 's foil and earned a silver medal ; he also earned a bronze medal in Men 's team foil ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Fencing competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore consisted of three Cadet Male individual events , three Cadet Female individual events and one team event including both genders and all 3 weapons : épée , foil and saber . 78 fencers from 36 nations were competing . The venue was located at the International Convention Centre ( ICC ) . Fencing was one of the five sports that was continually featured at the Olympics since Athens in 1896 ; the others being athletics , swimming , cycling and gymnastics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cadet Male Foil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Cadet_Male_Foil', 'summary': 'These are the results of the cadet male foil competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . The competition was held on August 17 .'}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaitlyn Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 200m Backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_200_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The women 's 200 metre backstroke heats and final at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 17 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Rogers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Freestyle 76 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_freestyle_76_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 76 kg tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 17 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 76 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myasia Jacobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Girls ' 100m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_100_metres", 'summary': "The girls ' 100 metres event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 18-21 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devin Bogert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Javelin Throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_javelin_throw", 'summary': "The boys ' javelin throw competition at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 18-22 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '22 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "USA Girls ' Volleyball team Samantha Cash Crystal Graff Micha Hancock Jade Hayes Christina Higgins Madison Kamp Madison Mahaffey Liz McMahon Katie Mitchell Tiffany Morales Olivia Okoro Taylor Simpson", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Micha_Hancock', 'summary': "Micha Danielle Hancock ( born November 10 , 1992 ) is an American indoor volleyball player , a member of the United States women 's national volleyball team and Italian club Saugella Team Monza . Hancock played setter for Penn State , where she led Penn State to two consecutive NCAA championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Volleyball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place August 21-26 at Toa Payoh Sports Hall in Singapore .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Tournament", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_tournament", 'summary': 'Volleyball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place at the Toa Payoh Sports Hall in Singapore .'}]}, {'value': '25 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Whitley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at East Coast Park . There were competitions on August 15 , 16 and 19 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Triathlon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'", 'summary': "Girls ' triathlon was part of the triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics programme . The event consisted of 750 metres ( 0.47 mi ) swimming , 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) cycling , and 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) running . It was held on 15 August 2010 at East Coast Park . The park is Singapore 's most popular public beach and park ; it is the venue of the Osim Singapore Triathlon , an Olympic triathlon event which began in 2002 . Competitors swam in the open seas of the Singapore Strait and raced on the park 's 12-kilometre ( 7.5 mi ) track . U.S. triathlon coach Keith Dickson said the course favored strong swimmers and fast runners . Athletes were faced with environmental challenges such as strong sea currents and tropical heat and humidity . As the first medal event of the Singapore Games , the winner of this triathlon received the first gold medal in the Youth Olympic Games . Yuka Sato of Japan finished the race in first place . She had placed third after the first leg of the race and fifth after the second leg . In the final stretch , Sato sped past Mexico 's Adriana Barraza and Australia 's Ellie Salthouse . As she crossed the finish line , Sato carried a Japanese flag that had been handed to her by a spectator ."}]}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregory English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place August 15-19 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre in Singapore .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' 48kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_48_kg", 'summary': "The boys ' 48 kg competition in taekwondo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place on August 15 . A total of 8 men competed in this event , limited to fighters whose body weight was less than 48 kilograms . Quarterfinals started at 14:32 , semifinals at 19:02 and the final at 20:09 . Two bronze medals were awarded at the Taekwondo competitions ."}]}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessie Bates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessie_Bates', 'summary': 'Jessie Bates III ( born February 26 , 1997 ) is an American football safety for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Wake Forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place August 15-19 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre in Singapore .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' 49kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_49_kg", 'summary': "The girls ' 49 kg competition in taekwondo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place on August 16 . A total of 12 women competed in this event , limited to fighters whose body weight was less than 49 kilograms . Preliminaries started at 14:00 , quarterfinals started at 15:54 , semifinals at 18:30 and the final at 19:53 . Two bronze medals were awarded at the Taekwondo competitions ."}]}, {'value': '16 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katharine Holmes Alexander Massalias Celina Merza Will Spear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katharine_Holmes', 'summary': "Katharine Holmes ( born July 15 , 1993 ) is an American fencer . She competed in the women 's épée event at the 2016 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Fencing competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore consisted of three Cadet Male individual events , three Cadet Female individual events and one team event including both genders and all 3 weapons : épée , foil and saber . 78 fencers from 36 nations were competing . The venue was located at the International Convention Centre ( ICC ) . Fencing was one of the five sports that was continually featured at the Olympics since Athens in 1896 ; the others being athletics , swimming , cycling and gymnastics .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed Team - Americas 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_team', 'summary': 'For 2010 YOG FIE introduced completely new format competitions for teams , where their composition will be determined by the results achieved during the individual events . The best fencers ranked in each weapon from different NOCs will form the top team of each continent as follows : Europe 1 , Europe 2 , Europe 3 , Europe 4 , Asia 1 , Asia 2 , Americas 1 , Americas 2 , Africa .'}]}, {'value': '18 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Whitley Kevin McDowell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at East Coast Park . There were competitions on August 15 , 16 and 19 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed Relay - Americas 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_relay', 'summary': "4x Mixed Relay Triathlon was part of the triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics programme . The event consisted of a relay with each athlete performing 250 metres ( 0.16 mi ) of swimming , 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) of cycling , and 1.7 kilometres ( 1.1 mi ) of running . It was held on 19 August 2010 at East Coast Park . The teams were made based on the results of the boys ' and girls ' triathlon event held of August 15-16 , 2010 . Each team had two boys and two girls and were split by continent . A total of 15 teams raced in the event ."}]}, {'value': '19 Aug', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'The United States participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. The U.S. Team consisted of 82 athletes competing in 18 sports: aquatics (swimming and diving), archery, badminton, basketball, boxing, equestrian, fencing, gymnastics, judo, modern pentathlon, sailing, table tennis, taekwondo, track & field, triathlon, volleyball, weightlifting and wrestling.'} | null | null | Which sport did the youngest medallist participate in ? | Taekwondo |
072fe2c8679995d4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Watson', 'title': 'Emma Watson', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher's_Stone_(film)", 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( released in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J. K. Rowling 's 1997 novel of the same name . The film is the first instalment of the Harry Potter film series and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . Its story follows Harry Potter 's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger . Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported £1 million ( $ 1.65 million in 1999 ) . Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000 , with Chris Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner . Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British and Irish , and the film was shot at Leavesden Film Studios and historic buildings around the United Kingdom . The film was released to cinemas in the United Kingdom and United States on 16 November 2001 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 975.8 million at the box office worldwide . The highest-grossing film of 2001 , it is the 47th highest-grossing of all-time ( 2nd at the time of its release ; behind Titanic ) and the second most successful instalment of the Harry Potter series behind Deathly Hallows - Part 2 . The film was nominated for many awards , including Academy Awards for Best Original Score , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermione_Granger', 'summary': "Hermione Jean Granger ( /hɜːrˈmaɪ.əni/ /ˈɡreɪndʒər/ ) is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . She first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , as a new student on her way to Hogwarts . After Harry and Ron save her from a mountain troll in the girls ' restroom , she becomes best friends with them and often uses her quick wit , deft recall , and encyclopaedic knowledge to lend aid in dire situations . Rowling has stated that Hermione resembles herself as a young girl , with her insecurity and fear of failure . The character has had immense popularity . The version of Hermione portrayed by Emma Watson in all eight Harry Potter films from Philosopher 's Stone in 2001 to Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in 2011 was voted the best female film character of all time in a poll conducted amongst Hollywood professionals by The Hollywood Reporter in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J. K. Rowling 's 1998 novel of the same name . The film is a sequel to the 2001 film Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and the second instalment in the Harry Potter film series . It was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger and is also the last film to feature Richard Harris as Professor Albus Dumbledore , due to his death that same year . Its story follows Harry Potter 's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as the Heir of Salazar Slytherin opens the Chamber of Secrets , unleashing a monster that petrifies the school 's denizens . The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 November 2002 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 879 million at the box office worldwide . It was the second highest-grossing film of 2002 behind The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . The movie was nominated for many awards including the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design , Best Sound , and Best Special Visual Effects . It was followed by six sequels , beginning with Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004 and ending with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in 2011 , nearly ten years after the first film 's release ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a 2004 fantasy film directed by Alfonso Cuarón and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J. K. Rowling 's 1999 novel of the same name . The film , which is the third instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by Chris Columbus , David Heyman , and Mark Radcliffe . The story follows Harry Potter 's third year at Hogwarts as he is informed that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped from Azkaban and intends to kill him . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It also features well-known actors in supporting roles , including Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , David Thewlis as Professor Lupin , Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney and Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and is followed by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The film was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom , and on 4 June 2004 in North America , as the first Harry Potter film released into IMAX theatres and to be using IMAX Technology . The film was nominated for two Academy Awards , Best Original Music Score and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards in 2004 . Prisoner of Azkaban grossed a total of $ 796.9 million worldwide , making it the second highest-grossing film of 2004 and received praise for Cuarón 's direction and the performances of the lead actors . It marked a notable change in the film series ' tone and directing , and is considered by many critics and fans to be one of the best Harry Potter films ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J. K. Rowling 's 2000 novel of the same name . The film , which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The story follows Harry 's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament . The film is the first of the series to receive a PG-13 certificate in the US , and a 12A in the UK , and stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and is followed by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Filming began in early 2004 . The Hogwarts scenes were shot at the Leavesden Film Studios . Five days after its release , the film had grossed over US $ 102 million at the North American box office , which is the third-highest first-weekend tally for a Harry Potter film behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 and Part 2 . Goblet of Fire enjoyed an immensely successful run at the box office , earning $ 897 million worldwide , which made it the highest-grossing film of 2005 and the sixth-highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design . Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be released in IMAX ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film)', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J. K. Rowling 's 2003 novel of the same name . The fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , it was written by Michael Goldenberg ( making this the only film in the series not to be scripted by Steve Kloves ) and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The story follows Harry Potter 's fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince . Live-action filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006 , with a one-month break in June . Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects . The film 's budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million ( $ 150-200 million ) . Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July , both in conventional and IMAX theatres ; it is the first Potter film to be released in IMAX 3D . Order of the Phoenix opened to a worldwide five-day opening of $ 333 million , fourteenth of all-time , and grossed $ 940 million total , second to Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End for the greatest total of 2007 . The film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tale of Despereaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Despereaux_(film)', 'summary': 'The Tale of Despereaux is a 2008 British-American computer-animated adventure fantasy family film directed by Sam Fell and Robert Stevenhagen and produced by Gary Ross and Allison Thomas . Loosely based on the 2003 book of the same name by Kate DiCamillo , the movie is narrated by Sigourney Weaver and stars Matthew Broderick , Robbie Coltrane , Frances Conroy , Tony Hale , Ciarán Hinds , Dustin Hoffman , Richard Jenkins , Kevin Kline , Frank Langella , William H. Macy , Charles Shaughnessy , Stanley Tucci , Tracey Ullman , and Emma Watson . It was released on December 19 , 2008 , by Universal Pictures . The movie is the second theatrically released computer-animated film distributed by Universal Pictures . It was also produced by Universal Animation Studios , Framestore Feature Animation , and Relativity Media . The film grossed $ 86.9 million on a $ 60 million budget and received mixed reviews , where many critics praised the film for its excellent animation and the charming title character , but complained that it had an unoriginal and scrambled story .'}]}, {'value': 'Princess Pea', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is a 2009 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J. K. Rowling 's 2005 novel of the same name . The film , which is the sixth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The story follows Harry Potter 's sixth year at Hogwarts as he receives a mysterious textbook , falls in love , and attempts to retrieve a memory that holds the key to Lord Voldemort 's downfall . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and is followed by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 . Filming began on 24 September 2007 , leading to the film 's worldwide cinematic release on 15 July 2009 , one day short of the fourth anniversary of the corresponding novel 's release . With an estimated budget of $ 250 million , it is the 15th most expensive film ever made and the most expensive film in the Harry Potter film series . The film was simultaneously released in regular cinemas and IMAX 3D everywhere except North America , where its IMAX release was delayed for two weeks . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered in London on 7 July 2009 and was released theatrically worldwide on 15 July . The film was a major commercial success , breaking the record for the biggest single-day worldwide gross . In five days the film made $ 394 million , breaking the record for highest five-day worldwide gross ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_–_Part_1', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the first of two cinematic parts based on J. K. Rowling 's 2007 novel of the same name and features an ensemble cast . The film , which is the seventh and penultimate instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman , David Barron , and Rowling . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , respectively , reprising roles as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and is followed by the concluding entry , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 . The story follows Harry Potter , who has been tasked by Dumbledore with finding and destroying Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality - the Horcruxes . Filming began on 19 February 2009 ( 2009-02-19 ) and was completed on 12 June 2010 ( 2010-06-12 ) . Part 1 was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats worldwide on 19 November 2010 . In the film 's worldwide opening weekend , Part 1 grossed $ 330 million , the third-highest in the series , and the highest opening of 2010 , as well as the eighth-highest of all time . With a worldwide gross of $ 960 million , Part 1 is the third highest-grossing film of 2010 , behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland , and the third-highest-grossing Harry Potter film in terms of worldwide totals , behind Deathly Hallows - Part 2 and Philosopher 's Stone . Additionally , it received two nominations at the 83rd Academy Awards : Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_–_Part_2', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 is a 2011 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the second of two cinematic parts based on J. K. Rowling 's 2007 novel of the same name . The film , which is the eighth and final instalment in the Harry Potter series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman , David Barron , and Rowling . The story continues to follow Harry Potter 's quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's Horcruxes in order to stop him once and for all . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . Principal photography began on 19 February 2009 , and was completed on 12 June 2010 , with reshoots taking place in December 2010 , more than ten years after filming started on the first instalment of the series . Part 2 was released in 2D , 3-D and IMAX cinemas worldwide from 13-15 July 2011 , and is the only Harry Potter film to be released in 3-D . The film became a commercial success and one of the best reviewed films of 2011 , with praise for the acting , Yates 's direction , musical score , visual effects , cinematography , action sequences , and the satisfying conclusion of the saga . At the box office , Part 2 claimed the worldwide opening weekend record , earning $ 483.2 million , as well as setting opening day and opening weekend records in various countries . Part 2 grossed over $ 1.3 billion worldwide and became the third-highest-grossing film of all time , as well as the highest-grossing film of 2011 . As of 2020 , it is the 13th-highest-grossing film of all time , the highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series , as well as in the Wizarding World franchise , and the ninth film to gross over $ 1 billion . It is also the highest-grossing film of Warner Bros. and its parent company WarnerMedia ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermione Granger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Week with Marilyn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Week_with_Marilyn', 'summary': 'My Week with Marilyn is a 2011 drama film directed by Simon Curtis and written by Adrian Hodges . It stars Michelle Williams , Kenneth Branagh , Eddie Redmayne , Dominic Cooper , Julia Ormond , Emma Watson , and Judi Dench . Based on two books by Colin Clark , it depicts the making of the 1957 film The Prince and the Showgirl , which starred Marilyn Monroe ( Williams ) and Laurence Olivier ( Branagh ) . The film focuses on the week during the shooting of the 1957 film when Monroe was escorted around London by Clark ( Redmayne ) , after her husband Arthur Miller ( Dougray Scott ) had returned to the United States . Principal photography began on 4 October 2010 , at Pinewood Studios . Filming took place at Saltwood Castle , White Waltham Airfield , and on locations in and around London . Curtis also used the same studio in which Monroe had shot The Prince and the Showgirl in 1956 . My Week with Marilyn had its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on 9 October 2011 , and was shown at the Mill Valley Film Festival two days later . The film was released on 23 November 2011 , in the United States , and on 25 November in the United Kingdom . For her portrayal of Monroe , Williams was awarded the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical , and earned Best Actress nominations from the Academy Awards and British Academy Film Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Perks of Being a Wallflower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Perks_of_Being_a_Wallflower_(film)', 'summary': "The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a 2012 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Stephen Chbosky , based on Chbosky 's 1999 novel of the same name . Logan Lerman stars as a teenager named Charlie who writes to an unnamed friend , and these epistles chronicle his trials , tribulations , and triumphs as he goes through his first year of high school . The film depicts his depression and anxiety as he goes through his journey in high school making new friends . The film 's ensemble cast also features Emma Watson , Ezra Miller , Mae Whitman , Kate Walsh , Dylan McDermott , Nina Dobrev , Johnny Simmons , Erin Wilhelmi , Melanie Lynskey , Paul Rudd and Joan Cusack . Chbosky had always intended to adapt the novel to film but took his time after waiting for the right time . He was hesitant to sell the rights to the film to anyone , but eventually sold them to Mr. Mudd Productions as long they let him write and direct the film . Filming began in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania on May 2011 and lasted approximately fifty days . This is one of the three films from John Malkovich , Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith 's Mr. Mudd Productions that feature struggling teenagers ; the other two are Ghost World and Juno . The film premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , followed by the United States ' theatrical release on September 21 , 2012 , by Summit Entertainment . It received positive critical response and commercial success , earning $ 33.4 million to a budget of $ 13 million . It received several accolades , including the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature , two Critics ' Choice Movie Awards nominations , including Best Adapted Screenplay for Chbosky , and the 2013 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film - Wide Release ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bling Ring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bling_Ring', 'summary': "The Bling Ring is a 2013 satirical crime film written , directed and produced by Sofia Coppola . It features an ensemble cast , led by Katie Chang , Israel Broussard , Emma Watson , Taissa Farmiga , and Claire Julien . It is based on the 2010 Vanity Fair article The Suspects Wore Louboutins by Nancy Jo Sales , which dealt with a real-life gang known as the Bling Ring . The story follows a group of fame-obsessed teenagers who use the internet to track celebrities ' whereabouts in order to rob their homes . The film is an international co-production by producers in the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Germany and Japan . Coppola began developing a screenplay based on the real-life burglaries in December 2011 . Casting took place in early 2012 , before principal photography began in March that same year in Los Angeles , California . The Bling Ring had its world premiere in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2013 Cannes Film Festival on May 16 , 2013 . The film was theatrically released in limited theaters on June 14 , 2013 by A24 , before opening in a wide release on June 21 . The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics , with many praising the cast and Coppola 's stylish direction ; Watson received critical acclaim for her performance . However , others criticized the film for its shallow and morally ambiguous approach towards the subject matter . The Bling Ring represents the final work of cinematographer Harris Savides , who died of brain cancer while the film was in post-production ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicki Moore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This Is the End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/This_Is_the_End', 'summary': "This Is the End is a 2013 American apocalyptic comedy film written , directed and co-produced by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg in their directorial debuts . It is a feature-length film adaptation of the short film Jay and Seth versus the Apocalypse ( 2007 ) also written by Rogen and Goldberg , with the short 's director Jason Stone serving as an executive producer . Starring James Franco , Jonah Hill , Rogen , Jay Baruchel , Danny McBride , and Craig Robinson , the film centers on fictionalized versions of its cast in the wake of a global biblical apocalypse . Produced by Mandate Pictures and Rogen and Goldberg 's Point Grey Pictures , This Is the End premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3 , 2013 and was released theatrically in the United States on June 14 , 2013 by Columbia Pictures . The film was both a critical and commercial success , having grossed $ 126 million worldwide against a $ 32 million production budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noah_(2014_film)', 'summary': "Noah is a 2014 American epic Biblical drama film directed by Darren Aronofsky and inspired by the Biblical story of Noah 's Ark from the Book of Genesis . Noah , which was co-written by Aronofsky and Ari Handel , stars Russell Crowe as Noah , along with Jennifer Connelly , Emma Watson , Ray Winstone , Logan Lerman , Douglas Booth , and Anthony Hopkins . The film was released in North American theaters on March 28 , 2014 , in 2D and IMAX , while a version converted to 3D and IMAX 3D was released in several other countries . Noah received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed over $ 362 million worldwide , making it Aronofsky 's highest-grossing film to date . It was praised for its direction and acting , but generated controversy , primarily due to its lack of racial diversity , its perceived left-leaning political messages [ citation needed ] and its extensive use of non-biblical sources for inspiration such as the Book of Enoch . It was banned in China for religion-related reason . It was also banned in several Muslim countries because it was seen as contradicting the teachings of Islam ."}]}, {'value': 'Ila', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonia_(film)', 'summary': 'Colonia , also known as The Colony , is a 2015 historical romantic thriller film directed by Florian Gallenberger , produced by Benjamin Herrmann , written by Torsten Wenzel and Gallenberger , and starring Emma Watson , Daniel Brühl , and Michael Nyqvist . The film is set against the backdrop of the 1973 Chilean military coup and the real Colonia Dignidad , a notorious cult in the South of Chile , led by German lay preacher Paul Schäfer . The film is an international co-production of companies in the United Kingdom , Germany , Luxembourg , and France . Principal photography began on 2 October 2014 in Luxembourg ; filming also took place in Germany and Argentina . The film held its world premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival in the Special Presentations section . The film was released in Germany on 18 February 2016 , in the United Kingdom on 1 July 2016 , and in France on 20 July 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lena', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regression', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regression_(film)', 'summary': 'Regression is a 2015 psychological thriller mystery film directed , produced and written by Alejandro Amenábar . The film stars Ethan Hawke and Emma Watson , with David Thewlis , Lothaire Bluteau , Dale Dickey , David Dencik , Peter MacNeill , Devon Bostick and Aaron Ashmore in supporting roles . The film had its world premiere at the San Sebastián International Film Festival on September 18 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Angela Gray', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beauty and the Beast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)', 'summary': "Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos . Co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films , it was filmed entirely in Britain with predominantly British principal actors . The film is a live-action adaptation of Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's 18th-century fairy tale . It features an ensemble cast including Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters , with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha-Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . A live-action Beauty and the Beast remake was first announced in April 2014 , with Condon hired to direct it ; Watson , Stevens , Evans , and the rest of the cast signed on between January and April 2015 . Principal photography lasted from May to August 2015 , and took place at Shepperton Studios in England . With an estimated budget of around $ 255 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . The film premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States in standard , Disney Digital 3-D , RealD 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema on March 17 , 2017 . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising the performances of the cast ( particularly those of Watson and Stevens ) , and its faithfulness to the original animated film , as well as elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production values , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $ 1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film , making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 , and the 10th-highest-grossing film of all time . The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Belle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belle_(Disney)', 'summary': "Belle is a fictional character in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O'Hara , Belle is the non-conforming daughter of an inventor who yearns to abandon her predictable village life in return for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold-hearted beast , Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father 's , and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his unsightly outward appearance . Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg commissioned Beauty and the Beast as an animated musical with a strong heroine and hired first-time screenwriter Linda Woolverton to write it . Basing her on the heroine of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's fairy tale Beauty and the Beast , Woolverton adapted Belle into a stronger and less passive character for the film . Inspired by the women 's rights movement , Woolverton wanted Belle to be a unique Disney heroine different from The Little Mermaid 's popular Ariel , and thus deliberately conceived the character as a feminist in an effort to avoid the criticism Disney had long been receiving due to the studio 's reputation of depicting its female characters as victims . Belle 's strength and love of reading was inspired by American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) , while the writers instilled the adventure-seeking heroine with goals and aspirations beyond romance . However , the story artists and animators often contested Woolverton 's liberated vision for the character . Animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn , the former of whom based the character 's graceful gait on those of impressionist Edgar Degas ' ballerinas , Belle 's European facial features were inspired by those of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . Several additional Hollywood actresses inspired Belle 's appearance , including Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor , and Grace Kelly . Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character 's bravery , intelligence and independence . Reception towards her feminism , however , has been more mixed , with commentators accusing the character 's actions of being romance-oriented ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Circle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Circle_(2017_film)', 'summary': "The Circle is a 2017 American techno-thriller film directed by James Ponsoldt with a screenplay by Ponsoldt and Dave Eggers , based on Eggers ' 2013 novel of the same name . The film stars Emma Watson and Tom Hanks , as well as John Boyega , Karen Gillan , Ellar Coltrane , Patton Oswalt , Glenne Headly , and Bill Paxton in his final role . The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26 , 2017 , and was theatrically released on April 28 , 2017 , by STXfilms and EuropaCorp . It received negative reviews but grossed $ 40 million worldwide against a budget of $ 18 million , becoming director Ponsoldt 's highest grossing feature ."}]}, {'value': 'Mae Holland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Women_(2019_film)', 'summary': 'Little Women is a 2019 American coming-of-age period drama film written and directed by Greta Gerwig . It is the seventh film adaptation of the 1868 novel of the same name by Louisa May Alcott . The film stars Saoirse Ronan , Emma Watson , Florence Pugh , Eliza Scanlen , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , Meryl Streep , Tracy Letts , Bob Odenkirk , James Norton , Louis Garrel , and Chris Cooper . Little Women had its world premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on December 7 , 2019 , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25 , 2019 , by Sony Pictures Releasing . The film received critical acclaim , and has grossed $ 191.7 million worldwide . Among its numerous accolades , the film received six nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actress ( Ronan ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Pugh ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay , and won for Best Costume Design . It also received five nominations at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards , winning for Best Costume Design , and two nominations at the 77th Golden Globe Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Meg March', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Emma_Watson_0', 'intro': "Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson (born 15 April 1990) is an English actress, model and activist. Born in Paris and brought up in Oxfordshire, Watson attended the Dragon School and trained as an actress at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts. As a child, she rose to prominence with her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series, having acted only in school plays previously. Watson also appeared in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux (2008). After the last Harry Potter film, she took on starring and supporting roles in My Week with Marilyn (2011), The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012) and The Bling Ring (2013), made an appearance as an exaggerated version of herself in This Is the End (2013), and portrayed the titular character's adopted daughter in Noah (2014). She went on to star as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast (2017) and Meg March in the coming-of-age film Little Women (2019), the latter of which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her other film roles include Regression (2015), Colonia (2015), and The Circle (2017). From 2011 to 2014, Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education, studying at Brown University and Worcester College, Oxford, and graduating from Brown with a bachelor's degree in English literature in May 2014. Her modelling work has included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme. She also lent her name to a line of clothing for People Tree. She was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2014, winning British Artist of the Year. That same year, she was appointed as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe, which encourages all genders to work towards gender equality."} | null | null | Who co-starred with Watson in the 2015 movie in which Emma Watson portrayed Angela Gray ? | Ethan Hawke |
073410912155b652 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sponsored_sports_venues', 'title': 'List of sponsored sports venues', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ajinomoto Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ajinomoto_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ajinomoto Stadium ( 味の素スタジアム , Ajinomoto Sutajiamu ) , also known as Tokyo Stadium in AFC Champions League , is a multi-purpose stadium in Chōfu , Tokyo , Japan . The stadium was founded at Kantō Mura , the redevelopment area formerly used by United States Forces Japan , in March 2001 . It was the first stadium in Japan that offered its naming rights , which were sold to Ajinomoto Co. , Inc. with a 5-year 1.2 billion yen ( about 10 million U.S. dollars ) contract , from March 2003 to February 2008 . As a result , it was named Ajinomoto Stadium ( 味の素スタジアム , Ajinomoto Sutajiamu ) . This contract was renewed in November 2007 and extended by 6 years for 1.4 billion yen to February 2014 , and in October 2013 , the second renewal of the contract extended the term to February 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chōfu , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chōfu,_Tokyo', 'summary': 'Chōfu ( 調布市 , Chōfu-shi ) /Japanese pronunciation : [ tɕoːfɯʃi ] is a city in the Tokyo Metropolis , Japan . As of 1 February 2016 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 228,663 , and a population density of 10,590 per km² . Its total area is 21.58 square kilometres ( 8.33 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Amenity Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tosu_Stadium', 'summary': "Ekimae Real Estate Stadium ( 駅前不動産スタジアム , Ekimae Fudōsan Sutajiamu ) is a football stadium in Tosu , Saga , Japan . It serves as a home ground of J1 League club Sagan Tosu . The stadium holds 24,130 people and was built in 1996 . It was built in the site of Tosu rail yard and Tosu classification yard in accord with the JR Kyushu 's Tosu Station . It was formerly known as Tosu Stadium ( 鳥栖スタジアム , Tosu Sutajiamu ) then it was called Best Amenity Stadium from January 2008 to January 2019 for the naming rights . Ekimae Real Estate Holdings Co. , Ltd. , a real estate company in Kurume City , won the naming rights agreement from Tosu City , then renamed the stadium as Ekimae Real Estate Stadium ( 駅前不動産スタジアム , Ekimae Fudōsan Sutajiamu ) from 1 February 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tosu , Saga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tosu,_Saga', 'summary': 'Tosu ( 鳥栖市 , Tosu-shi ) is a city located in the eastern part of Saga Prefecture on the island of Kyushu , Japan . As of February 28 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 72,755 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km2 . The total area is 71.73 km2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukuda Denshi Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuda_Denshi_Arena', 'summary': "Fukuda Denshi Arena ( フクダ電子アリーナ , Fukuda Denshi Ariina ) , known commonly as Fuku-Ari ( フクアリ ) , is a football stadium in Chiba city , Japan . It was completed in 2005 and is home to the J . League club JEF United Ichihara Chiba following their move from the Ichihara Seaside Stadium . This stadium has 18,500 seats and 1,281 standings . Full capacity is 19,781 . Originally named Chiba Soga Football Stadium ( 千葉市蘇我球技場 , Chiba-shi Soga Kyūgijō ) , Fukuda Denshi , a medical electric instrument manufacturer , won the naming rights after outbidding several other candidates . The location is a former Kawasaki Steel factory site . The first international match was held on 30 May 2009 , as the men 's national teams of Belgium and Chile played out a 1-1 draw ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiba,_Chiba', 'summary': "Chiba ( 千葉市 , Chiba-shi , Japanese : [ tɕiꜜba ] ) is the capital city of Chiba Prefecture , Japan . It sits about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of the centre of Tokyo on Tokyo Bay . Chiba City became a government-designated city in 1992 . In June 2019 , its population was 979,768 , with a population density of 3,605 people per km² . The city has an area of 271.77 square kilometres ( 104.93 sq mi ) . Chiba City is one of the Kantō region 's primary seaports , and is home to Chiba Port , which handles one of the highest volumes of cargo in the nation . Much of the city is residential , although there are many factories and warehouses along the coast . There are several major urban centres in the city , including Makuhari , a prime waterfront business district in which Makuhari Messe is located , and Central Chiba , in which the prefectural government office and the city hall are located . Chiba is famous for the Chiba Urban Monorail , the longest suspended monorail in the world . Some popular destinations in the city include : Kasori Shell Midden , the largest shellmound in the world at 134,000 m2 ( 160,000 sq yd ) , Inage Beach , the first artificial beach in the nation which forms part of the longest artificial beach in Japan , and the Chiba City Zoological Park , popular on account of the standing red panda Futa ."}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ZOZO Marine Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/QVC_Marine_Field', 'summary': 'ZOZO Marine Stadium ( ZOZOマリンスタジアム , Zozo Marin Sutajiamu ) ( official name : Chiba Marine Stadium ) is a stadium in Chiba City , Japan . It opened in 1990 and holds approximately 30,000 people . It is primarily used for baseball and is the home field of the Chiba Lotte Marines . It is also used for Rugby union . The official opening of the stadium was on April 13 , 1990 , when popstar Madonna opened her Blond Ambition Tour at the venue . The show was blighted by heavy rain and high winds which led to the concert being dramatically scaled back , as documented in her documentary Truth or Dare . Lady Gaga performed 2 sold-out shows at the venue on August 13 and 14 , 2014 , for her ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour . The Summer Sonic Festival and Makuhari Messe are held at the stadium every summer as well as the Electric Daisy Carnival music festival which was first held at the stadium in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiba,_Chiba', 'summary': "Chiba ( 千葉市 , Chiba-shi , Japanese : [ tɕiꜜba ] ) is the capital city of Chiba Prefecture , Japan . It sits about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of the centre of Tokyo on Tokyo Bay . Chiba City became a government-designated city in 1992 . In June 2019 , its population was 979,768 , with a population density of 3,605 people per km² . The city has an area of 271.77 square kilometres ( 104.93 sq mi ) . Chiba City is one of the Kantō region 's primary seaports , and is home to Chiba Port , which handles one of the highest volumes of cargo in the nation . Much of the city is residential , although there are many factories and warehouses along the coast . There are several major urban centres in the city , including Makuhari , a prime waterfront business district in which Makuhari Messe is located , and Central Chiba , in which the prefectural government office and the city hall are located . Chiba is famous for the Chiba Urban Monorail , the longest suspended monorail in the world . Some popular destinations in the city include : Kasori Shell Midden , the largest shellmound in the world at 134,000 m2 ( 160,000 sq yd ) , Inage Beach , the first artificial beach in the nation which forms part of the longest artificial beach in Japan , and the Chiba City Zoological Park , popular on account of the standing red panda Futa ."}]}, {'value': 'Retractable-roof baseball stadium ( NPB )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sankyo Frontier Kashiwa Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sankyo_Frontier_Kashiwa_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Sankyo Frontier Kashiwa Stadium ( 三協フロンテア柏スタジアム ) is a football stadium in Kashiwa , Chiba , Japan . It serves as the home ground of the J1 League club Kashiwa Reysol . The stadium holds 15,349 people and was built in 1985 . The stadium is owned by Hitachi and also known as Hitachi Kashiwa Stadium ( 日立柏サッカー場 ) . In February 2018 , a naming rights deal was signed and the stadium was renamed Sankyo Frontier Kashiwa Stadium until 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kashiwa , Chiba Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kashiwa,_Chiba', 'summary': 'Kashiwa ( 柏市 , Kashiwa-shi ) is a city located in Chiba Prefecture , Japan . As of December 1 , 2015 , the city had an estimated population of 411,602 , and a population density of 3,590 persons per km2 . The total area is 114.72 square kilometres ( 44.29 sq mi ) . The name of the city is written with a single kanji character : 柏 , a reference to Quercus dentata , commonly known in English as the Japanese emperor oak or daimyo oak .'}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denka Big Swan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niigata_Stadium', 'summary': "The Denka Big Swan Stadium ( デンカビッグスワンスタジアム , Denka Biggu Suwan Sutajiamu ) , also nicknamed the Big Swan ( ビッグスワン , Biggu Suwan ) , is a multi-purpose stadium in Niigata City , Japan . It is the home ground of J2 League club Albirex Niigata and was one of the 20 stadia used in the 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosting three matches . Through a sponsorship deal the stadium is officially named Denka Big Swan Stadium ( デンカビッグスワンスタジアム , Denka Biggu Suwan Sutajiamu ) , and has previously been called the Tohoku Denryoku Big Swan Stadium for similar reason . The stadium 's capacity is 42,300 . The highest recorded attendance at the stadium was Albirex Niigata 's home fixture against Omiya Ardija on 23 November 2003 , the final day of the 2003 J . League Division 2 , with 42,223 fans attending ."}]}, {'value': 'Niigata City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niigata,_Niigata', 'summary': "Niigata ( 新潟市 , Niigata-shi , Japanese : [ niːɡata ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Niigata Prefecture located in the Chūbu region of Japan . It is the largest city on the west coast of Honshu , and the second largest city in Chūbu region after Nagoya . It faces the Sea of Japan and Sado Island . As of 1 July 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 797,591 , and a population density of 1,098 persons per km² . The total area is 726.45 square kilometres ( 280.48 sq mi ) . Greater Niigata , Niigata Metropolitan Employment Area , has a GDP of US $ 43.3 billion as of 2010 . With a long history as a port town , Niigata became a free port following the Meiji Restoration . Niigata 's city government was established in 1889 . Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city 's population to jump to 810,000 . The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan . On April 1 , 2007 , it became the first government-designated city on the Japan Sea coast of Honshu ."}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukuoka Yahoo ! Japan Dome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka_Dome', 'summary': "The PayPay Dome ( ペイペイドーム , Peipeidōmu ) is a baseball field , located in Chūō-ku , Fukuoka , Japan . Built in 1993 , the stadium was originally named Fukuoka Dome ( 福岡ドーム , Fukuoka Dōmu ) and has the capacity of 38,585 seats . With a diameter of 216 meters , the Fukuoka Yahuoku ! Dome is the world 's largest geodesic dome . This is Japan 's first stadium built with a retractable roof . In 2005 , Yahoo ! JAPAN , one of SoftBank 's subsidiaries , acquired the stadium 's naming rights , and thus renamed it Fukuoka Yahoo ! Japan Dome ( 福岡Yahoo ! JAPANドーム , Fukuoka Yafū Japan Dōmu ) or abbreviated as Yahoo Dome ( ヤフードーム , Yafū Dōmu ) , In January 2013 , it was renamed to Fukuoka Yafuoku ! Dome ( 福岡 ヤフオク ! ドーム , Fukuoka Yafuoku Dōmu ) . Yafuoku means Yahoo !"}]}, {'value': 'Fukuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka', 'summary': "Fukuoka ( 福岡市 , Fukuoka-shi , Japanese : [ ɸɯ̥kɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture , situated on the northern shore of the Japanese island Kyushu . It is the most populous city on the island , followed by Kitakyushu . It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin . The city was designated on April 1 , 1972 , by government ordinance . Greater Fukuoka , with a population of 2.5 million people ( 2005 census ) , is part of the heavily industrialized Fukuoka-Kitakyushu zone . As of 2015 [ update ] , Fukuoka is Japan 's sixth largest city , having passed the population of Kobe . In July 2011 , Fukuoka surpassed the population of Kyoto . Since the founding of Kyoto in 794 , this marks the first time that a city west of the Kinki region has a larger population than Kyoto . In ancient times , however , the area near Fukuoka , the Chikushi region , was thought by some historians to have possibly been even more influential than the Yamato region ."}]}, {'value': 'Retractable-roof baseball stadium ( NPB )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Futaba Buggy Track', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobara', 'summary': 'Mobara ( 茂原市 , Mobara-shi ) is a city located in Chiba Prefecture , Japan . As of December 1 , 2015 , the city had an estimated population of 89,655 , and a population density of 897 persons per km² . The total area is 99.92 square kilometres ( 38.58 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Radio-controlled car dirt track', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hard Off Eco Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niigata_Prefectural_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Niigata Prefectural Baseball Stadium ( 新潟県立野球場 ) is a baseball stadium in Niigata , Niigata opened on July 1 , 2009 . It is primarily used for baseball and is the home of the Niigata Albirex Baseball Club . The stadium hosted one NPB All-Star Game in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Niigata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niigata,_Niigata', 'summary': "Niigata ( 新潟市 , Niigata-shi , Japanese : [ niːɡata ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Niigata Prefecture located in the Chūbu region of Japan . It is the largest city on the west coast of Honshu , and the second largest city in Chūbu region after Nagoya . It faces the Sea of Japan and Sado Island . As of 1 July 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 797,591 , and a population density of 1,098 persons per km² . The total area is 726.45 square kilometres ( 280.48 sq mi ) . Greater Niigata , Niigata Metropolitan Employment Area , has a GDP of US $ 43.3 billion as of 2010 . With a long history as a port town , Niigata became a free port following the Meiji Restoration . Niigata 's city government was established in 1889 . Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city 's population to jump to 810,000 . The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan . On April 1 , 2007 , it became the first government-designated city on the Japan Sea coast of Honshu ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noevir Stadium Kobe', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Home's_Stadium_Kobe", 'summary': 'The Kobe City Misaki Park Stadium ( 神戸市御崎公園球技場 ) , also known as The Noevir Stadium Kobe ( ノエビアスタジアム神戸 ) , is a football stadium in Misaki Park , Hyogo-ku , Kobe , Japan . The stadium has a capacity of 30,132 . This stadium , which features a retractable roof , is the home ground of J1 League club Vissel Kobe and the rugby union Top League team Kobelco Steelers . In 1970 , Kobe Central Football Stadium ( 神戸市立中央競技場 ) was opened at the site of the Kobe Keirin Track . It was the first football stadium in Japan to be able to host games at night following the installation of night lighting .'}]}, {'value': 'Kobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kobe', 'summary': "Kobe ( /ˈkoʊbi , -beɪ/ KOH-bee , -\u2060bay ; Japanese : [ koꜜːbe ] ; officially 神戸市 , Kōbe-shi ) is the sixth-largest city [ citation needed ] in Japan and the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture . It is located on the southern side of the main island of Honshū , on the north shore of Osaka Bay and about 30 km ( 19 mi ) west of Osaka . With a population around 1.5 million , the city is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto . The earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki , which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201 . For most of its history , the area was never a single political entity , even during the Tokugawa period , when the port was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate . Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889 . Its name comes from Kanbe ( 神戸 , an archaic title for supporters of the city 's Ikuta Shrine ) . Kobe became one of Japan 's designated cities in 1956 . Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1853 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan and nuclear-free zone port city . While the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of Kobe 's prominence as a port city , it remains Japan 's fourth-busiest container port . Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , and Kobe Steel , as well as over 100 international corporations with Asian or Japanese headquarters in the city , such as Eli Lilly and Company , Procter & Gamble , Boehringer Ingelheim , and Nestlé . The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef , as well as the site of one of Japan 's most famous hot spring resorts , Arima Onsen ."}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotto Motto Field Kobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kobe_Sports_Park_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': "Kobe Sports Park Baseball Stadium ( 神戸総合運動公園野球場 , Kōbe Sōgō-Undō-Kōen Yakyūjō ) or officially Hotto Motto Field Kobe is a baseball park in Kobe Sports Park , Kobe , Japan . It is primarily used for baseball , and is one of two home fields for the Orix Buffaloes , the other being the Kyocera Dome Osaka . The stadium also occasionally hosts Hanshin Tigers when their home field of Koshien Stadium is unavailable . The stadium 's field is one of two ballparks in Japan to have an American-style baseball field : An all-grass outfield and infield , with dirt basepaths . It opened on March 6 , 1988 and holds 35,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Kobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kobe', 'summary': "Kobe ( /ˈkoʊbi , -beɪ/ KOH-bee , -\u2060bay ; Japanese : [ koꜜːbe ] ; officially 神戸市 , Kōbe-shi ) is the sixth-largest city [ citation needed ] in Japan and the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture . It is located on the southern side of the main island of Honshū , on the north shore of Osaka Bay and about 30 km ( 19 mi ) west of Osaka . With a population around 1.5 million , the city is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto . The earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki , which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201 . For most of its history , the area was never a single political entity , even during the Tokugawa period , when the port was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate . Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889 . Its name comes from Kanbe ( 神戸 , an archaic title for supporters of the city 's Ikuta Shrine ) . Kobe became one of Japan 's designated cities in 1956 . Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1853 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan and nuclear-free zone port city . While the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of Kobe 's prominence as a port city , it remains Japan 's fourth-busiest container port . Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , and Kobe Steel , as well as over 100 international corporations with Asian or Japanese headquarters in the city , such as Eli Lilly and Company , Procter & Gamble , Boehringer Ingelheim , and Nestlé . The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef , as well as the site of one of Japan 's most famous hot spring resorts , Arima Onsen ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball stadium ( NPB )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kincho Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagai_Ball_Gall_Field', 'summary': "Nagai Ball Gall Field ( 長居球技場 ) , named Kincho Stadium ( キンチョウスタジアム ) for J . League association football games , Top League rugby football games , and X-League American football games from 2010 until 2018 , is a football and rugby union stadium located in Nagai Park , Higashisumiyoshi-ku , Osaka , Japan . The 20,000 seat stadium is the third stadium in the Nagai Complex along with Nagai Stadium , and Nagai Aid Stadium . With Cerezo Osaka 's moving the home and the renovation of the stadium in 2010 , the naming rights of the stadium were advertised . The rights were knocked down to Dainihon Jochugiku Company , Limited ( 大日本除虫菊株式会社 , Kincho ) for 36 million yen a year and stadium was named Kincho Stadium ( キンチョウスタジアム ) . The name was used from August 1 , 2010 until December 31 , 2018 . Kincho also became the uniform sponsor for Cerezo Osaka ."}]}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osaka', 'summary': "Osaka ( Japanese : 大阪市 , Hepburn : Ōsaka-shi , pronounced [ oːsakaɕi ] ; commonly just 大阪 , Ōsaka [ oːsaka ] ( listen ) ) is a designated city in the Kansai region of the Honshu Island in Japan . It is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and the largest component of the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area , the second largest metropolitan area in Japan and among the largest in the world with more than 20 million inhabitants . Osaka was traditionally considered Japan 's economic hub . By the Kofun period ( 300-538 ) it had developed into an important regional port , and in the 7th and 8th centuries it served briefly as the imperial capital . Osaka continued to flourish during the Edo period ( 1603-1867 ) and became known as a center of Japanese culture . Following the Meiji Restoration , Osaka greatly expanded in size and underwent rapid industrialization . In 1889 , Osaka was officially established as a municipality . Today , Osaka is a major financial center of Japan . It is home to the Osaka Securities Exchange as well as the multinational electronics corporations Panasonic and Sharp . Famous landmarks in Osaka include Osaka Castle - which played a pivotal role in the Siege of Osaka and was featured in the 1980 American television mini-series Shogun - and Shitennō-ji - the oldest Buddhist temple in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paloma Mizuho Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paloma_Mizuho_Stadium', 'summary': 'Paloma Mizuho Stadium ( パロマ瑞穂スタジアム ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nagoya , Japan . It was formerly known as Nagoya Mizuho Athletics Stadium ( 名古屋市瑞穂公園陸上競技場 ) . Since April 2015 it has been called Paloma Mizuho Stadium for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'Mizuho-ku , Nagoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mizuho-ku,_Nagoya', 'summary': 'Mizuho ( 瑞穂区 , Mizuho-ku ) is one of the 16 wards of the city of Nagoya in Aichi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 October 2019 , the ward had an estimated population of 107,622 and a population density of 9,592 persons per km² . The total area was 11.22 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyocera Dome Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osaka_Dome', 'summary': 'The Kyocera Dome Osaka ( 京セラドーム大阪 ) is a baseball stadium located in Osaka , Japan . Opened in 1997 , the stadium was the home field of the Kintetsu Buffaloes . In 2005 , the stadium became one of the homes of the Orix Buffaloes , a result of the merger between the Orix BlueWave and Kintetsu Buffaloes . Prior to the Osaka Dome opening , the Buffaloes played their home games at Fujiidera Stadium . The Hanshin Tigers also use the stadium as their home field for their season openers and their home games in August because their stadium , Koshien Stadium , is used for high school baseball tournaments during those periods . The Dome hosted the Pride Total Elimination 2005 and Pride Total Elimination Absolute mixed martial arts fights .'}]}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osaka', 'summary': "Osaka ( Japanese : 大阪市 , Hepburn : Ōsaka-shi , pronounced [ oːsakaɕi ] ; commonly just 大阪 , Ōsaka [ oːsaka ] ( listen ) ) is a designated city in the Kansai region of the Honshu Island in Japan . It is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and the largest component of the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area , the second largest metropolitan area in Japan and among the largest in the world with more than 20 million inhabitants . Osaka was traditionally considered Japan 's economic hub . By the Kofun period ( 300-538 ) it had developed into an important regional port , and in the 7th and 8th centuries it served briefly as the imperial capital . Osaka continued to flourish during the Edo period ( 1603-1867 ) and became known as a center of Japanese culture . Following the Meiji Restoration , Osaka greatly expanded in size and underwent rapid industrialization . In 1889 , Osaka was officially established as a municipality . Today , Osaka is a major financial center of Japan . It is home to the Osaka Securities Exchange as well as the multinational electronics corporations Panasonic and Sharp . Famous landmarks in Osaka include Osaka Castle - which played a pivotal role in the Siege of Osaka and was featured in the 1980 American television mini-series Shogun - and Shitennō-ji - the oldest Buddhist temple in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball stadium ( NPB )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Level-5 stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Level-5_stadium', 'summary': "Level5 Stadium ( レベルファイブスタジアム ) ( formerly Hakatanomori Football Stadium , renamed on March 1 , 2008 for naming rights ) , located in the Hakata ward of Fukuoka city is the home ground of Avispa Fukuoka association football club . The stadium also hosts rugby union matches , including a few international matches , Top League games , Top League Challenge series and Top Kyushu league games . It was also host to four games ( two match days ) in the IRB Junior World Championship 2009 , including the 7th place play-off and 5th place play-off on July 21 , 2009 . The stadium has been announced as one of the venues for 2019 Rugby World Cup which will be the first Rugby World Cup to be held in Asia . The stadium 's seating capacity is 22,563 . It is located in Higashi Hirao Koen ( park ) , 15-20 minutes walk or a short bus ride from Fukuoka Airport , and is named after the game software company ."}]}, {'value': 'Fukuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka', 'summary': "Fukuoka ( 福岡市 , Fukuoka-shi , Japanese : [ ɸɯ̥kɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture , situated on the northern shore of the Japanese island Kyushu . It is the most populous city on the island , followed by Kitakyushu . It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin . The city was designated on April 1 , 1972 , by government ordinance . Greater Fukuoka , with a population of 2.5 million people ( 2005 census ) , is part of the heavily industrialized Fukuoka-Kitakyushu zone . As of 2015 [ update ] , Fukuoka is Japan 's sixth largest city , having passed the population of Kobe . In July 2011 , Fukuoka surpassed the population of Kyoto . Since the founding of Kyoto in 794 , this marks the first time that a city west of the Kinki region has a larger population than Kyoto . In ancient times , however , the area near Fukuoka , the Chikushi region , was thought by some historians to have possibly been even more influential than the Yamato region ."}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makomanai Sekisui Heim Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makomanai_Open_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Makomanai Sekisui Heim Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Sapporo , Japan . During the 1972 Winter Olympics , it hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and the speed skating events . Located inside the Makomanai Park , the stadium holds 17,324 people . Currently the stadium holds the speed skating Winter Annual National Competition , and until 2011 the Toyota Big Air snowboarding contest . During summer it is used as tennis courts ( up to 8 at the same time ) or futsal fields ( up to 2 at the same time ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sapporo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sapporo', 'summary': 'Sapporo ( 札幌市 , Sapporo-shi ) is the fifth largest city in Japan , and the largest city on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido . It is the capital city of Hokkaido Prefecture and Ishikari Subprefecture . It is an ordinance-designated city . Located in the southwestern part of Hokkaido , Sapporo lies within the alluvial fan of the Toyohira River , a tributary stream of the Ishikari River . As with most of Hokkaido , the area of Sapporo was home to settlements of the indigenous Ainu people . Sapporo was increasingly settled from Japanese migrants in the late 19th century . Sapporo hosted the 1972 Winter Olympics , the first Winter Olympics ever held in Asia , and the Sapporo Dome hosted three games during the 2002 FIFA World Cup and two games during the 2019 Rugby World Cup . The annual Sapporo Snow Festival draws more than 2 million tourists from abroad . The city is served by the New Chitose Airport in nearby Chitose , and is home to Hokkaido University .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makomanai Sekisui Heim Ice Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makomanai_Indoor_Stadium', 'summary': 'Makomanai Sekisui Heim Ice Arena ( 真駒内セキスイハイム アイスアリーナ ) is an indoor ice skating arena in Minami-ku , Sapporo , Japan . It was built in December , 1970 , holds 11,500 people ( 10,024 seats -fixed plus temporary- , and 1,476 standing places ) , and has an area of 10,133 m² in total . The figure skating and some of the ice hockey games and the closing ceremonies from the 1972 Winter Olympics were held at this arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Sapporo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sapporo', 'summary': 'Sapporo ( 札幌市 , Sapporo-shi ) is the fifth largest city in Japan , and the largest city on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido . It is the capital city of Hokkaido Prefecture and Ishikari Subprefecture . It is an ordinance-designated city . Located in the southwestern part of Hokkaido , Sapporo lies within the alluvial fan of the Toyohira River , a tributary stream of the Ishikari River . As with most of Hokkaido , the area of Sapporo was home to settlements of the indigenous Ainu people . Sapporo was increasingly settled from Japanese migrants in the late 19th century . Sapporo hosted the 1972 Winter Olympics , the first Winter Olympics ever held in Asia , and the Sapporo Dome hosted three games during the 2002 FIFA World Cup and two games during the 2019 Rugby World Cup . The annual Sapporo Snow Festival draws more than 2 million tourists from abroad . The city is served by the New Chitose Airport in nearby Chitose , and is home to Hokkaido University .'}]}, {'value': 'Multi-purpose indoor arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mazda Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mazda_Stadium', 'summary': "MAZDA Zoom-Zoom Stadium Hiroshima ( MAZDA Zoom-Zoom スタジアム広島 , Matsuda Zūmu-Zūmu Sutajiamu Hiroshima ) , officially called Hiroshima Municipal Stadium ( 広島市民球場 , Hiroshima Shimin Kyūjō ) , is a baseball stadium in Minami-ku , Hiroshima , Japan . It is used primarily for baseball and is the home of the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of the Japanese Central League . The ballpark has a capacity of 32,000 people and opened on April 10 , 2009 . It replaced First Hiroshima Municipal Stadium and initially retained the old ballpark 's official name . The stadium architecture is considered to be labeled as a retro-classic ballpark ."}]}, {'value': 'Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima', 'summary': "Hiroshima ( 広島市 , Hiroshima-shi , /ˌhɪroʊˈʃiːmə/ , also UK : /hɪˈrɒʃɪmə/ , US : /hɪˈroʊʃɪmə/ , Japanese : [ çiɾoɕima ] ) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan . As of June 1 , 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 2.089 million . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) in Greater Hiroshima , Hiroshima Urban Employment Area , was US $ 61.3 billion as of 2010 . Kazumi Matsui has been the city 's mayor since April 2011 . Hiroshima was founded in 1589 as a castle town on the Ōta River delta . Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Hiroshima rapidly transformed into a major urban center and industrial hub . In 1889 , Hiroshima officially gained city status . The city was a center of military activities during the imperial era , playing significant roles such as the First Sino-Japanese War , the Russo-Japanese War , and the two world wars . Towards the end of World War II , Hiroshima is best remembered as the first city targeted by a nuclear weapon , when the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) dropped an atomic bomb on the city at 8:15 a.m. on August 6 , 1945 . Most of the city was destroyed , and by the end of the year 90,000-166,000 had died as a result of the blast and its effects . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) serves as a memorial of the bombing . Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball stadium ( NPB )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edition Stadium Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima_Big_Arch', 'summary': 'The Hiroshima Big Arch ( 広島ビッグアーチ , Hiroshima Biggu Āchi ) , known under current sponsorship as Edion Stadium Hiroshima ( エディオンスタジアム広島 , Edion Sutajiamu Hiroshima ) , is a multi-purpose stadium in Hiroshima , Japan . It used mostly for association football matches and also for athletics . The venue is the home of J . League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima . It has a capacity of 36,894 . It is an all-seater . It was formerly known as Hiroshima Park Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima', 'summary': "Hiroshima ( 広島市 , Hiroshima-shi , /ˌhɪroʊˈʃiːmə/ , also UK : /hɪˈrɒʃɪmə/ , US : /hɪˈroʊʃɪmə/ , Japanese : [ çiɾoɕima ] ) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan . As of June 1 , 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 2.089 million . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) in Greater Hiroshima , Hiroshima Urban Employment Area , was US $ 61.3 billion as of 2010 . Kazumi Matsui has been the city 's mayor since April 2011 . Hiroshima was founded in 1589 as a castle town on the Ōta River delta . Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Hiroshima rapidly transformed into a major urban center and industrial hub . In 1889 , Hiroshima officially gained city status . The city was a center of military activities during the imperial era , playing significant roles such as the First Sino-Japanese War , the Russo-Japanese War , and the two world wars . Towards the end of World War II , Hiroshima is best remembered as the first city targeted by a nuclear weapon , when the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) dropped an atomic bomb on the city at 8:15 a.m. on August 6 , 1945 . Most of the city was destroyed , and by the end of the year 90,000-166,000 had died as a result of the blast and its effects . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) serves as a memorial of the bombing . Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war ."}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NACK5 Stadium Omiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōmiya_Park_Soccer_Stadium', 'summary': 'NACK5 Stadium Omiya ( ナックファイブスタジアム大宮 , Nakku-faibu Sutajiamu Ōmiya ) is a football stadium located in Ōmiya-ku , Saitama city , Saitama Prefecture , Japan . It is the home stadium of J2 League club Omiya Ardija . It was formerly known as Omiya Football Stadium . Since 14 May 2007 it has been called NACK5 Stadium Omiya ( ナックファイブスタジアム大宮 , Nakku-faibu Sutajiamu Ōmiya ) for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'Saitama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama', 'summary': 'Saitama ( さいたま市 , Saitama-shi , Japanese : [ saꜜitama ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Saitama Prefecture , Japan . Its area incorporates the former cities of Urawa , Ōmiya , Yono and Iwatsuki . It is a city designated by government ordinance . Being in the Greater Tokyo Area and lying 15 to 30 kilometres north of central Tokyo , many of its residents commute into Tokyo . As of 1 January 2020 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 1,309,768 , and a population density of 6,024 persons per km² . Its total area is 217.43 square kilometres ( 83.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer ) stadium', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Present naming rights -- Japan', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sponsored_sports_stadiums_19', 'intro': 'The following is a list of sports venues with sole naming rights:'} | null | null | Where is located stadium that is a home ground for club Omiya Ardija ? | Saitama |
07358a8dd4297fe3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II', 'header': ['Name', 'Service', 'Rank', 'Place of action', 'Date of action', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Robert E. Galer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_E._Galer', 'summary': 'Brigadier General Robert Edward Galer ( 24 October 1913 - 27 June 2005 ) was a naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps who received the Medal of Honor for heroism in aerial combat during the Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II . He went on to command Marine Aircraft Group 12 during the Korean War and retired a few years after in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major', 'summary': 'Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status , with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Solomon Islands area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aug 1942 - Sep 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For service in the Solomon Islands as the leader of a Marine fighter squadron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William W. Galt †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Wylie_Galt', 'summary': "William Wylie Galt ( December 19 , 1919 - May 29 , 1944 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'Villa Crocetta , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'May 29 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For his leadership and courage in directing an assault against an entrenched force that had repulsed two previous attacks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archer T. Gammon †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archer_T._Gammon', 'summary': "Archer T. Gammon ( September 11 , 1918 - January 11 , 1945 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II . Gammon joined the Army from Roanoke , Virginia in March 1942 , and by January 11 , 1945 was serving as a Staff Sergeant in Company A , 9th Armored Infantry Battalion , 6th Armored Division . On that day , near Bastogne , Belgium , he destroyed a German machine gun position before beginning a one-man assault on a Tiger Royal tank . He silenced a supporting machine gun emplacement and killed two infantrymen before he was killed by a shot from the tank . For these actions , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor a year later , on February 13 , 1946 . Gammon , aged 26 at his death , was buried in Mountain View Cemetery , Danville , Virginia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'near Bastogne , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 11 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'While under fire from a German machine gun and tank , counterattacked the German force and forced them to retreat with grenade and small arms fire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Gandara †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Gandara', 'summary': 'Joe Gandara ( April 25 , 1924 - June 9 , 1944 ) was a U.S. Army veteran of World War II and recipient of the Medal of Honor . Gandara was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Barack Obama in a March 18 , 2014 ceremony in the White House . The award came through the Defense Authorization Act which called for a review of Jewish American and Hispanic American veterans from World War II , the Korean War and the Vietnam War to ensure that no prejudice was shown to those deserving the Medal of Honor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Amfreville , France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 9 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Advanced voluntarily and alone toward an enemy position and destroyed three hostile machine guns before being fatally wounded', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcario Garcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcario_Garcia', 'summary': "Staff Sergeant Marcario García also known as Macario García [ note 1 ] ( January 20 , 1920 - December 24 , 1972 ) was the first Mexican immigrant to receive the Medal of Honor , the United States ' highest military decoration . He received the award for his heroic actions as a soldier during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'near Grosshau , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 27 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After realizing that his company could not advance because it was pinned down by enemy machine gun fire , on his own initiative , went alone and destroyed 2 enemy emplacements and captured 4 prisoners . Despite being wounded himself , he continued to fight on with his unit until the objective was taken', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harold A. Garman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_A._Garman', 'summary': "Harold Alva Garman ( February 26 , 1918 - August 13 , 1992 ) was a United States Army soldier , combat medic and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'near Montereau , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'When a boat loaded with wounded came under fire from a German machine gun on the opposite river bank , he dove into the river braving enemy machine gun fire to tow the boat to safety', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald A. Gary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_A._Gary', 'summary': 'Commander Donald Arthur Gary ( July 23 , 1901 - April 9 , 1977 ) was an officer of the United States Navy during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for his heroism during the fires on USS Franklin on March 19 , 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant , Junior Grade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant,_Junior_Grade', 'summary': "Lieutenant ( junior grade ) , commonly abbreviated as LTJG or , historically , Lt . ( j.g . ) ( as well as variants of both abbreviations ) , is a junior commissioned officer rank of the United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( NOAA Corps ) . LTJG has a US military pay grade of O-2 , and a NATO rank code of OF-1a . The rank is also used in the United States Maritime Service . The NOAA Corps 's predecessors , the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps ( 1917-1965 ) and the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps or ESSA Corps ( 1965-1970 ) , also used the rank . Lieutenant , junior grade , ranks above ensign and below lieutenant and is equivalent to a first lieutenant in the other uniformed services ( the Army , Marine Corps and Air Force ) and sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy and the navies of many Commonwealth countries . Promotion to LTJG is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 . DOPMA guidelines suggest all fully qualified ensigns should be promoted to LTJG . The time for promotion to LTJG is a minimum of two years after commissioning in the Navy or 18 months in the Coast Guard . Lieutenants , junior grade typically lead petty officers and non-rated personnel , unless assigned to small aircraft or on staff duty . A LTJG 's usual shipboard billet is as a division officer ."}]}, {'value': 'Japanese home islands near Kobe , Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 19 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': "For braving hazardous conditions on the USS Franklin when it was hit by enemy fire to save sailors trapped inside the vessel 's hull", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Franklin_(CV-13)', 'summary': 'USS Franklin ( CV/CVA/CVS-13 , AVT-8 ) , nicknamed Big Ben , was one of 24 Essex-class aircraft carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy , and the fifth US Navy ship to bear the name . Commissioned in January 1944 , she served in several campaigns in the Pacific War , earning four battle stars . She was badly damaged by a Japanese air attack in March 1945 , with the loss of over 800 of her crew , becoming the most heavily damaged United States aircraft carrier to survive the war . Movie footage of the actual attack was included in the 1949 film Task Force starring Gary Cooper . After the attack , she returned to the U.S. mainland for repairs , missing the rest of the war ; she was decommissioned in 1947 . While in reserve , she was reclassified as an attack carrier ( CVA ) , then an antisubmarine carrier ( CVS ) , and finally an aircraft transport ( AVT ) , but was never modernized and never saw active service again . Franklin and Bunker Hill ( damaged by two kamikazes ) were the only Essex-class carriers not to see active service as aircraft carriers after World War II . Franklin was sold for scrap in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert E. Gerstung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_E._Gerstung', 'summary': "Robert E. Gerstung ( August 6 , 1915 - June 17 , 1979 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technical Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technical_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces . [ citation needed ] Outside the United States , it is used only by the Philippine Army , Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'Siegfried Line near Berg , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric G. Gibson †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_G._Gibson', 'summary': "Eric Gunnar Gibson ( October 3 , 1919 - January 28 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technician Fifth Grade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technician_Fifth_Grade', 'summary': "Technician fifth grade ( abbreviated as T/5 or TEC 5 ) was a United States Army technician rank during World War II . Those who held this rank were addressed as corporal , though were often called a tech corporal . Technicians possessed specialized skills that were rewarded with a higher pay grade . The pay grade number corresponded with the technician 's rank . T/5 was under the pay grade 5 , along with corporal . Technicians were easily distinguished by the T imprinted on the standard chevron design for that pay grade . The technician ranks were removed from the U.S. Army rank system in 1948 , though the concept was brought back with the Specialist ranks in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'near Isola Bella , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'January 28 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howard W. Gilmore †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_W._Gilmore', 'summary': 'Howard Walter Gilmore ( September 29 , 1902 - February 7 , 1943 ) was a submarine commander in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroic self-sacrifice during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Commander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commander', 'summary': 'Commander is a common naval and air force officer rank . Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organisations , including several police forces . In several countries this naval rank is termed Frigate Captain . Commander is also a generic term for an officer commanding any armed forces unit , for example platoon commander , brigade commander and squadron commander . In the police , terms such as borough commander and incident commander are used .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Growler , southwest Pacific', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 10 , 1943 - February 7 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'While wounded on the bridge and unable to get below in time , gave the order for the submarine to crash dive to avoid an imminent attack , sacrificing himself to save the ship and the crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crash_dive', 'summary': "A crash dive is a maneuver by a submarine in which the vessel submerges as quickly as possible to avoid attack . Crash diving from the surface to avoid attack has been largely rendered obsolete with the advent of nuclear-powered submarines , as they normally operate submerged . However , the crash dive is also a standard maneuver to avoid a collision . A crash dive in a diesel-powered submarine requires careful orchestration of the crew . On German U-boats of World War II , a crash dive began with the Captain or senior lookouts giving the order Alarm ! which led to a bridge officer activating the alarm bell . All crew members then immediately stopped what they were doing and proceeded to their diving stations . Once the lookouts were below deck and the upper deck hatch was secured , the Captain or Chief Engineer shouted the order , Fluten ( flood the tanks ) . With the bow planes at a maximum down angle , the crew then flooded the forward ballast tanks . Often , all available crew members moved as far forward in the boat as practical ( a trim party ) . This extra weight forward gave the boat a bow-down angle so its momentum helped pull it below the surface . A few seconds later , the crew would flood the rear ballast tanks to prevent the bow-down angle from lifting the boat 's stern out of the water ."}]}, {'value': 'Harold Gonsalves †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Gonsalves', 'summary': "Harold Gonsalves ( January 28 , 1926 - April 15 , 1945 ) was a United States Marine Corps private first class who was killed in action during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II . He was awarded the nation 's highest military award for valor , the Medal of Honor , posthumously , for his heroic action on April 15 , 1945 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Shima , Ryukyu Chain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'While laying telephone lines for communication with the artillery battalion in Okinawa , he saved 2 other marines after flinging himself atop of a Japanese grenade and taking the full brunt of the resulting explosion allowing the other 2 men to complete the mission', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David M. Gonzales †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_M._Gonzales', 'summary': "Private First Class David M. Gonzales ( June 9 , 1923 - April 25 , 1945 ) was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor - the United States ' highest military decoration - for his actions during World War II . On April 25 , 1945 , at age 21 , PFC Gonzales was killed in action in the Philippines while , in the face of enemy machine gun fire , digging out fellow soldiers who had been buried in a bomb explosion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Villa Verde Trail , Luzon , Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 25 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathan G. Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Green_Gordon', 'summary': "Nathan Green Gordon ( September 4 , 1916 - September 8 , 2008 ) was an American lawyer , politician , and decorated naval aviator . A Democrat , he served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas for ten terms , from 1947 to 1967 . As a United States Navy officer in World War II , he received the U.S. military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for rescuing the crews of several downed airplanes ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant , Junior Grade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant,_Junior_Grade', 'summary': "Lieutenant ( junior grade ) , commonly abbreviated as LTJG or , historically , Lt . ( j.g . ) ( as well as variants of both abbreviations ) , is a junior commissioned officer rank of the United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( NOAA Corps ) . LTJG has a US military pay grade of O-2 , and a NATO rank code of OF-1a . The rank is also used in the United States Maritime Service . The NOAA Corps 's predecessors , the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps ( 1917-1965 ) and the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps or ESSA Corps ( 1965-1970 ) , also used the rank . Lieutenant , junior grade , ranks above ensign and below lieutenant and is equivalent to a first lieutenant in the other uniformed services ( the Army , Marine Corps and Air Force ) and sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy and the navies of many Commonwealth countries . Promotion to LTJG is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 . DOPMA guidelines suggest all fully qualified ensigns should be promoted to LTJG . The time for promotion to LTJG is a minimum of two years after commissioning in the Navy or 18 months in the Coast Guard . Lieutenants , junior grade typically lead petty officers and non-rated personnel , unless assigned to small aircraft or on staff duty . A LTJG 's usual shipboard billet is as a division officer ."}]}, {'value': 'Bismarck Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 15 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Later Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas presides over the Arkansas Senate with a tie-breaking vote , serves as governor when the governor is out of state , and serves as governor if the governor is impeached , removed from office , dies or is otherwise unable to discharge the office 's duties . The lieutenant governor position is elected separately from the governor . The position of Lieutenant Governor was created by the Sixth Amendment to the Arkansas Constitution in 1914 , but was not filled until 1927 . The Amendment was approved by the electorate in 1914 , with returns showing 45,567 in favor and 45,206 opposed . The Speaker of the House declared the measure lost because it had not received a majority of the highest total vote , which was 135,517 . In 1925 , it was discovered that the Initiative and Referendum of 1910 had amended this majority requirement so that only a majority of those voting on a specific question was required . So , in 1926 , the 1914 initiative was declared to be valid and Harvey Parnell was elected Arkansas ' first lieutenant governor . Two recent incumbents , Winthrop Paul Rockefeller and Mike Huckabee , began their respective tenures in the midst of regular term periods , due to the elevation of their predecessors to the governorship . Jim Guy Tucker succeeded Bill Clinton as governor in December 1992 , upon Clinton 's resignation days before assuming his office as President of the United States , creating the need for a special election to fill the lieutenant governor 's office . When Tucker was convicted of conspiracy and mail fraud charges in 1996 , Huckabee succeeded him as governor , paving the way for the November 1996 special election of Rockefeller as lieutenant governor . Prior to Tim Griffin 's swearing-in in January 2015 , the office had been vacant since Mark Darr resigned on February 1 , 2014 , following an investigation into ethics violations involving illegal use of campaign funds ."}]}, {'value': 'Donald J. Gott †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_J._Gott', 'summary': "Donald Joseph Gott ( June 3 , 1923 - November 9 , 1944 ) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Saarbrücken , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saarbrücken', 'summary': "Saarbrücken ( /sɑːrˈbrʊkən/ , also US : /zɑːrˈ- , ˈsɑːrbrʊkən , ˈzɑːr-/ , German : [ zaːɐ̯ˈbʁʏkn̩ ] ( listen ) ; French : Sarrebruck [ saʁbʁyk ] ; Rhine Franconian : Saarbrigge [ zaːˈbʁɪɡə ] ) is the capital and largest city of the state of Saarland , Germany . Saarbrücken is Saarland 's administrative , commercial and cultural centre and is next to the French border . Saarbrücken was created in 1909 by the merger of three towns , Saarbrücken , St. Johann , and Malstatt-Burbach . It was the industrial and transport centre of the Saar coal basin . Products included iron and steel , sugar , beer , pottery , optical instruments , machinery , and construction materials . Historic landmarks in the city include the stone bridge across the Saar ( 1546 ) , the Gothic church of St. Arnual , the 18th-century Saarbrücken Castle , and the old part of the town , the Sankt Johanner Markt ( Market of St. Johann ) . In the 20th century , Saarbrücken was twice separated from Germany : in 1920-35 as capital of the Territory of the Saar Basin and in 1947-56 as capital of the Saar Protectorate ."}]}, {'value': 'November 9 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piloted a B-17 aircraft on a bombing run on Saarbrücken . Even though his plane was severely damaged and set ablaze by anti-aircraft fire which wounded the engineer and the radio operator , Gott and co-pilot William E. Metzger , Jr. successfully dropped their bombs on the target and flew the plane to friendly territory . After having their crew bail out except for the unconscious radio operator , Gott and Metzger attempted to crashland the plane to save their helpless comrade . The plane exploded , killing the three remaining crewmembers on board', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_E._Metzger,_Jr.', 'summary': "William Edward Metzger Jr. ( February 9 , 1922 - November 9 , 1944 ) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II . Metzger joined the Army from his birthplace of Lima , Ohio in October 1942 , and by November 9 , 1944 was a second lieutenant serving as the co-pilot of a B-17 Flying Fortress in the 729th Bomb Squadron , 452nd Bombardment Group . On that day , during a bombing mission over Saarbrücken , Germany , his plane was severely damaged and several of the crew were wounded by enemy fire . Knowing that the most seriously injured crewman needed immediate medical aid , and fearing that he would not receive such aid if he was dropped by parachute into enemy territory , Metzger and the pilot , Donald J. Gott , decided to try to fly the crippled aircraft back into Allied territory . Once reaching friendly airspace , Metzger chose to stay behind with the pilot and seriously injured man while the other crewmen parachuted to safety . He and the pilot attempted a crash landing , but the aircraft exploded before touching down , killing all three on board . For their actions , both Metzger and Gott were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six months later , on May 16 , 1945 . Metzger , aged 22 at his death , was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in his hometown of Lima , Ohio ."}]}, {'value': 'William J. Grabiarz †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_J._Grabiarz', 'summary': "William J. Grabiarz ( March 25 , 1925 - February 23 , 1945 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Manila , Luzon , Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 23 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For using his body to shield a wounded officer from hostile fire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ross F. Gray †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_F._Gray', 'summary': 'Sergeant Ross Franklin Gray ( August 1 , 1920 - February 27 , 1945 ) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the Medal of Honor - the highest military honor of the United States - for his heroic service in the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II - he single-handedly disarmed an entire mine field while under heavy enemy fire . He was killed in action six days later .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 21 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Single-handedly overcame a strong enemy garrison and completely disarmed a large mine field before finally rejoining his unit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen R. Gregg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_R._Gregg', 'summary': "Stephen Raymond Gregg Sr. ( September 1 , 1914 - February 4 , 2005 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technical Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technical_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces . [ citation needed ] Outside the United States , it is used only by the Philippine Army , Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'near Montelimar , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenneth E. Gruennert †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_E._Gruennert', 'summary': "Kenneth E. Gruennert ( November 19 , 1922 - December 24 , 1942 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'near Buna , New Guinea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 24 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Gurke †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Gurke', 'summary': 'Private First Class Henry Gurke ( November 6 , 1922 - November 9 , 1943 ) was a United States Marine who was killed in action in 1943 in the Bougainville Campaign of World War II . For his heroic actions , he was posthumously received the Medal of Honor - the highest military honor bestowed by the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Bougainville Island , Solomon Islands Archipelago', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 9 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fell on a grenade that landed in his foxhole , saving the man with him', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II_6', 'intro': "This is a list of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II. The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States or an opposing foreign force. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict, the joining of what had initially been two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The United States was drawn into World War II on December 8, 1941, a day after the Axis-member Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu that killed almost 2,500 people in what was considered the biggest peacetime loss on American soil inflicted by foreign people at that time. For actions during World War II, 472 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific, many of which were upgraded from Distinguished Service Crosses during the Clinton administration. Additionally, Douglas Albert Munro was the only serviceman from the United States Coast Guard in United States military history to receive the Medal for his actions during the war. The earliest action for which a U.S. serviceman earned a World War II Medal of Honor was the attack on Pearl Harbor, for which 17 U.S. servicemen were awarded a Medal, although they did so while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force rather than enemy since the United States was neutral during the events of December 7, 1941."} | null | null | The person that was honored for the actions performed at the latest date was born in what year ? | 1926 |
07365bac5de6e210 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NHL franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Team', 'Last appearance in post-season', 'Postseason drought'], 'data': [{'value': 'Buffalo Sabres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2011 , after the conclusion of the 2010-11 NHL regular season . The first game of the Finals was held on June 1 , while the deciding seventh game was held on June 15 . The Boston Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in seven games in the Finals to capture their first Stanley Cup championship since 1972 , their sixth overall Stanley Cup win . Bruins goaltender Tim Thomas won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs . Bruins forward David Krejci led all playoff scorers with 23 points in 25 games .'}]}, {'value': '8 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Coyotes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes', 'summary': "The Arizona Coyotes are a professional ice hockey team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale , Arizona . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Coyotes first played at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix , before moving to Glendale 's Gila River Arena in 2003 . In 2021 , the Coyotes are scheduled to return to the Central Division when an expansion team in Seattle joins the league . The Coyotes were founded on December 27 , 1971 , as the Winnipeg Jets of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . After the WHA had ceased operations , they were one of four franchises absorbed into the National Hockey League and then granted membership on June 22 , 1979 . The Jets moved to Phoenix on July 1 , 1996 , and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes . In 2014 , the team was re-named to the present Arizona Coyotes . The Coyotes are owned by Alex Meruelo , who purchased the club in 2019 . The team is known for its instability under prior ownership . The NHL took ownership of the Phoenix Coyotes franchise in 2009 after then-owner Jerry Moyes turned it over to the league after declaring bankruptcy and the league kept control of the team until 2013 when they were able to find ownership willing to keep the team in Arizona . The Coyotes continue to be at odds with the city of Glendale and the use of Gila River Arena , but has signed a lease through the 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 11 , 2012 , after the conclusion of the 2011-12 NHL regular season . These playoffs marked only the second time since the 1996 playoffs in which no Canadian teams advanced past the first round . These playoffs featured the return of the Florida Panthers to the postseason for the first time since the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , one of the longest playoff droughts in league history . The 2012 Stanley Cup Finals started on May 30 and ended on June 11 , with the Los Angeles Kings defeating the New Jersey Devils in six games to win their first Stanley Cup title . Kings goaltender Jonathan Quick , having recorded a 1.41 goals against average , was named the Conn Smythe Trophy winner as playoff MVP . After clinching a postseason spot in their 81st game of the regular season , the Kings became the first eighth-seeded team to win the Stanley Cup in NHL history ( and the second eighth seed to reach the Cup Finals after the 2005-06 Edmonton Oilers ) , also being the second team to eliminate the first , second , and third seeds from the playoffs in the same postseason after the 2003-04 Calgary Flames ( and the first team to do so in that order ) . In addition , the Kings became the first team to make the Final undefeated on the road ( with their 8-0 record ) . As the sixth seed in their conference , the Devils were the lowest-seeded team to have home-ice advantage in the Stanley Cup Finals , breaking a record they set when they won the Cup as a fourth seed in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '7 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Canucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks', 'summary': "The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Canucks play their home games at Rogers Arena , formerly known as General Motors Place , which has an official capacity of 18,910 . Travis Green is the head coach and Jim Benning is the general manager . The Canucks joined the league in 1970 as an expansion team along with the Buffalo Sabres . In its NHL history , the team has advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times , losing to the New York Islanders in 1982 , the New York Rangers in 1994 and the Boston Bruins in 2011 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy in back-to-back seasons as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons . They won three division titles as a member of the Smythe Division from 1974 to 1993 , and seven titles as a member of the Northwest Division from 1998 to 2013 . The Canucks , along with fellow expansion team , the Buffalo Sabres , are the two oldest teams to have never won the Stanley Cup . The Canucks have retired six players ' jerseys in their history - Stan Smyl ( 12 ) , Trevor Linden ( 16 ) , Markus Naslund ( 19 ) , Daniel Sedin ( 22 ) , Henrik Sedin ( 33 ) , and Pavel Bure ( 10 ) ; all but Bure and Daniel Sedin have served as team captain . Smyl has the distinction of being the only Canuck to have his jersey number retired at their former arena , the Pacific Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 15 , 2015 , and ended on June 15 , 2015 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to two in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals . The New York Rangers made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . They also came back from a 3-1 series deficit for the second consecutive year . The Detroit Red Wings increased their consecutive post-season appearance streak to 24 seasons , the longest current streak at the time and tied for the fourth-longest streak in NHL history . The Winnipeg Jets qualified for the playoffs for the first time since the former Atlanta Thrashers franchise relocated to Winnipeg in 2011 ; the only time that the Thrashers/Jets franchise made the post-season was in 2007 , and the last time that the city of Winnipeg hosted a playoff game was in 1996 , the season before the previous Winnipeg Jets team relocated to Phoenix , Arizona , to become the Coyotes . The Ottawa Senators became the first team in the NHL 's modern era ( since 1943-44 ) to overcome a 14-point deficit in the standings to clinch a playoff spot . Also , the Calgary Flames returned to the playoffs after a six-year absence . In total , five Canadian NHL teams qualified for the post-season , the most since 2004 . The Los Angeles Kings became the first defending Stanley Cup champions since the Carolina Hurricanes in 2007 to fail to make the playoffs . The Boston Bruins failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 2007 and became the first reigning Presidents ' Trophy winners to miss the post-season since the Buffalo Sabres in 2008 ( and the third overall ) . In addition , the San Jose Sharks failed to make the post-season for the first time since 2003 , ending the NHL 's second-longest active playoff streak ."}]}, {'value': '4 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2016 and ended on June 12 , 2016 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals . For only the second time in league history ( 1970 being the only other time ) , none of the NHL 's Canadian-based teams , seven in total , qualified for the postseason . In addition , for the second season in a row and only the fifth time since joining the league in 1979 , all four former WHA teams ( the Edmonton Oilers , Arizona Coyotes , Carolina Hurricanes and Colorado Avalanche ) missed the playoffs . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . This was the final season of the Detroit Red Wings ' 25-season playoff appearance streak , the longest streak at the time and tied for third longest in NHL history . The Florida Panthers qualified for the playoffs for only the second time since the 1999-2000 season - both times winning their division - and fifth time in franchise history . For the fourth time in six years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . And , for only the second time ever ( 1996 being the only other time ) , both Florida-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . For the first time since 2006 , and only the third time in league history , all Original Six teams who made the playoffs ( three in total ) were eliminated in the first round . The New York Islanders won their first post-season series since the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs , ending the third longest post-season win drought in NHL history . For the seventh consecutive season and eleventh out of thirteen seasons , a team from California was in the Western Conference Final ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Panthers', 'summary': "The Florida Panthers are a professional ice hockey team based in the Miami metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team initially played their home games at Miami Arena , before moving to the BB & T Center in 1998 . Located in Sunrise , Florida , the Panthers are the southernmost team in the NHL . The team 's local broadcasting rights have been held by Fox Sports Florida ( formerly SportsChannel Florida ) since 1996 . The Panthers began playing in the 1993-94 NHL season . The team has made one appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals , in 1996 , the only season in which the Panthers have ever won a playoff series , eventually losing the Finals to the Colorado Avalanche . Since then , the Panthers have only qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs four times , never advancing past the first round , since 1996 . The club is affiliated with one minor league team , the Springfield Thunderbirds of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2016 and ended on June 12 , 2016 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals . For only the second time in league history ( 1970 being the only other time ) , none of the NHL 's Canadian-based teams , seven in total , qualified for the postseason . In addition , for the second season in a row and only the fifth time since joining the league in 1979 , all four former WHA teams ( the Edmonton Oilers , Arizona Coyotes , Carolina Hurricanes and Colorado Avalanche ) missed the playoffs . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . This was the final season of the Detroit Red Wings ' 25-season playoff appearance streak , the longest streak at the time and tied for third longest in NHL history . The Florida Panthers qualified for the playoffs for only the second time since the 1999-2000 season - both times winning their division - and fifth time in franchise history . For the fourth time in six years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . And , for only the second time ever ( 1996 being the only other time ) , both Florida-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . For the first time since 2006 , and only the third time in league history , all Original Six teams who made the playoffs ( three in total ) were eliminated in the first round . The New York Islanders won their first post-season series since the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs , ending the third longest post-season win drought in NHL history . For the seventh consecutive season and eleventh out of thirteen seasons , a team from California was in the Western Conference Final ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Blackhawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 12 , 2017 , after the 2016-17 regular season and concluded on June 11 , 2017 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Nashville Predators four games to two in the Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive year . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners for the second consecutive year with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Detroit Red Wings failed to make the playoffs for the first time since the 1989-90 season , ending the NHL 's longest active playoff streak at 25 consecutive seasons ; the streak was also tied for the third-longest streak in NHL history . The longest active playoff streak moved to the Pittsburgh Penguins with eleven consecutive appearances . The Edmonton Oilers made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , ending a record-tying playoff drought for a team with ten years missed ( the Florida Panthers also missed the playoffs between 2001 and 2011 inclusively ) . For the first time since 2006 , both Alberta teams , the Oilers and the Calgary Flames , qualified for the postseason in the same year . For the first time since 2013 , and the fourth time since 2002 , all three Eastern Canadian teams ( Montreal Canadiens , Ottawa Senators , and Toronto Maple Leafs ) qualified for the playoffs . In all , five Canadian-based teams made the playoffs , matching 2004 and 2015 , after a season in which none of the seven teams in Canada contended . Five Original Six teams made the playoffs , with only the previously mentioned Red Wings failing to make it . The first round saw eighteen overtime games , eclipsing the previous record of seventeen overtime games in the first round set in 2013 . There were 27 total overtime games in these playoffs , one short of the record set in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers', 'summary': "The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Oilers were officially founded in 1971 by W. D. Wild Bill Hunter and Dr. Chuck Allard . The team played its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA Alberta teams , along with the Calgary Broncos . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to their current name in the following year , and subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises absorbed through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983-84 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1987-88 and 1989-90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . However , the Oilers began to struggle greatly shortly after the 2004-05 NHL lockout , having missed the playoffs every year since 2006 , with the exception of 2016-17 ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 12 , 2017 , after the 2016-17 regular season and concluded on June 11 , 2017 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Nashville Predators four games to two in the Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive year . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners for the second consecutive year with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Detroit Red Wings failed to make the playoffs for the first time since the 1989-90 season , ending the NHL 's longest active playoff streak at 25 consecutive seasons ; the streak was also tied for the third-longest streak in NHL history . The longest active playoff streak moved to the Pittsburgh Penguins with eleven consecutive appearances . The Edmonton Oilers made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , ending a record-tying playoff drought for a team with ten years missed ( the Florida Panthers also missed the playoffs between 2001 and 2011 inclusively ) . For the first time since 2006 , both Alberta teams , the Oilers and the Calgary Flames , qualified for the postseason in the same year . For the first time since 2013 , and the fourth time since 2002 , all three Eastern Canadian teams ( Montreal Canadiens , Ottawa Senators , and Toronto Maple Leafs ) qualified for the playoffs . In all , five Canadian-based teams made the playoffs , matching 2004 and 2015 , after a season in which none of the seven teams in Canada contended . Five Original Six teams made the playoffs , with only the previously mentioned Red Wings failing to make it . The first round saw eighteen overtime games , eclipsing the previous record of seventeen overtime games in the first round set in 2013 . There were 27 total overtime games in these playoffs , one short of the record set in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 12 , 2017 , after the 2016-17 regular season and concluded on June 11 , 2017 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Nashville Predators four games to two in the Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive year . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners for the second consecutive year with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Detroit Red Wings failed to make the playoffs for the first time since the 1989-90 season , ending the NHL 's longest active playoff streak at 25 consecutive seasons ; the streak was also tied for the third-longest streak in NHL history . The longest active playoff streak moved to the Pittsburgh Penguins with eleven consecutive appearances . The Edmonton Oilers made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , ending a record-tying playoff drought for a team with ten years missed ( the Florida Panthers also missed the playoffs between 2001 and 2011 inclusively ) . For the first time since 2006 , both Alberta teams , the Oilers and the Calgary Flames , qualified for the postseason in the same year . For the first time since 2013 , and the fourth time since 2002 , all three Eastern Canadian teams ( Montreal Canadiens , Ottawa Senators , and Toronto Maple Leafs ) qualified for the playoffs . In all , five Canadian-based teams made the playoffs , matching 2004 and 2015 , after a season in which none of the seven teams in Canada contended . Five Original Six teams made the playoffs , with only the previously mentioned Red Wings failing to make it . The first round saw eighteen overtime games , eclipsing the previous record of seventeen overtime games in the first round set in 2013 . There were 27 total overtime games in these playoffs , one short of the record set in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 12 , 2017 , after the 2016-17 regular season and concluded on June 11 , 2017 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Nashville Predators four games to two in the Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive year . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners for the second consecutive year with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Detroit Red Wings failed to make the playoffs for the first time since the 1989-90 season , ending the NHL 's longest active playoff streak at 25 consecutive seasons ; the streak was also tied for the third-longest streak in NHL history . The longest active playoff streak moved to the Pittsburgh Penguins with eleven consecutive appearances . The Edmonton Oilers made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , ending a record-tying playoff drought for a team with ten years missed ( the Florida Panthers also missed the playoffs between 2001 and 2011 inclusively ) . For the first time since 2006 , both Alberta teams , the Oilers and the Calgary Flames , qualified for the postseason in the same year . For the first time since 2013 , and the fourth time since 2002 , all three Eastern Canadian teams ( Montreal Canadiens , Ottawa Senators , and Toronto Maple Leafs ) qualified for the playoffs . In all , five Canadian-based teams made the playoffs , matching 2004 and 2015 , after a season in which none of the seven teams in Canada contended . Five Original Six teams made the playoffs , with only the previously mentioned Red Wings failing to make it . The first round saw eighteen overtime games , eclipsing the previous record of seventeen overtime games in the first round set in 2013 . There were 27 total overtime games in these playoffs , one short of the record set in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Senators', 'summary': "The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Senators play their home games at the 18,652-seat Canadian Tire Centre , which opened in 1996 as the Palladium . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups , playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two-year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992-93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2019 , the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 445 million . The Senators have won four division titles and , in 2003 , the Presidents ' Trophy ; and have once appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals ( 2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 12 , 2017 , after the 2016-17 regular season and concluded on June 11 , 2017 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Nashville Predators four games to two in the Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive year . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners for the second consecutive year with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Detroit Red Wings failed to make the playoffs for the first time since the 1989-90 season , ending the NHL 's longest active playoff streak at 25 consecutive seasons ; the streak was also tied for the third-longest streak in NHL history . The longest active playoff streak moved to the Pittsburgh Penguins with eleven consecutive appearances . The Edmonton Oilers made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , ending a record-tying playoff drought for a team with ten years missed ( the Florida Panthers also missed the playoffs between 2001 and 2011 inclusively ) . For the first time since 2006 , both Alberta teams , the Oilers and the Calgary Flames , qualified for the postseason in the same year . For the first time since 2013 , and the fourth time since 2002 , all three Eastern Canadian teams ( Montreal Canadiens , Ottawa Senators , and Toronto Maple Leafs ) qualified for the playoffs . In all , five Canadian-based teams made the playoffs , matching 2004 and 2015 , after a season in which none of the seven teams in Canada contended . Five Original Six teams made the playoffs , with only the previously mentioned Red Wings failing to make it . The first round saw eighteen overtime games , eclipsing the previous record of seventeen overtime games in the first round set in 2013 . There were 27 total overtime games in these playoffs , one short of the record set in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks', 'summary': 'The Anaheim Ducks are a professional ice hockey team based in Anaheim , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . Since their inception , the Ducks have played their home games at the Honda Center . The club was founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , a name based on the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks . Disney sold the franchise in 2005 to Henry and Susan Samueli , who along with then-general manager Brian Burke , changed the name of the team to the Anaheim Ducks before the 2006-07 season . The Ducks have made the playoffs 14 times , won six Pacific Division titles ( 2006-07 , 2012-13 , 2013-14 , 2014-15 , 2015-16 , 2016-17 ) , two Western Conference championships ( 2002-03 and 2006-07 ) , and one Stanley Cup ( 2006-07 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , after the 2017-18 regular season ended , and concluded on June 7 , 2018 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Vegas Golden Knights four games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Nashville Predators made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to twelve seasons , the current longest streak . The Vegas Golden Knights became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the 1979-80 Hartford Whalers and the Edmonton Oilers . They also became the first expansion team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season since the 1967 NHL expansion . From there , they eventually became the first team since the 1967-68 St. Louis Blues to win their respective conference , and reach the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . The only difference is that the 1967-68 season through to the 1969-70 season ensured that an expansion team would be able to reach the Stanley Cup Finals . For the fourth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 ) , only two Original Six teams , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , clinched a berth for the playoffs . For the first time since 1966 , no playoff games were played in the state of New York . For the fifth time in eight years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , after the 2017-18 regular season ended , and concluded on June 7 , 2018 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Vegas Golden Knights four games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Nashville Predators made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to twelve seasons , the current longest streak . The Vegas Golden Knights became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the 1979-80 Hartford Whalers and the Edmonton Oilers . They also became the first expansion team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season since the 1967 NHL expansion . From there , they eventually became the first team since the 1967-68 St. Louis Blues to win their respective conference , and reach the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . The only difference is that the 1967-68 season through to the 1969-70 season ensured that an expansion team would be able to reach the Stanley Cup Finals . For the fourth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 ) , only two Original Six teams , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , clinched a berth for the playoffs . For the first time since 1966 , no playoff games were played in the state of New York . For the fifth time in eight years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , after the 2017-18 regular season ended , and concluded on June 7 , 2018 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Vegas Golden Knights four games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Nashville Predators made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to twelve seasons , the current longest streak . The Vegas Golden Knights became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the 1979-80 Hartford Whalers and the Edmonton Oilers . They also became the first expansion team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season since the 1967 NHL expansion . From there , they eventually became the first team since the 1967-68 St. Louis Blues to win their respective conference , and reach the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . The only difference is that the 1967-68 season through to the 1969-70 season ensured that an expansion team would be able to reach the Stanley Cup Finals . For the fourth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 ) , only two Original Six teams , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , clinched a berth for the playoffs . For the first time since 1966 , no playoff games were played in the state of New York . For the fifth time in eight years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils', 'summary': "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark , New Jersey . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City , Missouri , in 1974 . The Scouts moved to Denver , Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies . In 1982 , they moved to East Rutherford , New Jersey and took their current name . For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey , the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena ( later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena ) . Before the 2007-08 season , the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark . The franchise was poor to mediocre in the eight years before moving to New Jersey , a pattern that continued during the first five years in New Jersey as they failed to make the Stanley Cup playoffs and never finished higher than fifth in their division . Their fortunes began to turn around following the hiring of president and general manager Lou Lamoriello in 1987 . Under Lamoriello 's stewardship , the Devils made the playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , including 13 berths in a row from 1997 to 2010 , and finished with a winning record every season from 1992-93 to 2009-10 . They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times , most recently in 2009-10 , before transferring to the newly created Metropolitan Division as part of the NHL 's realignment in 2013 . The Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times , winning in 1994-95 , 1999-2000 and 2002-03 , and losing in 2000-01 and 2011-12 ."}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , after the 2017-18 regular season ended , and concluded on June 7 , 2018 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Vegas Golden Knights four games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Nashville Predators made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to twelve seasons , the current longest streak . The Vegas Golden Knights became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the 1979-80 Hartford Whalers and the Edmonton Oilers . They also became the first expansion team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season since the 1967 NHL expansion . From there , they eventually became the first team since the 1967-68 St. Louis Blues to win their respective conference , and reach the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . The only difference is that the 1967-68 season through to the 1969-70 season ensured that an expansion team would be able to reach the Stanley Cup Finals . For the fourth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 ) , only two Original Six teams , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , clinched a berth for the playoffs . For the first time since 1966 , no playoff games were played in the state of New York . For the fifth time in eight years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post-Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973-74 and again in 1974-75 . The Flyers ' all-time points percentage of 57.5% ( as of the 2018-19 NHL season [ update ] ) is the third-best in the NHL , behind only the Vegas Golden Knights and Montreal Canadiens . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 51 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994-95 and 2006-07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state and expansion brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered by some to be the best rivalry in the league ."}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , after the 2017-18 regular season ended , and concluded on June 7 , 2018 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Vegas Golden Knights four games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Nashville Predators made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to twelve seasons , the current longest streak . The Vegas Golden Knights became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the 1979-80 Hartford Whalers and the Edmonton Oilers . They also became the first expansion team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season since the 1967 NHL expansion . From there , they eventually became the first team since the 1967-68 St. Louis Blues to win their respective conference , and reach the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . The only difference is that the 1967-68 season through to the 1969-70 season ensured that an expansion team would be able to reach the Stanley Cup Finals . For the fourth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 ) , only two Original Six teams , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , clinched a berth for the playoffs . For the first time since 1966 , no playoff games were played in the state of New York . For the fifth time in eight years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Longest active droughts -- Postseason appearance droughts', 'section_text': 'A postseason appearance drought is continued by not making the NHL playoffs after the regular season . Since the first round of the playoffs consists of 8 series ( 16 teams ) and there are 31 teams in the NHL , there will always be 15 teams that did not make the most recent playoffs on this list . The other 16 teams – the Boston Bruins , Calgary Flames , Carolina Hurricanes , Colorado Avalanche , Columbus Blue Jackets , Dallas Stars , Nashville Predators , New York Islanders , Pittsburgh Penguins , San Jose Sharks , St. Louis Blues , Tampa Bay Lightning , Toronto Maple Leafs , Vegas Golden Knights , Washington Capitals and Winnipeg Jets – all qualified for the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs . Further information : List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks', 'uid': 'List_of_NHL_franchise_post-season_droughts_0', 'intro': 'This article is a list of the active and all-time National Hockey League (NHL) franchise post-season appearance, post-season series win, Stanley Cup Finals and Stanley Cup droughts up to and including the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs. Those teams which have never made it in franchise history are listed by the season that they entered the league, either as a new franchise or when they merged into the NHL from the defunct World Hockey Association (WHA) league. Note: These lists do not include the cancelled 2004-05 NHL season. Among the current 31 NHL teams, 11 have never won the Stanley Cup. Additionally, one of the Original Six franchises - the Toronto Maple Leafs - has a Stanley Cup drought that includes the entire expansion era (51 seasons and counting). With the Vegas Golden Knights winning the Western Conference in 2018, there are only four franchises that have never reached the Stanley Cup Finals. Of those four, the oldest is the Arizona Coyotes (previously the Winnipeg Jets) (38 seasons), while the Maple Leafs have an even longer drought (51 seasons). The longest Stanley Cup championship drought in history was that of the New York Rangers, broken in 1994 after 53 seasons. The Maple Leafs have the current longest active Stanley Cup championship drought at 51 seasons and counting. In 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks ended what was the second-longest ever Stanley Cup championship drought at 47 seasons (now the sixth-longest). The end of that drought was the first of three consecutive years in which one of the eleven longest such droughts was broken (Chicago Blackhawks in 2010, Boston Bruins in 2011, and Los Angeles Kings in 2012). The Florida Panthers have the longest active win drought (22 seasons).'} | null | null | The last time this team saw post-season play , the team created with them as part of a 14-team expansion plan lost to which team in the Stanley Cup finals ? | Boston Bruins |
0737ae1705a83a00 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_pottery', 'title': 'California pottery', 'header': ['Pottery', 'Location ( s )', 'Dates', 'Tradename ( s ) / Products'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arequipa Pottery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arequipa_Pottery', 'summary': 'Arequipa Pottery was a type of Arts and Crafts style pottery produced in Marin County , California , in the United States from 1911 until 1918 . Arequipa Pottery differs from many Arts and Crafts pottery businesses because it was produced as part of the therapy process for women recovering from tuberculosis in the San Francisco Bay Area . The pottery was also produced from local clay .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairfax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax,_California', 'summary': 'Fairfax is an incorporated town in Marin County , California , United States . Fairfax is located 3.25 miles ( 5.2 km ) west-northwest of San Rafael , at an elevation of 115 feet ( 35 m ) . The population is 7,441 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '1911-1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art pottery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_pottery', 'summary': 'Pottery is the process of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other ceramic materials , which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard , durable form . Major types include earthenware , stoneware and porcelain . The place where such wares are made by a potter is also called a pottery ( plural potteries ) . The definition of pottery used by the American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM ) , is all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed , except technical , structural , and refractory products . In archaeology , especially of ancient and prehistoric periods , pottery often means vessels only , and figures etc . of the same material are called terracottas . Clay as a part of the materials used is required by some definitions of pottery , but this is dubious .'}]}, {'value': 'Billie Vier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figurines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California Art Tile Company ( Cal Art )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_California', 'summary': "Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is a city in western Contra Costa County , California , United States . The city was incorporated on August 7 , 1905 and has a city council . Located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , Richmond borders the cities of San Pablo , Albany , El Cerrito and Pinole in addition to the unincorporated communities of North Richmond , Hasford Heights , Kensington , El Sobrante , Bayview-Montalvin Manor , Tara Hills , and East Richmond Heights , and for a short distance San Francisco on Red Rock Island in the San Francisco Bay . Richmond is one of two cities , the other being San Rafael , California , that sits on the shores of San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay simultaneously . During the mayoralty of Gayle McLaughlin , Richmond was the largest city in the United States served by a Green Party mayor . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the city 's population is at 103,710 , making it the second largest city in the United States named Richmond . The largest , Richmond , Virginia , is the namesake of the California city ."}]}, {'value': '1923-1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tile', 'summary': 'A tile is a thin object usually square or rectangular in shape . Tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic , stone , metal , baked clay , or even glass , generally used for covering roofs , floors , walls , or other objects such as tabletops . Alternatively , tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite , wood , and mineral wool , typically used for wall and ceiling applications . In another sense , a tile is a construction tile or similar object , such as rectangular counters used in playing games ( see tile-based game ) . The word is derived from the French word tuile , which is , in turn , from the Latin word tegula , meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay . Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings , and can range from simple square tiles to complex or mosaics . Tiles are most often made of ceramic , typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing , but other materials are also commonly used , such as glass , cork , concrete and other composite materials , and stone . Tiling stone is typically marble , onyx , granite or slate . Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors , which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts .'}]}, {'value': 'California Faience ( The Tile Shop before 1924 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Faience', 'summary': 'California Faience was a pottery studio in Berkeley , California in existence from 1915 to 1959 . It produced tiles , decorative vases , bowls , jars and trivets . It was run by William V. Bragdon and Chauncey R. Thomas who also taught at the California School of Arts and Crafts in Oakland , California . The name refers to a pottery style and technique : faience .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_California', 'summary': 'Berkeley ( /ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee ) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County , California . It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley . It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north . Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills . The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580 . Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system , the University of California , Berkeley , and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , which is managed and operated by the University . It also has the Graduate Theological Union , one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world . Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '1915-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art pottery & tile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California Pottery Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakland , Niles , Merced', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niles,_California', 'summary': 'Fremont is a city in Alameda County , California , United States . It was incorporated on January 23 , 1956 , from the annexation of Centerville , Niles , Irvington , Mission San José , and Warm Springs . The city is named after John C. Frémont , an American explorer and former US Senator and Military Governor of California . Located in the southeast San Francisco Bay Area and straddling both the East Bay and South Bay regions , Fremont has a rapidly-growing population of around 230,000 . It is one of the largest cities by land area and the fourth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area , behind San Jose , San Francisco , and Oakland . It directly borders and is the closest East Bay city to Silicon Valley as formally defined , and is thus often associated with it . The city has an extensive and rapidly expanding base of both tech industry and workers . The area consisting of Fremont and the cities of Newark and Union City is known collectively as the Tri-City Area ; different from the adjacent Tri-Valley area encompassing Pleasanton , Dublin , and Livermore .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Merced,_California', 'summary': 'Merced /mɜːrˈsɛd/ ( Spanish for Mercy ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Merced County , California , United States , in the San Joaquin Valley . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 83,316 . Incorporated on April 1 , 1889 , Merced is a charter city that operates under a council-manager government . It is named after the Merced River , which flows nearby . Merced , known as the Gateway to Yosemite , is less than two hours by automobile from Yosemite National Park to the east and Monterey Bay , the Pacific Ocean , and multiple beaches to the west . The community is served by the passenger rail service Amtrak , a minor , heavily subsidized airline through Merced Regional Airport , and three bus lines . It is approximately 110 miles ( 180 km ) from Sacramento , 130 miles ( 210 km ) from San Francisco , 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Fresno , and 270 miles ( 430 km ) from Los Angeles . In 2005 , the city became home to the 10th University of California campus , University of California , Merced ( UC Merced ) , the first research university built in the U.S. in the 21st century .'}]}, {'value': '1873-1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pipe , roof tile , utilitarian pottery , crockery , & garden ware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crockery', 'summary': 'Tableware are the dishes or dishware used for setting a table , serving food and dining . It includes cutlery , glassware , serving dishes and other useful items for practical as well as decorative purposes . The quality , nature , variety and number of objects varies according to culture , religion , number of diners , cuisine and occasion . For example , Middle Eastern , Indian or Polynesian food culture and cuisine sometimes limits tableware to serving dishes , using bread or leaves as individual plates . Special occasions are usually reflected in higher quality tableware . Cutlery is more usually known as silverware or flatware in the United States , where cutlery usually means knives and related cutting instruments ; elsewhere cutlery includes all the forks , spoons and other silverware items . Outside the US , flatware is a term for open-shaped dishware items such as plates , dishes and bowls ( as opposed to closed shapes like jugs and vases ) . Dinnerware is another term used to refer to tableware and crockery refers to ceramic tableware , today often porcelain or bone china . Sets of dishes are referred to as a table service , dinner service or service set . Table settings or place settings are the dishes , cutlery and glassware used for formal and informal dining . In Ireland such items are normally referred to as delph , the word being an English language phonetic spelling of the word Delft , the town from which so much delftware came . Silver service or butler service are methods for a butler or waiter to serve a meal .'}]}, {'value': 'California Ra-Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_California', 'summary': "Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is a city in western Contra Costa County , California , United States . The city was incorporated on August 7 , 1905 and has a city council . Located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , Richmond borders the cities of San Pablo , Albany , El Cerrito and Pinole in addition to the unincorporated communities of North Richmond , Hasford Heights , Kensington , El Sobrante , Bayview-Montalvin Manor , Tara Hills , and East Richmond Heights , and for a short distance San Francisco on Red Rock Island in the San Francisco Bay . Richmond is one of two cities , the other being San Rafael , California , that sits on the shores of San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay simultaneously . During the mayoralty of Gayle McLaughlin , Richmond was the largest city in the United States served by a Green Party mayor . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the city 's population is at 103,710 , making it the second largest city in the United States named Richmond . The largest , Richmond , Virginia , is the namesake of the California city ."}]}, {'value': '1930s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art ware & figurines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Del Mar Pottery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capitola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitola,_California', 'summary': 'Capitola is a city in Santa Cruz County , California , United States , on the coast of Monterey Bay . The population was 9,918 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'late 1940s-early 1950s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campo tableware & art ware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carnegie Brick and Pottery Company Pottery plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tesla , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903-1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figurines , art pottery , vases , urns , clay pipes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chase Originals ( Adele Chase )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930s-1950s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art ware & figurines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Environmental Ceramics , Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitchenware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evans Ceramics Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Healdsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Healdsburg,_California', 'summary': "Healdsburg is a city located in Sonoma County , in California 's Wine Country . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 11,254 . Healdsburg is a small tourist-oriented town in northern Sonoma County . Due to its three most important wine-producing regions ( the Russian River , Dry Creek , and Alexander Valley AVAs ) , Healdsburg has been continuously awarded one of the top 10 small towns in America and is home to three of the top wineries in the United States . Healdsburg is centered on a 19th-century plaza that provides an important focal point for tourists and locals ."}]}, {'value': '1974-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art ware & cookware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cookware', 'summary': "Cookware and bakeware are types of food preparation containers , commonly found in a kitchen . Cookware comprises cooking vessels , such as saucepans and frying pans , intended for use on a stove or range cooktop . Bakeware comprises cooking vessels intended for use inside an oven . Some utensils are considered both cookware and bakeware . The choice of material for cookware and bakeware items has a significant effect on the item 's performance ( and cost ) , particularly in terms of thermal conductivity and how much food sticks to the item when in use . Some choices of material also require special pre-preparation of the surface - known as seasoning - before they are used for food preparation . Both the cooking pot and lid handles can be made of the same material but will mean that , when picking up or touching either of these parts , oven gloves will need to be worn . In order to avoid this , handles can be made of non-heat-conducting materials , for example bakelite , plastic or wood . It is best to avoid hollow handles because they are difficult to clean or to dry . A good cooking pot design has an overcook edge which is what the lid lies on . The lid has a dripping edge that prevents condensation fluid from dripping off when handling the lid ( taking it off and holding it 45° ) or putting it down ."}]}, {'value': 'Garden City Pottery Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garden_City_Pottery', 'summary': 'Garden City Pottery was founded in 1902 in San Jose , California with an office and manufacturing facility on 560 North Sixth Street . Like many California potteries of that period , their original product lines focused on commercial tile and pipe , sanitary and gardenware products , and by the 1920s , Garden City was the largest pottery in Northern California .'}]}, {'value': 'San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': '1902-1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crockery , tableware , art ware , garden ware & kitchenware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crockery', 'summary': 'Tableware are the dishes or dishware used for setting a table , serving food and dining . It includes cutlery , glassware , serving dishes and other useful items for practical as well as decorative purposes . The quality , nature , variety and number of objects varies according to culture , religion , number of diners , cuisine and occasion . For example , Middle Eastern , Indian or Polynesian food culture and cuisine sometimes limits tableware to serving dishes , using bread or leaves as individual plates . Special occasions are usually reflected in higher quality tableware . Cutlery is more usually known as silverware or flatware in the United States , where cutlery usually means knives and related cutting instruments ; elsewhere cutlery includes all the forks , spoons and other silverware items . Outside the US , flatware is a term for open-shaped dishware items such as plates , dishes and bowls ( as opposed to closed shapes like jugs and vases ) . Dinnerware is another term used to refer to tableware and crockery refers to ceramic tableware , today often porcelain or bone china . Sets of dishes are referred to as a table service , dinner service or service set . Table settings or place settings are the dishes , cutlery and glassware used for formal and informal dining . In Ireland such items are normally referred to as delph , the word being an English language phonetic spelling of the word Delft , the town from which so much delftware came . Silver service or butler service are methods for a butler or waiter to serve a meal .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladding Ceramic Insulator Company , Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tile . Gladco insulators after 1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)', 'summary': 'An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely ; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field . This contrasts with other materials , semiconductors and conductors , which conduct electric current more easily . The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity ; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors . The most common examples are non-metals . A perfect insulator does not exist because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges ( charge carriers ) which can carry current . In addition , all insulators become electrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons away from the atoms . This is known as the breakdown voltage of an insulator . Some materials such as glass , paper and Teflon , which have high resistivity , are very good electrical insulators . A much larger class of materials , even though they may have lower bulk resistivity , are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used voltages , and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables . Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics which can be thermoset or thermoplastic in nature . Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves . An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation .'}]}, {'value': 'Heath Ceramics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heath_Ceramics', 'summary': 'Heath Ceramics is an American company that designs , manufactures , and retails goods for tabletop and home , and is best known for handcrafted ceramic tableware and architectural tile in distinctive glazes . Founded in Sausalito , California , by Edith Heath ( 1911-2005 ) and her husband Brian Heath ( 1911-2001 ) in 1948 , Heath Ceramics is now owned and run by Catherine Bailey and Robin Petravic , who purchased the company in 2003 . Heath has two manufacturing facilities : its original dinnerware factory in Sausalito ( built in 1959 ) , and a tile factory ( established in 2012 ) in the Heath Building in San Francisco . Heath sells directly through its stores and its own website , having discontinued its wholesale business in early 2015 . Heath maintains four physical sales outlets . In addition to its dinnerware factory and showroom in Sausalito , Heath has a showroom and clay studio in Los Angeles ( opened in 2008 ) ; a showroom within the San Francisco Ferry Building ( opened in 2010 ) ; and their flagship San Francisco showroom and clay studio , co-located with the tile factory in the Heath Building ( opened in 2012 ) . Heath has won numerous awards for design , and in 2015 received the National Design Award for Institutional Achievement , awarded by the Cooper Hewitt , Smithsonian Design Museum , in recognition of Heaths commitment to business by design .'}]}, {'value': 'Sausalito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sausalito,_California', 'summary': "Sausalito is a city in Marin County , California , located 8 miles ( 13 km ) south-southeast of San Rafael , and 4 miles ( 7 km ) north of San Francisco . Sausalito 's population was 7,061 as of the 2010 census . The community is situated near the northern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , and prior to the building of that bridge served as a terminus for rail , car , and ferry traffic . Sausalito developed rapidly as a shipbuilding center in World War II , with its industrial character giving way in postwar years to a reputation as a wealthy and artistic enclave , a picturesque residential community ( incorporating large numbers of houseboats ) , and a tourist destination . The city is adjacent to , and largely bounded by , the protected spaces of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area ."}]}, {'value': '1948-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tableware & art ware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tableware', 'summary': 'Tableware are the dishes or dishware used for setting a table , serving food and dining . It includes cutlery , glassware , serving dishes and other useful items for practical as well as decorative purposes . The quality , nature , variety and number of objects varies according to culture , religion , number of diners , cuisine and occasion . For example , Middle Eastern , Indian or Polynesian food culture and cuisine sometimes limits tableware to serving dishes , using bread or leaves as individual plates . Special occasions are usually reflected in higher quality tableware . Cutlery is more usually known as silverware or flatware in the United States , where cutlery usually means knives and related cutting instruments ; elsewhere cutlery includes all the forks , spoons and other silverware items . Outside the US , flatware is a term for open-shaped dishware items such as plates , dishes and bowls ( as opposed to closed shapes like jugs and vases ) . Dinnerware is another term used to refer to tableware and crockery refers to ceramic tableware , today often porcelain or bone china . Sets of dishes are referred to as a table service , dinner service or service set . Table settings or place settings are the dishes , cutlery and glassware used for formal and informal dining . In Ireland such items are normally referred to as delph , the word being an English language phonetic spelling of the word Delft , the town from which so much delftware came . Silver service or butler service are methods for a butler or waiter to serve a meal .'}]}, {'value': 'Handcraft Tile ( San Jose Tile before 1931 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Topanga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Topanga,_California', 'summary': 'Topanga is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in western Los Angeles County , California , United States . Located in the Santa Monica Mountains , the community lies in Topanga Canyon and the surrounding hills . The narrow southern portion of Topanga at the coast is between the city of Malibu and the Los Angeles neighborhood of Pacific Palisades . As of the 2010 census the population of the Topanga CDP was 8,289 . The ZIP code is 90290 and the area code is primarily 310 , with 818 only at the north end of the canyon . It is in the 3rd County Supervisorial district .'}]}, {'value': '1926-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hans Sumpf Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madera,_California', 'summary': "Madera is a city in California and the county seat of Madera County . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 61,416 , up from 43,207 in 2000 . Located in the San Joaquin Valley , Madera is a principal city of the Madera-Chowchilla Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Madera County , and Metropolitan Fresno . It is located in California 's San Joaquin Valley . The city is also home to the Madera Unified School District ."}]}, {'value': '1939-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garden ware & architectural wall surfaces', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homer Knowles Pottery Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Clara ( /ˌsæntəˈklærə/ ) is a city in Santa Clara County , California . The city 's population was 116,468 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the ninth-most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area . Located on the southern coast of San Francisco Bay immediately west of San Jose and 45 miles ( 72 km ) southeast of San Francisco , the city was founded in 1777 with the establishment of Mission Santa Clara de Asís , the eighth of 21 California missions . The city was later incorporated in 1852 . The mission , the city , and the county are all named for Saint Clare of Assisi . Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of several high-tech companies such as Intel . It is also home to Santa Clara University , the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of California , which was built around Mission Santa Clara de Asís . Levi 's Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers , is located in the city . Santa Clara is bordered by San Jose on all sides , except for Sunnyvale to the west , and Cupertino to the west ."}]}, {'value': '1923-1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K.T.K K.T . and K. Art ware , restaurant ware , figurines & novelty giftware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jade Snow Wong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jade_Snow_Wong', 'summary': 'Jade Snow Wong ( Chinese : 黃玉雪 ; pinyin : Huáng Yùxuě ) ( January 21 , 1922 - 16 March 2006 ) was a Chinese American ceramic artist and author of two memoirs . She was given the English name of Constance , also being known as Connie Wong Ong .'}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': '1950s-1960s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art ware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jam Ceramic Design', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': '1975-mid-1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artware , tableware , figurines & giftware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jane Fauntz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_California', 'summary': 'Berkeley ( /ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee ) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County , California . It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley . It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north . Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills . The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580 . Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system , the University of California , Berkeley , and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , which is managed and operated by the University . It also has the Graduate Theological Union , one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world . Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '1940s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figurines', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Potteries of California -- Northern California', 'section_text': 'Geographically , see Northern California . To use the sortable tables : click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order ; click again for reverse alphabetical order .', 'uid': 'California_pottery_1', 'intro': 'California pottery includes industrial, commercial, and decorative pottery produced in the Northern California and Southern California regions of the U.S. state of California. Production includes brick, sewer pipe, architectural terra cotta, tile, garden ware, tableware, kitchenware, art ware, figurines, giftware, and ceramics for industrial use. Ceramics include terra cotta, earthenware, porcelain, and stoneware products.'} | null | null | What are the dates for the pottery from the location that has been continuously awarded one of the top 10 small towns in America and is home to three of the top wineries in the United States ? | 1974- |
0738800798a9d756 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Quinto', 'title': 'Zachary Quinto', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek_(film)', 'summary': "Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . It is the eleventh film in the Star Trek film franchise , and is also a reboot that features the main characters of the original Star Trek television series portrayed by a new cast , as the first in the rebooted film series . The film follows James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) and Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) aboard the USS Enterprise as they combat Nero ( Eric Bana ) , a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets . The story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) . The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film and the franchise from established continuity constraints while simultaneously preserving original story elements . The idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968 . The concept resurfaced in the late 1980s , when it was postulated by Harve Bennett as a possible plotline for what would become Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , but it was rejected in favor of other projects by Roddenberry . Following the critical and commercial failure of Star Trek : Nemesis and the cancellation of Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen wrote an unproduced film titled Star Trek : The Beginning , which would take place after Enterprise . After the separation of Viacom and CBS Corporation in 2005 , former Paramount Pictures president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a new film in the franchise . Orci and Kurtzman , both fans of Star Trek , were approached to write the film , and J. J. Abrams was approached to direct it . Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations , as well as the series itself . Principal photography commenced on November 7 , 2007 , and ended on March 27 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spock', 'summary': "Spock or Mr. Spock is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise . Spock first appeared in the original Star Trek series serving aboard the starship Enterprise as science officer and first officer , and later as commanding officer of two iterations of the vessel . Spock 's mixed human-Vulcan heritage serves as an important plot element in many of the character 's appearances . Along with Captain James T. Kirk and Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy , he is one of the three central characters in the original Star Trek series and its films . After retiring from active duty in Starfleet , Spock serves as a Federation ambassador , and later becomes involved in the ill-fated attempt to save Romulus from a supernova , leading him to live out the rest of his life in a parallel timeline . Spock was played by actor Leonard Nimoy in the original Star Trek series , in the animated Star Trek series , eight of the Star Trek feature films , and a two-part episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation . The character has appeared in numerous Star Trek novels , comics , and video games . Multiple actors have also played the character after Nimoy : several portrayed the various stages of Spock 's rapid growth in the film Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , and Zachary Quinto has played Spock in the feature films Star Trek ( 2009 ) , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) , and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) . Star Trek : Discovery has used actor Ethan Peck to portray the role of Spock ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margin Call', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margin_Call', 'summary': "Margin Call is a 2011 American drama film written and directed by J. C. Chandor in his feature directorial debut . The principal story takes place over a 24-hour period at a large Wall Street investment bank during the initial stages of the financial crisis of 2007-08 . In focus are the actions taken by a group of employees during the subsequent financial collapse . The ensemble cast features Kevin Spacey , Paul Bettany , Jeremy Irons , Zachary Quinto , Penn Badgley , Simon Baker , Demi Moore , and Stanley Tucci . The film was produced by the production companies Before the Door Pictures ( first to sign on , and owned by Zachary Quinto ) , Benaroya Pictures , as well as Washington Square Films . Theatrically , it was commercially distributed by Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions . Margin Call explores capitalism , greed , and investment fraud . The director and screenwriter , J. C. Chandor , is himself the son of an investment banker ; the screenplay was partially informed by Chandor 's own foray into real estate investments in New York City soon before the financial crash . Following its wide release in theaters , the film garnered award nominations from the Detroit Film Critics Society , along with several separate nominations for its screenplay and direction from recognized award organizations , including a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . The score was orchestrated by musician Nathan Larson . The film made its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25 , 2011 , and opened in theaters nationwide in the United States on October 21 , 2011 , grossing $ 5,354,039 in domestic ticket receipts . It was screened at 199 theaters during its widest release in cinemas ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Sullivan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girl Walks into a Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_Walks_into_a_Bar', 'summary': "Girl Walks into a Bar is a 2011 multiple story line ensemble comedy film produced exclusively for Internet distribution . It is directed by Sebastián Gutiérrez from his own script , much like the anthology style of Gutiérrez 's Women in Trouble , and follows a group of apparent strangers in interlocking stories taking place in ten different bars during the course of one evening throughout Los Angeles . Girl Walks into a Bar premiered at The ArcLight Hollywood Cinemas on March 7 , 2011 , in Los Angeles and screened as an official selection of the Spotlight Premieres section at the South by Southwest Film Conference and Festival 2011 in Austin . The film is currently available in the United States to watch for free exclusively on YouTube with sponsorship from Lexus ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas Nick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': "What 's Your Number ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/What's_Your_Number?", 'summary': "What 's Your Number ? is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Mark Mylod and starring Anna Faris and Chris Evans . Written by Gabrielle Allan and Jennifer Crittenden , it is based on Karyn Bosnak 's book 20 Times a Lady . The film was released on September 30 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek Into Darkness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness', 'summary': "Star Trek Into Darkness is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and Damon Lindelof . It is the twelfth installment in the Star Trek film franchise and the sequel to the 2009 film Star Trek , as the second in a rebooted film series . The film features Chris Pine reprising his role as Captain James T. Kirk , with Zachary Quinto , Simon Pegg , Karl Urban , Zoe Saldana , John Cho , Anton Yelchin , Bruce Greenwood , and Leonard Nimoy reprising their roles from the previous film . Benedict Cumberbatch , Alice Eve and Peter Weller are also credited in the film 's principal cast . It was the last time Nimoy would portray the character of Spock before his death in 2015 . Set in the 23rd century , Kirk and the crew of USS Enterprise are sent to the Klingon homeworld seeking former Starfleet member-turned terrorist John Harrison . After the release of Star Trek , Abrams , Burk , Lindelof , Kurtzman , and Orci agreed to produce its sequel . Filming began in January 2012 . Into Darkness 's visual effects were primarily created by Industrial Light & Magic . The film was converted to 3D during its post-production stage . Star Trek Into Darkness premiered at Event Cinemas in Sydney , Australia , on April 23 , 2013 , and was released on May 9 in Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Europe , and Peru , with other countries following . The film was released on May 17 in the United States and Canada , opening at IMAX cinemas a day earlier ."}]}, {'value': 'Spock', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': "We 'll Never Have Paris", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/We'll_Never_Have_Paris", 'summary': "We 'll Never Have Paris is a 2014 American romantic comedy directed by Simon Helberg ( in his directorial debut ) and Jocelyn Towne . It stars Helberg , Melanie Lynskey , Zachary Quinto , Maggie Grace , Jason Ritter and Alfred Molina . It is based on the real life engagement of star Simon Helberg to his wife , Jocelyn Towne . The film had its world premiere at SXSW on March 10 , 2014 , and was released in a limited release and through video on demand on January 23 , 2015 , by Orion Pictures . The title is a reference to the very famous line We 'll Always Have Paris from the film Casablanca ( 1942 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jameson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Am Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Am_Michael', 'summary': "I Am Michael is a 2015 American biographical drama film written and directed by Justin Kelly . Based on the journalist Benoit Denizet-Lewis ' New York Times Magazine article My Ex-Gay Friend , the film stars James Franco , Zachary Quinto , Emma Roberts , and Charlie Carver . Franco plays Michael Glatze , a gay activist who renounces homosexuality and becomes a Christian pastor . Filming ran in New York City from August 11 to August 30 , 2014 . The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on January 27 , 2017 , by Brainstorm Media ."}]}, {'value': 'Bennett', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hitman : Agent 47', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hitman:_Agent_47', 'summary': 'Hitman : Agent 47 is a 2015 American action thriller film directed by Aleksander Bach in his directorial debut and co-written by Skip Woods ( who also wrote the original Hitman film ) and Michael Finch . It is based on the Hitman video game series , developed by IO Interactive , and its main character , a mysterious assassin known only as Agent 47 . The film , starring Rupert Friend , Hannah Ware , Zachary Quinto , Ciarán Hinds , Thomas Kretschmann and Angelababy , was theatrically released on August 21 , 2015 . It received negative reviews and grossed $ 82 million worldwide against its $ 35 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'John Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tallulah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallulah_(film)', 'summary': "Tallulah is a 2016 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Sian Heder and starring Ellen Page , Allison Janney , and Tammy Blanchard . The film revolves around a young woman who unexpectedly takes a baby from its irresponsible mother and pretends the child is her own . Without a place to stay , the woman asks for help from her ex-boyfriend 's mother , telling her the baby is her granddaughter . Tallulah had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2016 and was released on Netflix on July 29 , 2016 . The film was praised for the performances of Page , Janney and Blanchard . It also marked the third collaboration between the two actresses , having last worked together in Juno ( 2007 ) and Touchy Feely ( 2013 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andreas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek Beyond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek_Beyond', 'summary': "Star Trek Beyond is a 2016 American science fiction action film directed by Justin Lin , written by Simon Pegg and Doug Jung , and based on the television series Star Trek created by Gene Roddenberry . It is the 13th film in the Star Trek film franchise and the third installment in the reboot series , following Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto reprise their respective roles as Captain James T. Kirk and Commander Spock , with Pegg , Karl Urban , Zoe Saldana , John Cho , and Anton Yelchin reprising their roles from the previous films . This was one of Yelchin 's last films before his death in June 2016 . Idris Elba , Sofia Boutella , Joe Taslim , and Lydia Wilson also appear . Principal photography began in Vancouver on June 25 , 2015 . The film premiered in Sydney on July 7 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on July 22 , 2016 , by Paramount Pictures . The film is dedicated to the memory of Yelchin , as well as to actor Leonard Nimoy , who died during pre-production . The film grossed $ 343.5 million at the box office , and received generally positive reviews with praise for its acting , action sequences , musical score , visual effects , and tributes to Yelchin and Nimoy . At the 89th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling , but lost to Suicide Squad ."}]}, {'value': 'Spock', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snowden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowden_(film)', 'summary': "Snowden is a 2016 biographical thriller film directed by Oliver Stone and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald . Based on the books The Snowden Files by Luke Harding and Time of the Octopus by Anatoly Kucherena , the film stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Edward Snowden , a Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) subcontractor and whistleblower who copied and leaked highly classified information from the National Security Agency ( NSA ) beginning in 2013 . In addition to Gordon-Levitt , the film features an ensemble cast including Shailene Woodley , Melissa Leo , Zachary Quinto , Tom Wilkinson , Scott Eastwood , Logan Marshall-Green , Timothy Olyphant , Ben Schnetzer , LaKeith Lee Stanfield , Rhys Ifans and Nicolas Cage . An international co-production of Germany , France , and the United States , principal photography began on February 16 , 2015 in Munich . Snowden screened at San Diego Comic-Con on July 21 , 2016 , before premiering at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 9 , 2016 . The film was theatrically released in the United States on September 16 , 2016 , by Open Road Films and on September 22 in Germany . It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics , who praised Gordon-Levitt 's performance but criticized the screenplay . It was also a box office disappointment , grossing $ 37.3 million worldwide against its $ 40 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenn Greenwald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald', 'summary': 'Glenn Edward Greenwald ( born March 6 , 1967 ) is an American journalist and author . He is best known for a series of reports published from June 2013 by The Guardian newspaper detailing the United States and British global surveillance programs , and based on classified documents disclosed by Edward Snowden . Greenwald and the team he worked with won both a George Polk Award and a Pulitzer Prize for those reports . He has written several best-selling books , including No Place to Hide . Before the Snowden file disclosures , Greenwald was considered one of the most influential opinion columnists in the United States . After working as a constitutional attorney for ten years , he began blogging on national security issues before becoming a Salon contributor in 2007 and then for The Guardian in 2012 . He now writes for ( and has co-edited ) The Intercept , which he founded in 2013 with Laura Poitras and Jeremy Scahill .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Passage to Mars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pascal Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pascal_Lee', 'summary': "Pascal Lee ( Chinese : 李天龍 ; born 1964 ) is co-founder and chairman of the Mars Institute , a planetary scientist at the SETI Institute , and the Principal Investigator of the Haughton-Mars Project ( HMP ) at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View , California . He holds an ME in geology and geophysics from the University of Paris , and a PhD in astronomy and space sciences from Cornell University . Lee 's research focuses on Mars , asteroids , and impact craters , in particular in connection with the history of water on planets and the possibility of extraterrestrial life . He is known internationally for his work on Moon and Mars analogs in the Arctic , Antarctica , and other extreme environments on Earth . He is the author and co-author of over 100 scientific publications , and first proposed the Mars Always Cold , Sometimes Wet model of Mars evolution based on field studies of the geology of Earth 's polar regions . In 1988 , Lee wintered over for 402 days at Dumont d'Urville station , Adelie Land , Antarctica , where he served as the station 's chief geophysicist . He also participated in five summer campaigns in Antarctica as a geologist and planetary scientist , in particular as a member of the US Antarctic Search for Meteorites ( ANSMET ) program . In 1997 , Lee initiated the Haughton-Mars Project ( HMP ) , an international multidisciplinary field research project centered on science and exploration studies at the Haughton impact crater and surrounding terrain on Devon Island , Arctic Canada , viewed as an analog site for the Moon and Mars . Lee has led over 18 HMP field expeditions to date , including the Northwest Passage Drive Expedition in April 2009 and May 2010 , and continues to serve as the HMP 's Director in support of research for NASA and the Canadian Space Agency . Pascal Lee is widely recognized for his efforts to advance the human exploration of Mars , in particular via its asteroid-like moons Phobos and Deimos . Lee is a recipient of the United States Antarctic Service Medal and the Space Frontier Foundation 's Vision to Reality Award . Lee is an FAA-certified helicopter flight instructor and lives in Santa Clara , California ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aardvark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aardvark_(film)', 'summary': 'Aardvark is a 2017 American drama film directed and written by Brian Shoaf . The film stars Zachary Quinto , Jenny Slate , Sheila Vand , and Jon Hamm . Principal photography began on November 30 , 2015 in New York City . It premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival . It was released on April 13 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Josh Norman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Who We Are Now', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Who_We_Are_Now', 'summary': 'Who We Are Now is a 2017 American drama film directed and written by Matthew Newton and starring Julianne Nicholson , Emma Roberts , and Zachary Quinto . It screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel Artemis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hotel_Artemis', 'summary': "Hotel Artemis is a 2018 American dystopian thriller film written and directed by Drew Pearce , in his feature film directorial debut . It stars Jodie Foster , Sterling K. Brown , Sofia Boutella , Jeff Goldblum , Charlie Day , Brian Tyree Henry , Jenny Slate , Dave Bautista , and Zachary Quinto . The plot follows Jean Thomas , a nurse who runs a secret hospital for criminals in futuristic Los Angeles . It was released in the United States on June 8 , 2018 and grossed $ 13 million worldwide . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised its visual style , intriguing screenplay and acting ( particularly Foster 's ) but found the execution poor ."}]}, {'value': 'Crosby', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High Flying Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Flying_Bird', 'summary': "High Flying Bird is a 2019 American sports drama film directed by Steven Soderbergh , from a story suggested by André Holland , with the screenplay by Tarell Alvin McCraney . The film stars Holland , Zazie Beetz , Melvin Gregg , Sonja Sohn , Zachary Quinto , Glenn Fleshler , Jeryl Prescott , Justin Hurtt-Dunkley , Caleb McLaughlin , Bobbi Bordley , Kyle MacLachlan and Bill Duke , with additional appearances of basketball players Reggie Jackson , Karl-Anthony Towns and Donovan Mitchell . The film follows a sports agent who must pull off a plan in 72 hours , pitching a controversial opportunity to his client , a rookie basketball player during the companys lockout . The film was shot entirely on the iPhone 8 , becoming Soderbergh 's second film to be shot on an iPhone , after Unsane . The film had its world premiere at the Slamdance Film Festival on January 27 , 2019 , and was released on February 8 , 2019 , by Netflix . The film received positive reviews from critics , which praised its performances , Soderbergh 's direction , themes , editing , shooting style and screenplay ."}]}, {'value': 'David Starr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Boys in the Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Band_(2020_film)', 'summary': 'The Boys in the Band is an upcoming Netflix film directed by Joe Mantello . The film is produced by Ryan Murphy , David Stone , and Ned Martel . The film stars Jim Parsons , Zachary Quinto , Matt Bomer , and Andrew Rannells .'}]}, {'value': 'Harold', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Zachary_Quinto_0', 'intro': "Zachary John Quinto (/ˈkwɪntoʊ/; born June 2, 1977) is an American actor and film producer. He is known for his roles as Charlie Manx in NOS4A2, as Sylar on the science fiction drama series Heroes (2006-2010), Spock in the reboot Star Trek (2009) and its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016), as well as his Emmy nominated performance in American Horror Story: Asylum. His other film roles include Margin Call, What's Your Number?, Hitman: Agent 47, Snowden, and Hotel Artemis. He also appeared in smaller roles on television series such as So NoTORIous, The Slap, and 24, and on stage in Angels in America."} | null | null | How many people directed the film from 2014 ? | two |
073990a5cdb562cb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_chapters', 'title': 'List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters', 'header': ['Name', 'Chartered', 'Institution', 'Location', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alpha Beta Pi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Mexico State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University', 'summary': "New Mexico State University ( NMSU or NM State ) is a public research university , with a main campus in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Founded in 1888 , it is the oldest public institution of higher education in the state of New Mexico , and is one of two flagship universities in New Mexico . Total enrollment across all campuses as of 2017 was 21,874 , with branch campuses in Alamogordo , Carlsbad , Doña Ana County and Grants , and with extension and research centers across New Mexico . It was founded in 1888 as the Las Cruces College , and the following year became New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and designated as a Land Grant college . It received its present name in 1960 . NMSU had 24,580 students enrolled as of Fall 2017 and had a faculty-to-student ratio of about 1 to 16 . NMSU offers a wide range of programs and awards associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through its main campus and four community colleges . NMSU offers 28 doctoral degree programs , 58 master 's degree programs , and 96 baccalaureate majors . New Mexico State 's athletic teams compete at the NCAA Division I level , competing in the Western Athletic Conference , except for football ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Cruces , NM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Cruces,_NM', 'summary': "Las Cruces is the seat of Doña Ana County , New Mexico , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 97,618 , and in 2017 the estimated population was 101,712 , making it the second largest city in the state , after Albuquerque . Las Cruces is the largest city in both Doña Ana County and southern New Mexico . The Las Cruces metropolitan area had an estimated population of 213,849 in 2017 . It is the principal city of a metropolitan statistical area which encompasses all of Doña Ana County and is part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces combined statistical area . Las Cruces is the economic and geographic center of the Mesilla Valley , the agricultural region on the floodplain of the Rio Grande which extends from Hatch to the west side of El Paso , Texas . Las Cruces is the home of New Mexico State University ( NMSU ) , New Mexico 's only land-grant university . The city 's major employer is the federal government on nearby White Sands Test Facility and White Sands Missile Range . The Organ Mountains , 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the east , are dominant in the city 's landscape , along with the Doña Ana Mountains , Robledo Mountains , and Picacho Peak . Las Cruces lies 225 miles ( 362 km ) south of Albuquerque , 42 miles ( 68 km ) northwest of El Paso , Texas and 41 miles ( 66 km ) north of the Mexican border at Sunland Park . Spaceport America , which has corporate offices in Las Cruces , operates from 55 miles ( 89 km ) to the north , and has completed several successful manned , suborbital flights . The city is also the headquarters for Virgin Galactic , the world 's first company to offer sub-orbital spaceflights ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tillotson College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tillotson_College', 'summary': "Huston-Tillotson University HTU ) is a private historically black university in Austin , Texas . Established in 1875 , Huston-Tillotson University was the first institution of higher learning in Austin . The university is affiliated with the United Methodist Church , the United Church of Christ , and the United Negro College Fund . Huston-Tillotson University awards bachelor 's degrees in business , education , the humanities , natural sciences , social sciences , science , and technology and a Master 's degree in educational leadership . The university also offers alternative teacher certification and academic programs for undergraduates interested in pursuing post-graduate degrees in law and medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_TX', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Deactivated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xavier University of Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Xavier University of Louisiana ( XULA ) , located in the Gert Town section of New Orleans , Louisiana , in the United States , is a private , coeducational , liberal arts college with the distinction of being the only historically black Roman Catholic institution of higher education in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans , LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_LA', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Lambda Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas A & M University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_A&M_University', 'summary': "Texas A & M University ( Texas A & M or A & M ) is a public research university founded in 1876 and located in College Station , Texas . In 1948 , Texas A & M University became the founding member of the Texas A & M University System . As of 2017 [ update ] , Texas A & M 's student body is the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States . Texas A & M 's designation as a land , sea , and space grant institution - the only university in Texas to hold all three designations - reflects a range of research with ongoing projects funded by organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , and the Office of Naval Research . In 2001 , Texas A & M was inducted as a member of the Association of American Universities . The school 's students , alumni - over 500,000 strong - and sports teams are known as Aggies . The Texas A & M Aggies athletes compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference . The first public institution of higher education in Texas , the school opened on October 4 , 1876 , as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas under the provisions of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts . Originally , the college taught no classes in agriculture , instead concentrating on classical studies , languages , literature , and applied mathematics . After four years , students could attain degrees in scientific agriculture , civil and mechanical engineering , and language and literature . Under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder in the 1960s , A.M.C . desegregated , became coeducational , and dropped the requirement for participation in the Corps of Cadets ."}]}, {'value': 'College Station , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Station,_TX', 'summary': "College Station is a city in Brazos County , Texas , situated in East-Central Texas in the heart of the Brazos Valley , in the center of the region known as Texas Triangle . It is 83 miles ( 130 kilometers ) northwest of Houston and 87 miles ( 140 km ) east northeast of Austin . As of the 2010 census , College Station had a population of 93,857 , which had increased to an estimated population of 122,671 as of November 2019 . College Station and Bryan together make up the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area , the 13th-largest metropolitan area in Texas with 273,101 people as of 2019 . College Station is home to the main campus of Texas A & M University , the flagship institution of the Texas A & M University System . The city owes both its name and existence to the university 's location along a railroad . Texas A & M 's triple designation as a Land- , Sea- , and Space-Grant institution reflects the broad scope of the research endeavors it brings to the city , with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as NASA , the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , and the Office of Naval Research . Due largely to the presence of Texas A & M University , College Station was named by Money magazine in 2006 as the most educated city in Texas , and the 11th-most educated city in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 15 , 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wiley College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiley_College', 'summary': "Wiley College is a four-year , private , historically black , liberal arts college located on the west side of Marshall , Texas . Founded in 1873 by the Methodist Episcopal Church 's Bishop Isaac Wiley and certified in 1882 by the Freedman 's Aid Society , it is one of the oldest predominantly black colleges west of the Mississippi River . In 2005-2006 , on-campus enrollment approached 450 , while an off-campus program in Shreveport , Louisiana , for students with some prior college credits who seek to finish a degree , enrolled about 250 . As of the fall of 2006 , total enrollment was about 750 . By fall of 2013 , total enrollment was approximately 1,400 . Wiley is an open admissions college and about 96 percent of students receive some financial aid . Over a 15-year period , Melvin B. Tolson 's debate teams lost only one of 75 debates . Wiley 's debate team competed against historically black colleges and earned national attention with its 1935 debate against University of Southern California 's highly ranked debate team ."}]}, {'value': 'Marshall , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall,_TX', 'summary': "Marshall is a city in and the county seat of Harrison County in Northeastern Texas in the United States . It is a cultural and educational center and located in East Texas and the tri-state area of the Ark-La-Tex . At the 2010 census , the population of Marshall was 23,523 ; in 2018 it decreased to an estimated 23,091 . The population of the Greater Marshall area , comprising all of Harrison County , was 65,631 in 2010 , and 66,726 in 2018 . Marshall was a political and production city of the Confederacy during the American Civil War . Then it was a large railroad center of the T & P Railroad from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century . Activists in the city 's substantial African American population worked to create social change through the Civil Rights Movement , with considerable support from the historically black colleges and universities in the area . The city is known for holding one of the largest light festivals in the United States , the Wonderland of Lights . It identifies as the self-proclaimed Pottery Capital of the World , for its sizable pottery industry . Marshall is referred to by various nicknames : the Cultural Capital of East Texas , the Gateway of Texas , the Athens of Texas , the City of Seven Flags , and Center Stage , a branding slogan adopted by the Marshall Convention and Visitors Bureau ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Beta Mu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 18 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Christian University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Christian_University', 'summary': "Texas Christian University ( TCU ) is a private Protestant Christian university in Fort Worth , Texas . It was established in 1873 by brothers Addison and Randolph Clark as the Add-Ran Male & Female College . [ citation needed ] The campus is located on 272 acres ( 110 ha ) about 3 miles ( 5 km ) from downtown Fort Worth . TCU is affiliated with , but not governed by , the Disciples of Christ . The university consists of eight constituent colleges and schools and has a classical liberal arts curriculum . It is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . TCU 's mascot is Superfrog , based on the Texas state reptile -- the horned frog . For most varsity sports , TCU competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA 's Division I . As of February 2016 [ update ] , The university enrolls around 10,394 students , with 8,892 being undergraduates ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth,_TX', 'summary': "Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States . It is the county seat of Tarrant County , covering nearly 350 square miles ( 910 km2 ) into three other counties : Denton , Parker , and Wise . According to the 2018 census estimates , Fort Worth 's population was 898,919 . Fort Worth is the second-largest city in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , which is the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the United States . The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River . Fort Worth has historically been a center of the longhorn cattle trade . It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design . USS Fort Worth ( LCS-3 ) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city . Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and several world-class museums designed by internationally known contemporary architects . The Kimbell Art Museum , considered to have one of the best art collections in Texas , is housed in what is widely regarded as one of the outstanding architectural achievements of the modern era . The museum was designed by the American architect Louis Kahn , with an addition designed by world-renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano opening November 2013 . Also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , designed by Tadao Ando ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Beta Omicron', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Texas at San Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio', 'summary': "The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ) is a public research university in San Antonio , Texas . With over 30,000 students , it is the largest university in San Antonio and the eighth-largest ( 2018 ) in the state of Texas . It includes three campuses across the San Antonio metropolitan area that span 725 acres of land . UTSA offers 67 bachelor 's , 69 master 's , and 24 doctoral degree programs . Established in 1969 , UTSA has become the third largest institution within the UT System by enrollment . The university has a local economic impact of $ 1.2 billion and the UTSA Institute for Economic Development generates $ 2.9 billion in direct economic impact nationwide . The university 's restricted research expenditures have grown to $ 50.8 million while total research expenditures grew to $ 80.6 million in FY19 . Its football team has competed in Conference USA since 2013 , previously playing a stint in the WAC and as an FCS independent ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_TX', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 13 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Southern University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Southern_University', 'summary': "Texas Southern University ( Texas Southern or TSU ) is a public historically black university ( HBCU ) in Houston , Texas . The university is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation with over 10,000 students enrolled and over 100 academic programs . TSU is a leading producer of college degrees to African Americans and Hispanics in Texas and ranks fourth in the United States in doctoral and professional degrees conferred to African Americans . The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and it is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . Texas Southern University is a special purpose , urban institution nestled in the heart of Houston 's historic Third Ward . Dr. Waldivia Ardlaw of Cite : The Architecture + Design Review of Houston wrote that the university serves as the cultural and community center of the Third Ward area where it is located , in addition to being its university . Also , the university serves as a notable economic resource for Greater Houston , contributing over $ 500 million to the region 's gross sales and being directly and indirectly responsible for over 3,000 jobs . Texas Southern University intercollegiate sports teams , collectively known as the Tigers , compete in NCAA Division I and the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . The university recruits nationwide for its Ocean of Soul marching band ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston,_TX', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Phi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 19 , 1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_College', 'summary': 'Texas College is a private , historically black Christian Methodist Episcopal college in Tyler , Texas . It is affiliated with the United Negro College Fund . It was founded in 1894 by a group of ministers affiliated with the Christian Methodist Episcopal ( CME ) Church , a predominantly black denomination which was at the time known as the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America . They planned to provide for education of African-American students , who were excluded from the segregated university system of Texas . They planned a full literary , scientific and classical education for theology , normal training of lower school teachers , music , commercial and industrial training , and agricultural and mechanical sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyler , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler,_TX', 'summary': "Tyler is the county seat of Smith County , located in east-central Texas , United States . The city of Tyler has long been Smith County 's major economic , educational , financial , medical , and cultural hub . The city is named for John Tyler , the tenth President of the United States . Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010 , according to the United States Census Bureau , and Tyler 's 2018 estimated population was 105,729 . It is 100 miles ( 160 km ) east-southeast of Dallas . Tyler is the principal city of the Tyler metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 209,714 in 2010 , and is the regional center of the Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area , which had a population of 260,559 in 2010 . Tyler is known as the Rose Capital of America ( also the Rose City and the Rose Capital of the World ) , a nickname it earned from a long history of rose production , cultivation , and processing . It is home to the largest rose garden in the United States , a 14-acre public garden complex that has over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties . The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual Texas Rose Festival , attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October . Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall . As a regional educational and technology center , Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher-education students , a college of engineering , a university health science center , and two regional hospital systems . In 1985 , the international Adopt-a-Highway movement originated in Tyler ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Alpha Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Texas Women 's University", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Women's_University", 'summary': "Texas Woman 's University ( TWU ) is a public co-educational university in Denton , Texas , with two health science center branches in Dallas and Houston . While TWU has been fully co-educational since 1994 , it is the largest state-supported university primarily for women in the United States . TWU is one of four independent public universities in Texas not affiliated with one of the public university systems in the state . It currently offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in 60 areas of study across six colleges ."}]}, {'value': 'Denton , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denton,_TX', 'summary': "Denton is a city in and the county seat of Denton County , Texas , United States . With an estimated population of 138,541 as of 2019 , it is the 24th-most populous city in Texas , the 196th-most populous city in the United States , and the 12th-most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . A Texas land grant led to the formation of Denton County in 1846 , and the city was incorporated in 1866 . Both were named after pioneer and Texas militia captain John B. Denton . The arrival of a railroad line in the city in 1881 spurred population , and the establishment of the University of North Texas in 1890 and Texas Woman 's University in 1901 distinguished the city from neighboring regions . After the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport finished in 1974 , the city had more rapid growth ; as of 2011 , Denton was the seventh-fastest growing city with a population over 100,000 in the country . Located on the far north end of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex in North Texas on Interstate 35 , Denton is known for its active music life ; the North Texas State Fair and Rodeo , Denton Arts and Jazz Festival , and 35 Denton Music Festival attract over 300,000 people to the city each year . The city experiences hot , humid summers and relatively few extreme weather events . Its diverse citizenry is represented by a nonpartisan city council , and numerous county and state departments have offices in the city . With over 45,000 students enrolled at the two universities located within its city limits , Denton is often characterized as a college town . As a result of the universities ' growth , educational services play a large role in the city 's economy . Residents are served by the Denton County Transportation Authority , which provides commuter rail and bus service to the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Alpha Nu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Mexico Highlands University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_Highlands_University', 'summary': 'New Mexico Highlands University ( NMHU ) is a public university in Las Vegas , New Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Las Vegas , NM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas,_NM', 'summary': 'Las Vegas is a city in and the county seat of San Miguel County , New Mexico , United States . Once two separate municipalities ( one a city and the other a town ) , both were named Las Vegas - West Las Vegas ( Old Town ) and East Las Vegas ( New Town ) ; they are separated by the Gallinas River and retain distinct characters and separate , rival school districts . [ vague ] [ citation needed ] The population was 13,753 at the 2010 census . Las Vegas , NM is located 110 miles ( 180 km ) south of Raton , New Mexico , 65 miles ( 105 km ) east of Santa Fe , New Mexico , 122 miles ( 196 km ) northeast of Albuquerque , New Mexico , 257 miles ( 414 km ) south of Colorado Springs , Colorado , and 326 miles ( 525 km ) south of Denver , Colorado .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Quinn College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Quinn_College', 'summary': "Paul Quinn College ( PQC ) is a private historically black Methodist college in Dallas , Texas . The college is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) . It is the oldest historically black college west of the Mississippi River and the nation 's first urban work college . Paul Quinn is also home to the WE over ME Farm , which was created through a partnership with PepsiCo to bring healthy food to the food desert of Dallas ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_TX', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Mu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_College', 'summary': 'Bishop College was an historically black college , founded in Marshall , Texas , United States , in 1881 by the Baptist Home Mission Society . It was intended to serve students in east Texas , where the majority of the black population lived at the time . In 1961 the administration moved the college into Dallas , Texas . Being based in a major city helped it attract more students . It operated until 1988 , but a major financial scandal caused it to lose accreditation and funding . In 2006 the president of Georgetown College in Georgetown , Kentucky reached out to Bishop College alumni , proposing to have them adopt his college as an alma mater . He offered scholarships to their descendants , with a chance to have their diploma read Bishop College . This was part of an effort to increase minority enrollment at Georgetown .'}]}, {'value': 'Marshall , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall,_TX', 'summary': "Marshall is a city in and the county seat of Harrison County in Northeastern Texas in the United States . It is a cultural and educational center and located in East Texas and the tri-state area of the Ark-La-Tex . At the 2010 census , the population of Marshall was 23,523 ; in 2018 it decreased to an estimated 23,091 . The population of the Greater Marshall area , comprising all of Harrison County , was 65,631 in 2010 , and 66,726 in 2018 . Marshall was a political and production city of the Confederacy during the American Civil War . Then it was a large railroad center of the T & P Railroad from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century . Activists in the city 's substantial African American population worked to create social change through the Civil Rights Movement , with considerable support from the historically black colleges and universities in the area . The city is known for holding one of the largest light festivals in the United States , the Wonderland of Lights . It identifies as the self-proclaimed Pottery Capital of the World , for its sizable pottery industry . Marshall is referred to by various nicknames : the Cultural Capital of East Texas , the Gateway of Texas , the Athens of Texas , the City of Seven Flags , and Center Stage , a branding slogan adopted by the Marshall Convention and Visitors Bureau ."}]}, {'value': 'Deactivated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern University at New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_University_at_New_Orleans', 'summary': 'Southern University at New Orleans ( SUNO ) is a public historically black university in New Orleans , Louisiana . It is a member of the Southern University System and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans , LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_LA', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prairie View A & M University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_View_A&M_University', 'summary': "Prairie View A & M University ( PVAMU or PV ) is a public historically black university ( HBCU ) in Prairie View , Texas . Founded in 1876 , it is one of Texas 's two land-grant universities and the second oldest public institution of higher learning in the state . It offers baccalaureate degrees in 50 academic majors , 37 master 's degrees and four doctoral degree programs through eight colleges and the School of Architecture . PVAMU is a member of the Texas A & M University System and Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Prairie View A & M fields 16 intercollegiate sports team , commonly known by their Prairie View A & M Panthers nickname . Prairie View A & M competes in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . Prairie View A & M is the only charter member remaining in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Prairie View , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_View,_TX', 'summary': 'Prairie View is a city in Waller County , Texas , United States , situated on the northwestern edge of the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area . The population was 5,576 at the 2010 census . The current estimated population is 6,428 . Prairie View A & M University , the second oldest public university in Texas , is located in the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 4 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dillard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dillard_University', 'summary': 'Dillard University is a private , historically black , liberal arts university in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States . Founded in 1930 and incorporating earlier institutions that were founded as early as 1869 after the American Civil War , it is affiliated with the United Church of Christ and the United Methodist Church .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans , LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_LA', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Zeta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarvis Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarvis_Christian_College', 'summary': 'Jarvis Christian College ( JCC ) is a Christian historically black college in Wood County , Texas . It was founded in 1912 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawkins , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawkins,_TX', 'summary': 'Hawkins is a city in Wood County , Texas , United States . The population was 1,278 at the 2010 census . It is located twenty miles north of the larger city of Tyler . Just east of the community is Jarvis Christian College , an historically black institution of higher learning .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern University at Shreveport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_University_at_Shreveport', 'summary': "Southern University at Shreveport ( SUSLA ) is a junior college in Shreveport , Louisiana . It is part of the historically black Southern University System . SUSLA , pushed to fruition by the administration of Governor John J. McKeithen , opened for instruction on September 19 , 1967 . At the same time a second junior college , Louisiana State University at Shreveport , also opened . LSUS later became began offering bachelor 's degrees but SUSLA remains a junior college . The university is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund . The primary emphasis of SUSLA was to serve the Shreveport-Bossier City metro area . SUSLA is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate degrees in various fields of study . On October 28 , 1974 , the Louisiana Board of Regents , then called the Coordinating Council for Higher Education , granted to the institution approval for six associate degree programs in business , humanities , medical office assistant , natural sciences , office administration , and social sciences . In 1978 , it added an associate degree in medical laboratory technology . Among the buildings at SUSLA is Stone Hall , named for the late Southern University System president Jesse N. Stone , Jr . Inside Stone Hall is the J. Bennett Johnston , Jr. Video Conferencing Center , named for the former U.S. senator from Shreveport ."}]}, {'value': 'Shreveport , LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shreveport,_LA', 'summary': "Shreveport ( /ˈʃriːvpɔːrt/ SHREEV-port ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is the most populous city in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan area . Shreveport ranks third in population in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge and 133rd in the U.S . The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish , of which it is the parish seat . Shreveport extends along the west bank of the Red River ( most notably at Wright Island , the Charles and Marie Hamel Memorial Park , and Bagley Island ) into neighboring Bossier Parish . The population of Shreveport was 199,311 as of the 2010 U.S. Census . The United States Census Bureau 's 2018 estimates for the city 's population decreased to 188,987 , and grew to an estimated 189,149 . Shreveport was founded in 1836 by the Shreve Town Company , a corporation established to develop a town at the juncture of the newly navigable Red River and the Texas Trail , an overland route into the newly independent Republic of Texas . Prior to Texas becoming independent , this trail entered Mexico . The city grew throughout the 20th century and , after the discovery of oil in Louisiana , became a national center for the oil industry . Standard Oil of Louisiana ( absorbed by Standard Oil of New Jersey and now part of ExxonMobil ) and United Gas Corporation ( now part of Pennzoil ) were headquartered in the city until the 1960s and 1980s . After the loss of jobs in the oil industry , the close of Shreveport Operations ( a General Motors vehicle factory ) , and other economic problems the city struggled with a declining population , poverty , drugs and violent crime ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Nu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 17 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lamar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamar_University', 'summary': 'Lamar University , often referred to as Lamar or LU , is a public university in Beaumont , Texas . Lamar has been a member of the Texas State University System since 1995 . It was the flagship institution of the former Lamar University System . As of the fall of 2019 , the university enrollment was 15,460 students . Lamar University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The university is named for Mirabeau B. Lamar , the second president of the Republic of Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Beaumont , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont,_TX', 'summary': 'Beaumont ( /ˈboʊmɒnt/ BOH-mont ) is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County , Texas , in the United States , within the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area . Located in Southeast Texas on the Neches River about 85 miles ( 137 km ) east of Houston ( city center to city center ) , Beaumont had a population of 117,267 at the time of the 2010 census , making it the 30th most populous city in the state of Texas . Beaumont was founded as a town in 1835 . The pioneer settlement had an economy based on the development of lumber , farming , and port industries . In 1892 , Joseph Eloi Broussard opened the first commercially successful rice mill in the state , stimulating development of rice farming in the area ; he also started an irrigation company ( since 1933 established as the Lower Neches Valley Authority ) to support rice culture . Rice became an important commodity crop in Texas , and is now cultivated in 23 counties . A big change occurred in 1901 with the Spindletop gusher , which demonstrated that a huge oil field lay underneath and adjacent to the city . With Spindletop , several energy companies developed in Beaumont , and some continue . The area rapidly developed as one of the major petro-chemical refining areas in the country . Along with Port Arthur and Orange , Beaumont forms the Golden Triangle , a major industrial area on the Texas Gulf Coast . Beaumont is home of Lamar University , a national Carnegie Doctoral Research university with 14,966 students , including undergraduates and post graduates . Over the years , several corporations have been based in this city , including Gulf States Utilities which had its headquarters in Beaumont until its takeover by Entergy Corporation in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Upsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen F. Austin University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_University', 'summary': "Stephen F. Austin State University ( SFA ) is a public university in Nacogdoches , Texas . Founded as a teachers ' college in 1923 as a result of legislation authored by State Senator Wilfred Roy Cousins , Sr. , the university was subsequently renamed after one of Texas 's founding fathers , Stephen F. Austin . Its campus resides on part of the homestead of Thomas Jefferson Rusk . Stephen F. Austin is one of four independent public universities in Texas ( i.e. , those not affiliated with one of Texas 's six university systems ) . Coordinates : 31°37′17″N 94°38′57″W / 31.62139°N 94.64917°W / 31.62139 ; -94.64917Stephen F. Austin State University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees . Though the university is located in the rural East Texas college town of Nacogdoches , the vast majority of SFA students come from Greater Houston , the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , and other cities throughout Texas . SFA has also served students from 46 states outside Texas and 42 countries outside the United States . The Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks are members of the Southland Conference and compete in Division I for all varsity sports . The Lumberjacks football team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision . The Lumberjacks basketball team has made five appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament , with two upset first-round wins in 2014 and 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nacogdoches , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nacogdoches,_TX', 'summary': "Nacogdoches ( /ˌnækəˈdoʊtʃɪs/ NAK-ə-DOH-chis ) is a small city in East Texas and the county seat of Nacogdoches County , Texas , United States . The 2010 U.S. Census recorded the city 's population to be 32,996 . Nacogdoches is a sister city of the smaller and similarly-named Natchitoches , Louisiana , the third-largest city in the Southern Ark-La-Tex . Nacogdoches is the home of Stephen F. Austin State University and Texas largest azalea garden ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Regions -- Gulf Coast', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_chapters_4', 'intro': "The list of Phi Beta Sigma chapters includes active and inactive chapters of Phi Beta Sigma (ΦΒΣ). Founded on January 9, 1914 on the campus of Howard University in Washington, D.C., Phi Beta Sigma has opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek-letters. The fraternity's expansion started with its second (Beta) and third (Gamma) chapters, chartered at Wiley College and Morgan State College respectively in 1915. Today, the fraternity serves through a membership of more than 200,000 men in over 700 chapters in the United States, Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean. The fraternity has reserved the designation Omega chapter as a memorial to those brothers who are deceased. Graduate chapters are indicated by Sigma at the end of their chapter name."} | null | null | Which Phi Beta Sigma chapter is at an institution founded in 1912 , in a state with a population of 1,278 at the 2010 census ? | Epsilon Zeta |
073a0f5216a6675f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_rabbits_and_hares', 'title': 'List of fictional rabbits and hares', 'header': ['Name', 'Species', 'Work', 'Author', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Babbitty Rabbitty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabbit', 'summary': "Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha ( along with the hare and the pika ) . Oryctolagus cuniculus includes the European rabbit species and its descendants , the world 's 305 breeds of domestic rabbit . Sylvilagus includes 13 wild rabbit species , among them the seven types of cottontail . The European rabbit , which has been introduced on every continent except Antarctica , is familiar throughout the world as a wild prey animal and as a domesticated form of livestock and pet . With its widespread effect on ecologies and cultures , the rabbit ( or bunny ) is , in many areas of the world , a part of daily life - as food , clothing , a companion , and as a source of artistic inspiration ."}]}, {'value': 'The Tales of Beedle the Bard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard', 'summary': "The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book of children 's stories by British author J. K. Rowling . There is a storybook of the same name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last book of the Harry Potter series . The book was originally produced in a limited edition of only seven copies , each handwritten and illustrated by J. K. Rowling . One of them was offered for auction through Sotheby 's in late 2007 and was expected to sell for £50,000 ( US $ 77,000 , €69,000 ) ; ultimately it was bought for £1.95 million ( $ 3 million , €2.7 million ) by Amazon , making the selling price the highest achieved at auction for a modern literary manuscript . The money earned at the auction of the book was donated to The Children 's Voice charity campaign . The book was published for the general public on 4 December 2008 , with the proceeds going to the Children 's High Level Group ( renamed Lumos in 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'J. K. Rowling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._K._Rowling', 'summary': "Joanne Rowling CH , OBE , HonFRSE , FRCPE , FRSL ( /ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ROH-ling ; born 31 July 1965 ) , better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling , is a British author , film producer , television producer , screenwriter , and philanthropist . She is best known for writing the Harry Potter fantasy series , which has won multiple awards and sold more than 500 million copies , becoming the best-selling book series in history . The books are the basis of a popular film series , over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films . She also writes crime fiction under the name Robert Galbraith . Born in Yate , Gloucestershire , Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990 . The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother , birth of her first child , divorce from her first husband , and relative poverty until the first novel in the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was published in 1997 . There were six sequels , of which the last , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was released in 2007 . Since then , Rowling has written five books for adult readers : The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) and - under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith - the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series , which consists of The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) , The Silkworm ( 2014 ) , Career of Evil ( 2015 ) , and Lethal White ( 2018 ) . Rowling has lived a rags to riches life in which she progressed from living on benefits to being the world 's first billionaire author . She lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity but remains one of the wealthiest people in the world . She is the UK 's best-selling living author , with sales in excess of £238 million . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling 's fortune at £600 million , ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'While at first a human witch , Babbitty transforms herself into a rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basil Stag Hare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hare', 'summary': 'Hares and jackrabbits are leporids belonging to the genus Lepus . Hares are classified in the same family as rabbits . They are similar in size and form to rabbits and have similar herbivorous diets , but generally have longer ears and live solitarily or in pairs . Also unlike rabbits , their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth rather than emerging blind and helpless . Most are fast runners . Hare species are native to Africa , Eurasia and North America . Five leporid species with hare in their common names are not considered true hares : the hispid hare ( Caprolagus hispidus ) , and four species known as red rock hares ( comprising Pronolagus ) . Conversely , jackrabbits are hares , rather than rabbits . A hare less than one year old is called a leveret . A group of hares is called a drove .'}]}, {'value': 'Redwall & Mattimeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redwall', 'summary': "Redwall is a series of children 's fantasy novels by British writer Brian Jacques from 1986 to 2011 . It is also the title of the first book of the series , published in 1986 , as well as the name of the Abbey featured in the book , and is the name of an animated TV series based on three of the novels ( Redwall , Mattimeo , and Martin the Warrior ) , which first aired in 1999 . The books are primarily aimed at older children . There have been 22 novels and two picture books published . The twenty-second , and final , novel , The Rogue Crew , was posthumously released on May 3 , 2011 , after the author died on February 5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mattimeo', 'summary': 'Mattimeo is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1989 . It is the third book in the Redwall series . It is also one of the three Redwall novels to be made into a TV series .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'Basil gave himself the middle name Stag because he greatly admired that animal . Basil is a bit eccentric , but an excellent fighter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Bunny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Bunny', 'summary': "The Tale of Benjamin Bunny is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in September 1904 . The book is a sequel to The Tale of Peter Rabbit ( 1902 ) , and tells of Peter 's return to Mr. McGregor 's garden with his cousin Benjamin to retrieve the clothes he lost there during his previous adventure . In Benjamin Bunny , Potter deepened the rabbit universe she created in Peter Rabbit , and , in doing so , suggested the rabbit world was parallel to the human world but complete and sufficient unto itself . In 1903 , Potter and her publisher decided her next book should be less complicated than her previous productions , and in Benjamin Bunny she created a simple , didactic tale for young children . The book 's masterful illustrations were based upon the several gardens at the Lake District estate of Fawe Park , where Potter spent the summer of 1903 . She was sensitive to the openings and endings of her books , and insisted Benjamin Bunny finish with the words rabbit-tobacco , a term she appropriated from the Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris , one of her literary heroes . Benjamin Bunny was an instant commercial and popular success , and thousands of copies were in print by the end of 1904 . The Times Literary Supplement thought Potter 's illustrations pencil perfect , but suggested that she engage a literary assistant for future productions . Potter created a nursery wallpaper tapping Benjamin 's image , and Benjamin returned as an adult rabbit in the Flopsy Bunnies and Mr. Tod . In 1992 , Benjamin Bunny was adapted as an episode of the BBC animated television series , The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tale of Benjamin Bunny , The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies , The Tale of Mr. Tod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Benjamin_Bunny', 'summary': "The Tale of Benjamin Bunny is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in September 1904 . The book is a sequel to The Tale of Peter Rabbit ( 1902 ) , and tells of Peter 's return to Mr. McGregor 's garden with his cousin Benjamin to retrieve the clothes he lost there during his previous adventure . In Benjamin Bunny , Potter deepened the rabbit universe she created in Peter Rabbit , and , in doing so , suggested the rabbit world was parallel to the human world but complete and sufficient unto itself . In 1903 , Potter and her publisher decided her next book should be less complicated than her previous productions , and in Benjamin Bunny she created a simple , didactic tale for young children . The book 's masterful illustrations were based upon the several gardens at the Lake District estate of Fawe Park , where Potter spent the summer of 1903 . She was sensitive to the openings and endings of her books , and insisted Benjamin Bunny finish with the words rabbit-tobacco , a term she appropriated from the Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris , one of her literary heroes . Benjamin Bunny was an instant commercial and popular success , and thousands of copies were in print by the end of 1904 . The Times Literary Supplement thought Potter 's illustrations pencil perfect , but suggested that she engage a literary assistant for future productions . Potter created a nursery wallpaper tapping Benjamin 's image , and Benjamin returned as an adult rabbit in the Flopsy Bunnies and Mr. Tod . In 1992 , Benjamin Bunny was adapted as an episode of the BBC animated television series , The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies', 'summary': "The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1909 . After two full-length tales about rabbits , Potter had grown weary of the subject and was reluctant to write another . She realized however that children most enjoyed her rabbit stories and pictures , and so reached back to characters and plot elements from The Tale of Peter Rabbit ( 1902 ) and The Tale of Benjamin Bunny ( 1904 ) to create The Flopsy Bunnies . A semi-formal garden of archways and flowerbeds in Wales at the home of her uncle and aunt became the background for the illustrations . In The Flopsy Bunnies , Benjamin Bunny and his cousin Flopsy are the parents of six young rabbits called simply The Flopsy Bunnies . The story concerns how the Flopsy Bunnies , while raiding a rubbish heap of rotting vegetables , fall asleep and are captured by Mr. McGregor who places them in a sack . While McGregor is distracted , the six are freed by Thomasina Tittlemouse , a woodmouse , and the sack filled with rotten vegetables by Benjamin and Flopsy . At home , Mr. McGregor proudly presents the sack to his wife , but receives a sharp scolding when she discovers its actual content . Modern critical commentary varies . One critic points out that the faces of the rabbits are expressionless while another argues that the cock of an ear or the position of a tail conveys what the faces lack . One critic believes the tale lacks the vitality of The Tale of Peter Rabbit which sprang from a picture and story letter to a child . Most agree though that the depictions of the garden are exquisite and some of the finest illustrations Potter created ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Mr._Tod', 'summary': "The Tale of Mr. Tod is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1912 . The tale is about a badger called Tommy Brock and his arch enemy Mr. Tod , a fox . Brock kidnaps the children of Benjamin Bunny and his wife Flopsy , intending to eat them , and hides them in an oven in the home of Mr. Tod . Benjamin and his cousin Peter Rabbit have followed Tommy Brock in an attempt to rescue the babies . When Mr. Tod finds Brock asleep in his bed , he determines to get him out of the house . His initial attempt fails , and the two eventually come to blows . Under cover of the fight , the rabbits rescue the baby rabbits . The tale was influenced by the Uncle Remus stories , and was set in the fields of Potter 's Castle Farm . Black and white illustrations outnumber those in colour . The tale is critically considered one of Potter 's most complex and successful in plot and tone . Potter 's publisher wanted Mr. Tod to be the first in a new series of Peter Rabbit tales in larger formats with elaborate bindings , but Potter disliked the idea . Nonetheless , Mr. Tod and its 1913 follower , The Tale of Pigling Bland , were published in the new formats , but the idea was eventually dropped and the ordinary bindings were adopted for reprints ."}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': "Son of Old Mr. Bouncer , Peter Rabbit 's cousin and eventually Flopsy 's husband and father of six bunnies", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bigwig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watership_Down', 'summary': "Watership Down is a survival and adventure novel by English author Richard Adams , published by Rex Collings Ltd of London in 1972 . Set in southern England , around Hampshire , the story features a small group of rabbits . Although they live in their natural wild environment , with burrows , they are anthropomorphised , possessing their own culture , language , proverbs , poetry , and mythology . Evoking epic themes , the novel follows the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home ( the hill of Watership Down ) , encountering perils and temptations along the way . Watership Down was Richard Adams ' debut novel . It was rejected by several publishers before Collings accepted the manuscript ; the published book then won the annual Carnegie Medal ( UK ) , annual Guardian Prize ( UK ) , and other book awards . The novel was adapted into an animated feature film in 1978 , and later , a television series , which ran from 1999 to 2001 . Even later , a miniseries of the story was made , which aired in the UK in 2018 , and was also put on Netflix at the same time . Adams completed a sequel almost 25 years later , in 1996 , Tales from Watership Down , [ a ] but as a collection of 19 short stories about El-ahrairah and the rabbits of the Watership Down warren , instead of a novel , with Notes on Pronunciation and a Lapine Glossary ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watership Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watership_Down', 'summary': "Watership Down is a survival and adventure novel by English author Richard Adams , published by Rex Collings Ltd of London in 1972 . Set in southern England , around Hampshire , the story features a small group of rabbits . Although they live in their natural wild environment , with burrows , they are anthropomorphised , possessing their own culture , language , proverbs , poetry , and mythology . Evoking epic themes , the novel follows the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home ( the hill of Watership Down ) , encountering perils and temptations along the way . Watership Down was Richard Adams ' debut novel . It was rejected by several publishers before Collings accepted the manuscript ; the published book then won the annual Carnegie Medal ( UK ) , annual Guardian Prize ( UK ) , and other book awards . The novel was adapted into an animated feature film in 1978 , and later , a television series , which ran from 1999 to 2001 . Even later , a miniseries of the story was made , which aired in the UK in 2018 , and was also put on Netflix at the same time . Adams completed a sequel almost 25 years later , in 1996 , Tales from Watership Down , [ a ] but as a collection of 19 short stories about El-ahrairah and the rabbits of the Watership Down warren , instead of a novel , with Notes on Pronunciation and a Lapine Glossary ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Adams', 'summary': 'Richard George Adams ( 9 May 1920 - 24 December 2016 ) was an English novelist and writer of the books Watership Down , Shardik and The Plague Dogs . He studied modern history at university before serving in the British Army during World War II . Afterwards , he completed his studies , and then joined the British Civil Service . In 1974 , two years after Watership Down was published , Adams became a full-time author .'}]}, {'value': "The largest , bravest rabbit of the group who escape destruction at the Sandleford warren , he is bluff and tough . While helping to defend the rabbits ' new home at Watership Down from an invasion , he famously delivers the line , My Chief Rabbit has told me to defend this run and until he says otherwise I shall stay here . Bigwig matures over the course of the novel and saves Watership Down because he used cunning as well as his strength in the climactic battle", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_(domestic)', 'summary': 'A domestic warren is an artificial , enclosed establishment of animal husbandry dedicated to the raising of rabbits for meat and fur . It evolved from the Anglo-Norman concept of free warren , which had been , essentially , the equivalent of a hunting license for a given woodland .'}]}, {'value': "Br'er Rabbit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Br'er_Rabbit", 'summary': "Br'er Rabbit /ˈbrɛər/ ( Brother Rabbit ) , also spelled Bre ' r Rabbit , Bruh Rabbit or Brer Rabbit , is a central figure as Uncle Remus tells stories of the Southern United States . He is a trickster who succeeds by his wits rather than by brawn , provoking authority figures and bending social mores as he sees fit . The character was first recorded by Joel Chandler Harris in the 19th century , and later The Walt Disney Company adapted it for its 1946 animated motion picture Song of the South ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uncle Remus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uncle_Remus', 'summary': 'Uncle Remus is the fictional title character and narrator of a collection of black American folktales compiled and adapted by Joel Chandler Harris and published in book form in 1881 . Harris was a journalist in post-Reconstruction Atlanta , and he produced seven Uncle Remus books . He wrote these stories to represent the struggle in the Southern United States , and more specifically in the plantations . He did so by introducing tales that he had heard and framing them in the plantation context . He wrote his stories in a dialect which represented the voice of the narrators and their subculture . For this choice of framing , his collection has encountered controversy .'}]}, {'value': 'Joel Chandler Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Chandler_Harris', 'summary': "Joel Chandler Harris ( December 9 , 1848 - July 3 , 1908 ) was an American journalist , fiction writer , and folklorist best known for his collection of Uncle Remus stories . Harris was born in Eatonton , Georgia , where he served as an apprentice on a plantation during his teenage years . He spent most of his adult life in Atlanta working as an associate editor at the Atlanta Constitution . Harris led two professional lives : as the editor and journalist known as Joe Harris , he supported a vision of the New South with the editor Henry W. Grady ( 1880-1889 ) , stressing regional and racial reconciliation after the Reconstruction era . As Joel Chandler Harris , fiction writer and folklorist , he wrote many 'Brer Rabbit ' stories from the African-American oral tradition and helped to revolutionize literature in the process ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bunnicula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bunnicula', 'summary': "Bunnicula is a children 's book series written by Deborah and James Howe , featuring a vampire rabbit named Bunnicula who sucks the juice out of vegetables . Alternatively , Bunnicula is the main title of the first book in the series , published by Atheneum Books in April 1979 . Deborah Howe died in 1978 , months before the book first saw print . The series consists of seven books , with the latest published in 2006 . The story is centered on the Monroe family and their pets and is told from the perspective of their dog Harold . The Monroes find a bunny at the theater where they were watching a Dracula film . Because of this , they name him Bunnicula . Their cat Chester , however , is convinced Bunnicula is a vampire and attempts to get Harold ( the dog ) to help save the Monroes from the perceived menace . A 1982 animated TV special ( from Ruby-Spears ) by the same name was created based on the first book and aired on the ABC Weekend Special . The animated special deviated heavily from the novels and actively depicted Bunnicula using vampiric powers , which did not occur in the novels . The full title of the first book is Bunnicula : A Rabbit-Tale of Mystery . The second and third books of the series are Howliday Inn and The Celery Stalks at Midnight ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bunnicula : A Rabbit-Tale of Mystery , Howliday Inn , The Celery Stalks at Midnight , Nighty Nightmare , Return to Howliday Inn , Bunnicula Strikes Again ! , Bunnicula Meets Edgar Allan Crow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bunnicula:_A_Rabbit-Tale_of_Mystery', 'summary': "Bunnicula : A Rabbit-Tale of Mystery is a children 's novel written by Deborah Howe and James Howe , illustrated by Alan Daniel , and published by Atheneum Books in 1979 . It inaugurated the Bunnicula series and Bunnicula universe . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named it one of the Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . The series chronicles the adventures of the Monroe family and their pets , Harold the dog , Chester the cat , and Bunnicula the rabbit . The novels are narrated by Harold the family dog . Deborah Howe died in June 1978 , [ citation needed ] about ten months before the book was released , and James Howe wrote the sequels alone . It has been reissued numerous times , perhaps all with the original illustrations by Alan Daniel . According to publisher Simon & Schuster sometime before 2002 , James Howe dreamed up a vampire rabbit named Bunnicula in the mid-1970s and he thinks he was inspired by movie versions of Dracula . Deborah suggested that he write a children 's book ."}]}, {'value': 'Deborah and James Howe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A vampire bunny that sucks the juice out of vegetables', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bunny Queen Janet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voyage to the Bunny Planet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosemary Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosemary_Wells', 'summary': "Rosemary Wells ( born January 29 , 1943 ) is an American writer and illustrator of children 's books . She is well known for the Max & Ruby series , which follows the everyday adventures of sibling bunnies , curious three-year-old Max and bossy seven-year-old Ruby . Wells has also written Noisy Nora ( 1973 ) , Yoko ( 1998 ) , the Voyage to the Bunny Planet series , a Christmas book called Morris 's Disappearing Bag ( 1975 ) and a collected book of illustrations of Rodgers and Hammerstein songs . She has also published Red Moon at Sharpsburg ( 2007 ) , a historical novel featuring a young girl in the American Civil War . Otto Runs For President and Yoko Writes Her Name were published in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'The queen of the Bunny Planet , who helps poor rabbit children in distress who have a bad day', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buster Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buster_Baxter', 'summary': "This is a list of characters featured in the PBS Kids television show Arthur , which is based on the book series by Marc Brown . Arthur , the titular character , is the main character of the series . The main supporting characters are D.W. , Buster , Francine , Muffy , Binky , Sue Ellen , the Brain , Mr. Ratburn , and Arthur 's parents . Over the years , the roles of each character have changed and expanded as more episodes have focused on characters besides Arthur or D.W. , most notably Buster , Francine , Muffy , Binky , Sue Ellen , and the Brain . Other supporting characters such as Fern , George , Prunella , and Jenna have also gradually had expanded roles in the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Arthur is a Canadian-American animated educational television series for children ages 4 to 8 , created by Cookie Jar Group ( formerly known as Cinar ) and WGBH for PBS . The show is set in the fictional American city of Elwood City , and revolves around the lives of eight-year-old Arthur Read , an anthropomorphic aardvark , his friends and family , and their daily interactions with each other . The television series is based on the Arthur Adventure book series , written and illustrated by Marc Brown . WGBH Boston along with Cinar ( now Cookie Jar Group ) began production of the animated series in 1994 , and aired its first episode on October 7 , 1996 . Since its debut , the show has broadcast 246 half hour episodes . A pilot for the spin-off series Postcards from Buster aired in December 2003 as a season 8 episode of Arthur . Postcards from Buster aired from October 11 , 2004 , to November 21 , 2008 ; the series faced several years of hiatus , until a brief revival in February 2012 , only to be cancelled after airing three unseen episodes that had been held over from the show 's third season . Arthur often deals with important issues families face such as asthma , dyslexia , cancer , diabetes , and autism spectrum disorder . It also encourages reading and relationships with family and friends by explaining that people have different personalities and interests . Arthur became one of the highest-rated shows on PBS Kids for several years since its debut , averaging almost 10 million viewers weekly in the U.S . It is aired in a total of 83 countries , including on : PBS in the United States ; Radio-Canada , Knowledge Network , TVOntario , and CBC in Canada ; several ABC channels in Australia ; and BBC One/CBBC in the UK . It is the longest-running children 's animated series in the U.S. , and the second longest-running animated series in the U.S. , behind The Simpsons ."}]}, {'value': 'Marc Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Brown_(author)', 'summary': "Marc Tolon Brown ( born November 25 , 1946 ) is an American author and illustrator of children 's books . Brown writes as well as illustrates the Arthur book series and is best known for creating that series and its numerous spin-offs . The names of his two sons , Tolon Adam and Tucker Eliot , have been hidden in all of the Arthur books except for one . He also has a daughter named Eliza , whose name appears hidden in at least two books . He is a three-time Emmy award winner ; the Arthur TV series adapted from the books was named number one on PBS for three years ( 1997 , 2000 , 2001 ) . He has also served as an executive producer on the show since its 10th season . He currently lives in Hingham , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': "A white anthropomorphic rabbit who is Arthur 's best friend and has an obsession with aliens", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cecily Parsley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cecily_Parsley's_Nursery_Rhymes", 'summary': "Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in December 1922 . The book is a compilation of traditional nursery rhymes such as Goosey Goosey Gander , This Little Piggy and Three Blind Mice . It was Potter 's second book of rhymes published by Warne . Merchandise generated from the tale includes Beswick Pottery porcelain figurines and Schmid music boxes ."}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottontail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Country_Bunny_and_the_Little_Gold_Shoes', 'summary': "The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes is a 1939 children 's picture book written by DuBose Heyward and illustrated by Marjorie Flack . The book , which has never been out of print , has come to be regarded as a feminist and anti-racist statement . According to James Hutchisson , professor of English at The Citadel , the book is probably based on a story made up by his mother , Jane Screven DuBose , and told to Heyward when he was a child . Before turning it into a book , Heyward used to tell the story to his own children ."}]}, {'value': 'Dubose Heyward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubose_Heyward', 'summary': "Edwin DuBose Heyward ( August 31 , 1885 - June 16 , 1940 ) was an American author best known for his 1925 novel Porgy . He and his wife Dorothy , a playwright , adapted it as a 1927 play of the same name . The couple worked with composer George Gershwin to adapt the work as the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess . It was later adapted as a 1959 film of the same name . Heyward also wrote poetry and other novels and plays . He wrote the children 's book The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes ( 1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mother of twenty-one bunnies who is picked to be an Easter Bunny and is given the little golden shoes so as to deliver a very special Easter egg to a sick child', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Aster Bunnymund', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Guardians of Childhood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Guardians_of_Childhood', 'summary': 'William Edward Joyce ( born December 11 , 1957 ) is an American writer , illustrator , and filmmaker . His illustrations have appeared on numerous covers of The New Yorker and his paintings are displayed nationwide . For the short film The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore ( 2011 ) , Joyce won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 84th Academy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'William Joyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Joyce_(writer)', 'summary': 'William Edward Joyce ( born December 11 , 1957 ) is an American writer , illustrator , and filmmaker . His illustrations have appeared on numerous covers of The New Yorker and his paintings are displayed nationwide . For the short film The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore ( 2011 ) , Joyce won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 84th Academy Awards .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Tulane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Miraculous_Journey_of_Edward_Tulane', 'summary': 'The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo . Following the life of a china rabbit , the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category .'}]}, {'value': 'Kate DiCamillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kate_DiCamillo', 'summary': "Katrina Elizabeth DiCamillo ( born March 25 , 1964 ) is an American writer of children 's fiction for all reading levels , usually featuring animals . She is one of six people to win two Newbery Medals , recognizing her novels The Tale of Despereaux ( 2003 ) and Flora & Ulysses ( 2013 ) . Her best-known books for young children are the Mercy Watson series , illustrated by Chris Van Dusen . DiCamillo was the U.S. National Ambassador for Young People 's Literature , appointed by the Library of Congress for the term comprising 2014 and 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fierce Bad Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Fierce_Bad_Rabbit', 'summary': 'The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit is a childrens book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in December 1906 . The book tells of a bad little rabbit who is fired upon by a hunter and loses his tail and whiskers . The book was intended for babies and very young children , and was originally published on a strip of paper that folded into a wallet and was tied with a ribbon . The format was unpopular with booksellers , and eventually reprinted in the standard small book format of the Peter Rabbit library . Although the book sold well , there are not many left in existence . It provides the young child with an introduction to books and the Peter Rabbit universe .'}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': 'A bad tempered rabbit who ends up losing his whiskers and tail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watership_Down', 'summary': "Watership Down is a survival and adventure novel by English author Richard Adams , published by Rex Collings Ltd of London in 1972 . Set in southern England , around Hampshire , the story features a small group of rabbits . Although they live in their natural wild environment , with burrows , they are anthropomorphised , possessing their own culture , language , proverbs , poetry , and mythology . Evoking epic themes , the novel follows the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home ( the hill of Watership Down ) , encountering perils and temptations along the way . Watership Down was Richard Adams ' debut novel . It was rejected by several publishers before Collings accepted the manuscript ; the published book then won the annual Carnegie Medal ( UK ) , annual Guardian Prize ( UK ) , and other book awards . The novel was adapted into an animated feature film in 1978 , and later , a television series , which ran from 1999 to 2001 . Even later , a miniseries of the story was made , which aired in the UK in 2018 , and was also put on Netflix at the same time . Adams completed a sequel almost 25 years later , in 1996 , Tales from Watership Down , [ a ] but as a collection of 19 short stories about El-ahrairah and the rabbits of the Watership Down warren , instead of a novel , with Notes on Pronunciation and a Lapine Glossary ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watership Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watership_Down', 'summary': "Watership Down is a survival and adventure novel by English author Richard Adams , published by Rex Collings Ltd of London in 1972 . Set in southern England , around Hampshire , the story features a small group of rabbits . Although they live in their natural wild environment , with burrows , they are anthropomorphised , possessing their own culture , language , proverbs , poetry , and mythology . Evoking epic themes , the novel follows the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home ( the hill of Watership Down ) , encountering perils and temptations along the way . Watership Down was Richard Adams ' debut novel . It was rejected by several publishers before Collings accepted the manuscript ; the published book then won the annual Carnegie Medal ( UK ) , annual Guardian Prize ( UK ) , and other book awards . The novel was adapted into an animated feature film in 1978 , and later , a television series , which ran from 1999 to 2001 . Even later , a miniseries of the story was made , which aired in the UK in 2018 , and was also put on Netflix at the same time . Adams completed a sequel almost 25 years later , in 1996 , Tales from Watership Down , [ a ] but as a collection of 19 short stories about El-ahrairah and the rabbits of the Watership Down warren , instead of a novel , with Notes on Pronunciation and a Lapine Glossary ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Adams', 'summary': 'Richard George Adams ( 9 May 1920 - 24 December 2016 ) was an English novelist and writer of the books Watership Down , Shardik and The Plague Dogs . He studied modern history at university before serving in the British Army during World War II . Afterwards , he completed his studies , and then joined the British Civil Service . In 1974 , two years after Watership Down was published , Adams became a full-time author .'}]}, {'value': "An undersized rabbit who can occasionally foretell the future - a small mystical rabbit , a kind of Cassandra - he saves the lives of a dozen rabbits from the Sandleford warren , one from Cowslip 's warren , and several more from Efrafa . He is listed among The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters by Empire magazine and has been compared by some critics with oracular characters in the Lost television series", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_(domestic)', 'summary': 'A domestic warren is an artificial , enclosed establishment of animal husbandry dedicated to the raising of rabbits for meat and fur . It evolved from the Anglo-Norman concept of free warren , which had been , essentially , the equivalent of a hunting license for a given woodland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)', 'summary': 'Empire is a British film magazine published monthly by Bauer Consumer Media of Hamburg based Bauer Media Group . From the first issue in July 1989 , the magazine was edited by Barry McIlheney and published by Emap . Bauer purchased Emap Consumer Media in early 2008 . Published in the United Kingdom , Empire organises the annual Empire Awards which were sponsored by Sony Ericsson , and from 2009 sponsored by Jameson . The awards are voted for by readers of the magazine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Lost is an American drama television series that originally aired on ABC from September 22 , 2004 , to May 23 , 2010 , over six seasons , comprising a total of 121 episodes . The show contains elements of supernatural and science fiction , and follows the survivors of a commercial jet airliner flying between Sydney and Los Angeles , after the plane crashes on a mysterious island somewhere in the South Pacific Ocean . The story is told in a heavily serialized manner . Episodes typically feature a primary storyline set on the island , augmented by flashback or flashforward sequences which provide additional insight into the involved characters . Lost was created by Jeffrey Lieber , J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof , who share story writing credits for the pilot episode , which Abrams directed . Throughout the show 's run , Lindelof and Carlton Cuse served as showrunners and head writers , working together with many other executive producers and writers . Due to its large ensemble cast and the cost of filming primarily on location in Oahu , Hawaii , the series was one of the most expensive on television , with the pilot alone costing over $ 14 million . The fictional universe and mythology of Lost are expanded upon by a number of related media , most importantly , a series of short mini-episodes called Missing Pieces , and a 12-minute epilogue titled The New Man in Charge . Lost has regularly been ranked by critics as one of the greatest television series of all time . The first season had an estimated average of 16 million viewers per episode on ABC . During its sixth and final season , the show averaged over 11 million U.S. viewers per episode . Lost was the recipient of hundreds of industry award nominations throughout its run and won numerous of these awards , including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2005 , Best American Import at the British Academy Television Awards in 2005 , the Golden Globe Award for Best Drama in 2006 , and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Ensemble in a Drama Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Flopsy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tale of Peter Rabbit , The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies , The Tale of Mr. Tod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit', 'summary': "The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter that follows mischievous and disobedient young Peter Rabbit as he gets into , and is chased about , the garden of Mr. McGregor . He escapes and returns home to his mother , who puts him to bed after dosing him with chamomile tea . The tale was written for five-year-old Noel Moore , son of Potter 's former governess Annie Carter Moore , in 1893 . It was revised and privately printed by Potter in 1901 after several publishers ' rejections , but was printed in a trade edition by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1902 . The book was a success , and multiple reprints were issued in the years immediately following its debut . It has been translated into 36 languages , and with 45 million copies sold it is one of the best-selling books in history . Since its release the book has generated considerable merchandise for both children and adults , including toys , dishes , foods , clothing , and videos . Potter was one of the first to be responsible for such merchandise when she patented a Peter Rabbit doll in 1903 and followed it almost immediately with a Peter Rabbit board game ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies', 'summary': "The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1909 . After two full-length tales about rabbits , Potter had grown weary of the subject and was reluctant to write another . She realized however that children most enjoyed her rabbit stories and pictures , and so reached back to characters and plot elements from The Tale of Peter Rabbit ( 1902 ) and The Tale of Benjamin Bunny ( 1904 ) to create The Flopsy Bunnies . A semi-formal garden of archways and flowerbeds in Wales at the home of her uncle and aunt became the background for the illustrations . In The Flopsy Bunnies , Benjamin Bunny and his cousin Flopsy are the parents of six young rabbits called simply The Flopsy Bunnies . The story concerns how the Flopsy Bunnies , while raiding a rubbish heap of rotting vegetables , fall asleep and are captured by Mr. McGregor who places them in a sack . While McGregor is distracted , the six are freed by Thomasina Tittlemouse , a woodmouse , and the sack filled with rotten vegetables by Benjamin and Flopsy . At home , Mr. McGregor proudly presents the sack to his wife , but receives a sharp scolding when she discovers its actual content . Modern critical commentary varies . One critic points out that the faces of the rabbits are expressionless while another argues that the cock of an ear or the position of a tail conveys what the faces lack . One critic believes the tale lacks the vitality of The Tale of Peter Rabbit which sprang from a picture and story letter to a child . Most agree though that the depictions of the garden are exquisite and some of the finest illustrations Potter created ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Mr._Tod', 'summary': "The Tale of Mr. Tod is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1912 . The tale is about a badger called Tommy Brock and his arch enemy Mr. Tod , a fox . Brock kidnaps the children of Benjamin Bunny and his wife Flopsy , intending to eat them , and hides them in an oven in the home of Mr. Tod . Benjamin and his cousin Peter Rabbit have followed Tommy Brock in an attempt to rescue the babies . When Mr. Tod finds Brock asleep in his bed , he determines to get him out of the house . His initial attempt fails , and the two eventually come to blows . Under cover of the fight , the rabbits rescue the baby rabbits . The tale was influenced by the Uncle Remus stories , and was set in the fields of Potter 's Castle Farm . Black and white illustrations outnumber those in colour . The tale is critically considered one of Potter 's most complex and successful in plot and tone . Potter 's publisher wanted Mr. Tod to be the first in a new series of Peter Rabbit tales in larger formats with elaborate bindings , but Potter disliked the idea . Nonetheless , Mr. Tod and its 1913 follower , The Tale of Pigling Bland , were published in the new formats , but the idea was eventually dropped and the ordinary bindings were adopted for reprints ."}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': "One of Peter Rabbit 's sisters and eventually Benjamin 's wife and mother to six bunnies", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flopsy Bunnies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flopsy_Bunnies', 'summary': "The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1909 . After two full-length tales about rabbits , Potter had grown weary of the subject and was reluctant to write another . She realized however that children most enjoyed her rabbit stories and pictures , and so reached back to characters and plot elements from The Tale of Peter Rabbit ( 1902 ) and The Tale of Benjamin Bunny ( 1904 ) to create The Flopsy Bunnies . A semi-formal garden of archways and flowerbeds in Wales at the home of her uncle and aunt became the background for the illustrations . In The Flopsy Bunnies , Benjamin Bunny and his cousin Flopsy are the parents of six young rabbits called simply The Flopsy Bunnies . The story concerns how the Flopsy Bunnies , while raiding a rubbish heap of rotting vegetables , fall asleep and are captured by Mr. McGregor who places them in a sack . While McGregor is distracted , the six are freed by Thomasina Tittlemouse , a woodmouse , and the sack filled with rotten vegetables by Benjamin and Flopsy . At home , Mr. McGregor proudly presents the sack to his wife , but receives a sharp scolding when she discovers its actual content . Modern critical commentary varies . One critic points out that the faces of the rabbits are expressionless while another argues that the cock of an ear or the position of a tail conveys what the faces lack . One critic believes the tale lacks the vitality of The Tale of Peter Rabbit which sprang from a picture and story letter to a child . Most agree though that the depictions of the garden are exquisite and some of the finest illustrations Potter created ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabbits', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies , The Tale of Mr. Tod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies', 'summary': "The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1909 . After two full-length tales about rabbits , Potter had grown weary of the subject and was reluctant to write another . She realized however that children most enjoyed her rabbit stories and pictures , and so reached back to characters and plot elements from The Tale of Peter Rabbit ( 1902 ) and The Tale of Benjamin Bunny ( 1904 ) to create The Flopsy Bunnies . A semi-formal garden of archways and flowerbeds in Wales at the home of her uncle and aunt became the background for the illustrations . In The Flopsy Bunnies , Benjamin Bunny and his cousin Flopsy are the parents of six young rabbits called simply The Flopsy Bunnies . The story concerns how the Flopsy Bunnies , while raiding a rubbish heap of rotting vegetables , fall asleep and are captured by Mr. McGregor who places them in a sack . While McGregor is distracted , the six are freed by Thomasina Tittlemouse , a woodmouse , and the sack filled with rotten vegetables by Benjamin and Flopsy . At home , Mr. McGregor proudly presents the sack to his wife , but receives a sharp scolding when she discovers its actual content . Modern critical commentary varies . One critic points out that the faces of the rabbits are expressionless while another argues that the cock of an ear or the position of a tail conveys what the faces lack . One critic believes the tale lacks the vitality of The Tale of Peter Rabbit which sprang from a picture and story letter to a child . Most agree though that the depictions of the garden are exquisite and some of the finest illustrations Potter created ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Mr._Tod', 'summary': "The Tale of Mr. Tod is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1912 . The tale is about a badger called Tommy Brock and his arch enemy Mr. Tod , a fox . Brock kidnaps the children of Benjamin Bunny and his wife Flopsy , intending to eat them , and hides them in an oven in the home of Mr. Tod . Benjamin and his cousin Peter Rabbit have followed Tommy Brock in an attempt to rescue the babies . When Mr. Tod finds Brock asleep in his bed , he determines to get him out of the house . His initial attempt fails , and the two eventually come to blows . Under cover of the fight , the rabbits rescue the baby rabbits . The tale was influenced by the Uncle Remus stories , and was set in the fields of Potter 's Castle Farm . Black and white illustrations outnumber those in colour . The tale is critically considered one of Potter 's most complex and successful in plot and tone . Potter 's publisher wanted Mr. Tod to be the first in a new series of Peter Rabbit tales in larger formats with elaborate bindings , but Potter disliked the idea . Nonetheless , Mr. Tod and its 1913 follower , The Tale of Pigling Bland , were published in the new formats , but the idea was eventually dropped and the ordinary bindings were adopted for reprints ."}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': "Benjamin and Flopsy 's six children", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'God', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/God', 'summary': 'In monotheistic thought , God is conceived of as the supreme being , creator deity , and principal object of faith . God is usually conceived as being omniscient ( all-knowing ) , omnipotent ( all-powerful ) , omnipresent ( all-present ) and as having an eternal and necessary existence . These attributes are used either in way of analogy or are taken literally . God is most often held to be incorporeal ( immaterial ) . Incorporeality and corporeality of God are related to conceptions of transcendence ( being outside nature ) and immanence ( being in nature ) of God , with positions of synthesis such as the immanent transcendence . Some religions describe God without reference to gender , while others or their translations use terminology that is gender-specific and gender-biased . God has been conceived as either personal or impersonal . In theism , God is the creator and sustainer of the universe , while in deism , God is the creator , but not the sustainer , of the universe . In pantheism , God is the universe itself . In atheism , there is an absence of belief in God . In agnosticism , the existence of God is deemed unknown or unknowable . God has also been conceived as the source of all moral obligation , and the greatest conceivable existent .'}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'When God Was a Rabbit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/When_God_Was_a_Rabbit', 'summary': 'When God Was a Rabbit is a book by Sarah Winman that was first published in 2011 . It won Winman various awards including New Writer of the Year in the Galaxy National Book Awards and was one of the books chosen by Richard & Judy in their 2011 Summer Book Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Winman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Winman', 'summary': 'Sarah Winman ( born 24 December 1964 in Ilford , Essex ) is a British author and actress .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grandfather Bunny', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Country_Bunny_and_the_Little_Gold_Shoes', 'summary': "The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes is a 1939 children 's picture book written by DuBose Heyward and illustrated by Marjorie Flack . The book , which has never been out of print , has come to be regarded as a feminist and anti-racist statement . According to James Hutchisson , professor of English at The Citadel , the book is probably based on a story made up by his mother , Jane Screven DuBose , and told to Heyward when he was a child . Before turning it into a book , Heyward used to tell the story to his own children ."}]}, {'value': 'Dubose Heyward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubose_Heyward', 'summary': "Edwin DuBose Heyward ( August 31 , 1885 - June 16 , 1940 ) was an American author best known for his 1925 novel Porgy . He and his wife Dorothy , a playwright , adapted it as a 1927 play of the same name . The couple worked with composer George Gershwin to adapt the work as the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess . It was later adapted as a 1959 film of the same name . Heyward also wrote poetry and other novels and plays . He wrote the children 's book The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes ( 1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Lives in the Palace of Easter Eggs and is responsible for picking the five kindest , swiftest , and wisest rabbits or hares as Easter Bunnies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pooka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Púca', 'summary': 'The púca ( Irish for spirit/ghost ; plural púcaí ) , pooka , phouka is primarily a creature of Celtic folklore . Considered to be bringers both of good and bad fortune , they could help or hinder rural and marine communities . Púcaí can have dark or white fur or hair . The creatures were said to be shape-changers , which could take the appearance of horses , goats , cats , dogs , and hares . They may also take a human form , which includes various animal features , such as ears or a tail . The púca has counterparts throughout the Celtic cultures of Northwest Europe . For instance , in Welsh mythology it is named the pwca and in Cornish the Bucca . In the Channel Islands , the pouque were said to be fairies who lived near ancient stones ; in Channel Island French a cromlech , or prehistoric tomb , is referred to as a pouquelée or pouquelay ( e ) ; poulpiquet and polpegan are corresponding terms in Brittany .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvey ( play ) Harvey ( film )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_(play)', 'summary': 'Harvey is a 1944 play by the American playwright Mary Chase . Chase received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the work in 1945 . It has been adapted for film and television several times , most notably in a 1950 film starring James Stewart and Josephine Hull .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvey_(film)', 'summary': "Harvey is a 1950 American comedy-drama film based on Mary Chase 's play of the same name , directed by Henry Koster , and starring James Stewart and Josephine Hull . The story is about a man whose best friend is a pooka named Harvey - in the form of a six-foot-3.5 in . invisible rabbit ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Chase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Coyle_Chase', 'summary': "Mary Coyle Chase ( born Mary Agnes McDonough Coyle ; 25 February 1906 - 20 October 1981 ) was an American journalist , playwright and children 's novelist , known primarily for writing the Broadway play Harvey , later adapted for film starring James Stewart . She wrote fourteen plays , two children 's novels , and one screenplay , and worked seven years at the Rocky Mountain News as a journalist . Three of her plays were made into Hollywood films : Sorority House ( 1939 ) , Harvey ( 1950 ) , and Bernardine ( 1957 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Elwood P. Dowd is an affable man who claims to have an unseen ( and presumably imaginary ) friend Harvey - whom Elwood describes as a six-foot , three-and-one-half-inch tall pooka resembling an anthropomorphic rabbit . ( from Irish/Celtic mythology )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hazel / Hazel-rah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hazel_(Watership_Down)', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in Watership Down , a 1972 novel by Richard Adams . The majority also appear in the 1978 feature film adaptation , the 1999 television series adaptation and/or 1996 follow-up collection of short stories . Notably , most ( though not all ) male rabbits in the story are named after plants , whereas female rabbits tend to have names in Lapine , the fictional language Adams created for the story .'}]}, {'value': 'Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watership Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watership_Down', 'summary': "Watership Down is a survival and adventure novel by English author Richard Adams , published by Rex Collings Ltd of London in 1972 . Set in southern England , around Hampshire , the story features a small group of rabbits . Although they live in their natural wild environment , with burrows , they are anthropomorphised , possessing their own culture , language , proverbs , poetry , and mythology . Evoking epic themes , the novel follows the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home ( the hill of Watership Down ) , encountering perils and temptations along the way . Watership Down was Richard Adams ' debut novel . It was rejected by several publishers before Collings accepted the manuscript ; the published book then won the annual Carnegie Medal ( UK ) , annual Guardian Prize ( UK ) , and other book awards . The novel was adapted into an animated feature film in 1978 , and later , a television series , which ran from 1999 to 2001 . Even later , a miniseries of the story was made , which aired in the UK in 2018 , and was also put on Netflix at the same time . Adams completed a sequel almost 25 years later , in 1996 , Tales from Watership Down , [ a ] but as a collection of 19 short stories about El-ahrairah and the rabbits of the Watership Down warren , instead of a novel , with Notes on Pronunciation and a Lapine Glossary ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Adams', 'summary': 'Richard George Adams ( 9 May 1920 - 24 December 2016 ) was an English novelist and writer of the books Watership Down , Shardik and The Plague Dogs . He studied modern history at university before serving in the British Army during World War II . Afterwards , he completed his studies , and then joined the British Civil Service . In 1974 , two years after Watership Down was published , Adams became a full-time author .'}]}, {'value': 'Hazel becomes the Chief Rabbit of a group who flee from a disaster and create a new home on a hill called Watership Down ; the group includes Fiver , Bigwig , Blackberry , Dandelion , Pipkin , Silver , Holly , Bluebell , Speedwell , Hawkbit , Buckthorn , Acorn and many others . Hazel is loyal to all of the rabbits in his new clan ; he is a courageous pioneer ; and he is willing both to accept responsibility for his decisions and to trust his friends to make good decisions of their own', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiver_(Watership_Down)', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in Watership Down , a 1972 novel by Richard Adams . The majority also appear in the 1978 feature film adaptation , the 1999 television series adaptation and/or 1996 follow-up collection of short stories . Notably , most ( though not all ) male rabbits in the story are named after plants , whereas female rabbits tend to have names in Lapine , the fictional language Adams created for the story .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bigwig_(Watership_Down)', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in Watership Down , a 1972 novel by Richard Adams . The majority also appear in the 1978 feature film adaptation , the 1999 television series adaptation and/or 1996 follow-up collection of short stories . Notably , most ( though not all ) male rabbits in the story are named after plants , whereas female rabbits tend to have names in Lapine , the fictional language Adams created for the story .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blackberry_(Watership_Down)', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in Watership Down , a 1972 novel by Richard Adams . The majority also appear in the 1978 feature film adaptation , the 1999 television series adaptation and/or 1996 follow-up collection of short stories . Notably , most ( though not all ) male rabbits in the story are named after plants , whereas female rabbits tend to have names in Lapine , the fictional language Adams created for the story .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dandelion_(Watership_Down)', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in Watership Down , a 1972 novel by Richard Adams . The majority also appear in the 1978 feature film adaptation , the 1999 television series adaptation and/or 1996 follow-up collection of short stories . Notably , most ( though not all ) male rabbits in the story are named after plants , whereas female rabbits tend to have names in Lapine , the fictional language Adams created for the story .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Literature', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_rabbits_and_hares_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional rabbits and hares. Fantasy hybrids such as Jackelopes are not listed.'} | null | null | What author uses a species that is primarily a creature of Celtic folklore ? | Mary Chase |
073aafa4b162f0da | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Central Florida alumni', 'header': ['Alumni', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gisele Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gisele_Bennett', 'summary': 'Gisele Welch Bennett is an American professor of electrical engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Director of the GTRI Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory at the Georgia Tech Research Institute ( GTRI ) . She is also the founder of the Logistics and Maintenance Applied Research Center ( LandMARC ) at GTRI .'}]}, {'value': '1987 ( B.S . ) , 1989 ( M.S . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology and Director of the GTRI Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "The Georgia Institute of Technology , commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or , in the state of Georgia , as Tech , is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta , Georgia . It is part of the University System of Georgia and has satellite campuses in Savannah , Georgia ; Metz , France ; Athlone , Ireland ; Shenzhen , China ; and Singapore . The school was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States . Initially , it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering . By 1901 , its curriculum had expanded to include electrical , civil , and chemical engineering . In 1948 , the school changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute and research university . Today , Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units , with emphasis on science and technology . It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering , computing , business administration , the sciences and design . Georgia Tech is ranked tied for 5th among all public national universities in the United States , tied for 4th in the Best Undergraduate Engineering Schools ranking , tied for 29th among all collegiate institutions in the National Universities category by U.S. News & World Report as of the 2020 rankings , and 34th among global universities in the world by Times Higher Education as of the 2019 rankings . Student athletics , both organized and intramural , are a part of student and alumni life . The school 's intercollegiate competitive sports teams , the four-time football national champion Yellow Jackets , and the nationally recognized fight song Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech , have helped keep Georgia Tech in the national spotlight . Georgia Tech fields eight men 's and seven women 's teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GTRI_Electro-Optical_Systems_Laboratory', 'summary': 'The Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory ( EOSL ) is one of eight labs in the Georgia Tech Research Institute and one of three labs under the Electronics , Optics , and Systems directorate . It conducts basic and applied research into electro-optical topics and supports electro-optical education at the university level . EOSL develops technology in the areas of electro-optical modeling and analysis , nanotechnology , microelectronics and phosphor development , remote sensing , acoustics , and mechanical systems . EOSL has numerous technology areas of preeminence that include LIDAR systems development , hyperspectral and multispectral imaging , ultraviolet/infrared stimulator development , countermeasures technology , microelectronics , and electro-optical modeling and analysis .'}]}, {'value': 'John C. Bersia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Bersia', 'summary': "John C. Bersia ( November 23 , 1956 - March 21 , 2019 ) , a Pulitzer Prize winner in 2000 , was a global educator and commentator . He served as Special Assistant to the President for Global Perspectives , as Director of the Global Perspectives Office and as a University Professor at the University of Central Florida . Bersia previously served as an adjunct professor in the Hamilton Holt School at Rollins College where he taught classes in international affairs . He was also the Executive Producer and host of the weekly Global Perspectives Show on WUCF-TV/PBS , and wrote on foreign affairs . Bersia previously served as a Foreign-Affairs Columnist for McClatchy-Tribune Information Services and the Orlando Sentinel , as well as on the latter 's Editorial Board . He won the first Pulitzer Prize of the 21st century for the Orlando Sentinel , as well as for its parent organization , the Tribune Company . Additionally , he was the recipient of the Walker Stone Award of the Scripps Howard Foundation , the first-place Green Eyeshade editorials award of the Society of Professional Journalists , the annual Media Award for Editorial Excellence of The National Association of Consumer Advocates and other national awards . Before his journalism experience , Bersia worked in the global political-risk analysis and publishing businesses , as well as for the U.S. government . He is the author of World War 4 : Confronting Terrorism ( 2003 ) , serves as Editor of the Worldviews for the 21st Century monograph series , is Interim Co-Chair of The India Center at UCF ; co-chairs the UCF Middle Eastern Studies Program ; chairs and directs UCF programs on human trafficking awareness and small countries ; and chairs and co-directs UCF programs on China-Taiwan issues , global peace and security , and Kurdish political studies . Further , he was the Chair ( a voluntary position ) of the Global Connections Foundation , a non-profit , non-ideological , non-political , regional , educational network that promotes international awareness and understanding . Bersia pursued undergraduate studies at Clark University and the University of Central Florida , receiving a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science/International Relations and French from UCF ; was awarded a Master of Arts in Government/Foreign Policy from Georgetown University 's Graduate School ; completed a Master of Science in Public Information Administration at The American University 's College of Business Administration ; and received a Master of Science in International Relations from the London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London . Bersia died on March 21 , 2019 at the age of 62 ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing , 2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Writing', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism . It has been awarded since 1917 for distinguished editorial writing , the test of excellence being clearness of style , moral purpose , sound reasoning , and power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction . Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers , for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes , four of which were awarded that year . The program has also recognized opinion journalism with its Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning from 1922 . Finalists have been announced from 1980 , ordinarily two others beside the winner . One person ordinarily wins the award for work with one newspaper or with affiliated papers , and that was true without exception between 1936 ( the only time two prizes were given ) and 1977 . In the early years , several newspapers were recognized without naming any writer , and that has occasionally happened recently . Several times from 1977 , two or three people have shared the award for their work with one paper .'}]}, {'value': 'Olga Calvet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_faculty_and_administrators', 'summary': 'The University of Central Florida is a space-grant metropolitan public research university located on a 1,415-acre ( 5.73 km2 ) main campus in Orlando , Florida , United States . UCF is a member institution of the State University System of Florida and is the second-largest university in the United States . UCF consists of a 59,770 member student body and employs more than 10,000 people , including over 1,900 teaching faculty and adjuncts . University of Central Florida faculty and administrators include those who are currently serving and have formerly served the university as professors , deans , administrative officials , or in other notable educational capacities .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charter member of the UCF Board of Trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCF_Board_of_Trustees', 'summary': "The University of Central Florida Board of Trustees is the governing body of the University of Central Florida , a space-grant university located on a 1,415-acre ( 5.73 km2 ) main campus in Orlando , Florida , United States . UCF is a member institution of the State University System of Florida and is the largest public university in the United States . The Board of Trustees is the governing body of UCF , setting policy for the university , and serving as UCF 's legal owner and final authority . Overall , the Board of Trustees hold the institution 's resources in trust , is responsible for selection of the university president and administrators , and are responsible for university resources and for implementing the rules and policies of the Florida Board of Governors ."}]}, {'value': 'Luther Fred Carter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Marion_University', 'summary': 'Francis Marion University ( formerly Francis Marion College ) is a public liberal arts university located six miles ( 11 km ) east of Florence , South Carolina . It is named in honor of American Revolutionary War hero Brigadier General Francis Marion .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Francis Marion University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Marion_University', 'summary': 'Francis Marion University ( formerly Francis Marion College ) is a public liberal arts university located six miles ( 11 km ) east of Florence , South Carolina . It is named in honor of American Revolutionary War hero Brigadier General Francis Marion .'}]}, {'value': 'Isabel Escobar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabel_Escobar', 'summary': 'Isabel C. Escobar is a professor in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Kentucky in Lexington , Kentucky . Escobar has spent more than 20 years in testing biological stability of distribution systems and developing material chemistry for membranes .'}]}, {'value': '1991 ( B.S . ) , 1996 ( M.S . ) 2000 ( Ph.D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) Science to Achieve Results ( STAR ) Fellow and renowned environmental researcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency', 'summary': "The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection . President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9 , 1970 ; it began operation on December 2 , 1970 , after Nixon signed an executive order . The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate . The agency is led by its Administrator , who is appointed by the President and approved by Congress . The current Administrator is former Deputy Administrator Andrew R. Wheeler , who had been acting administrator since July 2018 . The EPA is not a Cabinet department , but the Administrator is normally given cabinet rank . The EPA has its headquarters in Washington , D.C. , regional offices for each of the agency 's ten regions , and 27 laboratories . The agency conducts environmental assessment , research , and education . It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws , in consultation with state , tribal , and local governments . It delegates some permitting , monitoring , and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the federally recognized tribes . EPA enforcement powers include fines , sanctions , and other measures . The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts ."}]}, {'value': 'Cindy Elavsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cindy_Elavsky', 'summary': "Cindy Elavsky is a syndicated columnist who writes the Celebrity Extra column for King Features . Elavsky was born in Massillon , Ohio . Her family moved to Orlando , Florida in 1987 . She graduated from Oviedo High School in 1990 and earned a bachelor 's degree in English in 1996 and a second degree in theater in 2001 from the University of Central Florida . She was a member of Sigma Tau Delta and Alpha Psi Omega honor societies . Elavksy started her career as a proofreader with Reed Brennan Associates of Orlando , later becoming Assistant Managing Editor and Syndicate Editor ."}]}, {'value': '1996 ( B.A . ) , 2001 ( B.A . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndicated columnist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Print_syndication', 'summary': "Print syndication distributes news articles , columns , political cartoons , comic strips and other features to newspapers , magazines and websites . The syndicates offer reprint rights and grant permissions to other parties for republishing content of which they own and/or represent copyrights . Other terms for the service include a newspaper syndicate , a press syndicate , and a feature syndicate . The syndicate is an agency that offers features from notable journalists and authorities as well as reliable and established cartoonists . It fills a need among smaller weekly and daily newspapers for material that helps them compete with large urban papers , at a much lesser cost than if the client were to purchase the material themselves . Generally , syndicates sell their material to one client in each territory . Typical syndicated features are advice columns ( parenting , health , finance , gardening , cooking , etc . ) , humor columns , editorial opinion , critic 's reviews , and gossip columns . Some syndicates specialize in one type of feature , such as comic strips ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Columnist', 'summary': 'A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series , creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions . Columns appear in newspapers , magazines and other publications , including blogs . They take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view . In some instances , a column has been written by a composite or a team , appearing under a pseudonym , or ( in effect ) a brand name . Some columnists appear on a daily or weekly basis and later reprint the same material in book collections .'}]}, {'value': 'Stuart Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Fullerton', 'summary': "Stuart M. Fullerton ( March 8 , 1940 - April 5 , 2014 ) was an American entomologist and academic . Fullerton was the founder of the Bug Closet , officially known as The Stuart M. Fullerton Collection of Arthropods at the University of Central Florida , which houses a collection of more than 500,000 mounted specimens of insects and other arthropods . Fullerton was born in Modesto , California , on March 8 , 1940 . His interest in insects began while working as a staff member at a summer camp in the Sierra Nevadas . He later served in the United States Air Force . He was a graduate of the University of Central Florida . He became a curator for a number of museums after leaving the Air Force , including institutions in Boston , Montreal , San Antonio and South Carolina . Fullteron also served as the curator of education for the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens . He made frequent appearances on television news or children 's shows with his animals . Fullerton retired from the museums in 1990 . He continued to amass a large collection of insect specimens after retirement . He relocated his collection a larger facility at the University of Central Florida ( UCF ) in 1993 at the invitation of David Vickers , the chairman of the Department of Biology ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Professor and entomologist , Founder of UCF 's Bug Closet", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Entomologist', 'summary': "Entomology ( from Ancient Greek ἔντομον ( entomon ) , meaning 'insect ' , and -λογία ( -logia ) , meaning 'study of ' ) is the scientific study of insects , a branch of zoology . In the past the term insect was vaguer , and historically the definition of entomology included the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla , such as arachnids , myriapods , earthworms , land snails , and slugs . This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use . Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology , entomology is a taxon-based category ; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is , by definition , entomology . Entomology therefore overlaps with a cross-section of topics as diverse as molecular genetics , behavior , biomechanics , biochemistry , systematics , physiology , developmental biology , ecology , morphology , and paleontology . At some 1.3 million described species , insects account for more than two-thirds of all known organisms , date back some 400 million years , and have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on earth ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Grindstaff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_faculty_and_administrators', 'summary': 'The University of Central Florida is a space-grant metropolitan public research university located on a 1,415-acre ( 5.73 km2 ) main campus in Orlando , Florida , United States . UCF is a member institution of the State University System of Florida and is the second-largest university in the United States . UCF consists of a 59,770 member student body and employs more than 10,000 people , including over 1,900 teaching faculty and adjuncts . University of Central Florida faculty and administrators include those who are currently serving and have formerly served the university as professors , deans , administrative officials , or in other notable educational capacities .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former chairman of the UCF Board of Trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCF_Board_of_Trustees', 'summary': "The University of Central Florida Board of Trustees is the governing body of the University of Central Florida , a space-grant university located on a 1,415-acre ( 5.73 km2 ) main campus in Orlando , Florida , United States . UCF is a member institution of the State University System of Florida and is the largest public university in the United States . The Board of Trustees is the governing body of UCF , setting policy for the university , and serving as UCF 's legal owner and final authority . Overall , the Board of Trustees hold the institution 's resources in trust , is responsible for selection of the university president and administrators , and are responsible for university resources and for implementing the rules and policies of the Florida Board of Governors ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Huber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Huber', 'summary': 'Jim Huber ( August 28 , 1944 - January 2 , 2012 ) was an American sports commentator , writer , and essayist . He worked as a sports anchor for the former CNN Sports Illustrated , before joining Turner Sports in 2000 . Huber was raised in Ocala , Florida . He attended Presbyterian College , but graduated from Central Florida . Huber began his career in sports journalism as a sportswriter for the Miami News and The Atlanta Journal . He joined WXIA in Atlanta , before moving to a relatively new cable news network called CNN . Huber was Public Relations Director for the Atlanta Flames from 1972 until 1975 . Huber had a long history with the Turner Broadcasting Corporation . Huber in 1984 first joined CNN , where he hosted a sports show called The Sporting Life With Jim Huber . He also contributed to CNN Sports Illustrated , a sister network of CNN , as an anchor and sports announcer . In 2000 , Huber became a full-time on-air announcer and commentator for Turner Sports , which allowed him to cover both golf and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in greater depth . During the 1990s , Huber was awarded an Emmy for an essay , Olympic Park Bombing , which he wrote and delivered in response to the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the Atlanta Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports anchor for CNN Sports Illustrated , and sports commentator for Turner Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_anchor', 'summary': "In sports broadcasting , a sports commentator ( also known as sports announcer , sportscaster or play-by-play announcer ) gives a running commentary of a game or event in real time , usually during a live broadcast , traditionally delivered in the historical present tense . Radio was the first medium for sports broadcasts , and radio commentators must describe all aspects of the action to listeners who can not see it for themselves . In the case of televised sports coverage , commentators are usually presented as a voiceover , with images of the contest shown on viewers ' screens and sounds of the action and spectators heard in the background . Television commentators are rarely shown on screen during an event , though some networks choose to feature their announcers on camera either before or after the contest or briefly during breaks in the action ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CNN_Sports_Illustrated', 'summary': 'CNN/Sports Illustrated ( CNN/SI ) was a 24-hour sports news network . It was created by Time Warner , bringing together its CNN and Sports Illustrated brands and related resources . It was launched on December 12 , 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turner_Sports', 'summary': "Turner Sports ( TS ) is the subsidiary of AT & T 's WarnerMedia responsible for sports broadcasts on channels including TBS , TNT , AT & T SportsNet , TruTV , and for operating the digital media outlets NCAA.com , NBA.com , PGATour.com and PGA.com , as well as Bleacher Report , and its streaming service , B/R Live . Turner Sports also operates NBA TV on behalf of the NBA , and owns a minority share in the MLB Network . In August 2012 , Turner Sports bought the sports news website Bleacher Report for an estimated $ 200 million . In March 2018 , Turner Sports announced to launch B/R Live , a subscription video streaming service , featuring live broadcasts of several sports events . Turner also owned WPCH-TV , the former WTBS , which was the longtime television home for Major League Baseball 's Atlanta Braves . This relationship ended after the 2013 season . WPCH-TV was itself sold to Meredith Corporation in 2017 . Following AT & T 's acquisition of Time Warner in 2018 , it was announced in March 2019 that the Turner Broadcasting System would be dissolved , and its assets dispersed into Warner Bros. and two new units . Turner Sports will be combined with CNN and AT & T SportsNet into a new division known as WarnerMedia News & Sports , led by CNN president Jeff Zucker ."}]}, {'value': 'Jin Kang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whiting_School_of_Engineering', 'summary': "The G.W.C . Whiting School of Engineering , is a division of the Johns Hopkins University located in the university 's Homewood campus in Baltimore , Maryland , United States ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whiting_School_of_Engineering', 'summary': "The G.W.C . Whiting School of Engineering , is a division of the Johns Hopkins University located in the university 's Homewood campus in Baltimore , Maryland , United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University', 'summary': "Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore , Maryland . Founded in 1876 , the university was named for its first benefactor , the American entrepreneur , abolitionist , and philanthropist Johns Hopkins . His $ 7 million bequest ( approximately $ 147.5 million in today 's dollars ) - of which half financed the establishment of Johns Hopkins Hospital - was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time . Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as the institution 's first president on February 22 , 1876 , led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research . Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany 's ancient Heidelberg University , Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States . Over the course of several decades , the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures . In fiscal year 2016 , Johns Hopkins spent nearly $ 2.5 billion on research . The university has additional graduate campuses in Italy , China , and Washington , D.C. , in addition to its main campus in Baltimore , Maryland . The university has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top universities in the world . Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington , D.C. , with international centers in Italy and China . The two undergraduate divisions , the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering , are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore 's Charles Village neighborhood . The medical school , the nursing school , and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore ."}]}, {'value': 'Hector Perez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hector_Perez', 'summary': 'Hector A. Tico Perez is an American attorney at law and an administrator . He was the 9th national commissioner of the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) , serving from 2008 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National commissioner of the Boy Scouts of America , member of the executive board of its National Council , former member of the Florida Board of Governors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commissioner_Service', 'summary': 'Commissioner Service is the group within the Boy Scouts of America that provides direct service to each Scouting unit ( pack , troop , team , crew or ship ) . Commissioners are experienced Scouters who help chartered organizations and unit leaders to achieve the aims of Scouting by using the methods of Scouting . They help to ensure that each unit has strong leadership and they encourage training , promote the use of the unit committee and encourage a relationship with the chartering organization .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America', 'summary': 'The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) ( colloquially , the Boy Scouts ) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States , with about 2.3 million youth participants and about one million adult volunteers . The BSA was founded in 1910 , and since then , about 110 million Americans participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives . BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922 . The stated mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law . Youth are trained in responsible citizenship , character development , and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities , educational programs , and , at older age levels , career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations . For younger members , the Scout method is part of the program to instill typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness , good citizenship , and outdoors skills , through a variety of activities such as camping , aquatics , and hiking . To further these outdoor activities , the BSA has four high-adventure bases : Northern Tier ( Minnesota , Manitoba , and Ontario ) , Philmont Scout Ranch ( New Mexico ) , Sea Base ( Florida , US Virgin Islands , and Bahamas ) , and Summit Bechtel Reserve ( West Virginia ) , as well as nearly one hundred separate camps and reservations specifically dedicated to scouts . The traditional Scouting divisions are Cub Scouting for ages 5 to 11 years , Scouts BSA for ages 11 to 18 , Venturing for ages 14 through 21 , and Sea Scouts for ages 14 through 21 . The BSA operates traditional Scouting by chartering local organizations , such as churches , clubs , civic associations , or educational organization , to implement the Scouting program for youth within their communities . Units are led entirely by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization , who are supported by local councils using both paid professional Scouters and volunteers . Additionally , Learning for Life is a non-traditional affiliate that provides in-school and career education . On February 1 , 2019 , the Boy Scouts of America renamed their flagship program , Boy Scouts , to Scouts BSA to reflect their change of policy to allow girls to join in separate , gender-specific troops .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Executive_Board_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America', 'summary': 'The National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America governs the Boy Scouts of America organization . One source reports that there were 72 members of the board in 2001 . The board is led by the national chair , a volunteer elected by the National Council . Board members include regular elected members , regional presidents , and up to five appointed youth members . The Chief Scout Executive is the board secretary and non-voting member . The National Executive Board has a number of standing committees that correspond to the professional staff organization of the National Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America', 'summary': 'The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) ( colloquially , the Boy Scouts ) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States , with about 2.3 million youth participants and about one million adult volunteers . The BSA was founded in 1910 , and since then , about 110 million Americans participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives . BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922 . The stated mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law . Youth are trained in responsible citizenship , character development , and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities , educational programs , and , at older age levels , career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations . For younger members , the Scout method is part of the program to instill typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness , good citizenship , and outdoors skills , through a variety of activities such as camping , aquatics , and hiking . To further these outdoor activities , the BSA has four high-adventure bases : Northern Tier ( Minnesota , Manitoba , and Ontario ) , Philmont Scout Ranch ( New Mexico ) , Sea Base ( Florida , US Virgin Islands , and Bahamas ) , and Summit Bechtel Reserve ( West Virginia ) , as well as nearly one hundred separate camps and reservations specifically dedicated to scouts . The traditional Scouting divisions are Cub Scouting for ages 5 to 11 years , Scouts BSA for ages 11 to 18 , Venturing for ages 14 through 21 , and Sea Scouts for ages 14 through 21 . The BSA operates traditional Scouting by chartering local organizations , such as churches , clubs , civic associations , or educational organization , to implement the Scouting program for youth within their communities . Units are led entirely by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization , who are supported by local councils using both paid professional Scouters and volunteers . Additionally , Learning for Life is a non-traditional affiliate that provides in-school and career education . On February 1 , 2019 , the Boy Scouts of America renamed their flagship program , Boy Scouts , to Scouts BSA to reflect their change of policy to allow girls to join in separate , gender-specific troops .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida_Board_of_Governors', 'summary': 'The Florida Board of Governors is a 17-member governing board that serves as the governing body for the State University System of Florida , which includes all public universities in the state of Florida . After its predecessor , the Florida Board of Regents , was abolished by an act of the Florida Legislature that was signed into law by Governor Jeb Bush in July 2001 , United States Senator Bob Graham , who objected to the abolition of the statewide higher education body ( Board of Regents ) , responded by leading a ballot initiative to restore it . The Board of Governors was established in 2003 after the successful passage of the constitutional amendment heralded by Graham in 2002 . A statewide board of education , also appointed by the governor , oversaw kindergarten through higher education , but focused mostly on K-12 education and community colleges . The Board of Governors , as part of the Florida Constitution , can not be abolished without another constitutional amendment . During the 2017-2018 academic year , the State University System enrolled roughly 341,000 total students .'}]}, {'value': 'Steven Sotloff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Joel_Sotloff', 'summary': "Steven Joel Sotloff ( Hebrew : סטיבן סוטלוף ; May 11 , 1983 - c. September 2 , 2014 ) was an American-Israeli journalist . In August 2013 , he was kidnapped in Aleppo , Syria , and held captive by militants from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS ) . On September 2 , 2014 , ISIS released a beheading video , showing one of its members beheading Sotloff . Following Sotloff 's beheading , U.S. President Barack Obama stated that the United States would take action to degrade and destroy ISIS . President Obama also signed an Executive Order dated June 24 , 2015 , in the presence of the Sotloff family and other hostage families , overhauling how the U.S. handles U.S. hostages held abroad by groups such as ISIS . The capture and beheading of Steven Sotloff , and of fellow journalist James Foley a month prior , initiated broad public awareness of ISIL/ISIS after the beheadings were shown on the Internet and then on international television . Sotloff 's legacy is , in part , that he broke the Benghazi story to CNN , that there was no protest , and that he foresaw the massive Syrian Refugee Crisis as he reported on the everyday people 's suffering in Syria , thus earning him the reputation as The Voice for the Voiceless ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TIME journalist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Time_(magazine)', 'summary': "Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City . It was founded in 1923 and for many years it was run by its influential co-founder Henry Luce . A European edition ( Time Europe , formerly known as Time Atlantic ) is published in London and also covers the Middle East , Africa , and , since 2003 , Latin America . An Asian edition ( Time Asia ) is based in Hong Kong . The South Pacific edition , which covers Australia , New Zealand , and the Pacific Islands , is based in Sydney . In December 2008 , Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition . Time has the world 's largest circulation for a weekly news magazine . The print edition has a readership of 26 million , 20 million of whom are based in the United States . In mid-2012 , its circulation was over 3 million , which fell to 2 million by late 2017 . Formerly published by Time Inc. , since November 2018 Time has been published by TIME USA , LLC , owned by Marc Benioff who acquired it from Meredith Corporation two months earlier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Journalist', 'summary': "A journalist is a person who collects , writes , or distributes news or other current information to the public . A journalist 's work is called journalism ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Yasecko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Yasecko', 'summary': 'Nancy Yasecko is a media artist and educator who grew up and is still living on the Space Coast of Florida . She graduated from Cocoa Beach High School in 1972 and received her B.A . from the University of South Florida in 1975 , and her M.A . in Instructional Technology from the University of Central Florida 1997 .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Educator , filmographer', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable alumni -- Civic , education , and journalism', 'section_text': 'Hector Perez', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_alumni_3', 'intro': "The University of Central Florida (UCF) is a metropolitan public research and space-grant university located on a 1,415-acre (5.73 km2) main campus in Orlando, Florida, United States. UCF is a member institution of the State University System of Florida and is the largest university in the United States in terms of undergraduate enrollment. It was founded in 1963 as Florida Technological University with the goal of providing highly trained personnel to support the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida's Space Coast. After the university's academic scope expanded in the mid and late 1970s to encompass a wider variety of disciplines, the school was renamed The University of Central Florida in 1978. Initial enrollment in 1968 was 1,948 students; as of 2014, the university has 59,770 students from more than 140 countries, all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Since the university's first graduating class in 1970, UCF has awarded more than 250,000 degrees, including 45,000 graduate and professional degrees, to over 200,000 alumni. UCF alumni have made research contributions to optics, modeling and simulation, digital media, engineering and computer science, business administration, education and hospitality management. Among the most notable are Gene Frantz('71), inventor of the Texas Instruments Speak and Spell, and father of digital signal processing. Numerous graduates have gained notoriety in the fields of law, government, and public policy, with alumni including a prime minister, a chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, a United States assistant secretary of state, a deputy assistant secretary at the Department of the Treasury, a director of the National Reconnaissance Office, and a director of the Secret Service; in addition to numerous members of the Florida Cabinet, Florida House of Representatives and Florida Senate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronauts, and numerous officers in the armed forces through a unique partnership between the university and the U.S. military. Alumni have also achieved success as executives in major organizations and Fortune 500 companies, such as Boeing, Busch Entertainment Corporation, Darden Restaurants, Ericsson, Google, NASCAR, the Orlando Magic and Texas Rangers, Sun Sports and Fox Sports Florida, Raymond James Financial, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, and Yahoo! UCF graduates have also made notable contributions in the entertainment industry, including Cheryl Hines, widely known for her role as Cheryl David on the HBO television series Curb Your Enthusiasm, and Daniel Tosh, host of Tosh.0 on Comedy Central. In addition, The Blair Witch Project, which is considered one of the most successful independent films produced, was filmed by UCF students and directed by alumni Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sanchez."} | null | null | Where was the scientist who studied insects born ? | Modesto , California |
073b63e51f0b0cc1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Poitier', 'title': 'Sidney Poitier', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sepia Cinderella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sepia_Cinderella', 'summary': 'Sepia Cinderella is a 1947 American musical race film directed by Arthur H. Leonard . The film is notable for musical numbers by vocalists Billy Daniels and Sheila Guyse , and for a brief guest appearance by former child star Freddie Bartholomew , who is onscreen as himself for five minutes , telling gags to recharge his post-war career . It also marks the big screen debut of Sidney Poitier , as an uncredited night club extra .'}]}, {'value': 'Extra', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'From Whence Cometh My Help', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Way Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Way_Out_(1950_film)', 'summary': 'No Way Out is a 1950 black-and-white American film noir directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , and starring Richard Widmark , Linda Darnell , Stephen McNally and Sidney Poitier , who portrays a doctor tending to slum residents whose ethics are tested when confronted with racism , personified by Richard Widmark as the hateful robber Ray Biddle . No Way Out marked the feature film debuts of Sidney Poitier and actress Mildred Joanne Smith . Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Lesser Samuels were also nominated for Best Story and Screenplay at the 23rd Academy Awards losing to Charles Brackett , Billy Wilder , and D. M. Marshman Jr. for Sunset Boulevard .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Luther Brooks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cry , the Beloved Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country_(1951_film)', 'summary': "Cry , the Beloved Country is a 1951 British drama film directed by Zoltán Korda . Based on the novel of the same name by Alan Paton , it stars Canada Lee , Sidney Poitier , and Charles Carson . This film was Canada Lee 's last film ."}]}, {'value': 'Reverend Msimangu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Ball Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Ball_Express_(film)', 'summary': "Red Ball Express is a 1952 World War II war film directed by Budd Boetticher starring Jeff Chandler and Alex Nicol , featuring early screen appearances by Sidney Poitier and Hugh O'Brian . The film is based on the real Red Ball Express convoys that took place after the D-Day landings in Normandy in June 1944 . The tag line for the movie is : From beachhead to battlefront ! They carry the ammo for Patton 's Tanks !"}]}, {'value': 'Cpl . Andrew Robertson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Go , Man , Go !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go,_Man,_Go!', 'summary': "Go , Man , Go ! is a 1954 sports film directed by James Wong Howe , starring Dane Clark , Sidney Poitier , Ruby Dee , Patricia Breslin , The Harlem Globetrotters and Slim Gaillard . Clark plays Abe Saperstein , the organizer of the Globetrotters . Poitier 's character is Inman Jackson , the team 's showboating center . Breslin plays Sylvia Saperstein , the love interest , and Abe 's daughter . Gaillard plays himself . The film tracks the Globetrotters from humble beginnings through a triumph over a major-league basketball team , as they struggle to overcome racial discrimination . Actual Harlem Globetrotter players portray the team in basketball action throughout the picture . The friendship between Saperstein and Jackson , and their wives , is an important storyline ."}]}, {'value': 'Inman Jackson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackboard Jungle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackboard_Jungle', 'summary': 'Blackboard Jungle is a 1955 social commentary film about teachers in an interracial inner-city school , based on the novel The Blackboard Jungle by Evan Hunter and adapted for the screen and directed by Richard Brooks . It is remembered for its innovative use of rock and roll in its soundtrack and for the unusual breakout role of a black cast member , future Oscar winner and star Sidney Poitier as a rebellious , yet musically talented student . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregory W. Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good-bye , My Lady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Good-bye,_My_Lady_(film)', 'summary': "Good-bye , My Lady is a 1956 American film adaptation of the novel Good-bye , My Lady ( 1954 ) by James H. Street . The book had been inspired by Street 's original 1941 story which appeared in The Saturday Evening Post . Street was going to be the principal advisor on the film when he suddenly died of a heart attack . A boy learns what it means to be a man by befriending and training a stray Basenji dog and then is forced to surrender her to its rightful owner . Both readers of the story and film-goers found the boy 's eventual loss of the dog unexpected . Directed by William A. Wellman , the film starred Walter Brennan and Brandon deWilde , with Sidney Poitier and Phil Harris in supporting roles . Brennan and Harris previously co-starred in 1951 's The Wild Blue Yonder , and Brennan and deWilde would reunite for the cameras in 1965 for Disney in Those Calloways . That same year , deWilde would play producer John Wayne 's son in In Harm 's Way . The film was produced by John Wayne 's Batjac Productions ."}]}, {'value': 'Gates Watson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edge of the City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edge_of_the_City', 'summary': "Edge of the City is a 1957 American film-noir drama film directed by Martin Ritt , starring John Cassavetes and Sidney Poitier . It was Ritt 's debut film as a director . Robert Alan Aurthur 's screenplay was expanded from his original script , staged as the final episode of Philco Television Playhouse , A Man Is Ten Feet Tall ( 1955 ) , also featuring Poitier . The film was considered unusual for its time because of its portrayal of an interracial friendship , and was praised by representatives of the NAACP , Urban League , American Jewish Committee and Interfaith Council because of its portrayal of racial brotherhood ."}]}, {'value': 'Tommy Tyler', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something of Value', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_of_Value', 'summary': 'Something of Value is a 1957 drama directed by Richard Brooks and starring Rock Hudson , Dana Wynter , and Sidney Poitier . The film was reissued under the title Africa Ablaze . The film , based on the book of the same name by Robert Ruark , portrays the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya . It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived . It stars Rock Hudson as the colonial and Sidney Poitier as the native Kenyan . The two men grew up together but have drifted apart at maturity .'}]}, {'value': 'Kimani Wa Karanja', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Band of Angels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Band_of_Angels', 'summary': 'Band of Angels is a 1957 romantic drama film set in the American South before and during the American Civil War , based on the 1955 novel of the same name by Robert Penn Warren . It starred Clark Gable , Yvonne De Carlo and Sidney Poitier . The movie was directed by Raoul Walsh .'}]}, {'value': 'Rau-Ru Ponce de Leon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mark of the Hawk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Hawk', 'summary': 'The Mark of the Hawk ( also called Accused ) is a 1957 drama film , directed by Michael Audley with a screenplay by Lloyd Young ( better known for his sound work on other films ) and H. Kenn Carmichael . The film stars Eartha Kitt and Sidney Poitier .'}]}, {'value': 'Obam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virgin Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Island_(1958_film)', 'summary': 'Virgin Island is a 1958 British drama film directed by Pat Jackson and starring John Cassavetes , Virginia Maskell and Sidney Poitier . It is an adaptation of the memoir Our Virgin Island by Robb White and was filmed on the British Virgin Islands . The American release in 1960 followed the title of the novel .'}]}, {'value': 'Marcus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Defiant Ones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Defiant_Ones', 'summary': 'The Defiant Ones is a 1958 adventure drama film which tells the story of two escaped prisoners , one white and one black , who are shackled together and who must co-operate in order to survive . It stars Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier . The film was adapted by Harold Jacob Smith from the story by Nedrick Young , originally credited as Nathan E. Douglas . It was produced and directed by Stanley Kramer . The film was highly regarded at the time of its release ; it won Academy Awards for Cinematography ( Black-and-White ) and Original Screenplay and was nominated for seven others , including Best Picture and Best Actor for both Poitier and Curtis . Poitier won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Noah Cullen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porgy and Bess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(film)', 'summary': "Porgy and Bess is a 1959 American musical film directed by Otto Preminger . It is based on the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess by George Gershwin , DuBose Heyward , and Ira Gershwin , which is in turn based on Heyward 's 1925 novel Porgy , as well as Heyward 's subsequent 1927 non-musical stage adaptation , co-written with his wife Dorothy . The screenplay for the film , which turned the operatic recitatives into spoken dialogue , was very closely based on the opera and was written by N. Richard Nash . The project was the last for Samuel Goldwyn . Due to its controversial subject matter , the film was shown only briefly following its initial reserved seat engagements in major cities , where it drew mixed reviews from critics . Two months after its release , Goldwyn grudgingly conceded , No one is waiting breathlessly for my next picture . The film is not available on home video , and it is unknown if a quality print still exists , prompting it to be considered one of the most prestigious and expensively produced missing films . In 2011 , the film was chosen for inclusion in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress ."}]}, {'value': 'Porgy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All the Young Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_the_Young_Men', 'summary': "All the Young Men is a 1960 Korean War feature film directed by Hall Bartlett and starring Alan Ladd and Sidney Poitier dealing with desegregation in the United States Marine Corps . Poitier plays a sergeant unexpectedly placed in command of the survivors of a platoon in the Korean War . The film explores the racial integration of the American military , centering on the African-American sergeant 's struggle to win the trust and respect of the men in his unit ."}]}, {'value': 'Sgt . Eddie Towler', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Raisin in the Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Raisin_in_the_Sun_(1961_film)', 'summary': 'A Raisin in the Sun is a 1961 drama film directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Sidney Poitier , Ruby Dee , Claudia McNeil , Diana Sands , Roy Glenn , and Louis Gossett Jr. ( in his film debut ) , and adapted from the 1959 play of the same name by Lorraine Hansberry . It follows a black family that wants a better life away from the city . A Raisin in the Sun was released by Columbia Pictures on May 29 , 1961 . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States of America National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter Lee Younger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris_Blues', 'summary': "Paris Blues is a 1961 American drama film made on location in Paris , starring Sidney Poitier as expatriate jazz saxophonist Eddie Cook , and Paul Newman as trombone-playing Ram Bowen . The two men romance two vacationing American tourists , Connie Lampson ( Diahann Carroll ) and Lillian Corning ( Joanne Woodward ) respectively . The film also deals with American racism of the time contrasted with Paris 's open acceptance of black people . The film was based on the 1957 novel of the same name by Harold Flender . The film also features trumpeter Louis Armstrong ( as Wild Man Moore ) and jazz pianist Aaron Bridgers ; both play music within the film . It was produced by Sam Shaw , directed by Martin Ritt from a screenplay by Walter Bernstein , and with cinematography by Christian Matras . Paris Blues was released in the U.S. on September 27 , 1961 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Cook', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pressure Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pressure_Point_(1962_film)', 'summary': "Pressure Point is a 1962 psychological drama film about a prison psychiatrist who is called upon to treat a Nazi sympathizer during World War II . It stars Sidney Poitier and Bobby Darin . The film was based on the short story Destiny 's Tot by Robert Lindner ."}]}, {'value': 'Doctor ( Chief Psychiatrist )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Long Ships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Long_Ships_(film)', 'summary': 'The Long Ships is a 1964 Anglo-Yugoslav adventure film shot in Technirama directed by Jack Cardiff and stars Richard Widmark , Sidney Poitier and Russ Tamblyn .'}]}, {'value': 'Aly Mansuh', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Actor', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sidney_Poitier_0', 'intro': "Sidney Poitier, KBE (/ˈpwɑːtieɪ/; born February 20, 1927) is a Bahamian-American actor and film director. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor, the first black actor to win that award, and was nominated a second time. In addition, he was nominated six times for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award (BAFTA) for Best Foreign Actor, winning each once. From 1997 to 2007, he served as the Bahamian Ambassador to Japan. His family lived in the Bahamas, but Poitier was born in Miami while they were visiting, thereby acquiring American citizenship. He grew up in the Bahamas, moving to New York when he was 16. He joined the North American Negro Theatre, landing his breakthrough film role as an incorrigible high school student in the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle. In 1958, Poitier starred with Tony Curtis in the critically acclaimed The Defiant Ones as chained-together convicts who escape and must cooperate. Each received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, with Poitier's being the first for a black actor, as well as nominations for the BAFTAs, which Poitier won. In 1964, he won the Academy Award for Best Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor[a] for his role in Lilies of the Field (1963) in which he played a handyman who stays with and helps a group of German-speaking nuns build a chapel. Poitier also received critical acclaim for A Raisin in the Sun (1961) and A Patch of Blue (1965). He continued to break ground in three successful 1967 films, each dealing with issues of race and race relations: To Sir, with Love; Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, and In the Heat of the Night, making him the top box-office star of that year."} | null | null | What is the year of the film whose tag line is : `` From beachhead to battlefront ! They carry the ammo for Patton 's Tanks ! `` ? | 1952 |
073c02ae9a831907 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_in_Guitar_Hero_II', 'title': 'List of songs in Guitar Hero II', 'header': ['Year', 'Song title', 'Artist', 'Master recording ?', 'PlayStation 2 Tier', 'Xbox 360 Tier'], 'data': [{'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bad Reputation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bad_Reputation_(Thin_Lizzy_album)', 'summary': 'Bad Reputation is the eighth studio album by the Irish rock band Thin Lizzy , released in 1977 . As the front cover suggests , most of the tracks feature only three-quarters of the band , with guitarist Brian Robertson only credited on three tracks . He had missed most of their previous tour , following a hand injury sustained in a brawl , and this album turned out to be his last studio effort with Thin Lizzy . On 27 June 2011 , a new remastered and expanded version of Bad Reputation was released .'}]}, {'value': 'Thin Lizzy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thin_Lizzy', 'summary': "Thin Lizzy are a hard rock band formed in Dublin , Ireland , in 1969 . Two of the founding members , drummer Brian Downey and bass guitarist and lead vocalist Phil Lynott , met while still in school . Lynott led the group throughout their recording career of twelve studio albums , writing most of the material . The singles Whiskey in the Jar ( a traditional Irish ballad ) , The Boys Are Back in Town and Waiting for an Alibi were international hits . After Lynott 's death in 1986 , various incarnations of the band emerged over the years based initially around guitarists Scott Gorham and John Sykes , though Sykes left the band in 2009 . Gorham later continued with a new line-up including Downey . Lynott , Thin Lizzy 's de facto leader , was composer or co-composer of almost all of the band 's songs , and the first black Irishman to achieve commercial success in the field of rock music . Thin Lizzy featured several guitarists throughout their history , with Downey and Lynott as the rhythm section , on the drums and bass guitar . As well as being multiracial , the band drew their early members not only from both sides of the Irish border but also from both the Catholic and Protestant communities during The Troubles . Their music reflects a wide range of influences , including blues , soul music , psychedelic rock , and traditional Irish folk music , but is generally classified as hard rock or sometimes heavy metal . Rolling Stone magazine describes the band as distinctly hard rock , far apart from the braying mid-70s metal pack . AllMusic critic John Dougan has written that As the band 's creative force , Lynott was a more insightful and intelligent writer than many of his ilk , preferring slice-of-life working-class dramas of love and hate influenced by Bob Dylan , Van Morrison , Bruce Springsteen , and virtually all of the Irish literary tradition ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.4 5 . Return of the Shred', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.5 5 . Return of the Shred', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beast and the Harlot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beast_and_the_Harlot', 'summary': "Beast and the Harlot is a song by Avenged Sevenfold , the song was released as a single taken from their third studio album City of Evil . The song peaked at # 19 on the U.S . Mainstream Rock chart , # 44 on the UK Singles Chart. , and # 1 on the UK Rock Chart on 12 March 2006 . The actual song is about the fall of Babylon , The Great from the Book of Revelation ( particularly chapter seventeen ) , from which many quotes are taken , such as Seven headed beast , ten horns raise from his head , hatred strips her and leaves her naked , and other references . The Harlot referred to in the song is Great Babylon , quoted in the song , Fallen now is Babylon The Great . On Avenged Sevenfold 's All Excess DVD , Tony Petrossian , who directed the video , says that M. Shadows ' lyrics for this song about the fall of Babylon is comparing Babylon to Hollywood , showing many Hollywood clichés such as the young , innocent boys being corrupted and losing their souls . In the music video the Harlot was played by actress Elizabeth Melendez ."}]}, {'value': 'Avenged Sevenfold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avenged_Sevenfold', 'summary': "Avenged Sevenfold ( sometimes abbreviated as A7X ) is an American heavy metal band from Huntington Beach , California , formed in 1999 . The band 's current lineup consists of lead vocalist M. Shadows , rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist Zacky Vengeance , lead guitarist and backing vocalist Synyster Gates , bassist and backing vocalist Johnny Christ , and drummer Brooks Wackerman . Avenged Sevenfold is known for its diverse rock sound and dramatic imagery in album covers and merchandise . Avenged Sevenfold emerged with a metalcore sound on the band 's debut Sounding the Seventh Trumpet and continued this sound through their second album Waking the Fallen . However , Avenged Sevenfold 's style had evolved by the band 's third album and first major label release , City of Evil , into a heavy metal and hard rock style . The band continued to explore new sounds with its self-titled release and enjoyed continued mainstream success before their drummer , James The Rev Sullivan , died in 2009 . Despite his death , Avenged Sevenfold continued on with the help of drummer Mike Portnoy ( Dream Theater ) , and released and toured in support of its fifth album Nightmare in 2010 , which debuted on the top spot of the Billboard 200 , Avenged Sevenfold 's first number one debut . In 2011 drummer Arin Ilejay joined the band on tours and recording . Avenged Sevenfold 's sixth studio album Hail to the King , which was released in 2013 , marked the only Avenged Sevenfold album featuring Arin Ilejay . Hail to the King charted as number 1 on the Billboard 200 , the UK Albums chart , as well as the Finnish , Brazilian , Canadian , and Irish charts . In late 2014 , Ilejay left the band , and was replaced by former Bad Religion drummer Brooks Wackerman , but the lineup change was n't announced to the public until 2015 . The band then surprise-released their seventh studio album titled The Stage on October 28 , 2016 , which debuted as number 4 on the Billboard 200 chart in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.1 8 . Face-Melters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.1 8 . Face-Melters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billion Dollar Babies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Babies_(Alice_Cooper_song)', 'summary': "Billion Dollar Babies is a popular 1973 single by the rock group Alice Cooper , taken from the album Billion Dollar Babies . It was released in July 1973 , months after the album had been released . The track is a duet between Alice Cooper and Donovan , who provides the falsetto vocals . BMI lists the composers of Billion Dollar Babies as Alice Cooper , Michael Bruce and Reggie Vinson ( a session guitarist who had worked with the Alice Cooper band previously ) . Some sources list the composers as Cooper , Bruce , drummer Neal Smith , and R. Reggie , the latter being an allusion to Vinson 's nickname Rockin ' Reggie Vinson . The Billion Dollar Babies album was the second to last recorded by the original Alice Cooper band , before singer Alice Cooper went solo . Legal complications ensued ; all five Alice Cooper band members had shared ownership of the band 's name . Alice Cooper Band members Michael Bruce , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith , along with additions Bob Dolin , Stu Daye and Mike Marconi , recorded as Billion Dollar Babies . The band Billion Dollar Babies released only one album , 1977 's Battle Axe , before disbanding ."}]}, {'value': 'Alice Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Cooper', 'summary': "Alice Cooper ( born Vincent Damon Furnier ; February 4 , 1948 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and actor whose career spans over 50 years . With his distinctive raspy voice and a stage show that features numerous props , including guillotines , electric chairs , fake blood , reptiles , baby dolls , and dueling swords , Cooper is considered by music journalists and peers alike to be The Godfather of Shock Rock . He has drawn equally from horror films , vaudeville , and garage rock to pioneer a macabre and theatrical brand of rock designed to shock people . Originating in Phoenix , Arizona in 1964 , Alice Cooper was originally a band consisting of Furnier on vocals and harmonica , Glen Buxton on lead guitar , Michael Bruce on rhythm guitar , Dennis Dunaway on bass guitar , and Neal Smith on drums . The original Alice Cooper band released their debut album in 1969 , and broke into the international music mainstream with the 1971 hit song I 'm Eighteen . The band reached their commercial peak in 1973 with their sixth studio album Billion Dollar Babies . The band broke up in 1975 and Furnier adopted the band 's name as his own name , beginning his solo career with the 1975 concept album Welcome to My Nightmare . Expanding from his Detroit rock roots , Cooper has experimented with a number of musical styles , including art rock , hard rock , heavy metal , new wave , glam metal , and industrial rock . He is credited with helping to shape the sound and look of heavy metal , and has been described as the artist who first introduced horror imagery to rock and roll , and whose stagecraft and showmanship have permanently transformed the genre . He is also known for his witty and humorous personality offstage , with The Rolling Stone Album Guide calling him the world 's most beloved heavy metal entertainer . Away from music , Cooper is a film actor , a golfing celebrity , a restaurateur , and , since 2004 , a popular radio DJ with his classic rock show Nights with Alice Cooper ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '999 -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.4 3 . String-Snappers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ca n't You Hear Me Knockin '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Can't_You_Hear_Me_Knocking", 'summary': "Ca n't You Hear Me Knocking is a song by English rock band the Rolling Stones from their 1971 album Sticky Fingers . The song is over seven minutes long , and begins with a Keith Richards open-G tuned guitar intro . At two minutes and forty-three seconds , an instrumental break begins , with Rocky Dijon on congas ; tenor saxophonist Bobby Keys performs an extended saxophone solo over the guitar work of Richards and Mick Taylor , punctuated by the organ work of Billy Preston . At 4:40 Taylor takes over from Richards and carries the song to its finish with a lengthy guitar solo ."}]}, {'value': 'Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones', 'summary': "The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The first stable line-up consisted of bandleader Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica , keyboards ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals , harmonica ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass guitar ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued to work with the band as a contracted musician until his death in 1985 . The band 's primary songwriters , Jagger and Richards , assumed leadership after Andrew Loog Oldham became the group 's manager . Jones left the band less than a month before his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor . Taylor left in 1974 and was replaced in 1975 by Ronnie Wood who has since remained . Since Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones has served as touring bassist . The Stones have not had an official keyboardist since 1963 , but have employed several musicians in that role , including Jack Nitzsche ( 1965-1971 ) , Nicky Hopkins ( 1967-1982 ) , Billy Preston ( 1971-1981 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978-1981 ) , and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 and were identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the band started out playing covers but found more success with their own material ; songs such as ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction and Paint It Black became international hits , and Aftermath ( 1966 ) - their first entirely original album - has been considered the most important of the band 's formative records . After a short period of experimentation with psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s , the group returned to its bluesy roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) , Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) , and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) . It was during this period they were first introduced on stage as The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.4 4 . Thrash and Burn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.5 4 . Thrash and Burn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carry Me Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roll_On_(The_Living_End_album)', 'summary': "Roll On is the second album by Australian rock band The Living End , released in Australia and New Zealand on EMI in 2000 , and internationally on Reprise/Warner Brothers in 2001 . Musically , the album marked a change from the sound of their debut album , The Living End . Roll On had a notably more polished sound ( as compared to the more garage-y sound of the previous album ) . Horn sections featured on numerous songs , such as Uncle Harry and Killing The Right . Whereas the previous album had displayed punk and rockabilly influences ( by artists such as Green Day and Stray Cats ) , Roll On showed more Australian rock influences , particularly artists of the 80s Pub Rock era . The album even garnered comparison , by a few critics , to seminal punk band The Clash 's creative breakthrough , London Calling . The album was recorded with producer Nick Launay , who had previously worked with artists such as Silverchair and Midnight Oil . It also marked the last major work featuring drummer Travis Demsey . In the downtime following the album 's release and subsequent tour , he would leave the band , to be replaced by Andy Strachan . ARIA publicised that Roll On had officially achieved 2x Platinum status in Australia in November 2007 . This was a great achievement as all of their other album releases were simultaneously awarded a higher accreditation . These new figures , however , indicated that sales of Roll On had been topped by the band 's fourth studio release , State Of Emergency ."}]}, {'value': 'Living End The Living End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Living_End', 'summary': "The Living End are an Australian punk rock band , which formed in 1994 . Since 2002 the line up consists of Chris Cheney ( vocals , guitar ) , Scott Owen ( double bass , vocals ) and Andy Strachan ( drums ) . The band rose to fame in 1997 after the release of their double A-sided single , Second Solution / Prisoner of Society , which peaked at No . 4 on the ARIA Singles Chart . They have released eight studio albums , two of which reached the No . 1 spot on the ARIA Albums Chart : self-titled album ( 12 October 1998 ) and State of Emergency ( 4 February 2006 ) . They have also gained chart success in the United States and United Kingdom . At ARIA Music Awards ceremonies they have been nominated 27 times and have won five awards : Highest Selling Single for Second Solution / Prisoner of Society ( 1998 ) , Breakthrough Artist - Album and Best Group for The Living End ( 1999 ) , Best Rock Album for White Noise ( 2008 ) , and the same category for The Ending Is Just the Beginning Repeating ( 2011 ) . Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane described the group which emerged as one of the country 's premier rock acts . By blending a range of styles ( punk , rockabilly and flat out rock ) with great success , The Living End has managed to produce anthemic choruses and memorable songs in abundance . In October 2010 their debut album was listed in the book 100 Best Australian Albums ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.2 7 . Furious Fretwork', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.2 8 . Face-Melters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carry On Wayward Son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carry_On_Wayward_Son', 'summary': 'Carry On Wayward Son is a single recorded by Kansas and written by Kerry Livgren for their 1976 album Leftoverture . In 1977 , the song peaked at No . 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their first top 20 entry in the nation . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA on December 18 , 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_(band)', 'summary': 'Kansas is an American rock band that became popular in the 1970s initially on album-oriented rock charts and later with hit singles such as Carry On Wayward Son and Dust in the Wind . The band has produced nine gold albums , three multi-platinum albums ( Leftoverture 6x , Point of Know Return 4x , The Best of Kansas 4x ) , one other platinum studio album ( Monolith ) , one platinum live double album ( Two for the Show ) , and a million-selling single , Dust in the Wind . Kansas appeared on the Billboard charts for over 200 weeks throughout the 1970s and 1980s and played to sold-out arenas and stadiums throughout North America , Europe and Japan . Carry On Wayward Son was the second-most-played track on US classic rock radio in 1995 and No . 1 in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.5 2 . Amp Warmers Encore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.1 3 . String-Snappers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry Pie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Pie_(Warrant_song)', 'summary': "Cherry Pie is a song by the American rock band Warrant . It was released in September 1990 as the lead single from the album of the same name . The song became a Top Ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 10 and also reached number 19 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks . The song has been cited by many as a rock anthem . In 2009 , it was named the 56th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 . Despite its success , a daylong MTV special on the best and worst music videos of all time , MTV 's Triumphs and Tragedies , listed the song 's video as one of the worst ."}]}, {'value': 'Warrant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrant_(American_band)', 'summary': 'Warrant is an American glam metal band formed in 1984 in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , that experienced success from 1988 to 1996 with five albums reaching international sales of over 10 million . The band first came into the national spotlight with their 2× platinum debut album Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich , and one of its singles , Heaven , reached No . 1 in Rolling Stone and No . 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The band continued its success in the early 1990s with the double platinum album Cherry Pie which provided the hit album titled song and music video . Following the critically acclaimed gold album Dog Eat Dog the band started to experience frequent changes to the line-up and despite the drop in popularity with the arrival of grunge , they released Ultraphobic in 1995 and a successful best of album in 1996 . The band also changed their musical direction with the release of the grunge influenced Belly to Belly in 1996 , but returned to their roots very quickly by the end of the decade . The band experienced highs and lows in the 2000s with successful tours , a new covers album Under the Influence , lead singer Jani Lane leaving , a brand new Born Again album with new singer Jaime St. James and a brief reunion of the original line up . Into the new decade former lead singer and main songwriter Jani Lane died . After over 30 years , the band is still recording music and performing , now with ex-Lynch Mob lead vocalist Robert Mason .'}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.1 4 . Thrash and Burn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.3 2 . Amp Warmers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crazy on You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crazy_on_You', 'summary': "Crazy on You is a song by American rock band Heart from their debut studio album , Dreamboat Annie ( 1975 ) . It was released as the album 's third single in March 1976 , while marking the band 's debut single in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_(band)', 'summary': "Heart is an American rock band formed in 1970 in Seattle , Washington by Steve Fossen ( bass guitar ) , Roger Fisher ( guitar ) , David Belzer ( keyboards ) , and Jeff Johnson ( drums ) . It evolved from an existing band , White Heart . Since 1973 the vocalists for Heart have been sisters Ann Wilson ( lead vocals , flute , guitar ) ( born June 19 , 1950 ) and Nancy Wilson ( vocals , guitar , mandolin ) ( born March 16 , 1954 ) . Over Heart 's history , it has had three primary lineups . Heart first found success when its members moved to Canada , in part to avoid the draft , then later in the United States , and ultimately worldwide . Heart rose to fame in the mid-1970s with music influenced by hard rock and heavy metal , as well as folk music . Their popularity declined in the early 1980s ; but in 1985 , Heart launched a successful comeback which continued into the 1990s , releasing numerous hard-rock songs and ballads . Heart disbanded in 1998 , then resumed performing in 2002 . In the summer of 2019 , Heart ended their 2016 acrimonious break-up by launching their Love Alive tour . Iconic hits include Crazy on You ( 1976 ) , Magic Man ( 1976 ) , and Barracuda ( 1977 ) . To date , Heart has sold over 35 million records worldwide , including over 22.5 million in album sales in the U.S . They have had top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 in the 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , and 2010s ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.1 6 . Relentless Riffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.1 6 . Relentless Riffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dead !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Black_Parade', 'summary': "The Black Parade is the third studio album by American rock band My Chemical Romance . Released on October 24 , 2006 , through Reprise Records , it was produced by Rob Cavallo , known for having produced multiple albums for Goo Goo Dolls and Green Day . It is a rock opera centering on a dying character with cancer known as The Patient . The album tells the story of his apparent death , experiences in the afterlife , and subsequent reflections on his life . It is the band 's only studio album to feature drummer Bob Bryar before his departure in 2010 . The Black Parade has received generally favorable reviews , and the band achieved its first number one single in the United Kingdom with Welcome to the Black Parade . The album debuted at number two on both the Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart and is also certified as Triple Platinum by the RIAA , as well as double Platinum certification in the United Kingdom and Gold certifications in both Argentina ( by the CAPIF ) and Chile ( by the IFPI Chile ) . The Black Parade was given the Platinum Europe Award by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for one million sales in Europe . The limited edition boxed set also earned My Chemical Romance a Grammy Award nomination . Four singles were released from the album : Welcome to the Black Parade , Famous Last Words , I Do n't Love You , and Teenagers . My Chemical Romance began The Black Parade World Tour on February 22 , 2007 , in Manchester , New Hampshire 's Verizon Wireless Arena . The tour featured 138 performances worldwide , as well as several festival and condensed shows ."}]}, {'value': 'My Chemical Romance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance', 'summary': "My Chemical Romance ( commonly abbreviated MCR or shortened to My Chem ) is an American rock band from Newark , New Jersey . The band 's current lineup consists of lead vocalist Gerard Way , guitarists Ray Toro and Frank Iero , and bassist Mikey Way . Founded by Gerard , Mikey , Toro , and Matt Pelissier ( and later joined by Iero ) , the band signed to Eyeball Records and released their debut album , I Brought You My Bullets , You Brought Me Your Love , in 2002 . They signed with Reprise Records the next year and released their major-label debut , Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge , in 2004 . Shortly after the album 's release , Pelissier was replaced by Bob Bryar . A commercial success , the album was awarded platinum status over a year later . The band eclipsed the success of their previous albums with their 2006 concept album , The Black Parade , which gained generally favorable reviews among music critics and was certified double platinum in the United States and the United Kingdom , the band 's only double platinum . After the departure of long-time drummer Bob Bryar in March 2010 , the band released their fourth studio album , Danger Days : The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys , in November that same year , to positive reviews . Since Bryar 's departure , the band replaced him with drummers including Michael Pedicone and Jarrod Alexander on tour . After the addition of touring keyboardist James Dewees in 2012 and the release of Conventional Weapons , a series of singles recorded in 2009 , released over the course of five months , the band announced its break-up on March 22 , 2013 , one month after the final release in the Conventional Weapons series . After the band 's split , a greatest hits album titled May Death Never Stop You was released in March 2014 . A tenth-anniversary reissue of The Black Parade , including demos and live versions of the B-sides from the album and an early version of Welcome to the Black Parade , titled The Five of Us Are Dying , was released on September 23 , 2016 , titled The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '999 -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.3 6 . Relentless Riffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Bird', 'summary': "Free Bird , or Freebird , is a power ballad written and performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd . The song first featured on the band 's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums , including the unfaded-ending version of the original recording ( featured on Skynyrd 's Innyrds ) . Released as a single in November 1974 , Free Bird entered the Billboard Hot 100 on November 23 at No . 87 and became the band 's second Top 40 hit in early 1975 , peaking at No . 19 on January 25 . A live version of the song reentered the charts in late 1976 , eventually peaking at No . 38 in January 1977 . Free Bird achieved the No . 3 spot on Guitar World 's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos . It is considered to be Lynyrd Skynyrd 's signature song , is used as a finale during their live performances , and is their longest song , often going well over 14 minutes when played live ."}]}, {'value': 'Lynyrd Skynyrd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd', 'summary': "Lynyrd Skynyrd ( /ˌlɛnərd ˈskɪnərd/ LEN-ərd SKIN-ərd ) is an American rock band formed in Jacksonville , Florida , in 1964 . The group was originally named My Backyard and comprised Ronnie Van Zant ( lead vocalist ) , Gary Rossington ( guitar ) , Allen Collins ( guitar ) , Larry Junstrom ( bass guitar ) and Bob Burns ( drums ) . The band spent five years touring small venues under a variety of different names and with several lineup changes before finally deciding on Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1969 . The band released their first album in 1973 , having settled on a lineup that included bassist Leon Wilkeson , keyboardist Billy Powell and guitarist Ed King . Burns would later be replaced by Artimus Pyle , and King by Steve Gaines . At the height of their fame during the 1970s , the band popularized the Southern rock genre with songs such as Sweet Home Alabama and Free Bird . The band abruptly ceased when Ronnie Van Zant , Steve Gaines , and backup singer Cassie Gaines were killed in an airplane crash on October 20 , 1977 , but reformed in 1987 for a reunion tour with Ronnie 's brother , Johnny Van Zant , as its lead vocalist . Lynyrd Skynyrd continues to tour and record with co-founder Rossington ( being the band 's sole continuous member ) , Johnny Van Zant , and Rickey Medlocke , who first wrote and recorded with the band from 1971 to 1972 before his return in 1996 . In January 2018 , Lynyrd Skynyrd announced its farewell tour , and continue touring as of October 2019 . Members are also working on their fifteenth album . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked Lynyrd Skynyrd No . 95 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.5 8 . Face-Melters Encore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.6 8 . Face-Melters Encore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freya_(song)', 'summary': "Freya is a song by American heavy metal band The Sword . Written by the band and produced by vocalist and guitarist John D. Cronise , it is featured on the band 's 2006 debut studio album Age of Winters . In addition to being released as the only single from the album on September 4 , 2007 , Freya was featured as a playable track on the video game Guitar Hero II , released in November 2006 . Due in part to its inclusion on Guitar Hero II , as well as its release as the lead single from Age of Winters , Freya is often cited as The Sword 's signature song . It has been performed at almost every one of the band 's shows , and was praised by critics upon its release . The song was later included on the 2009 Guitar Hero expansion Smash Hits , and also on the band 's iTunes Festival : London 2010 EP ."}]}, {'value': 'Sword The Sword', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sword', 'summary': "The Sword is an American heavy metal band from Austin , Texas . Formed in 2003 , the band is currently composed of vocalist and guitarist John D. Cronise , guitarist Kyle Shutt , bassist Bryan Richie and drummer Santiago Jimmy Vela III . Originally signed to Kemado Records , the group released its debut album Age of Winters in 2006 , the material for which had been largely written by Cronise ( who also produced the album ) prior to the band 's formation . Gods of the Earth ( which was also produced by the band 's frontman ) was released two years later , giving the group its first entry on the US Billboard 200 chart when it reached number 102 . In 2010 the band released Warp Riders , a concept album centered on an original science fiction narrative written primarily by Cronise , which marked the first time the group had enlisted an external producer in Matt Bayles . Original drummer Trivett Wingo left the group later in the year and was replaced briefly by Kevin Fender , before Vela joined in late 2011 . After signing with Razor & Tie in early 2012 , the group released its fourth album Apocryphon later in the year , which was promoted worldwide on the Apocryphon Tour . The band 's fifth studio album High Country was released in August 2015 , followed by their sixth Used Future in March 2018 . During its early career , The Sword was categorized primarily as a doom metal band , with the group 's members citing bands including Black Sabbath and Sleep as influences . In recent years , the group 's style has generally been classified as hard rock or stoner rock . The Sword has toured with a wide range of fellow rock and metal artists since its formation , including Metallica , Lamb of God and Clutch , and in recent years has also headlined its own tours . The band 's debut Age of Winters failed to chart , but subsequent releases have all gained increasing commercial success in the US and the UK , with High Country also charting in other regions ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.3 5 . Return of the Shred', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.5 6 . Relentless Riffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girlfriend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girlfriend_(Matthew_Sweet_song)', 'summary': 'Girlfriend is a 1991 single by the American power pop musician Matthew Sweet , released as the lead single from his third album , Girlfriend . The song reached # 4 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and # 10 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . In July 2017 , Sweet told WXRT radio in Chicago that a friend and musician on the album , Lloyd Cole , convinced him that it was a good song worthy of the album .'}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Sweet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Sweet', 'summary': "Sidney Matthew Sweet ( born October 6 , 1964 ) is an American rock singer-songwriter and musician . Part of the burgeoning music scene in Athens , Georgia , during the 1980s before gaining commercial success in the 1990s . His latest albums , Tomorrow Forever and Tomorrow 's Daughter , were followed by 2018 's Wicked System of Things ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.3 4 . Thrash and Burn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.3 4 . Thrash and Burn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hangar 18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hangar_18_(song)', 'summary': "Hangar 18 is a song by American heavy metal band Megadeth from the 1990 album Rust in Peace . UFO conspiracy theories , or possibly Hangar 18 , the 1980 film based on those theories , inspired drummer Nick Menza to write the lyrics . [ citation needed ] Shortly thereafter , frontman Dave Mustaine composed the bulk of the music . The intro is a rapidly strummed version of the D minor arpeggio that Mustaine wrote for the Metallica instrumental track The Call of Ktulu , which was the final Metallica song for which he was given writing credit . Hangar 18 is located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton , Ohio , and it is speculated that an alien aircraft was brought there from Roswell in 1947 . The song reached number # 25 on the Irish Singles Chart , also reached number # 26 on the UK Singles Chart . The song is also particular in that the bass uses a different tuning from the two lead guitars , the bass being in Drop D [ citation needed ] while the guitars are in standard tuning . A sequel to this song called Return to Hangar was included on Megadeth 's ninth album The World Needs a Hero . It tells the fictional story of the life-forms said to be contained in Hangar 18 coming back to life and killing those inside the building before escaping . Hangar 18 was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 1992 Grammy Awards , but lost to Metallica 's self-titled album . It won a Concrete Foundations Award for Top Radio Cut at the 1991 Foundations Forum ."}]}, {'value': 'Megadeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megadeth', 'summary': "Megadeth is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles , California . Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassist David Ellefson formed the band in 1983 shortly after Mustaine 's dismissal from Metallica . Along with Metallica , Anthrax , and Slayer , Megadeth is one of the big four of American thrash metal , responsible for its development and popularization . Their music features complex arrangements and fast rhythm sections , and lyrical themes of death , war , politics , personal relationships and religion . In 1985 , Megadeth released its debut album , Killing Is My Business . and Business Is Good ! , on the independent record label Combat Records , to moderate success . It caught the attention of bigger labels , which led to Megadeth signing with Capitol Records . Their first major-label album , Peace Sells . but Who 's Buying ? , was released in 1986 and was a major hit with the underground metal scene . Substance abuse and personal disputes brought Megadeth negative publicity during this period . After the lineup stabilized , Megadeth released a number of platinum-selling albums , including Rust in Peace ( 1990 ) and Countdown to Extinction ( 1992 ) . These albums , along with worldwide tours , brought them public recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.4 8 . Face-Melters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.5 8 . Face-Melters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heart-Shaped Box', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart-Shaped_Box', 'summary': "Heart-Shaped Box is a song by American rock band Nirvana , written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain . It was released as the first single from Nirvana 's third and final studio album , In Utero , in 1993 , and appears as the third track . It was one of two songs from the album mixed by Scott Litt to augment the original production by producer Steve Albini . Though Nirvana 's record company DGC Records did not release a physical single in the United States , fearing it might damage album sales , Heart-Shaped Box received much American radio airplay , reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . The single made the top 10 in several countries , Portugal , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Finland and New Zealand , and the top 40 in numerous other countries . The music video , directed by Anton Corbijn , garnered critical plaudits , and won two awards , including Best Alternative Video at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1994 . Heart-Shaped Box was the last song Cobain performed live with Nirvana , on March 1 , 1994 in Munich , Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Nirvana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nirvana_(band)', 'summary': "Nirvana was an American rock band formed in Aberdeen , Washington in 1987 . It was founded by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic . Nirvana went through a succession of drummers , the longest-lasting and best-known being Dave Grohl , who joined in 1990 . Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain , their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture . In the late 1980s , Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene , releasing its first album , Bleach , for the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989 . They developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts , often between quiet verses and loud , heavy choruses . After signing to major label DGC Records in 1991 , Nirvana found unexpected mainstream success with Smells Like Teen Spirit , the first single from their landmark second album Nevermind ( 1991 ) . A cultural phenomenon of the 1990s , the album went on to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Nirvana 's sudden success popularized alternative rock , and Cobain found himself described as the spokesman of a generation and Nirvana the flagship band of Generation X . Following extensive tours and the 1992 compilation album Incesticide and EP Hormoaning , Nirvana released their third studio album , In Utero ( 1993 ) , to critical acclaim and further chart success . Its abrasive , less mainstream sound challenged the band 's audience , and though less successful than Nevermind , it was a commercial success . Nirvana disbanded following the death of Cobain in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.2 2 . Amp Warmers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.3 1 . Opening Licks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hush_(Billy_Joe_Royal_song)', 'summary': "Hush is a song written by American composer and musician Joe South , for recording artist Billy Joe Royal , whose single peaked at number 52 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 28 October - 11 November 1967 , and No . 45 in Canada . South himself recorded the song in 1968 , and included it on his second album , Games People Play . Deep Purple and Kula Shaker had later hits with covers of the song , in 1968 and 1996 respectively . The song features a refrain in the intro and repeated in the outro that is a direct take off of the melody that connects the bridge back to the last verse of A Day In the Life by the Beatles ( Lennon-McCartney ) from Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , released in June of 1967 . The chorus begins Hush , hush , I thought I heard her calling my name , which is a takeoff from the traditional gospel song lyrics Hush , hush , somebody 's calling my name ."}]}, {'value': 'Deep Purple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deep_Purple', 'summary': "Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968 . The band is considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock , although their musical approach changed over the years . Originally formed as a psychedelic rock and progressive rock band , the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970 . Deep Purple , together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath , have been referred to as the unholy trinity of British hard rock and heavy metal in the early to mid-seventies . They were listed in the 1975 Guinness Book of World Records as the globe 's loudest band for a 1972 concert at London 's Rainbow Theatre and have sold over 100 million copies of their albums worldwide . Deep Purple have had several line-up changes and an eight-year hiatus ( 1976-1984 ) . The 1968-1976 line-ups are commonly labelled Mark I , II , III and IV . Their second and most commercially successful line-up consisted of Ian Gillan ( vocals ) , Jon Lord ( keyboards ) , Roger Glover ( bass ) , Ian Paice ( drums ) , and Ritchie Blackmore ( guitar ) . This line-up was active from 1969 to 1973 and was revived from 1984 to 1989 and again from 1992 to 1993 . The band achieved more modest success in the intervening periods between 1968 and 1969 with the line-up including Rod Evans ( lead vocals ) and Nick Simper ( bass , backing vocals ) , between 1974 and 1976 with the line-up including David Coverdale ( lead vocals ) and Glenn Hughes ( bass , vocals ) ( and Tommy Bolin replacing Blackmore in 1975 ) , and between 1989 and 1992 with the line-up including Joe Lynn Turner ( vocals ) . The band 's line-up ( currently including Ian Gillan , and guitarist Steve Morse from 1994 ) has been much more stable in recent years , although keyboardist Jon Lord 's retirement from the band in 2002 ( being succeeded by Don Airey ) left Ian Paice as the only original Deep Purple member still in the band . Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1 's Greatest Artists of Hard Rock programme , and a poll on British radio station Planet Rock ranked them 5th among the most influential bands ever ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '999 -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.2 4 . Thrash and Burn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Institutionalized', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institutionalized_(song)', 'summary': "Institutionalized is a song by American crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies . It was released in 1983 as the only single from their debut album , Suicidal Tendencies . Institutionalized is one of the band 's most popular songs and has remained a live staple since it was first played in 1982 . The song was re-recorded on the band 's 1993 album Still Cyco After All These Years ; this version was nominated for the Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1994 , but lost to Ozzy Osbourne 's live version of I Do n't Want to Change the World . The original version of the song was featured on the long-out of print compilation album F.N.G. , while the Still Cyco After All These Years version appears on Prime Cuts and Playlist : The Very Best of Suicidal Tendencies , which was not endorsed by the band . The song was also included in the 12-inch EP Institutionalised , which was released exclusively in the UK in 1988 after Suicidal Tendencies had risen in popularity ."}]}, {'value': 'Suicidal Tendencies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies', 'summary': "Suicidal Tendencies are an American crossover thrash band formed in 1980 in Venice , California by vocalist Mike Muir , who is the only remaining original member of the band . Along with D.R.I. , Corrosion of Conformity , and Stormtroopers of Death , they are often credited as one of the fathers of crossover thrash . Their current lineup includes Muir , guitarists Dean Pleasants and Ben Weinman , bassist Ra Díaz and drummer Dave Lombardo . Notable musicians who have contributed to the band 's studio or live activities include guitarists Rocky George and Mike Clark , bassists Louiche Mayorga , Robert Trujillo , Josh Paul and Stephen Thundercat Bruner , and drummers Amery Smith , Jimmy DeGrasso , Brooks Wackerman , David Hidalgo Jr. , Thomas Pridgen and session musician Josh Freese . Suicidal Tendencies have released thirteen studio albums ( four of which are composed of re-recorded or previously released material ) , two EPs , four split albums , four compilation albums , and two long-form videos . The band achieved their first success with their 1983 self-titled debut album ; it spawned the single Institutionalized , which was one of the first hardcore punk videos to receive substantial airplay on MTV . After releasing one new song on the split release Welcome to Venice ( 1985 ) and their second studio album Join the Army ( 1987 ) , Suicidal Tendencies were signed to Epic Records in 1988 , and continued their commercial success with its next three albums , How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Ca n't Even Smile Today ( 1988 ) , Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit.Déjà Vu ( 1989 ) and Lights.Camera.Revolution ! ( 1990 ) ; the latter two were certified Gold by the RIAA . Their 1992 follow-up album The Art of Rebellion was another success , and included three of their biggest hits Asleep at the Wheel , Nobody Hears and I 'll Hate You Better . After releasing two more studio albums ( Still Cyco After All These Years and Suicidal for Life ) , the band broke up and severed ties from Sony and Epic in 1995 . However , they reunited a year later and have continued to perform and record since then . After over a decade of work and many lineup changes , Suicidal Tendencies released their eleventh studio album with all-new material , 13 , in 2013 , followed three years later by World Gone Mad ( 2016 ) ; both albums were well-received by critics , and considered comebacks for Suicidal Tendencies ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.2 8 . Face-Melters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.3 8 . Face-Melters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_(Allman_Brothers_Band_song)', 'summary': "Jessica is an instrumental piece by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band , released in December 1973 as the second single from the group 's fourth studio album , Brothers and Sisters ( 1973 ) . Written by guitarist Dickey Betts , the song is a tribute to Gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt , in that it was designed to be played using only two fingers on the left hand . Betts wrote the majority of Jessica at the band 's farm in Juliette , Georgia . He named it after his daughter , Jessica Betts , who was an infant when it was released . She had bounced along to the song 's rhythm , and Betts attempted to capture her attitude with its melody . He invited fellow guitarist Les Dudek over to collaborate on it , and Dudek formed the bridge . The arrangement was crafted prior to recording , which took place at Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon , Georgia . Issued as a single following the immensely successful Ramblin ' Man , Jessica did not receive the same level of chart success . Despite this , it became a standard in rotations for classic rock radio stations in the following decades . Reviews have been widely positive . Many critics at the time called it a highlight of the album , and a 2006 Wall Street Journal article deemed it a true national heirloom . It is widely known as the theme to the BBC Two motoring program Top Gear ."}]}, {'value': 'Allman Brothers Band The Allman Brothers Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band', 'summary': "The Allman Brothers Band was an American rock band formed in Jacksonville , Florida in 1969 by brothers Duane Allman ( founder , slide guitar and lead guitar ) and Gregg Allman ( vocals , keyboards , songwriting ) , as well as Dickey Betts ( lead guitar , vocals , songwriting ) , Berry Oakley ( bass guitar ) , Butch Trucks ( drums ) , and Jai Johanny Jaimoe Johanson ( drums ) . The band incorporated elements of blues , jazz , and country music , and their live shows featured jam band-style improvisation and instrumentals . The group 's first two studio releases , The Allman Brothers Band ( 1969 ) and Idlewild South ( 1970 ) ( both released by Capricorn Records ) , stalled commercially , but their 1971 live release , At Fillmore East , represented an artistic and commercial breakthrough . The album features extended renderings of their songs In Memory of Elizabeth Reed and Whipping Post , and is considered among the best live albums ever made . Group leader Duane Allman was killed in a motorcycle accident later that year - on October 29 , 1971 , and the band dedicated Eat a Peach ( 1972 ) to his memory , a dual studio/live album that cemented the band 's popularity and featured Gregg Allman 's Melissa and Dickey Betts 's Blue Sky . Following the motorcycling death of bassist Berry Oakley exactly one year and 13 days later on November 11 , 1972 , the group recruited keyboardist Chuck Leavell and bassist Lamar Williams for 1973 's Brothers and Sisters . This album included Betts 's hit single Ramblin ' Man and instrumental Jessica . These tunes went on to become classic rock radio staples , and placed the group at the forefront of 1970s rock music . Internal turmoil overtook them soon after ; the group dissolved in 1976 , reformed briefly at the end of the decade with additional personnel changes , and dissolved again in 1982 . The band reformed once more in 1989 , releasing a string of new albums and touring heavily . A series of personnel changes in the late 1990s was capped by the departure of Betts . The group found stability during the 2000s with bassist Oteil Burbridge and guitarists Warren Haynes and Derek Trucks ( the nephew of their original drummer ) and became renowned for their month-long string of shows at New York City 's Beacon Theatre each spring ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.4 6 . Relentless Riffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.4 5 . Return of the Shred', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John the Fisherman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_the_Fisherman', 'summary': "John the Fisherman is the debut single by the alternative metal band Primus , released first in 1989 on the live album Suck on This , then re-released a year later , this time on the studio album Frizzle Fry . The band 's frontman Les Claypool said of the song :"}]}, {'value': 'Primus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primus_(band)', 'summary': "Primus is an American funk metal band formed in El Sobrante , California in 1984 . The band is currently composed of bassist/vocalist Les Claypool , guitarist Larry Ler LaLonde and drummer Tim Herb Alexander . Primus originally formed in 1984 with Claypool and guitarist Todd Huth , later joined by drummer Jay Lane , though the latter two departed the band at the end of 1988 . Featuring LaLonde and Alexander , Primus recorded the live album Suck on This in 1989 , followed by four studio albums : Frizzle Fry , Sailing the Seas of Cheese , Pork Soda , and Tales from the Punchbowl . Alexander left the band in 1996 , replaced by Bryan Brain Mantia , and Primus went on to record the original theme song for the TV show South Park and two more albums , Brown Album and Antipop , before declaring a hiatus in 2000 . In 2003 , Claypool and LaLonde reunited with Alexander and released a DVD/EP , Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People , before touring sporadically through 2009 . In 2010 , Lane rejoined Primus , replacing Alexander , and the band released their seventh album , Green Naugahyde , in 2011 . In 2013 , Lane left the band to focus on other projects , and Alexander rejoined once again . They have released some of their records on Claypool 's own label Prawn Song Records . Primus is characterized by its irreverent , quirky approach to music . In 1993 , Robert Christgau remarked : [ Primus is ] quite possibly the strangest top-10 band ever , and good for them ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.2 5 . Return of the Shred', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.3 5 . Return of the Shred', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Killing in the Name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killing_in_the_Name', 'summary': "Killing in the Name is a protest song by American rap metal band Rage Against the Machine , featured on their self-titled debut album , and was released as the lead single from the album in November 1992 . Written about revolution against institutional racism and police brutality , Killing in the Name is widely recognized as the band 's signature song , and has been noted for its distinctive guitar riffs and heavy use of the phrase fuck you . In 1993 , the song peaked at number 25 in the United Kingdom . In 2009 it became the Christmas number one , due to a campaign to prevent The X Factor winner 's song from gaining the Christmas number one in the United Kingdom for a fifth successive year ."}]}, {'value': 'Rage Against the Machine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine', 'summary': "Rage Against the Machine ( often abbreviated as RATM and shortened to simply Rage ) is an American rock band from Los Angeles , California . Formed in 1991 , the group consists of vocalist Zack de la Rocha , bassist and backing vocalist Tim Commerford , guitarist Tom Morello , and drummer Brad Wilk . Their songs express revolutionary political views . As of 2010 , they had sold over 16 million records worldwide . The band was nominated for induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility in 2017 and 2018 , although both bids failed . Rage Against the Machine released its eponymous debut album in 1992 to commercial and critical success , leading to a slot in the 1993 Lollapalooza festival ; in 2003 , the album was ranked number 368 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The follow-up albums , Evil Empire ( 1996 ) and The Battle of Los Angeles ( 1999 ) , were also successful ; both albums topped the Billboard 200 chart . During their initial nine-year run , Rage Against the Machine became one of the most popular and influential bands in music history , and had a large influence on the nu metal genre which came to prominence during the second half of the 1990s . They were also ranked No . 33 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . In 2000 , Rage Against the Machine released the cover album Renegades and disbanded after growing creative differences led to De la Rocha 's departure . De la Rocha started a low-key solo career , while the rest of the band formed the rock supergroup Audioslave with Chris Cornell , the former frontman of Soundgarden ; Audioslave recorded three albums before disbanding in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.1 5 . Return of the Shred', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.4 6 . Relentless Riffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laid to Rest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laid_to_Rest', 'summary': 'Laid to Rest is a song by the groove metal band Lamb Of God from their fourth album , Ashes of the Wake . It was the first single from the album , and a music video was made for it . The song is meant to be a first-person narrative of a murder victim , haunting his killer from beyond the grave . On the other side , the lyrics may also have a connection to the Iraq War , like most of the songs from Ashes of the Wake . This song has been covered live by hip hop group Gym Class Heroes during the 2008 Vans Warped Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Lamb of God', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamb_of_God_(band)', 'summary': "Lamb of God ( sometimes abbreviated as LoG ) is an American heavy metal band from Richmond , Virginia . Formed in 1994 as Burn the Priest , the group consists of bassist John Campbell , vocalist Randy Blythe , guitarists Mark Morton and Willie Adler , and drummer Art Cruz . The band is considered a significant member of the New Wave of American Heavy Metal movement . Since their formation , Lamb of God has released nine studio albums ( two of them were released under Burn the Priest ) , one live album , one compilation album and three DVDs . The band 's cumulative sales equal almost two million in the United States , including one album certified Gold by the RIAA . In 2010 and 2011 the band received Grammy nominations for songs from their 2009 album Wrath . They also received a nomination in 2016 for their song 512 . Lamb of God has toured with the Ozzfest twice . Other appearances include Download Festival and Sonisphere Festival in the UK , Soundwave Festival , Mayhem Festival 2010 and Gigantour . From 2008 to 2010 they toured as part of Metallica 's World Magnetic Tour , and supported Slayer on their final world tour in 2018 and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.3 7 . Furious Fretwork', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.4 7 . Furious Fretwork', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Game disc songs -- Main setlist', 'section_text': "There are 40 songs in the main Career mode for the PlayStation 2 version , and 48 songs in the Xbox 360 version . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Songs are organized by tiers that are related to the song 's difficulty , and there are differences between the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 ordering due to the extra songs . [ 4 ] Each tier at a given difficulty is unlocked in order , and a tier is completed once three to five songs ( depending on the difficulty level ) and the tier 's encore song are successfully completed . [ 6 ] Once a song is unlocked in a tier at any difficulty , it is available for the quick play , competitive , and co-operative modes . [ 6 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_songs_in_Guitar_Hero_II_0', 'intro': "Guitar Hero II is a music video game developed by Harmonix and distributed by RedOctane, and is a sequel to Guitar Hero. The game was released first to PlayStation 2 in 2006, but later released for the Xbox 360 in 2007. Guitar Hero II challenges players to recreate the lead guitar portions of many rock music songs using a specially designed guitar-shaped controller, based on either a Gibson SG for the PlayStation 2 version, a Gibson Explorer for the Xbox 360 version, or else a standard console controller. As notes scroll down the screen towards the player, the player must hit both the fret buttons on the guitar controller and the strum bar at the same time in order to successfully hit the notes. Successfully hitting notes improves the player's performance in the game and also raises their score, while missing notes will reduce the player's performance, and a poor performance may end the song prematurely. Each song can be played at one of four difficulty levels: Easy, Medium, Hard and Expert. These levels reflect the number of fret buttons used and the number and frequency of the notes to be performed. There are 64 songs total in the PlayStation 2 version while there are 74 songs total for the later Xbox 360 version. The Xbox 360 version adds an additional 24 downloadable songs via Xbox Live Marketplace, bringing the total to 98 songs."} | null | null | What artist released the song that had a master recording sung by a band formed in california in 1984 ? | Primus |
073ced1f53674dba | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_princesses', 'title': 'List of fictional princesses', 'header': ['Princess', 'Film', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Princess Jasmine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Jasmine', 'summary': "Princess Jasmine is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 31st animated feature film Aladdin ( 1992 ) . Voiced by American actress Linda Larkin - with a singing voice provided by Filipina singer Lea Salonga - Jasmine is the spirited Princess of Agrabah , who has grown weary of her life of palace confinement . Despite an age-old law stipulating that the princess must marry a prince in time for her upcoming birthday , Jasmine is instead determined to marry someone she loves for who he is as opposed to what he owns . Created by directors Ron Clements and John Musker with screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio , Jasmine is based on Badroulbadour , a princess who appears in the One Thousand and One Nights folktale Aladdin and the Magical Lamp . Originally conceived as a spoiled , materialistic princess , the writers eventually re-wrote Jasmine into a stronger and more prominent heroine following the elimination of Aladdin 's mother from the script , while borrowing story elements from the romantic comedy Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) . Several months after securing the role , Larkin was nearly fired from the project because Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg felt that her voice was not suitable for a princess , but Clements and Musker managed to convince him otherwise . Discovered by casting director Albert Tavares , Lea Salonga was cast as Jasmine 's singing voice based on her performance in the musical Miss Saigon ; this unprecedented casting decision made Jasmine the first Disney Princess to have her speaking and singing voices provided by two different actresses . Animated by Mark Henn , Jasmine 's design is an eclectic combination of unique sources , including an anonymous theme park guest , Henn 's own sister , and actress Jennifer Connelly . Unlike most of Disney 's princesses , Jasmine is a supporting character in her own film , taking the secondary role of the love interest . The character has garnered mixed-to-positive reviews , with much of her character arc compared unfavorably to her predecessors Ariel and Belle from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) but has been praised for her personality and her chemistry with Aladdin . As the sixth Disney Princess and the franchise 's first non-European member , the character is credited with introducing racial diversity to Disney 's princess genre . Jasmine has made subsequent appearances in Aladdin 's sequels The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) and Aladdin and the King of Thieves ( 1996 ) , as well as its television series and a Broadway musical adaption of the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Aladdin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)', 'summary': "Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The film is the 31st Disney animated feature film , and was the fourth produced during the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance . It was produced and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , and is based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from the One Thousand and One Nights . The voice cast features Scott Weinger , Robin Williams , Linda Larkin , Jonathan Freeman , Frank Welker , Gilbert Gottfried and Douglas Seale . The film follows Aladdin , an Arabian street urchin , who finds a magic lamp containing a genie . In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier , he disguises himself as a wealthy prince , and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter . Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea , and the screenplay went through three drafts before then-Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production . The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld , and computers were used for both finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements . The musical score was written by Alan Menken and features six songs with lyrics written by both Ashman and Tim Rice , who took over after Ashman 's death . Aladdin was released on November 25 , 1992 , to critical and commercial success , becoming the highest-grossing film of 1992 with an earn of over $ 504 million in worldwide box office revenue . Upon release , it became the first animated feature to reach the half-billion dollar mark , and was the highest-grossing animated film of all time until it was surpassed by The Lion King . Aladdin garnered two Academy Awards , as well as other accolades for its soundtrack which had the first and only number from a Disney feature to earn a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the film 's theme song ."}]}, {'value': "Based on Princess Badroulbadour from the tale of The Story of Aladdin ; or , the Wonderful Lamp from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights ) . She 's voiced by Linda Larkin in the movies , television , and video games", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Badroulbadour', 'summary': "Badroulbadour/ Badr ul-Badour/ Badr al-Badur ( Arabic : بدر البدور Badr ul-Budūr , full moon of full moons ) is a princess whom Aladdin married in The Story of Aladdin ; or , the Wonderful Lamp . Her name uses the full moon as a metaphor for female beauty , which is common in Arabic literature and throughout the Arabian Nights . When Aladdin finds a magic lamp , he discovers it contains a jinni bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp . With the aid of the jinn , Aladdin - an impoverished young man who , in other circumstances , could not have aspired to marry a princess - becomes rich and powerful and marries Princess Badroulbadour . In Disney 's animated movie Aladdin , her name was changed to Jasmine and she was made an Arabian princess . She is also mentioned in a poem by Wallace Stevens called The Worms at Heaven 's Gate in his book Harmonium . She is a character in the children 's novel Wishing Moon by Michael O. Tunnell , and is portrayed as a scheming , black-hearted villainess . The name Badroulbadour also appears in the novels The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford , and The Turmoil by Booth Tarkington ( as 'Princess Bedrulbudour ' ) , and Come Dance with Me by Russell Hoban . Hoban also mentions Badoura as the name of an Arabian princess in The Arabian Nights . Monica Baldwin , in her novel The Called and the Chosen , uses the name Badroulbadour for the Siamese cat who belonged to her heroine , Ursula , before she became a nun ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aladdin', 'summary': "Aladdin ( /əˈlædɪn/ ; Arabic : علاء الدين , ʻAlāʼ ud-Dīn/ ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn , IPA : [ ʕalaːʔ adˈdiːn ] , ATU 561 , Aladdin ' ) is a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin . Despite not being part of the original Arabic text , it is one of the best known tales in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ( The Arabian Nights ) . It was added to the collection in the 18th century by the Frenchman Antoine Galland , who acquired the tale from Syrian Maronite storyteller Hanna Diyab . In any case , since it first appeared , Aladdin and the Magic Lamp has been one of the best known and most retold of all fairy tales ."}, {'url': '/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights', 'summary': "One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabic : أَلْف لَيْلَة وَلَيْلَة , ʾAlf Laylah wa-Laylah ) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age . It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights , from the first English-language edition ( c. 1706 - 1721 ) , which rendered the title as The Arabian Nights ' Entertainment . The work was collected over many centuries by various authors , translators , and scholars across West , Central and South Asia , and North Africa . Some tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic , Persian , Indian , Greek , Jewish and Turkish folklore and literature . In particular , many tales were originally folk stories from the Abbasid and Mamluk eras , while others , especially the frame story , are most probably drawn from the Pahlavi Persian work Hezār Afsān ( Persian : هزار افسان , lit . A Thousand Tales ) , which in turn relied partly on Indian elements . What is common throughout all the editions of the Nights is the initial frame story of the ruler Shahryār and his wife Scheherazade and the framing device incorporated throughout the tales themselves . The stories proceed from this original tale ; some are framed within other tales , while others are self-contained . Some editions contain only a few hundred nights , while others include 1,001 or more . The bulk of the text is in prose , although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion . Most of the poems are single couplets or quatrains , although some are longer . Some of the stories commonly associated with The Nights , in particular Aladdin 's Wonderful Lamp , Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves , and The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor , were not part of The Nights in its original Arabic versions but were added to the collection by Antoine Galland and other European translators ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linda_Larkin', 'summary': "Linda Larkin ( born March 20 , 1970 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as the voice of Princess Jasmine in Disney 's 1992 animated feature film , Aladdin ."}]}, {'value': 'Princess Kidagakash Kida Nedakh', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Atlantis : The Lost Empire Atlantis : Milo 's Return", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Lost_Empire', 'summary': "Atlantis : The Lost Empire is a 2001 American animated science-fantasy action-adventure film created by Walt Disney Feature Animation , marking the 41st entry in Disney 's animated features canon and its first science-fiction film . Written by Tab Murphy , directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , and produced by Don Hahn , the film features an ensemble cast with the voices of Michael J . Fox , Cree Summer , James Garner , Leonard Nimoy , Don Novello , Phil Morris , Claudia Christian , Jacqueline Obradors , Jim Varney ( in his final role ) , Florence Stanley , John Mahoney , David Ogden Stiers and Corey Burton . Set in 1914 , the film tells the story of a young man who gains possession of a sacred book , which he believes will guide him and a crew of mercenaries to the lost city of Atlantis . Development of the film began after production had finished on The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) . Instead of another musical , the production team decided to do an action-adventure film inspired by the works of Jules Verne . Atlantis was notable for adopting the distinctive visual style of comic book creator Mike Mignola . The film made greater use of computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) than any of Disney 's previous traditionally animated features , and it remains one of the few to have been shot in anamorphic format . Linguist Marc Okrand constructed an Atlantean language specifically for use in Atlantis . James Newton Howard provided the film 's score . The film was released at a time when audience interest in animated films was shifting away from hand-drawn animation toward films with full CGI . Atlantis : The Lost Empire premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California on June 3 , 2001 , and went into general release on June 15 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Atlantis:_Milo's_Return", 'summary': "Atlantis : Milo 's Return ( also known as Atlantis II : Milo 's Return ) , released in 2003 , is Disney 's twentieth animated direct-to-video sequel . It is a sequel to the 2001 animated film Atlantis : The Lost Empire . Originally , Disney was developing a sequel entitled Shards of Chaos , but it was abandoned once The Lost Empire was less successful than anticipated . The released sequel consists of three animated shorts , originally meant to be three episodes of a series that was never completed called Team Atlantis . Some additional animation was done to link the stories more closely . Cree Summer ( Kida ) , Corey Burton ( Mole ) , Don Novello ( Vinny ) , Phil Morris ( Dr. Sweet ) , Jacqueline Obradors ( Audrey ) , John Mahoney ( Whitmore ) , and Florence Stanley ( Wilhelmina ) all reprise their roles from the first film , with James Arnold Taylor replacing Michael J . Fox as Milo and Steve Barr replacing Jim Varney , who died before the first film finished production , as Cookie . This is also Florence Stanley 's final film ; she died months after production ended ."}]}, {'value': 'The former princess , and now queen , of Atlantis ; the daughter of the late King Kashekim Nedakh . Voiced by Cree Summer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantis', 'summary': "Atlantis ( Ancient Greek : Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος , island of Atlas ) is a fictional island mentioned within an allegory on the hubris of nations in Plato 's works Timaeus and Critias , where it represents the antagonist naval power that besieges Ancient Athens , the pseudo-historic embodiment of Plato 's ideal state in The Republic . In the story , Athens repels the Atlantean attack unlike any other nation of the known world , supposedly giving testament to the superiority of Plato 's concept of a state . The story concludes with Atlantis falling out of favor with the deities and submerging into the Atlantic Ocean . Despite its minor importance in Plato 's work , the Atlantis story has had a considerable impact on literature . The allegorical aspect of Atlantis was taken up in utopian works of several Renaissance writers , such as Francis Bacon 's New Atlantis and Thomas More 's Utopia . On the other hand , nineteenth-century amateur scholars misinterpreted Plato 's narrative as historical tradition , most famously in Ignatius L. Donnelly 's Atlantis : The Antediluvian World . Plato 's vague indications of the time of the events - more than 9,000 years before his time - and the alleged location of Atlantis - beyond the Pillars of Hercules - has led to much pseudoscientific speculation . As a consequence , Atlantis has become a byword for any and all supposed advanced prehistoric lost civilizations and continues to inspire contemporary fiction , from comic books to films . While present-day philologists and classicists agree on the story 's fictional character , there is still debate on what served as its inspiration . As for instance with the story of Gyges , Plato is known to have freely borrowed some of his allegories and metaphors from older traditions . This led a number of scholars to investigate possible inspiration of Atlantis from Egyptian records of the Thera eruption , the Sea Peoples invasion , or the Trojan War . Others have rejected this chain of tradition as implausible and insist that Plato created an entirely fictional nation as his example , drawing loose inspiration from contemporary events such as the failed Athenian invasion of Sicily in 415-413 BC or the destruction of Helike in 373 BC ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cree_Summer', 'summary': "Cree Summer Francks ( born July 7 , 1969 ) is an American-Canadian actress , voice actress , comedian , and singer . She is known for playing Winifred Freddie Brooks on the NBC sitcom A Different World . In animation , Summer was the original voice of Penny in the 1983 cartoon Inspector Gadget . Her other voice roles include Princess Kneesaa in Ewoks , Elmyra Duff in Tiny Toon Adventures and Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain , Susie Carmichael in Rugrats and All Grown Up ! , Numbuh 5 and Cree Lincoln in Codename : Kids Next Door , and Cleo the Poodle in Clifford the Big Red Dog . She is also the voice of Princess Kida in the franchise of Atlantis : The Lost Empire , Valerie Gray in Danny Phantom , Penelope in Barbie as Rapunzel , Blackarachnia in Transformers Animated , Rayna Cartflight in The Buzz on Maggie , Beast Girl in Teen Titans Go ! , Priscilla Skunk in Sheriff Callie 's Wild West , Maxine Max Gibson in Batman Beyond , Foxxy Love in Drawn Together , Magma in X-Men Legends , Yvonne and Gordon in Mrs. Munger 's Class , Nebula in Guardians of the Galaxy , and Witch Haggar in Voltron : Legendary Defender . She also voiced the character Mo in the Horrible Histories , as well as Kermit 's Mom , Star and Pilgrim in Kermit 's Swamp Years ."}]}, {'value': 'Belle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belle_(Disney)', 'summary': "Belle is a fictional character in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O'Hara , Belle is the non-conforming daughter of an inventor who yearns to abandon her predictable village life in return for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold-hearted beast , Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father 's , and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his unsightly outward appearance . Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg commissioned Beauty and the Beast as an animated musical with a strong heroine and hired first-time screenwriter Linda Woolverton to write it . Basing her on the heroine of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's fairy tale Beauty and the Beast , Woolverton adapted Belle into a stronger and less passive character for the film . Inspired by the women 's rights movement , Woolverton wanted Belle to be a unique Disney heroine different from The Little Mermaid 's popular Ariel , and thus deliberately conceived the character as a feminist in an effort to avoid the criticism Disney had long been receiving due to the studio 's reputation of depicting its female characters as victims . Belle 's strength and love of reading was inspired by American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) , while the writers instilled the adventure-seeking heroine with goals and aspirations beyond romance . However , the story artists and animators often contested Woolverton 's liberated vision for the character . Animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn , the former of whom based the character 's graceful gait on those of impressionist Edgar Degas ' ballerinas , Belle 's European facial features were inspired by those of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . Several additional Hollywood actresses inspired Belle 's appearance , including Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor , and Grace Kelly . Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character 's bravery , intelligence and independence . Reception towards her feminism , however , has been more mixed , with commentators accusing the character 's actions of being romance-oriented ."}]}, {'value': 'Beauty and the Beast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)', 'summary': "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont ( who was only credited in the French dub ) , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle to become a prince again . To break the curse , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal falls from an enchanted rose or else the Beast will remain a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury . Walt Disney first attempted to adapt Beauty and the Beast into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s , but was unsuccessful . Following the success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale , which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum 's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to The Little Mermaid instead . The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers . Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film 's songs . Ashman , who additionally served as the film 's executive producer , died of AIDS-related complications six months before the film 's release , and the film is thus dedicated to his memory . Beauty and the Beast premiered as an unfinished film at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 , followed by its theatrical release as a completed film at the El Capitan Theatre on November 13 ."}]}, {'value': "Marries Beast . Voiced by Paige O'Hara", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beast_(Beauty_and_the_Beast)', 'summary': "The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . He also appears in the film 's two direct-to-video followups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont , the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane . A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways , the Beast must , in order to return to his former self , earn the love of a beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle . All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty-first birthday . In all animated film appearances , the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson . The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994 , with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann . Dan Stevens portrays a live-action version of the character in the 2017 live-action adaptation of the original 1991 film ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Paige_O'Hara", 'summary': "Paige O'Hara ( born Donna Paige Helmintoller ; May 10 , 1956 ) , is an American actress , voice actress , singer and painter . O'Hara began her career as a Broadway actress in 1983 when she portrayed Ellie May Chipley in the musical Showboat . In 1991 , she made her motion picture debut in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , in which she voiced the film 's heroine , Belle . Following the critical and commercial success of Beauty and the Beast , O'Hara reprised her role as Belle in the film 's two direct-to-video follow-ups , Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) and Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , and for a cameo appearance in Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Princess Eilonwy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Eilonwy', 'summary': "Princess Eilonwy ( /aɪˈlɒnwiː/ eye-LON-wee ) is a fictional character in Lloyd Alexander 's The Chronicles of Prydain . She appears in four of the five novels in the series , as well as Disney 's 1985 animated film adaptation The Black Cauldron . Eilonwy is a member of the Royal House of Llyr , and the women in her line are formidable enchantresses , including her mother , Angharad , and grandmother Regat . She has inherited this characteristic , most readily visible in her manipulation of a magical item she calls her bauble , a small golden sphere that glows with magical light when activated by her willpower . Eilonwy 's father , Geraint , was a commoner with whom her mother fell in love ."}]}, {'value': 'The Black Cauldron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Black_Cauldron_(film)', 'summary': "The Black Cauldron is a 1985 American animated fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation in association with Silver Screen Partners II and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 25th Disney animated feature film , it is loosely based on the first two books in The Chronicles of Prydain by Lloyd Alexander , a series of five novels that are , in turn , based on Welsh mythology . Set in the mythical land of Prydain during the Early Middle Ages , the film centers on the evil Horned King who hopes to secure an ancient magical cauldron that will aid him in his desire to conquer the world . He is opposed by a young pig keeper named Taran , the young princess Eilonwy , the bard Fflewddur Fflam , and a wild creature named Gurgi who seek to destroy the cauldron , to prevent the Horned King from ruling the world . The film is directed by Ted Berman and Richard Rich , who had directed Disney 's previous animated film The Fox and the Hound in 1981 , the first Disney animated film to be recorded in Dolby Stereo . It features the voices of Grant Bardsley , Susan Sheridan , Freddie Jones , Nigel Hawthorne , John Byner , and John Hurt . It was the first Disney animated film to receive a PG rating as well as the first Disney animated film to feature computer-generated imagery . The film was distributed theatrically through Buena Vista Distribution on July 26 , 1985 . With the budget of $ 25 to $ 44 million , it was the most expensive animated film ever made at the time . The film grossed $ 21.3 million domestically . Because of its commercial failure , Disney did not release the film on home video until 1998 ."}]}, {'value': "Based on the character from Lloyd Alexander 's The Chronicles of Prydain . Voiced by Susan Sheridan", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Alexander', 'summary': "Lloyd Chudley Alexander ( January 30 , 1924 - May 17 , 2007 ) was an American author of more than forty books , primarily fantasy novels for children and young adults . His most famous work is The Chronicles of Prydain , a series of five high fantasy novels whose conclusion , The High King , was awarded the 1969 Newbery Medal for excellence in American children 's literature . He won U.S. National Book Awards in 1971 and 1982 . Alexander was one creator of the children 's literary magazine Cricket ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Prydain', 'summary': "The Chronicles of Prydain is a pentalogy of children 's high fantasy Bildungsroman novels written by American author Lloyd Alexander . Henry Holt published one annually from 1964 to 1968 ; the second earned a 1966 Newbery Honor and the last won the 1969 Newbery Medal . The five novels follow the protagonist Taran from youth to maturity , most overtly in the fourth book , Taran Wanderer . Taran has the title Assistant Pig-Keeper at Caer Dallben but initially dreams of being a grand hero . His most important companions in adventure are Princess Eilonwy , a girl his age ; Fflewddur Fflam , a wandering bard and minor king ; Gurgi , a wild man-beast ; and Doli , a dwarf ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Susan_Sheridan', 'summary': "Susan Haydn Thomas ( 18 March 1947 - 8 August 2015 ) better known as Susan Sheridan , was an English actress and voice actress . Her voice acting roles included Noddy in Noddy 's Toyland Adventures , Princess Sylvia in Muzzy in Gondoland , Trillian in the BBC radio series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and Princess Eilonwy in the animated film The Black Cauldron ."}]}, {'value': 'Merida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merida_(Pixar)', 'summary': 'Princess Merida of DunBroch ( Scottish Gaelic : Mèrida ) is the main character from the 2012 Disney Pixar film Brave . Merida was added to the Disney Princess line-up as the 11th princess , on May 11 , 2013 , becoming the first Pixar character to receive the honor . Merida is also the main character of the games Brave and Temple Run : Brave . Merida also is a playable character in the Disney Infinity series , first appearing in Disney Infinity 2.0 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brave_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Brave is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It was directed by Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman and co-directed by Steve Purcell . The story is by Chapman , with the screenplay by Andrews , Purcell , Chapman and Irene Mecchi . The film was produced by Katherine Sarafian , with John Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , and Pete Docter as executive producers . The film 's voice cast features Kelly Macdonald , Billy Connolly , Emma Thompson , Julie Walters , Robbie Coltrane , Kevin McKidd , and Craig Ferguson . Set in the Scottish Highlands , the film tells the story of a princess named Merida who defies an age-old custom , causing chaos in the kingdom by expressing the desire not to be betrothed . Merida is the first , and currently , only Disney princess created by Pixar . The film is also dedicated to Steve Jobs , who died before the film 's release . Chapman drew inspiration for the film 's story from her relationship with her own daughter . Co-directing with Mark Andrews , Chapman became Pixar 's first female director of a feature-length film . To create the most complex visuals possible , Pixar completely rewrote their animation system for the first time in 25 years . Brave is the first film to use the Dolby Atmos sound format ."}]}, {'value': 'Daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor of Dunbroch . Voiced by Peigi Barker as a child , and by Kelly Macdonald as a young woman . Mérida joined the official Disney Princess Lineup in July 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Macdonald', 'summary': 'Kelly Macdonald ( born 23 February 1976 ) is a Scottish actress best known for her roles in Trainspotting ( 1996 ) , Gosford Park ( 2001 ) , Intermission ( 2003 ) , Nanny McPhee ( 2005 ) , Boardwalk Empire ( 2010-2014 ) , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) , Brave ( 2012 ) , and the Black Mirror episode Hated in the Nation ( 2016 ) . For the 2005 TV film The Girl in the Cafe , she was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie . In 2003 , she appeared in the acclaimed BBC miniseries : State of Play as journalist Della Smith . For her role in the 2007 film No Country for Old Men , she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She went on to star for five seasons in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire ( 2010-2014 ) as Margaret Thompson , for which she received a 2011 Emmy Award nomination .'}]}, {'value': 'Nita', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brother Bear 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brother_Bear_2', 'summary': "Brother Bear 2 is a 2006 American animated direct-to-video road film and the sequel to the animated feature Brother Bear , which was released on August 29 , 2006 . Melissa Etheridge contributed three songs to the film . In the film , the adventures of bear brothers Kenai and Koda continue . While the first film dealt with Kenai 's relationship with Koda , this one focuses more on his bond with a young human of his past , Nita . Only five of the original characters return for the sequel ( excluding Denahi ) , including Kenai , Koda , Rutt , Tuke , and Tug , as Jason Raize passed in 2004 . Only four of those actors came back to do their original roles , which include Jeremy Suarez , Rick Moranis , Dave Thomas , and Michael Clarke Duncan . Producer Jim Ballantine was removed from the project and replaced with producer Carolyn Bates . Jason Marsden , as heard in the first trailer , was originally announced to voice Kenai , originally voiced by Joaquin Phoenix in the first film , but Patrick Dempsey ultimately voiced the character . However , the end credits still note Marsden as one of the additional voices ."}]}, {'value': 'Daughter of Chief Chilkoot . Voiced by Mandy Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandy_Moore', 'summary': "Amanda Leigh Moore ( born April 10 , 1984 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actress . She signed with Epic Records in 1999 and came to fame with the release of her debut single Candy , which peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Her debut studio album , So Real ( 1999 ) , received a platinum certification from the RIAA . The title single from her second studio album , I Wan na Be With You ( 2000 ) , became Moore 's first top 30 song in the U.S. , peaking at number 24 on the Hot 100 . Moore subsequently released the studio albums Mandy Moore ( 2001 ) , Coverage ( 2003 ) , Wild Hope ( 2007 ) , and Amanda Leigh ( 2009 ) . Her upcoming seventh album , Silver Landings , is set to be released in March 2020 . Moore made her feature film debut in 2001 , with a minor voice role in the comedy film Dr. Dolittle 2 , before starring as Lana Thomas in the comedy film The Princess Diaries . She received recognition for her starring role as Jamie Sullivan in the romantic drama film A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) , and starred in the films Chasing Liberty ( 2004 ) , Racing Stripes ( 2005 ) , Because I Said So ( 2007 ) , License to Wed ( 2007 ) , Love , Wedding , Marriage ( 2011 ) , 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) , The Darkest Minds ( 2018 ) , and Midway ( 2019 ) . Moore also voiced Princess Rapunzel in the Disney animated fantasy musical comedy film Tangled ( 2010 ) , the short film Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) , and the Disney Channel television series Tangled : The Series ( 2017-present ) . Since 2016 , Moore has starred as Rebecca Pearson in the NBC family comedy-drama series This Is Us . For her performance , she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , and won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . In 2019 , Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Princess Atta', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Bug 's Life", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/A_Bug's_Life", 'summary': "A Bug 's Life is a 1998 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . It was the second film produced by Pixar . Directed by John Lasseter and co-directed and written by Andrew Stanton , the film involves a misfit ant , Flik , who is looking for tough warriors to save his colony from greedy grasshoppers , only to recruit a group of insects that turn out to be an inept circus troupe . The film stars the voices of Dave Foley , Kevin Spacey Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Hayden Panettiere among others . The film is inspired by Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Production began shortly after the release of Toy Story in 1995 . The screenplay was penned by Stanton and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw from a story by Lasseter , Stanton , and Ranft . The ants in the film were redesigned to be more appealing , and Pixar 's animation unit employed technical innovations in computer animation . Randy Newman composed the music for the film . During production , a controversial public feud erupted between Steve Jobs and Lasseter of Pixar and DreamWorks cofounder Jeffrey Katzenberg due to the parallel production of his similar film Antz , which was released the same year . The film was released on November 20 , 1998 , and grossed $ 363 million in receipts . It was the first film to be digitally transferred frame-by-frame and released to DVD , and has been released multiple times on home video ."}]}, {'value': 'In the film , Atta is voiced by Julia Louis-Dreyfus . She is also voiced by Jodi Benson in the PlayStation video game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus', 'summary': "Julia Scarlett E Louis-Dreyfus Hall ( /ˈluːi ˈdraɪfəs/ ; born January 13 , 1961 ) is an American actress , comedian , producer , and singer . She is known for her work in the television comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1982-1985 ) , Seinfeld ( 1989-1998 ) , The New Adventures of Old Christine ( 2006-2010 ) , and Veep ( 2012-2019 ) . She is one of the most awarded actresses in American television history , winning more Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer ( eight of the Emmy Awards were for acting , tying Cloris Leachman for the most acting wins ) . Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago , Illinois , which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985 . Her breakthrough came in 1989 with a nine-season run playing Elaine Benes on Seinfeld , one of the most critically and commercially successful sitcoms of all time . Other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine , which had a five-season run on CBS , and her role as Selina Meyer in Veep , which ran for seven seasons on HBO . Her film roles include Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) , Deconstructing Harry ( 1997 ) , and Enough Said ( 2013 ) . She also voiced roles in the animated films A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) , Planes ( 2013 ) and the upcoming Onward ( 2020 ) . Louis-Dreyfus has received eleven Emmy Awards , eight for acting and three for producing , with a total of 24 nominations throughout her career . She has also received a Golden Globe Award , nine Screen Actors Guild Awards , five American Comedy Awards , and two Critics ' Choice Television Awards . Louis-Dreyfus received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 , and was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2014 . In 2016 , Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world on the annual Time 100 list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jodi_Benson', 'summary': "Jodi Benson ( born Jodi Marie Marzorati ; October 10 , 1961 ) is an American actress , voice actress and singer . She is best known for providing both the speaking and the singing voice of Disney 's Princess Ariel in The Little Mermaid and its sequel , prequel , and television series spinoff . Benson voiced the character Barbie in the 1999 Golden Globe-winning movie Toy Story 2 and its 2010 Academy Award-winning sequel Toy Story 3 . She also voiced Barbie in the Toy Story cartoon Hawaiian Vacation . For her contributions to the Disney company , Benson was named a Disney Legend in 2011 . She also gave voice to the spirited Weebo in Disney 's live action Flubber , starring Robin Williams . For Warner Bros. , she created the voice of Thumbelina in 1994 , a Don Bluth animated feature film with songs by Barry Manilow . Her other projects include Tinkerbell : Secret of the Wings , The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure , Balto II : Wolf Quest , and Balto III : Wings of Change . She appeared as Patrick Dempseys assistant Sam , in Disneys live-action feature film Enchanted . While being a Disney Legend , she also voiced Jane Doe and Patsy Smiles in Cartoon Network 's Camp Lazlo . She also voiced the character Tula in Fox 's animated series The Pirates of Dark Water ."}, {'url': "/wiki/A_Bug's_Life_(video_game)", 'summary': "A Bug 's Life is a video game based on the Disney/Pixar film of the same name . It was released for various systems in 1998 and in 1999 . The game 's storyline is similar to that of the movie , with a few changes . After completing levels the player can unlock real clips from the movie . The Game.com , Sega Saturn , and Dreamcast versions were cancelled . [ citation needed ] On March 8 , 2011 , the PlayStation version was released on the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable ."}]}, {'value': 'Princess Dot', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Bug 's Life", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voiced by Hayden Panettiere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hayden_Panettiere', 'summary': 'Hayden Lesley Panettiere ( /ˌpænətiˈɛər/ ; born August 21 , 1989 ) is an American actress , model , and singer . She is known for playing cheerleader Claire Bennet on the NBC Superhero series Heroes ( 2006-2010 ) and Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical drama series Nashville ( 2012-2018 ) . A native of New York , she first appeared in a commercial at the age of eleven months . Her full-time acting career began by playing Sarah Roberts on One Life to Live ( 1994-1997 ) and Lizzie Spaulding on Guiding Light ( 1996-2000 ) , and then played Sheryl Yoast in the Disney feature film Remember the Titans at age ten . Other roles include her portrayal of the title character in the true crime drama Amanda Knox : Murder on Trial in Italy , the original voice actress for Kairi in the Kingdom Hearts series , and Kirby Reed in the slasher film Scream 4 . She received two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film , for her work on Nashville in 2012 and 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cinderella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinderella_(Disney_character)', 'summary': "Cinderella is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Productions ' 12th animated feature film Cinderella ( 1950 ) and its sequels Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) and Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) . In the original film , Cinderella is voiced by American singer and actress Ilene Woods . For the sequels and subsequent film and television appearances , Woods was replaced by American actresses Jennifer Hale and Tami Tappan , who provide the character 's speaking and singing voices respectively . In the wake of her father 's untimely demise , Cinderella is left in the unfortunate care of her cruel stepmother and jealous stepsisters , who constantly mistreat her , forcing Cinderella to work as a scullery maid in her own home . When Prince Charming holds a ball , the evil stepmother does not allow her to go . Cinderella , aided by her kind Fairy Godmother and equipped with a beautiful silver gown and a unique pair of glass slippers , attends , only to have to leave at midnight when the Fairy Godmother 's spell is broken . Reception towards Cinderella has been mixed , with some film critics describing the character as much too passive , one-dimensional , and less interesting than the film 's supporting characters . Other critics found her endearing , charming , and timeless . Woods ' vocal performance has also been praised . Panned or praised , Cinderella has nonetheless become one of the most famous and recognizable princesses in the history of film . With her iconic glass slippers , silver gown , hairstyle , and transformation , one of the first on-screen makeovers of its kind , the character has been established as a fashion icon , receiving accolades and recognition from InStyle , Entertainment Weekly , Glamour and Oprah.com , as well as footwear designer and fashion icon Christian Louboutin , who , in 2012 , designed and released a shoe based on Cinderella 's glass slippers . Lily James played a live-action version of the character in the 2015 live action adaptation of the original 1950 film ."}]}, {'value': 'Cinderella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)', 'summary': "Cinderella is a 1950 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures . Based on the fairy tale Cinderella by Charles Perrault , it is the twelfth Disney animated feature film . The film was directed by Clyde Geronimi , Hamilton Luske , and Wilfred Jackson . Mack David , Jerry Livingston , and Al Hoffman wrote the songs , which include Cinderella , A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes , Sing Sweet Nightingale , The Work Song , Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo , and So This is Love . It features the voices of Ilene Woods , Eleanor Audley , Verna Felton , Rhoda Williams , James MacDonald , Luis van Rooten , Don Barclay , Mike Douglas , William Phipps , and Lucille Bliss . At the time , Walt Disney Productions had suffered from losing connections to the European film markets due to the outbreak of World War II , enduring some box office bombs like Pinocchio ( 1940 ) , Fantasia ( 1940 ) , and Bambi ( 1942 ) , all of which would later become more successful with several re-releases in theaters and on home video . At the time , however , the studio was over $ 4 million in debt and was on the verge of bankruptcy . Walt Disney and his animators turned back to feature film production in 1948 after producing a string of package films with the idea of adapting Charles Perrault 's Cendrillon into a motion picture . It is the first Disney film in which all of Disney 's Nine Old Men worked together as directing animators . [ citation needed ] After two years in production , Cinderella was finally released on February 15 , 1950 . It became the greatest critical and commercial hit for the studio since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , and helped reverse the studio 's fortunes . It received three Academy Award nominations , including Best Music , Original Song for Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo ."}]}, {'value': 'Marries Prince Charming . Originally voiced by Ilene Woods', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilene_Woods', 'summary': 'Jacqueline Ruth Ilene Woods ( May 5 , 1929 - July 1 , 2010 ) was an American actress and singer . Woods was the original voice of the title character of the Walt Disney animated feature Cinderella , for which she was named a Disney Legend in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_(Frozen)', 'summary': "Anna of Arendelle ( /ɑːnnɑː/ ) is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 53rd animated film Frozen and its sequel Frozen II . She is voiced by Kristen Bell as an adult . At the beginning of the film , Livvy Stubenrauch and Katie Lopez provide her speaking and singing voice as a young child , respectively . Agatha Lee Monn portrayed her as a nine-year-old ( singing ) . Created by co-directors Jennifer Lee and Chris Buck , Anna is loosely based on Gerda , a character from the Danish fairytale The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , Anna is depicted as the princess of Arendelle , a fictional Scandinavian kingdom , and the younger sister of Princess Elsa ( Idina Menzel ) , who is the heiress to the throne and possesses the elemental ability to create and control ice and snow . When Elsa exiles herself from the kingdom after inadvertently sending Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation , fearless and faithful Anna is determined to set out on a dangerous adventure to bring her sister back and save both her kingdom and her family . The original fairytale in general and the character of the Snow Queen in particular posed long-term problems to adapt into a feature-length production . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , made their attempts towards the story and numerous adaptations were shelved as the filmmakers could not work out the characters . Finally , directors Buck and Lee solved the issue by portraying Anna and Elsa as sisters , establishing a dynamic relationship between the characters . Film critics praised Anna 's determination and enthusiasm in her personality and Bell for her performance in the films ."}]}, {'value': 'Frozen Frozen II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)', 'summary': "Frozen is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 53rd Disney animated feature film , it is inspired by Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale The Snow Queen . It tells the story of a fearless princess who sets off on a journey alongside a rugged iceman , his loyal reindeer , and a naive snowman to find her estranged sister , whose icy powers have inadvertently trapped their kingdom in eternal winter . Frozen underwent several story treatments before being commissioned in 2011 , with a screenplay written by Jennifer Lee , who also co-directed with Chris Buck . The film features the voices of Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , Jonathan Groff , Josh Gad , and Santino Fontana . Christophe Beck was hired to compose the film 's orchestral score , while Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote the songs . Frozen premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on November 19 , 2013 , had a limited release on November 22 and went into general theatrical release on November 27 . It was met with praise for its visuals , screenplay , themes , music , and voice acting ; some film critics consider Frozen to be the best Disney animated feature film since the studio 's renaissance era . The film also achieved significant commercial success , earning $ 1.280 billion in worldwide box office revenue , including $ 400 million in the United States and Canada and $ 247 million in Japan . It went on to surpass Toy Story 3 ( which was also distributed by Disney ) as the highest-grossing animated film at the time as well as the highest grossing musical film before being surpassed by the remake of The Lion King in 2019 ; it also ranks as the 16th highest-grossing film of all time , the highest-grossing film of 2013 , and the third highest-grossing film in Japan . It was also the highest-earning film with a female director in terms of US earnings , until surpassed by Warner Bros. Pictures ' Wonder Woman . With over 18 million home media sales in 2014 , it entered the list of best-selling films in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frozen_II', 'summary': "Frozen II , also known as Frozen 2 , is a 2019 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios . The 58th animated film produced by the studio , it is the sequel to the 2013 film Frozen and features the return of directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee , producer Peter Del Vecho , songwriters Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez , and composer Christophe Beck . Lee also returns as screenwriter , penning the screenplay from a story by her , Buck , Marc E. Smith , Anderson-Lopez , and Lopez , while Byron Howard executive-produced the film . [ a ] Veteran voice cast Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , Josh Gad , Jonathan Groff , and Ciarán Hinds return as their previous characters , and they are joined by newcomers Sterling K. Brown , Evan Rachel Wood , Alfred Molina , Martha Plimpton , Jason Ritter , Rachel Matthews , and Jeremy Sisto . Set three years after the events of the first film , the story follows Elsa , Anna , Kristoff , Olaf , and Sven , who embark on a journey beyond their kingdom of Arendelle in order to discover the origin of Elsa 's magical powers and save their kingdom after a mysterious voice calls out to Elsa . Frozen II had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on November 7 , 2019 , and was released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures on November 22 , 2019 . The film received positive reviews from critics , who praised its darker tone , direction , animation , visuals , writing , music , score and vocal performances . It has grossed $ 1.443 billion worldwide , had the highest all-time worldwide opening for an animated film , and is the second highest-grossing animated film of all time and the third highest-grossing film of 2019 , as well as the 10th highest-grossing film of all time . At the 92nd Academy Awards , the film received a nomination for Best Original Song for Into the Unknown ."}]}, {'value': "Princess Anna of Arendelle , one of the main protagonists of Disney 's Frozen . Anna is inspired by the character of Gerda from The Snow Queen , a fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen . She later becomes the new Queen of Arendelle as her elder sister Elsa becomes the kingdom 's own protector . Anna and Elsa both joined the official Disney Princess Lineup in November 2013 . Voiced by Kristen Bell", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frozen_(franchise)', 'summary': "Frozen is a Disney media franchise started by the 2013 American animated feature film , Frozen , which was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee from a screenplay by Lee and produced by Peter Del Vecho , with songs by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez . Walt Disney Animation Studios ' chief creative officer John Lasseter served as the film 's executive producer . The original film was inspired by Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale , The Snow Queen . Since the film 's release in November 2013 , the franchise has expanded very rapidly . To date , the franchise includes various Disney theme park attractions , merchandise , video games , books , a Disney on Ice show , a Broadway stage musical and two short animated films . Disney has also confirmed an animated film sequel , and a new book series . In November 2014 , TheStreet.com explained that Frozen is no longer a movie , it 's a global brand , a larger than life franchise built around products , theme parks and sequels that could last into the next century . Boxoffice chief analyst Phil Contrino was quoted as saying it 's become massive ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Snow_Queen', 'summary': "The Snow Queen ( Danish : Snedronningen ) is an original fairy tale by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen . It was first published 21 December 1844 in New Fairy Tales . First Volume . Second Collection . 1845 . ( Danish : Nye Eventyr . Første Bind . Anden Samling . 1845 . ) The story centres on the struggle between good and evil as experienced by Gerda and her friend , Kai . The story is one of Andersen 's longest and most highly acclaimed stories . It is regularly included in selected tales and collections of his work and is frequently reprinted in illustrated storybook editions for children ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen', 'summary': "Hans Christian Andersen ( /ˈændərsən/ , Danish : [ hæns kʰʁæstjæn ˈanɐsn̩ ] ( listen ) ; 2 April 1805 - 4 August 1875 ) , in Denmark usually called H.C. Andersen , was a Danish author . Although a prolific writer of plays , travelogues , novels , and poems , he is best remembered for his fairy tales . Andersen 's popularity is not limited to children ; his stories express themes that transcend age and nationality . Andersen 's fairy tales , consisting of 3381 works and translated into more than 125 languages , have become culturally embedded in the West 's collective consciousness , readily accessible to children , but presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers as well . His most famous fairy tales include The Emperor 's New Clothes , The Little Mermaid , The Nightingale , The Steadfast Tin Soldier , The Red Shoes , The Princess and the Pea , The Snow Queen , The Ugly Duckling , The Little Match Girl , and Thumbelina . His stories have inspired ballets , plays , and animated and live-action films . One of Copenhagen 's widest and busiest boulevards , skirting Copenhagen City Hall Square at the corner of which Andersen 's larger-than-life bronze statue sits , is named H.C. Andersens Boulevard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Bell', 'summary': "Kristen Anne Bell ( born July 18 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her professional acting career by starring in stage productions while attending the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University . In 2001 , she made her Broadway debut as Becky Thatcher in the comedy musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and starred in the Broadway revival of The Crucible the following year . In 2004 , she appeared in the action thriller film Spartan and received critical praise for her performance in the television drama film Gracie 's Choice . Bell garnered critical acclaim for her first major role as the title character in the teen noir drama television series Veronica Mars ( 2004-2007 ) . For her performance , she was awarded a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . She reprised the eponymous role in the 2014 film continuation and the 2019 revival series . During her time on Veronica Mars , Bell starred as Mary Lane in the musical film Reefer Madness : The Movie Musical ( 2005 ) , a reprise of the role she had played in the New York musical upon which the film was based . From 2007 to 2008 , Bell starred as Elle Bishop in the science fiction drama series Heroes . From 2007 to 2012 , she voiced the titular narrator in the teen drama series Gossip Girl . In 2008 , she had her breakout film role as the title character in Forgetting Sarah Marshall . She has since appeared in a number of comedy films , including Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) , When in Rome ( 2010 ) , You Again ( 2010 ) , The Boss ( 2016 ) , Bad Moms ( 2016 ) , and A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Queen Elsa of Arendelle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elsa_(Frozen)', 'summary': "Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 53rd animated film Frozen and its sequel Frozen II . She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel . She is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Ganus as a teenager in Frozen . In Frozen II , young Elsa is voiced by Mattea Conforti and Eva Bella . Created by directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee , Elsa is loosely based on the title character of The Snow Queen , a Danish fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , she is introduced as a princess in the fictional Scandinavian Kingdom of Arendelle , heiress to the throne and the elder sister of Princess Anna ( Kristen Bell ) . Elsa has the magical ability to create and manipulate ice and snow . She inadvertently sends Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation . Throughout the film , she struggles first with controlling and concealing her abilities and then with liberating herself from her fears of unintentionally harming others , especially her younger sister . The Snow Queen character , neutral but cold-hearted in the original fairytale and villain in numerous adaptations of the character , proved difficult to adapt to film due to her transparent depiction . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , attempted to build on the character , and a number of scheduled film adaptions were shelved when they could not work out the character . Buck and his co-director , Jennifer Lee , were ultimately able to solve the dilemma by depicting Elsa and Anna as sisters ."}]}, {'value': 'Frozen Frozen II', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Formerly Princess Elsa of Arendelle . She possesses an ancient power over ice and snow , and is the elder sister of the film 's main protagonist , Anna . The character of Elsa is inspired by the title character from Hans Christian Andersen 's The Snow Queen . Elsa and Anna are both scheduled to join the official Disney Princess Lineup later in 2014 . Voiced by Idina Menzel", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen', 'summary': "Hans Christian Andersen ( /ˈændərsən/ , Danish : [ hæns kʰʁæstjæn ˈanɐsn̩ ] ( listen ) ; 2 April 1805 - 4 August 1875 ) , in Denmark usually called H.C. Andersen , was a Danish author . Although a prolific writer of plays , travelogues , novels , and poems , he is best remembered for his fairy tales . Andersen 's popularity is not limited to children ; his stories express themes that transcend age and nationality . Andersen 's fairy tales , consisting of 3381 works and translated into more than 125 languages , have become culturally embedded in the West 's collective consciousness , readily accessible to children , but presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers as well . His most famous fairy tales include The Emperor 's New Clothes , The Little Mermaid , The Nightingale , The Steadfast Tin Soldier , The Red Shoes , The Princess and the Pea , The Snow Queen , The Ugly Duckling , The Little Match Girl , and Thumbelina . His stories have inspired ballets , plays , and animated and live-action films . One of Copenhagen 's widest and busiest boulevards , skirting Copenhagen City Hall Square at the corner of which Andersen 's larger-than-life bronze statue sits , is named H.C. Andersens Boulevard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Snow_Queen', 'summary': "The Snow Queen ( Danish : Snedronningen ) is an original fairy tale by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen . It was first published 21 December 1844 in New Fairy Tales . First Volume . Second Collection . 1845 . ( Danish : Nye Eventyr . Første Bind . Anden Samling . 1845 . ) The story centres on the struggle between good and evil as experienced by Gerda and her friend , Kai . The story is one of Andersen 's longest and most highly acclaimed stories . It is regularly included in selected tales and collections of his work and is frequently reprinted in illustrated storybook editions for children ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Idina_Menzel', 'summary': "Idina Kim Menzel ( /ɪˈdiːnə mɛnˈzɛl/ ; née Mentzel ; born May 30 , 1971 ) is an American actress , singer , and songwriter . Menzel rose to prominence when she originated the role of Maureen Johnson in the Broadway musical Rent . Her performance earned her a Tony Award nomination in 1996 . She reprised the character in the musical 's 2005 film adaptation . In 2003 , Menzel originated the role of Elphaba in the Broadway musical Wicked , a performance for which she won the 2004 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Menzel returned to Broadway as Elizabeth Vaughan in the 2014 musical If/Then , which earned her a third Tony Award nomination . Additionally , Menzel is known for playing Shelby Corcoran on the musical dramedy TV series Glee from 2010 to 2013 and Nancy Tremaine in the 2007 Disney live-action/animated film Enchanted . She also voiced Queen Elsa in Disney 's hit 2013 3D CGI-animated musical film Frozen , in which she sang the Oscar- and Grammy Award-winning song Let It Go . The song reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making Menzel the first Tony Award-winning actress to reach the top 10 . In 2019 , Menzel reprised her voice role as Elsa in Frozen II . Her album Holiday Wishes was released in 2014 and reached number 6 on the Billboard 200 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nala_(The_Lion_King)', 'summary': "Nala is a fictional lioness who appears in Disney 's The Lion King franchise . Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994 , Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film 's sequels The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 1½ ( 2004 ) , and serves as a recurring character in The Lion Guard ( 2015-2019 ) . In the original film , the adult Nala is voiced by American actress Moira Kelly . Young Nala 's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame , while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively . Nala is introduced as the childhood best friend of Simba , and ultimately becomes his wife by the end of The Lion King . Several years after Simba 's uncle Scar has killed Simba 's father Mufasa and usurped the throne , Nala desperately ventures into the jungle to find help . Upon unexpectedly reuniting with a grown Simba , who she had long been tricked by Scar into presuming dead , Nala encourages him to return to Pride Rock , overthrow his uncle and ultimately become king . As Simba 's queen , Nala has a son , Kopa , an adventurous cub in The Lion King : Six New Adventures , a daughter , Kiara , whose story is explored in The Lion King : Simba 's Pride and another son named Kion , who serves as the protagonist of The Lion Guard . Nala is the most significant female character in The Lion King . As the film was inspired by William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , Nala is considered to be The Lion King 's equivalent of Hamlet 's love interest Ophelia , although differences remain between the two characters . Many early concepts first developed for Nala were eventually abandoned , including a brother and father for the character , as well as her being romantically pursued by Scar . While critical reception towards Nala has been generally mixed , Kelly 's vocal performance has been praised ."}]}, {'value': "The Lion King The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_King_(1994_film)', 'summary': "The Lion King is a 1994 American animated musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film , and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance . The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , produced by Don Hahn , and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts , and Linda Woolverton . Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice , with a score by Hans Zimmer . The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick , James Earl Jones , Jeremy Irons , Jonathan Taylor Thomas , Moira Kelly , Nathan Lane , Ernie Sabella , Rowan Atkinson , Robert Guillaume , Madge Sinclair , Whoopi Goldberg , Cheech Marin , and Jim Cummings . The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by the Biblical stories of Joseph and Moses , and William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The Lion King tells the story of Simba ( Swahili for lion ) , a young lion who is to succeed his father , Mufasa , as King of the Pride Lands ; however , after Simba 's paternal uncle Scar murders Mufasa , Simba is manipulated into thinking he was responsible and flees into exile . After growing up in the company of the carefree outcasts Timon and Pumbaa , Simba receives valuable perspective from his childhood friend , Nala , and his shaman , Rafiki , before returning to challenge Scar to end his tyranny and take his place in the Circle of Life as the rightful King . Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney , and Peter Schneider while promoting Oliver & Company in Europe . Thomas M. Disch wrote a film treatment , and Woolverton developed the first scripts , while George Scribner was signed on as director , being later joined by Allers . Production began in 1991 concurrently with Pocahontas , which wound up attracting many of Disney 's top animators . Some time after the staff traveled to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya to research the film 's setting and animals , Scribner left production , disagreeing with the decision to turn the film into a musical , and was replaced by Minkoff ."}, {'url': "/wiki/The_Lion_King_II:_Simba's_Pride", 'summary': "The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( later retitled The Lion King 2 : Simba 's Pride ) is a 1998 American animated direct-to-video romantic musical film and a sequel to Disney 's 1994 animated feature film , The Lion King . The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . According to co-director Darrell Rooney , the final draft gradually became a variation of Romeo and Juliet . Produced by Walt Disney Video Premiere and Walt Disney Animation Australia and released on October 27 , 1998 , the film centers on Simba and Nala 's daughter Kiara , who falls in love with Kovu , a male rogue lion from a banished pride that was once loyal to Simba 's evil uncle , Scar . Separated by Simba 's prejudice against the banished pride and a vindictive plot planned by Kovu 's mother Zira , Kiara and Kovu struggle to unite their estranged prides and be together . Most of the original cast returned to their roles from the first film with a few exceptions . Rowan Atkinson , who voiced Zazu in the first film , was replaced by Edward Hibbert for both this film and The Lion King 1½ . Jeremy Irons , who voiced Scar in the first film , was replaced by Jim Cummings ."}]}, {'value': "The love interest of Simba and later marries him to become Queen of the Pride Lands . Voiced by Moira Kelly as an adult and Niketa Calame as a cub . Sally Dworsky provides Adult Nala 's singing voice", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simba', 'summary': "Simba is the main character of Disney 's The Lion King franchise . Introduced in Walt Disney Animation 's 32nd animated feature film The Lion King ( 1994 ) , the character subsequently appears in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 1½ ( 2004 ) as well as the 2019 remake of the original film , which is the most recent appearance . Simba was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . While Mark Henn served as Simba 's supervising animator as a cub , Ruben A. Aquino animated the character as he appears as an adult . Simba was inspired by the character Bambi from Disney 's Bambi ( 1942 ) , Osamu Tezuka 's anime Kimba the White Lion , as well as the stories of Moses and Joseph from the Bible . Additionally , several similarities have been drawn between Simba and Prince Hamlet from William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . In 1997 , The Lion King was adapted into a Broadway musical , with actors Scott Irby-Ranniar and Jason Raize originating the roles of the cub and adult Simbas , respectively . JD McCrary and Donald Glover voice the cub and adult Simba respectively in the CGI remake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Moira_Kelly', 'summary': "Moira Kelly ( born March 6 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She is best known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 film The Cutting Edge as well as single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama One Tree Hill . She is also known for playing the role of Donna Hayward in Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me , replacing Lara Flynn Boyle in the prequel to the 1990 TV series Twin Peaks . Other roles include Dorothy Day in Entertaining Angels : The Dorothy Day Story , White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of The West Wing , and the voice of Simba 's love interest Nala in The Lion King and its sequels The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and The Lion King 1 1/2 . She also played Hetty Kelly and Oona O'Neill in Chaplin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sally_Dworsky', 'summary': "Sally Dworsky is an American singer-songwriter and playback singer in animated films . She is notable for co-writing the song That 's as Close as I 'll Get to Loving You , and for singing , with Michelle Pfeiffer , the Academy Award-winning song When You Believe , in the 1998 DreamWorks animated film , The Prince of Egypt ."}]}, {'value': 'Kiara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiara_(The_Lion_King)', 'summary': "This page lists the characters appearing in Disney 's The Lion King franchise ."}]}, {'value': "The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride", 'urls': []}, {'value': "The feisty daughter of Simba and Nala . Voiced by Neve Campbell as an adult and Michelle Horn as a cub . Liz Callaway provides Adult Kiara 's singing voice , while Young Kiara 's singing voice is provided by Charity Sanoy", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simba_(The_Lion_King)', 'summary': "Simba is the main character of Disney 's The Lion King franchise . Introduced in Walt Disney Animation 's 32nd animated feature film The Lion King ( 1994 ) , the character subsequently appears in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 1½ ( 2004 ) as well as the 2019 remake of the original film , which is the most recent appearance . Simba was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . While Mark Henn served as Simba 's supervising animator as a cub , Ruben A. Aquino animated the character as he appears as an adult . Simba was inspired by the character Bambi from Disney 's Bambi ( 1942 ) , Osamu Tezuka 's anime Kimba the White Lion , as well as the stories of Moses and Joseph from the Bible . Additionally , several similarities have been drawn between Simba and Prince Hamlet from William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . In 1997 , The Lion King was adapted into a Broadway musical , with actors Scott Irby-Ranniar and Jason Raize originating the roles of the cub and adult Simbas , respectively . JD McCrary and Donald Glover voice the cub and adult Simba respectively in the CGI remake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nala_(The_Lion_King)', 'summary': "Nala is a fictional lioness who appears in Disney 's The Lion King franchise . Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994 , Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film 's sequels The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 1½ ( 2004 ) , and serves as a recurring character in The Lion Guard ( 2015-2019 ) . In the original film , the adult Nala is voiced by American actress Moira Kelly . Young Nala 's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame , while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively . Nala is introduced as the childhood best friend of Simba , and ultimately becomes his wife by the end of The Lion King . Several years after Simba 's uncle Scar has killed Simba 's father Mufasa and usurped the throne , Nala desperately ventures into the jungle to find help . Upon unexpectedly reuniting with a grown Simba , who she had long been tricked by Scar into presuming dead , Nala encourages him to return to Pride Rock , overthrow his uncle and ultimately become king . As Simba 's queen , Nala has a son , Kopa , an adventurous cub in The Lion King : Six New Adventures , a daughter , Kiara , whose story is explored in The Lion King : Simba 's Pride and another son named Kion , who serves as the protagonist of The Lion Guard . Nala is the most significant female character in The Lion King . As the film was inspired by William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , Nala is considered to be The Lion King 's equivalent of Hamlet 's love interest Ophelia , although differences remain between the two characters . Many early concepts first developed for Nala were eventually abandoned , including a brother and father for the character , as well as her being romantically pursued by Scar . While critical reception towards Nala has been generally mixed , Kelly 's vocal performance has been praised ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neve_Campbell', 'summary': 'Neve Adrianne Campbell ( /ˈnɛv ˈkæmbəl/ ; born October 3 , 1973 ) is a Canadian actress . She is best known for her starring role as Julia Salinger on the Fox television drama series Party of Five ( 1994-2000 ) , and as Sidney Prescott in the horror film franchise Scream ( 1996-2011 ) . Campbell had prominent film roles in The Craft ( 1996 ) , Wild Things , 54 ( both 1998 ) , and Three to Tango ( 1999 ) . Her subsequent film credits include Drowning Mona , Panic ( both 2000 ) , The Company , Blind Horizon ( both 2003 ) , When Will I Be Loved , Churchill : The Hollywood Years ( both 2004 ) , Relative Strangers ( 2006 ) , Partition , I Really Hate My Job , Closing the Ring ( all 2007 ) , Walter ( 2015 ) , and Skyscraper ( 2018 ) . Campbell is also known for starring as Daisy McKenzie in the Canadian television drama series Catwalk ( 1992 ) , Olivia Maidstone on the short-lived NBC action drama series The Philanthropist ( 2009 ) , and LeAnn Harvey on Netflix political thriller series House of Cards ( 2016-17 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Horn', 'summary': "Michelle Horn ( born Michelle Elizabeth Horn ; February 28 , 1987 ) is an American actress known for her work in the TV shows Strong Medicine and Family Law . Horn is also known for her voiceover work in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride as the young Kiara . Her voice can be heard in Lion King-related merchandise such as software , plushes , toys and video games . Horn also costarred with Bruce Willis in the 2005 feature Hostage , and appeared on Loving Annabelle and as Eliza Pinchley on Family Guy . She also guest starred in two episodes of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Tears of the Prophets and Penumbra , as Sahgi , a young Bajoran resident of Deep Space Nine . She also guest starred in Season 3 , episode 11 of Without a Trace . Horn retired from acting in 2008 but returned in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liz_Callaway', 'summary': "Liz Callaway ( born April 13 , 1961 ) is an American singer , actress and recording artist , who is best known for having provided the singing voices of many female characters in animated films , such as Anya/Anastasia in Anastasia , Odette in The Swan Princess , Jasmine in the Aladdin sequels The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves , adult Kiara in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and a dancing napkin ring in Beauty and the Beast . She was also the original Ellen in the Broadway production of Miss Saigon ."}]}, {'value': 'Ariel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariel_(The_Little_Mermaid)', 'summary': "Ariel is a fictional character and the title character of Walt Disney Pictures ' 28th animated film The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) . She subsequently appears in the film 's prequel television series ( 1992 - 1994 ) , direct-to-video sequel The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) , and direct-to-video prequel The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) . Ariel is voiced by Jodi Benson in all official animated appearances and merchandise . She is fourth in the Disney Princess lineup , the first nonhuman princess , and the only princess to become a mother to her own child . Ariel is the seventh-born daughter of King Triton and Queen Athena of an underwater kingdom of merfolk called Atlantica . She is often rebellious , and in the first film , she longs to be a part of the human world . She marries Prince Eric , whom she rescued from a shipwreck , and together they have a daughter , Melody . The character is based on the title character of Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid story but was developed into a different personality for the 1989 animated film adaptation . Ariel has received a mixed reception from critics ; some publications such as Time criticize her for being too devoted to Eric whereas others , such as Empire , praise the character for her rebellious personality , a departure from previous Disney Princesses . Halle Bailey will play the live-action version of the character in the live-action adaptation of the original 1989 film ."}]}, {'value': "The Little Mermaid The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)', 'summary': "The Little Mermaid is a 1989 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and Walt Disney Pictures . The 28th Disney animated feature film and first film in The Little Mermaid franchise , the film is loosely based on the Danish fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen . The film tells the story of a mermaid princess named Ariel who dreams of becoming human and falls in love with a human prince named Eric . Written and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , with music by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman ( who also served as co-producer alongside John Musker ) , and art direction by Michael Peraza Jr. and Donald A . Towns , the film features the voices of Jodi Benson , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Pat Carroll , Samuel E. Wright , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Buddy Hackett , and René Auberjonois . The Little Mermaid was released to theaters on November 17 , 1989 to critical acclaim , earning praise for the animation , music , and characters . It was also a commercial success , garnering $ 84 million at the domestic box office during its initial release , and $ 233 million in total lifetime gross worldwide . After the success of the 1986 Disney animated film The Great Mouse Detective and the 1988 Disney/Amblin live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , The Little Mermaid is given credit for breathing life back into the art of Disney animated feature films after a string of critical or commercial failures produced by Disney that dated back to the early 1970s . It also marked the start of the era known as the Disney Renaissance . The film won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( Under the Sea ) . The film 's success lead to a stage adaptation with a book by Doug Wright and additional songs by Alan Menken and new lyricist Glenn Slater opened in Denver in July 2007 and began performances on Broadway January 10 , 2008 starring Sierra Boggess . Other derived works and material inspired by the movie , include a live-action film adaptation , directed by Rob Marshall , currently in development , and a 2019 live musical presentation of the film airing on ABC as part of The Wonderful World of Disney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_II:_Return_to_the_Sea', 'summary': "The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea is a 2000 American animated direct-to-video musical adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation , the sequel to the 1989 Disney animated film The Little Mermaid and final installment in The Little Mermaid trilogy . Directed by Jim Kammerud and Brian Smith , the story of the film takes place 12 years after the original , and focuses on Ariel and Eric 's daughter Melody , a human princess who longs to swim in the ocean despite her parents ' law that the sea is forbidden to her . The film features the voices of Jodi Benson as Ariel , Tara Charendoff as Melody , and Pat Carroll as Morgana , the film 's new villain . In 2008 , Disney released a third film in the Little Mermaid series , The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , which is a prequel to the original film . This was Buddy Hackett 's final film role before his death in June 2003 . The film received mixed to negative reviews with criticism directed at the plot , which many considered to be a generic rehash of the original film ."}, {'url': "/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid:_Ariel's_Beginning", 'summary': "The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( also known as The Little Mermaid III in the working title ) is a 2008 American animated direct-to-video fantasy film produced by DisneyToon Studios , and a prequel to Disney 's 1989 animated film The Little Mermaid . Directed by Peggy Holmes , the film 's story is set before the events of the original film , when Ariel is still young , and where all music has been banned from the underwater kingdom of Atlantica by King Triton after being heartbroken at his wife 's death , and Ariel attempts to challenge this law . Jodi Benson and Samuel E. Wright reprise their roles as Ariel and Sebastian respectively , while Sally Field voices the film 's new villainess , Marina Del Rey , and Jim Cummings replaces Kenneth Mars as King Triton , as Mars had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and was unable to reprise the role . The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on August 26 , 2008 . The film received negative reviews with criticism aimed at the script and the music score , but the animation quality was praised ."}]}, {'value': 'Ariel has a very distinctive appearance , with her long , flowing red hair , blue eyes , green tail and a lavender seashell bikini top . In the films and television series , she is the youngest daughter of King Triton and Queen Athena . Ariel has six older sisters : Attina Alana Adella Aquata Arista Andrina Ariel is often rebellious , and in the first film longs to be a part of the human world . She marries Prince Eric , whom she rescued from a shipwreck , and together they have a daughter , Melody . Ariel is voiced by Jodi Benson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_hair', 'summary': 'Red hair ( or ginger hair ) occurs naturally in one to two percent of the human population , appearing with greater frequency ( two to six percent ) among people of Northern or Northwestern European ancestry and lesser frequency in other populations . It is most common in individuals homozygous for a recessive allele on chromosome 16 that produces an altered version of the MC1R protein . Red hair varies in hue from a deep burgundy or bright copper , or auburn , to burnt orange or red-orange to strawberry blond . Characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin , it is associated with fair skin color , lighter eye color , freckles , and sensitivity to ultraviolet light . Cultural reactions to red hair have varied from ridicule to admiration with many common stereotypes in existence regarding redheads . The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_eyes', 'summary': "Eye color is a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors : the pigmentation of the eye 's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris . :9 In humans , the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black , depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium ( located on the back of the iris ) , the melanin content within the iris stroma ( located at the front of the iris ) , and the cellular density of the stroma . The appearance of blue and green , as well as hazel eyes , results from the Tyndall scattering of light in the stroma , a phenomenon similar to that which accounts for the blueness of the sky called Rayleigh scattering . Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or ocular fluid . Eye color is thus an instance of structural color and varies depending on the lighting conditions , especially for lighter-colored eyes . The brightly colored eyes of many bird species result from the presence of other pigments , such as pteridines , purines , and carotenoids . Humans and other animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color . The genetics of eye color are complicated , and color is determined by multiple genes . So far , as many as 15 genes have been associated with eye color inheritance . Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2 . The earlier belief that blue eye color is a simple recessive trait has been shown to be incorrect . The genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur ."}, {'url': '/wiki/King_Triton', 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/List_of_Disney's_The_Little_Mermaid_characters", 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Characters_from_Disney's_The_Little_Mermaid", 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Characters_from_Disney's_The_Little_Mermaid", 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Characters_from_Disney's_The_Little_Mermaid", 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Characters_from_Disney's_The_Little_Mermaid", 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Characters_from_Disney's_The_Little_Mermaid", 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Characters_from_Disney's_The_Little_Mermaid", 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Prince_Eric', 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Princess_Melody', 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jodi_Benson', 'summary': "Jodi Benson ( born Jodi Marie Marzorati ; October 10 , 1961 ) is an American actress , voice actress and singer . She is best known for providing both the speaking and the singing voice of Disney 's Princess Ariel in The Little Mermaid and its sequel , prequel , and television series spinoff . Benson voiced the character Barbie in the 1999 Golden Globe-winning movie Toy Story 2 and its 2010 Academy Award-winning sequel Toy Story 3 . She also voiced Barbie in the Toy Story cartoon Hawaiian Vacation . For her contributions to the Disney company , Benson was named a Disney Legend in 2011 . She also gave voice to the spirited Weebo in Disney 's live action Flubber , starring Robin Williams . For Warner Bros. , she created the voice of Thumbelina in 1994 , a Don Bluth animated feature film with songs by Barry Manilow . Her other projects include Tinkerbell : Secret of the Wings , The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure , Balto II : Wolf Quest , and Balto III : Wings of Change . She appeared as Patrick Dempseys assistant Sam , in Disneys live-action feature film Enchanted . While being a Disney Legend , she also voiced Jane Doe and Patsy Smiles in Cartoon Network 's Camp Lazlo . She also voiced the character Tula in Fox 's animated series The Pirates of Dark Water ."}]}, {'value': 'Melody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Melody', 'summary': "This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Andersen original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct-to-video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation ."}]}, {'value': 'The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The protagonist of Disney 's The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea , the sequel to The Little Mermaid . Melody is voiced by Tara Strong ( credited as Tara Charendoff )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)', 'summary': "The Little Mermaid is a 1989 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and Walt Disney Pictures . The 28th Disney animated feature film and first film in The Little Mermaid franchise , the film is loosely based on the Danish fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen . The film tells the story of a mermaid princess named Ariel who dreams of becoming human and falls in love with a human prince named Eric . Written and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , with music by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman ( who also served as co-producer alongside John Musker ) , and art direction by Michael Peraza Jr. and Donald A . Towns , the film features the voices of Jodi Benson , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Pat Carroll , Samuel E. Wright , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Buddy Hackett , and René Auberjonois . The Little Mermaid was released to theaters on November 17 , 1989 to critical acclaim , earning praise for the animation , music , and characters . It was also a commercial success , garnering $ 84 million at the domestic box office during its initial release , and $ 233 million in total lifetime gross worldwide . After the success of the 1986 Disney animated film The Great Mouse Detective and the 1988 Disney/Amblin live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , The Little Mermaid is given credit for breathing life back into the art of Disney animated feature films after a string of critical or commercial failures produced by Disney that dated back to the early 1970s . It also marked the start of the era known as the Disney Renaissance . The film won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( Under the Sea ) . The film 's success lead to a stage adaptation with a book by Doug Wright and additional songs by Alan Menken and new lyricist Glenn Slater opened in Denver in July 2007 and began performances on Broadway January 10 , 2008 starring Sierra Boggess . Other derived works and material inspired by the movie , include a live-action film adaptation , directed by Rob Marshall , currently in development , and a 2019 live musical presentation of the film airing on ABC as part of The Wonderful World of Disney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tara_Strong', 'summary': 'Tara Lyn Strong ( née Charendoff ; born February 12 , 1973 ) is a Canadian-American actress who has provided voice-over work for animation and video games and has performed in live-action . Her roles include animated series such as Rugrats , The Powerpuff Girls , The Fairly OddParents , Teen Titans , Xiaolin Showdown , Ben 10 , Chowder , Wow Wow Wubbzy ! , My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , Unikitty ! , and DC Super Hero Girls and video games such as Mortal Kombat X , Jak and Daxter , Final Fantasy X and X-2 and Batman : Arkham . She has earned Annie Award and Daytime Emmy nominations and won an award from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Princess Minnie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnie_Mouse', 'summary': "Minnie Mouse is one of the anthropomorphic cartoon characters created by Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney . She and Mickey Mouse were first drawn by Iwerks in 1928 . The Mickey Mouse comic strip story The Gleam ( published January 19 - May 2 , 1942 ) by Merrill De Maris and Floyd Gottfredson first gave her full name as Minerva Mouse , although this is seldom used . The comic strip story Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers ( published September 22 - December 26 , 1930 ) introduced her father Marcus Mouse and her unnamed mother , both farmers . The same story featured photographs of Minnie 's uncle Milton Mouse with his family and her grandparents Marvel Mouse and Matilda Mouse . Her best-known relatives , however , remain her uncle Mortimer Mouse ( Mortimer was almost the name of Mickey ) and her twin nieces , Millie and Melody Mouse , though most often a single niece , Melody , appears . In many appearances , Minnie is presented as the girlfriend of Mickey Mouse , a close friend of Daisy Duck , and a friend to Clarabelle Cow . On January 22 , 2018 , she joined the ranks of other animated celebrities ( including Mickey Mouse ) by receiving her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickey,_Donald,_Goofy:_The_Three_Musketeers', 'summary': "Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers is a 2004 American direct-to-video animated family musical action comedy film based on original characters of Mickey Mouse universe from Mickey Mouse by Walt Disney and film adaptations of the novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas , père . As the title suggests , it features Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , and Goofy as the three musketeers . This film was directed by Donovan Cook , produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios . It was released directly to VHS and DVD on August 17 , 2004 by Walt Disney Home Entertainment , and was later re-released on Blu-ray Disc on August 12 , 2014 , coinciding with the film 's 10th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': 'The mouse princess of the kingdom of France portrayed by Minnie Mouse ( voiced by Russi Taylor ) , though she is not technically a princess throughout the various animated films , short films and TV shows . Minnie also portrays the princess in two of the Mickey Mouse short films : Ye Olden Days Brave Little Tailor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnie_Mouse', 'summary': "Minnie Mouse is one of the anthropomorphic cartoon characters created by Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney . She and Mickey Mouse were first drawn by Iwerks in 1928 . The Mickey Mouse comic strip story The Gleam ( published January 19 - May 2 , 1942 ) by Merrill De Maris and Floyd Gottfredson first gave her full name as Minerva Mouse , although this is seldom used . The comic strip story Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers ( published September 22 - December 26 , 1930 ) introduced her father Marcus Mouse and her unnamed mother , both farmers . The same story featured photographs of Minnie 's uncle Milton Mouse with his family and her grandparents Marvel Mouse and Matilda Mouse . Her best-known relatives , however , remain her uncle Mortimer Mouse ( Mortimer was almost the name of Mickey ) and her twin nieces , Millie and Melody Mouse , though most often a single niece , Melody , appears . In many appearances , Minnie is presented as the girlfriend of Mickey Mouse , a close friend of Daisy Duck , and a friend to Clarabelle Cow . On January 22 , 2018 , she joined the ranks of other animated celebrities ( including Mickey Mouse ) by receiving her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Russi_Taylor', 'summary': 'Russi Taylor ( May 4 , 1944 - July 26 , 2019 ) was an American voice actress who was the long-time voice of Minnie Mouse .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ye_Olden_Days', 'summary': 'Ye Olden Days is a 1933 animated short film , released as part of the Mickey Mouse film series . It was directed by Burt Gillett and produced by Walt Disney .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brave_Little_Tailor', 'summary': "Brave Little Tailor is a 1938 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures . It is an adaptation of the fairy tale The Valiant Little Tailor with Mickey Mouse in the title role . It was directed by Bill Roberts and features original music by Albert Hay Malotte . The voice cast includes Walt Disney as Mickey , Marcellite Garner as Minnie , and Eddie Holden as the Giant . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 11th Academy Awards in 1939 , but lost to Disney 's own Ferdinand the Bull . In 1994 it was chosen as the 26th greatest cartoon of all time by members of the animation field . The list was compiled in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons ."}]}, {'value': 'Moana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moana_(2016_film)', 'summary': "Moana ( also known as Vaiana or Oceania , in some markets ) is a 2016 American 3D computer-animated musical adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 56th Disney animated feature film . Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , co-directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams , the film introduces Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana and features the voices of Dwayne Johnson , Rachel House , Temuera Morrison , Jemaine Clement , Nicole Scherzinger , and Alan Tudyk . The film features songs written by Lin-Manuel Miranda , Opetaia Foa ' i and Mark Mancina , and an orchestral score also composed by Mancina . The film tells the story of Moana , the strong-willed daughter of a chief of a Polynesian village , who is chosen by the ocean itself to reunite a mystical relic with the goddess Te Fiti . When a blight strikes her island , Moana sets sail in search of Maui , a legendary demigod , in the hope of returning the relic to Te Fiti and saving her people . Moana was released theatrically in the United States on November 23 , 2016 to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise going towards its animation , music , and vocal performances . The film went on to gross over $ 690 million worldwide . Along with Zootopia , it marked the first time since 2002 that Walt Disney Animation Studios released two feature films in the same year . It received two Academy Award nominations at the 89th Academy Awards : one for Best Animated Feature and another for Best Original Song ( How Far I 'll Go ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Moana is the only daughter of a chief in a long line of navigators , who sets sail to an island with a demi-god to help her family . She is voiced by Auliʻi Cravalho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auliʻi_Cravalho', 'summary': 'Auliʻi Cravalho ( /aʊˈliːʔi krəˈvɑːljoʊ/ ; born November 22 , 2000 ) is an American actress , voice actress and singer , who made her acting debut as the title character in the 2016 Disney animated feature film Moana . In 2018 , Cravalho made her television debut starring as Lilette Suarez in the NBC drama series Rise .'}]}, {'value': 'Fa Mulan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulan_(Disney_character)', 'summary': "Mulan is a character , inspired by a legendary figure , who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 36th animated feature film Mulan ( 1998 ) , as well as its sequel Mulan II ( 2004 ) . Her speaking voice is provided by actress Ming-Na Wen , while singer Lea Salonga provides the character 's singing voice . Created by author Robert D. San Souci , Mulan is based on the legendary Chinese warrior Hua Mulan from the poem the Ballad of Mulan . The only child of an aging war veteran , Mulan disregards both tradition and the law by disguising herself as a man in order to enlist herself in the army in lieu of her feeble father . Disney had originally conceived Mulan as an oppressed young Chinese woman who ultimately elopes to Europe to be with a British prince . However , director Tony Bancroft , who was inspired by the well-being of his own daughters , wanted Mulan to be a different , unique kind of Disney heroine - one who is strong and independent , whose fate does not depend upon a male character . Thus , the relationship between Mulan and Captain Li Shang was relegated to that of a minor subplot , while Mulan 's bravery and strength were emphasized in order to ensure that she remained the hero of her own story . Mulan 's supervising animator was Mark Henn , who deliberately designed the character so that she would appear less feminine than her predecessors . Reception towards Mulan 's personality has been generally positive , with critics praising her bravery and heroism . However , some commentators have accused Disney of Westernizing the character , while her romantic relationship with Shang has been widely accused of compromising Mulan 's heroism . Both Wen and Salonga have been awarded Disney Legends for their contributions to the role . Liu Yifei will play the live-action version of the character in the 2020 live-action adaptation of the original 1998 film ."}]}, {'value': 'Mulan Mulan II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)', 'summary': "Mulan is a 1998 American animated musical historical action adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures . It is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan , and was Disney 's 36th animated feature and the ninth animated film produced and released during the Disney Renaissance . It was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook , with story by Robert D. San Souci and screenplay by Rita Hsiao , Philip LaZebnik , Chris Sanders , Eugenia Bostwick-Singer , and Raymond Singer . Ming-Na Wen , Eddie Murphy , Miguel Ferrer and BD Wong star in the English version , while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Captain Li Shang for the Chinese dubs of the film . The film 's plot takes place in China during the Han dynasty , where Fa Mulan , daughter of aged warrior Fa Zhou , impersonates a man to take her father 's place during a general conscription to counter a Hun invasion . Produced and released during the Disney Renaissance , Mulan was the first of three features produced primarily at the Disney animation studio at Disney-MGM Studios in Orlando , Florida . Development for the film began in 1994 , when a number of artistic supervisors were sent to China to receive artistic and cultural inspiration . Mulan was well received by critics and the public who praised the animation , plot , characters ( particularly the eponymous character ) , and musical score , and grossed over $ 304 million . It earned a Golden Globe and Academy Award nomination and won several Annie Awards including Best Animated Feature . A 2004 direct-to-video sequel , Mulan II , followed . A live-action adaptation directed by Niki Caro will be released on March 27 , 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mulan_II', 'summary': "Mulan II is a 2004 American direct-to-video animated musical adventure film directed by Darrell Rooney and Lynne Southerland . It is a sequel to the 1998 theatrically-released Disney animated film Mulan , featuring songs by Jeanine Tesori and Alexa Junge . Much of the cast from the first film returned , excluding Eddie Murphy ( Mushu ) , Miriam Margolyes ( The Matchmaker ) , James Hong ( Chi-Fu ) , Chris Sanders ( Little Brother ) , and Matthew Wilder ( Ling 's singing voice ) . Murphy and Margolyes were replaced by Mark Moseley and April Winchell , respectively ; Little Brother was voiced by Frank Welker , and Gedde Watanabe does his own singing for the sequel . Mulan II features Mulan and her new fiancé , General Li Shang on a special mission : escorting the Emperor 's three daughters across the country to meet their soon-to-be fiancés . The film deals with arranged marriages , loyalty , relationships , making choices , trust , and finding true love . Unlike its predecessor , which gained critical acclaim , Mulan II was poorly received by critics ."}]}, {'value': 'While in actuality she is neither a princess by birth nor by marriage , Mulan holds an honorary Disney Princess status . She is a member of the official Disney Princess lineup , the only one who is not actually a princess . Speaking voice by Ming-Na , singing voice by Lea Salonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Princess', 'summary': "Disney Princess , also called the Princess Line , is a media franchise and toy-line owned by The Walt Disney Company . Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney in the early 2000s , the franchise features a line-up of fictional female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises . The franchise does not include all princess characters from the whole of Disney-owned media , but rather refers to select specific characters from the company 's animated films and series . The 12 characters considered part of the franchise are Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , Mulan , Tiana , Rapunzel , Merida , and Moana . The franchise has released dolls , sing-along videos , apparel , beauty products , home decor , toys and a variety of other products featuring some of the Disney Princesses . Licensees for the franchise include Glidden ( wall paint ) , Stride Rite ( sparkly shoes ) , Hasbro ( games and dolls ) , and Fisher-Price ( plastic figurines ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ming-Na', 'summary': "Ming-Na Wen ( Chinese : 溫明娜 ; born November 20 , 1963 ) is an Chinese-American actress and voice actress . She is best known for her starring role as Melinda May in the ABC action drama series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2013-present ) and for voicing Mulan in the animated musical action films Mulan ( 1998 ) and Mulan II ( 2004 ) . She reprised the role of Mulan in the video game Kingdom Hearts II ( 2005 ) , the animated children 's series Sofia the First ( 2014 ) , and the animated comedy film Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) . Wen is also known for her role as Dr. Jing-Mei Deb Chen in the medical drama series ER ( 1995-2004 ) . She starred as Rachel Lu in the medical drama series Inconceivable ( 2005 ) , one of the few American television series with an Asian American series lead . She also had starring roles as Detective Ellen Yin in the animated series The Batman ( 2004-2005 ) and as Camile Wray in the science fiction series Stargate Universe ( 2009-2011 ) . She is notable for starring in the films The Joy Luck Club ( 1993 ) , Street Fighter ( 1994 ) , and Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within ( 2001 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lea_Salonga', 'summary': "Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga , OL , ( /ˈleɪə səˈlɒŋɡə/ ; born February 22 , 1971 ) is a Filipina singer and actress , best known for her roles in musical theatre , for supplying the singing voices of two Disney Princesses ( Jasmine and Mulan ) , and as a recording artist and television performer . At age 18 , she originated the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon , first in the West End and then on Broadway , winning the Olivier and Theatre World Awards , and becoming the first Asian woman to win a Tony Award . Salonga is the first Filipino artist to sign with an international record label ( Atlantic Records in 1993 ) . Salonga was the first actress of Asian descent to play the roles of Éponine and Fantine in the musical Les Misérables on Broadway . She also portrayed Éponine and Fantine , respectively , in the musical 's 10th and 25th anniversary concerts in London . She provided the singing voices of two official Disney Princesses : Jasmine in Aladdin ( 1992 ) and Fa Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) . She was named a Disney Legend in 2011 for her work with The Walt Disney Company . Salonga starred as Mei-li in the 2002 Broadway version of Flower Drum Song . She has played numerous other stage , film and TV roles in the US , the Philippines and elsewhere . She has toured widely in the title role of Cinderella , among other roles , and as a concert artist . From 2015 to 2016 , she returned to Broadway in Allegiance , and from 2017 to 2019 she appeared in the Broadway revival of Once on This Island ."}]}, {'value': "Emperor 's daughters", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mulan II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Mei , voiced by Lucy Liu . Princess Su , voiced by Lauren Tom . Princess Ting-Ting , voiced by Sandra Oh ( speaking ) and Judy Kuhn ( singing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Liu', 'summary': "Lucy Liu ( born December 2 , 1968 ) is an American actress , who is known for playing the role of the vicious and ill-mannered Ling Woo in the television series Ally McBeal ( 1998-2002 ) , the assertive assassin O-Ren Ishii in Kill Bill , and Joan Watson in the crime-drama series Elementary ( 2012-2019 ) . Throughout her career , she has received two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won the Seoul International Drama Award for Best Actress . She has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and has received nominations for three People 's Choice Awards and two Saturn Awards . Liu 's film work includes starring in Payback ( 1999 ) , Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) , Shanghai Noon ( 2000 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) , Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) , Lucky Number Slevin ( 2006 ) , The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) , and Set It Up ( 2018 ) . Liu is also a voice actress and has voiced Master Viper in the Kung Fu Panda franchise ( 2008-2016 ) . She also voiced Silvermist in Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) , Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) , Pixie Hollow Games ( 2011 ) , Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) , The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) , and Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) . Her other voice credits include Mulan II ( 2004 ) , as well as the English and Mandarin-dubbed versions of Magic Wonderland ( 2014 ) and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya ( 2013 ) . In 2008 , she starred in an ABC comedy-drama , Cashmere Mafia , as Mia Mason , which ended after one abbreviated season . The show was one of only a few American television shows to have an Asian American series lead . In 2012 , Liu joined the cast of the TNT series Southland in the recurring role of Jessica Tang , for which she won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Guest Actress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lauren_Tom', 'summary': 'Lauren Tom ( born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American actress and voice actress . Her roles include Lena St. Clair in The Joy Luck Club , Julie in the NBC sitcom Friends , Dot in the final season of Grace Under Fire , and the voices for both mother and daughter characters on two animated TV comedy series : on Futurama she voiced Amy Wong and her mother Inez , and on King of the Hill as Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone . She portrayed Celia Mack in the Disney Channel series Andi Mack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Oh', 'summary': "Sandra Miju Oh ( born July 20 , 1971 ) is a Canadian-American actress . She is known for her roles as Cristina Yang on the ABC medical drama series Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005-2014 ) and Eve Polastri in the BBC America spy thriller series Killing Eve ( 2018-present ) . She has received many accolades , including two Golden Globe Awards , four Screen Actors Guild Awards , and eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations . Oh first gained recognition for her role as Rita Wu on the HBO sitcom Arliss ( 1996-2002 ) . Her later television credits include Judging Amy and American Crime , as well as voice roles on American Dad ! , American Dragon : Jake Long , The Proud Family , and Phineas and Ferb . She has appeared in films such as Bean ( 1997 ) , Last Night ( 1998 ) , The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) , Under the Tuscan Sun ( 2003 ) , Sideways ( 2004 ) , Wilby Wonderful ( 2004 ) , Sorry , Haters ( 2005 ) , Hard Candy ( 2005 ) , The Night Listener ( 2006 ) , Blindness ( 2008 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) , and Catfight ( 2016 ) . Oh starred in the Asian-Canadian films Double Happiness ( 1994 ) , The Diary of Evelyn Lau ( 1994 ) , Long Life , Happiness & Prosperity ( 2002 ) , and Meditation Park ( 2017 ) . She won two Genie Awards for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for Last Night and Double Happiness , and won a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series for The Diary of Evelyn Lau . Oh hosted the 28th Genie Awards on March 3 , 2008 , and became the first Asian woman to host the Golden Globe Awards at the 76th ceremony in 2019 . In March 2019 , she became the first Asian-Canadian woman to host Saturday Night Live , and was just the third actress of Asian descent , after Lucy Liu in 2000 and Awkwafina in 2018 . She is the first actress of Asian descent to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the first Asian woman to win two Golden Globes . In 2019 , Time magazine named Oh as one of the 100 most influential people in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Judy_Kuhn', 'summary': "Judy Kuhn ( born May 20 , 1958 ) is an American singer and actress , known for her work in musical theatre . A four-time Tony Award nominee , she has released four studio albums and sang the title role in the 1995 film Pocahontas , including her rendition of the song Colors of the Wind , which won its composers the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Kuhn made her professional stage debut in 1981 and her Broadway debut in the 1985 original production of the musical The Mystery of Edwin Drood . Subsequent Broadway roles include Cosette in Les Misérables ( 1987 ) , Florence Vassy in Chess ( 1988 ) and Amalia Balash in She Loves Me ( 1993 ) . For all three , she received Tony Award nominations . She also received an Olivier Award nomination for her 1989 West End debut playing Maria/Futura in Metropolis . Other musical roles include Betty Schaeffer in the 1993 US premiere production of Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles and her Obie Award winning role as Emmie in the 2001 Off-Broadway production of Eli 's Comin . She starred as Helen Bechdel in the original Broadway production of Fun Home , for which she received her fourth Tony nomination in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Lily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiger_Lily_(Peter_Pan)', 'summary': "Tiger Lily is a fictional character in J. M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up , his novel Peter and Wendy , and their various adaptations ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Pan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)', 'summary': "Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy adventure film produced by Walt Disney and based on the play Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up by J. M. Barrie . It is the 14th Disney animated feature film and was originally released on February 5 , 1953 by RKO Radio Pictures . Peter Pan was the final Disney animated feature released through RKO before Walt Disney founded his own distribution company , Buena Vista Distribution , later in 1953 after the film was released . Peter Pan is also the final Disney film in which all nine members of Disney 's Nine Old Men worked together as directing animators . It is also the second Disney animated film starring Kathryn Beaumont , Heather Angel and Bill Thompson , who starred together in the animated feature Alice in Wonderland . The film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival . A sequel titled Return to Never Land was released in 2002 , and a series of direct-to-DVD prequels produced by Disneytoon Studios focusing on Tinker Bell began in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': "Based on the 1904 play , Peter Pan ; or , the Boy Who Would n't Grow Up , and the 1911 novel , Peter and Wendy , both by J. M. Barrie . Tiger Lily 's only line is delivered by Canadian actress Corinne Orr ( uncredited )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Peter_Pan;_or,_the_Boy_Who_Wouldn't_Grow_Up", 'summary': "Peter Pan ; or , the Boy Who Would n't Grow Up or Peter and Wendy is a 1904 play and a 1911 novel by J. M. Barrie . Both versions tell the story of Peter Pan , a mischievous yet innocent little boy who can fly , and has many adventures on the island of Neverland that is inhabited by mermaids , fairies , Native Americans and pirates . The Peter Pan stories also involve the characters Wendy Darling and her two brothers , Peter 's fairy Tinker Bell , the Lost Boys , and the pirate Captain Hook . The play and novel were inspired by Barrie 's friendship with the Llewelyn Davies family . Barrie continued to revise the play for years after its debut until publication of the play script in 1928 . The play debuted in London on 27 December 1904 with Nina Boucicault , daughter of playwright Dion Boucicault , in the title role . A Broadway production was mounted in 1905 starring Maude Adams . It was later revived with such actresses as Marilyn Miller and Eva Le Gallienne . The play has since been adapted as a pantomime , stage musical , a television special , and several films , including a 1924 silent film , the 1953 Disney animated film , and a 2003 live action production . The play is now rarely performed in its original form on stage in the United Kingdom , whereas pantomime adaptations are frequently staged around Christmas . In the U.S. , the original version has also been supplanted in popularity by the 1954 musical version , which became popular on television . The novel was first published in 1911 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom , and Charles Scribner 's Sons in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy', 'summary': "Peter Pan ; or , the Boy Who Would n't Grow Up or Peter and Wendy is a 1904 play and a 1911 novel by J. M. Barrie . Both versions tell the story of Peter Pan , a mischievous yet innocent little boy who can fly , and has many adventures on the island of Neverland that is inhabited by mermaids , fairies , Native Americans and pirates . The Peter Pan stories also involve the characters Wendy Darling and her two brothers , Peter 's fairy Tinker Bell , the Lost Boys , and the pirate Captain Hook . The play and novel were inspired by Barrie 's friendship with the Llewelyn Davies family . Barrie continued to revise the play for years after its debut until publication of the play script in 1928 . The play debuted in London on 27 December 1904 with Nina Boucicault , daughter of playwright Dion Boucicault , in the title role . A Broadway production was mounted in 1905 starring Maude Adams . It was later revived with such actresses as Marilyn Miller and Eva Le Gallienne . The play has since been adapted as a pantomime , stage musical , a television special , and several films , including a 1924 silent film , the 1953 Disney animated film , and a 2003 live action production . The play is now rarely performed in its original form on stage in the United Kingdom , whereas pantomime adaptations are frequently staged around Christmas . In the U.S. , the original version has also been supplanted in popularity by the 1954 musical version , which became popular on television . The novel was first published in 1911 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom , and Charles Scribner 's Sons in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/J._M._Barrie', 'summary': "Sir James Matthew Barrie , 1st Baronet , OM ( /ˈbæri/ ; 9 May 1860 - 19 June 1937 ) was a Scottish novelist and playwright , best remembered as the creator of Peter Pan . He was born and educated in Scotland and then moved to London , where he wrote a number of successful novels and plays . There he met the Llewelyn Davies boys , who inspired him to write about a baby boy who has magical adventures in Kensington Gardens ( first included in Barrie 's adult novel The Little White Bird ) , then to write Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up , a fairy play about an ageless boy and an ordinary girl named Wendy who have adventures in the fantasy setting of Neverland . Although he continued to write successfully , Peter Pan overshadowed his other work , and is credited with popularising the name Wendy . Barrie unofficially adopted the Davies boys following the deaths of their parents . Barrie was made a baronet by George V on 14 June 1913 , and a member of the Order of Merit in the 1922 New Year Honours . Before his death , he gave the rights to the Peter Pan works to Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children in London , which continues to benefit from them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Corinne_Orr', 'summary': 'Corinne Orr ( born January 6 , 1936 ) is a Canadian-born American stage , radio , film , television , voice actress and advertising spokeswoman . She is currently living in the United States . She is best known for her work on the English version of the anime series Speed Racer .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Film -- Animated', 'section_text': 'See also : Disney Princess', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_princesses_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional princesses that have appeared in various works of fiction. This list is organized by medium and limited to well-referenced, notable examples of fictional princesses.'} | null | null | Which theatrical role did this singer and actress , who provided the singing voice for the character created by Robert D. San Souci , land for the first time ? | Kim |
073d19ff2334d0f1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_London_Borough_of_Hackney', 'title': 'List of people from the London Borough of Hackney', 'header': ['Name', 'Notability', 'District', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arthur Aikin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Aikin', 'summary': "Arthur Aikin , FLS , FGS ( 19 May 1773 - 15 April 1854 ) was an English chemist , mineralogist and scientific writer , and was a founding member of the Chemical Society ( now the Royal Society of Chemistry ) . He first became its Treasurer in 1841 , and later became the Society 's second President ."}]}, {'value': 'FLS and founder of the Chemical Society of London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chemical_Society_of_London', 'summary': 'The Chemical Society was formed in 1841 ( then named the Chemical Society of London ) by 77 scientists as a result of increased interest in scientific matters . Chemist Robert Warington was the driving force behind its creation .'}]}, {'value': 'Hoxton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoxton', 'summary': "Hoxton is an area in the London Borough of Hackney , England . Together with the rest of Shoreditch , it is often described as part of the East End , the historic core of wider East London . It was historically in the county of Middlesex until 1889 . It lies immediately north of the City of London financial district , and was once part of the Ancient Parish and subsequent Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch , prior to its incorporation into the London Borough of Hackney . The area has never been formally defined , but approximates to an area bordered by the Regent 's Canal on the north side , Wharf Road and City Road to the west , Old Street to the south , and Kingsland Road to the east . There is a Hoxton electoral ward which returns three councillors to Hackney London Borough Council . The area forms part of the Hackney South and Shoreditch parliamentary constituency ."}]}, {'value': 'L', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carol Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Adams_(educator)', 'summary': 'Carol Adams ( 28 July 1948 - 11 January 2007 ) was an History teacher who was the first Chief Executive of the General Teaching Council for England ( GTCE ) . She led the organisation from its foundation in 2000 until she retired just before Christmas 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'First Chief Executive of the General Teaching Council for England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Teaching_Council_for_England', 'summary': 'The General Teaching Council for England ( GTCE ) was the professional body for teaching in England between 2000 and 2012 . The GTC was established by the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 which set two aims : to contribute to improving standards of teaching and the quality of learning , and to maintain and improve standards of professional conduct among teachers , in the interests of the public . The GTC was abolished in 2012 with some of its functions being assumed by the Teaching Agency , an executive agency of the Department for Education , which in 2013 became the National College for Teaching and Leadership .'}]}, {'value': 'Homerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homerton', 'summary': 'Homerton ( /ˈhɒmərtən/ HOM-ər-tən ) is a district in London , England , in the London Borough of Hackney . It was a suburb of the metropolitan area of London until 1965 when it was reformed and expanded . It is bordered to the west by Hackney Central , to the north by Lower Clapton , in the east by Hackney Wick , Leyton and by South Hackney to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'L', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revd George Collison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Collison', 'summary': 'George Collison ( 1772-1847 ) was an English Congregationalist and educator associated with Hackney Academy or Hackney College , which became part of New College London - itself part of the University of London .'}]}, {'value': 'First President of Hackney Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_College_London', 'summary': "New College London ( 1850-1980 ) ( sometimes known as New College , St John 's Wood , or New College , Hampstead ) was founded as a Congregationalist college in 1850 ."}]}, {'value': 'Homerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homerton', 'summary': 'Homerton ( /ˈhɒmərtən/ HOM-ər-tən ) is a district in London , England , in the London Borough of Hackney . It was a suburb of the metropolitan area of London until 1965 when it was reformed and expanded . It is bordered to the west by Hackney Central , to the north by Lower Clapton , in the east by Hackney Wick , Leyton and by South Hackney to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'L', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Godwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Godwin', 'summary': 'William Godwin ( 3 March 1756 - 7 April 1836 ) was an English journalist , political philosopher and novelist . He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism and the first modern proponent of anarchism . Godwin is most famous for two books that he published within the space of a year : An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice , an attack on political institutions , and Things as They Are ; or , The Adventures of Caleb Williams , an early mystery novel which attacks aristocratic privilege . Based on the success of both , Godwin featured prominently in the radical circles of London in the 1790s . He wrote prolifically in the genres of novels , history and demography throughout his life . In the conservative reaction to British radicalism , Godwin was attacked , in part because of his marriage to the pioneering feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft in 1797 and his candid biography of her after her death from childbirth . Their daughter , later known as Mary Shelley , would go on to write Frankenstein and marry the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley . With his second wife , Mary Jane Clairmont , Godwin set up The Juvenile Library , allowing the family to write their own works for children ( sometimes using noms de plume ) and translate and publish many other books , some of enduring significance . Godwin has had considerable influence on British literature and literary culture .'}]}, {'value': 'Political philosopher ( studied )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoxton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'L', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Henry Gosse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse', 'summary': 'Philip Henry Gosse FRS ( /ɡɒs/ ; 6 April 1810 - 23 August 1888 ) , known to his friends as Henry , was an English naturalist and popularizer of natural science , virtually the inventor of the seawater aquarium , and a painstaking innovator in the study of marine biology . Gosse created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853 , and coined the term aquarium when he published the first manual , The Aquarium : An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea , in 1854 . His work was the catalyst for an aquarium craze in early Victorian England . Gosse was also the author of Omphalos , an attempt to reconcile the geological ages presupposed by Charles Lyell with the biblical account of creation . After his death , Gosse was portrayed as a despotic father of uncompromising religious views in Father and Son ( 1907 ) , a memoir written by his son , Edmund Gosse , a poet and critic .'}]}, {'value': 'Naturalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'De Beauvoir Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Beauvoir_Town', 'summary': 'De Beauvoir Town is a district in East London and is in the London Borough of Hackney , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) north of the City of London . The area was a part of the Hackney ; the Ancient Parish and subsequent Metropolitan Borough that was incorporated into the larger modern borough . The name is pronounced variously ; notably /də ˈbiːvər/ and /di ˈboʊvwɑːr/ , with some who use the former applying the nickname Beavertown . The area was developed in the mid-19th century , much of it as a carefully planned new town designed to attract prosperous residents , although it does include a range of other housing and land use types . The new town was based around De Beauvoir Square and primarily built in the Jacobethan style . The special character of the neighbourhood has been retained and is recognised by the designation of the De Beauvoir and Kingsland Road Conservation Areas which include many listed and other notable buildings .'}]}, {'value': 'L', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmond Halley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmond_Halley', 'summary': "Edmond ( or Edmund ) Halley , FRS ( /ˈhæli/ ; 8 November [ O.S . 29 October ] 1656 - 25 January 1742 [ O.S . 14 January 1741 ] ) was an English astronomer , geophysicist , mathematician , meteorologist , and physicist . He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain , succeeding John Flamsteed in 1720 . From an observatory he constructed on Saint Helena , Halley recorded a transit of Mercury across the Sun . He realised a similar transit of Venus could be used to determine the size of the Solar System . He also used his observations to expand contemporary star maps . He aided in observationally proving Isaac Newton 's laws of motion , and funded the publication of Newton 's influential Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica . From his September 1682 observations , he used the laws of motion to compute the periodicity of Halley 's Comet in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets . It was named after him upon its predicted return in 1758 , which he did not live to see . Beginning in 1698 , he made sailing expeditions and made observations on the conditions of terrestrial magnetism . In 1718 , he discovered the proper motion of the fixed stars ."}]}, {'value': 'Astronomer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haggerston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haggerston', 'summary': "Haggerston is a locale in East London , England , centred approximately on Great Cambridge Street ( now renamed Queensbridge Road ) . It is within the London Borough of Hackney and is considered to be a part of Londons East End . It is about 3.1 miles ( 5 km ) northeast of Charing Cross . The adjacent neighbourhoods are Dalston ( to the north ) , Hoxton ( to the west ) and Bethnal Green ( to the south east ) . Haggerston historically formed part of Shoreditch borough , and was divided into the following ecclesiastical parishes : All Saints , St Chad , St Columba , St Mary , St Paul , St Augustin , and St Stephen . In 1965 , the Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch became part of the new London Borough of Hackney . There is an electoral ward called Haggerston within the borough . In the 1990s a number of the area 's more rundown housing estates were refurbished and some disused public buildings were privately converted into gated communities . In 2010 , Haggerston Railway station re-opened , a little to the north of the original station ."}]}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Loddiges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loddiges', 'summary': 'The Loddiges family ( not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige ) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in and introduced exotic plants , trees , shrubs , ferns , palms and orchids into European gardens .'}]}, {'value': 'Horticulturalist and scientist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hackney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hackney_Central', 'summary': "Hackney Central is a sub-district of Hackney in the London Borough of Hackney in London , England and is four miles ( 6.4 km ) northeast of Charing Cross . The Hackney Central area is focused on Mare Street and the retail areas to the north of it including Narrow Way and surrounding local area around Hackney Downs railway station . As such it extends north from Regent 's Canal ( with Bethnal Green ) , takes in most of Broadway Market and London Fields , and follows each side of Mare Street till it terminates in the vicinity of Hackney Central railway station . The area also includes the central retail area which extends from Hackney Downs station in the west to the Hackney Walk Outlet Village , on Morning Lane and goes in between Wick Road ( Homerton ) and Cassland Road ( South Hackney ) till meeting Hackney Wick , to the east . Hackney Central is the area that once would have been known as Hackney Village . This was a place that flourished from the Tudor period , when principal members of the Court had their houses in the surrounding area , and King Henry VIII of England had a palace ( located near the modern Lea Bridge Road roundabout ) . Hackney Central remained a popular resort for Londoners until the end of the Georgian era , when this suburb of London began to be completely built up . Railways , trams and factories brought an end to Hackney 's rural atmosphere during the Victorian era , and its fortunes declined . The industries of nearby Homerton and the Lee Valley have largely disappeared , leaving the NHS and local council as the largest employers . Successive waves of immigrants , both from abroad and within the United Kingdom , make modern Hackney a culturally vibrant part of inner London , with both the benefits and challenges that this brings . Extensive post-World War II redevelopment replaced much of the housing stock , but the Georgian housing and Victorian terraces that remain have become popular again ."}]}, {'value': 'L/I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir Charles Martin FRS FRCS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_James_Martin_(scientist)', 'summary': 'Sir Charles James Martin CMG FRS FRCS ( 9 January 1866 - 15 February 1955 ) was a British scientist who did seminal work on a very wide range of topics including snake toxins , control of body temperature , plague and the way it was spread , dysentery , typhoid and paratyphoid , nutrition and vitamin deficiencies , proteins , and myxomatosis as a means of controlling rabbit populations . He was a director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine , serving from 1903 to 1930 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scientist ; a director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lister_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine', 'summary': 'The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine , informally known as the Lister Institute , was established as a research institute ( the British Institute of Preventive Medicine ) in 1891 , with bacteriologist Marc Armand Ruffer as its first director , using a grant of £250,000 from Edward Cecil Guinness of the Guinness family . It had premises in Chelsea in London , Sudbury in Suffolk , and Elstree in Hertfordshire , England . It was the first medical research charity in the United Kingdom . It was renamed the Jenner Institute ( after Edward Jenner the pioneer of smallpox vaccine ) in 1898 and then , in 1903 , as the Lister Institute in honour of the great surgeon and medical pioneer , Dr Joseph Lister . In 1905 , the institute became a School of the University of London .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalston', 'summary': "Dalston ( /ˈdɔːlstən/ ) is an area of East London , in the London Borough of Hackney . It is 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north-east of Charing Cross . Dalston began as a hamlet on either side of Dalston Lane , and as the area urbanised the term also came to apply to surrounding areas including Kingsland and Shacklewell , all three of which being part of the Ancient Parish of Hackney . Gentrification has led to a rapid increase in the price of property , with current prices 8% above the London average . The process of change was accelerated by the East London line extension , now part of London Overground , and the reopening of Dalston Junction railway station , part of London 's successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Price', 'summary': 'Richard Price ( 23 February 1723 - 19 April 1791 ) was a British moral philosopher , nonconformist preacher and mathematician . He was also a political pamphleteer , active in radical , republican , and liberal causes such as the American Revolution . He was well-connected and fostered communication between a large number of people , including several of the Founding Fathers of the United States . Price spent most of his adult life as minister of Newington Green Unitarian Church , on the outskirts of London . He also wrote on issues of demography and finance , and was a Fellow of the Royal Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Philosopher , mathematician , and first actuary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Actuary', 'summary': 'An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty ( BeAnActuary 2011a ) . The name of the corresponding field is actuarial science . These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet and require asset management , liability management , and valuation skills ( BeAnActuary 2011b ) . Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems , with a focus on their complexity , their mathematics , and their mechanisms ( Trowbridge 1989 , p. 7 ) . While the concept of insurance dates to antiquity ( Johnston 1903 , §475-§476 , Loan 1992 , Lewin 2007 , pp . 3-4 ) , the concepts needed to scientifically measure and mitigate risks have their origins in the 17th century studies of probability and annuities ( Heywood 1985 ) . Actuaries of the 21st century require analytical skills , business knowledge , and an understanding of human behavior and information systems to design and manage programs that control risk ( BeAnActuary 2011c ) . The actual steps needed to become an actuary are usually country-specific ; however , almost all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years to complete ( Feldblum 2001 , p. 6 , Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014 ) . The profession has consistently been ranked as one of the most desirable ( Riley 2013 ) . In various studies , being an actuary was ranked number one or two multiple times since 2010 ( Thomas 2012 , Weber 2013 , CareerCast 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Newington Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newington_Green', 'summary': "Newington Green is an open space in north London that straddles the border between Islington and Hackney . It gives its name to the surrounding area , roughly bounded by Ball 's Pond Road to the south , Petherton Road to the west , Green Lanes and Matthias Road to the north , and Boleyn Road to the east . The Green is in N16 and the area is covered by the N16 , N1 and N5 postcodes ."}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonard Woolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Woolley', 'summary': 'Sir Charles Leonard Woolley ( 17 April 1880 - 20 February 1960 ) was a British archaeologist best known for his excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia . He is recognized as one of the first modern archaeologists who excavated in a methodical way , keeping careful records , and using them to reconstruct ancient life and history . Woolley was knighted in 1935 for his contributions to the discipline of archaeology . He married the British archaeologist Katharine Woolley .'}]}, {'value': 'Archaeologist and discoverer of Ur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ur', 'summary': "Ur ( /ʊər/ ; Sumerian : Urim ; Sumerian Cuneiform : 𒋀𒀕𒆠 URIM2KI or 𒋀𒀊𒆠 URIM5KI ; Akkadian : Uru ; Arabic : أور ; Hebrew : אור ) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia , located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar ( Arabic : تل المقير ) in south Iraq 's Dhi Qar Governorate . Although Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf , the coastline has shifted and the city is now well inland , on the south bank of the Euphrates , 16 kilometres ( 9.9 miles ) from Nasiriyah in modern-day Iraq . The city dates from the Ubaid period circa 3800 BC , and is recorded in written history as a city-state from the 26th century BC , its first recorded king being Mesannepada . The city 's patron deity was Nanna ( in Akkadian , Sin ) , the Sumerian and Akkadian ( Assyrian-Babylonian ) moon god , and the name of the city is in origin derived from the god 's name . UNUGKI , literally the abode ( UNUG ) of Nanna . The site is marked by the partially restored ruins of the Ziggurat of Ur , which contained the shrine of Nanna , excavated in the 1930s . The temple was built in the 21st century BC ( short chronology ) , during the reign of Ur-Nammu and was reconstructed in the 6th century BC by Nabonidus , the last king of Babylon . The ruins cover an area of 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) northwest to southeast by 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) northeast to southwest and rise up to about 20 metres ( 66 ft ) above the present plain level ."}]}, {'value': 'Upper Clapton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Clapton', 'summary': 'Upper Clapton is a district in the London Borough of Hackney , forming part of Clapton in northeast London , England . Upper Clapton approximates to the northern part of the E5 ( Clapton ) postal district . The district borders the River Lea ( spelled Lea or Lee ) to the east and the border with Lower Clapton to the south is marked by the Lea Bridge and Kenninghall Roads . Neither Upper Clapton nor the wider Clapton area have ever been an administrative unit and consequently their extent has never been formally determined . Describing Upper Clapton as northern E5 is useful but also informal and imperfect , for instance a small area of Clapton Common and the immediately adjacent community is excluded from the postal district despite almost always being publicly viewed as being part of Upper Clapton . As is frequently the case with London districts , these boundaries are often uncertain and overlapping because of the meeting of the developing expansion of the original settlements . Western parts of the area are often considered part of a wider Stamford Hill , understandable perhaps because of the public transport junction and shopping area at Stamford Broadway , and that the Hasidic Jewish community identified as being located in Stamford Hill extends into Upper Clapton .'}]}, {'value': 'L', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable residents -- Academia and research', 'section_text': 'Edmond Halley', 'uid': 'List_of_people_from_Hackney_0', 'intro': 'Among those who were born in the London Borough of Hackney (pronunciation (help·info)), or have dwelt within the borders of the modern borough are (alphabetical order, within category):'} | null | null | The man who virtually invented the seawater aquarium once lived in a Hackney district that is how far from London ? | 2 miles |
073f8bd15d52f2f2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'title': '2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series', 'header': ['No', 'Race', 'Pole position', 'Most laps led', 'Winning driver', 'Winning manufacturer'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NextEra Energy Resources 250', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NextEra_Energy_Resources_250', 'summary': 'The NextEra Energy 250 is the first race of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series at Daytona International Speedway and as of 2004 has been held under the lights . It is the Truck Series event of Speedweeks - the series of races leading up to the Daytona 500 . Winners of the event include Mike Wallace , Joe Ruttman , Robert Pressley , Rick Crawford , Carl Edwards , Bobby Hamilton , Mark Martin , Jack Sprague , Todd Bodine ( twice ) , Timothy Peters , Michael Waltrip , John King , Johnny Sauter ( Three times ) , Kyle Busch , Tyler Reddick , Kaz Grala , and Austin Hill . The Truck Series does not run restrictor plates , devices used by the Xfinity and Cup stock cars to reduce horsepower and slow the cars down at Daytona and Talladega . However , a restrictor in the space , a spacer plate , and aerodynamic disadvantages in the trucks compensate for the lack of a restrictor plate . Grant Enfinger is the 2020 winner of the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Brennan Newberry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brennan_Newberry', 'summary': 'Brennan Newberry ( born February 9 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sauter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sauter', 'summary': 'Jonathan Joseph Johnny Sauter ( born May 1 , 1978 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver currently competing full-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 13 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing . Sauter is the son of former NASCAR driver Jim Sauter , the brother of NASCAR drivers Tim Sauter and Jay Sauter , and the uncle of Travis Sauter . He is the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kroger 250', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kroger_250', 'summary': 'The TruNorth Global 250 , stylized as the TrüNorth Global 250 , was a NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Martinsville Speedway in the spring . Joe Ruttman won the inaugural event , while Kyle Busch is the final champion after winning in 2019 . The race was discontinued in 2020 as the date was given to the NASCAR Xfinity Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sauter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sauter', 'summary': 'Jonathan Joseph Johnny Sauter ( born May 1 , 1978 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver currently competing full-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 13 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing . Sauter is the son of former NASCAR driver Jim Sauter , the brother of NASCAR drivers Tim Sauter and Jay Sauter , and the uncle of Travis Sauter . He is the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina Education Lottery 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Education_Lottery_200_(Rockingham)', 'summary': 'The North Carolina Education Lottery 200 at The Rock Presented by Cheerwine was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held at the Rockingham Speedway in Rockingham , North Carolina . The race consisted of 200 laps , 203.4 miles ( 320 km ) . The inaugural race was run on April 15 , 2012 , and was won by Kasey Kahne .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Larson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Larson', 'summary': 'Kyle Miyata Larson ( born July 31 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver and World of Outlaws Sprint car team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 42 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Chip Ganassi Racing . He is the 2012 NASCAR K & N Pro Series East champion and a Rookie of the Year . He is the 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series Rookie of the Year as well as the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year , an overall winner of the 2015 24 Hours of Daytona and 2020 Chili Bowl Nationals Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Larson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Larson', 'summary': 'Kyle Miyata Larson ( born July 31 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver and World of Outlaws Sprint car team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 42 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Chip Ganassi Racing . He is the 2012 NASCAR K & N Pro Series East champion and a Rookie of the Year . He is the 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series Rookie of the Year as well as the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year , an overall winner of the 2015 24 Hours of Daytona and 2020 Chili Bowl Nationals Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SFP 250', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SFP_250', 'summary': 'The Digital Ally 250 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at the Kansas Speedway in Kansas City , Kansas . The race consists of 167 laps , 250.5 miles ( 403.1 km ) . The inaugural race was run on July 7 , 2001 , and was won by Ricky Hendrick .'}]}, {'value': 'James Buescher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buescher', 'summary': 'James Buescher ( born March 26 , 1990 ) is a former American professional stock car racing driver , and the 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion . In 2015 , Buescher left NASCAR to pursue a career in the Real Estate business . Buescher currently owns and operates his own Real Estate business , Buescher Realty LLC . Currently he has no plans of returning to NASCAR . He is the cousin of 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Chris Buescher .'}]}, {'value': 'James Buescher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buescher', 'summary': 'James Buescher ( born March 26 , 1990 ) is a former American professional stock car racing driver , and the 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion . In 2015 , Buescher left NASCAR to pursue a career in the Real Estate business . Buescher currently owns and operates his own Real Estate business , Buescher Realty LLC . Currently he has no plans of returning to NASCAR . He is the cousin of 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Chris Buescher .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Crafton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Crafton', 'summary': 'Matthew Justin Crafton ( born June 11 , 1976 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A three-time champion of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series ( 2013 , 2014 , 2019 ) , he currently races full-time in the series , in which he drives the No . 88 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina Education Lottery 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Education_Lottery_200_(Charlotte)', 'summary': 'The North Carolina Education Lottery 200 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held in mid-May at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina . The race is currently held as a companion event to the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race in mid May .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucas Oil 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Oil_200_(Dover)', 'summary': 'The JEGS 200 is an annual 200-mile ( 321.869 km ) NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at the Dover International Speedway in Dover , Delaware . The race was the only race to be shown on tape delay during the past several seasons , but since 2012 has been televised live .'}]}, {'value': 'Darrell Wallace , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrell_Wallace,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Darrell Bubba Wallace Jr. ( born October 8 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 43 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Petty Motorsports . Previously , Wallace was signed as a development driver for Joe Gibbs Racing where Wallace competed in the Camping World Truck Series , driving the No . 54 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . He also raced in the Xfinity Series , driving the No . 6 Ford Mustang of Roush Fenway Racing , from 2015 to mid 2017 . Wallace is noted for being one of the most successful African American drivers in the history of NASCAR .'}]}, {'value': 'Darrell Wallace , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrell_Wallace,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Darrell Bubba Wallace Jr. ( born October 8 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 43 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Petty Motorsports . Previously , Wallace was signed as a development driver for Joe Gibbs Racing where Wallace competed in the Camping World Truck Series , driving the No . 54 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . He also raced in the Xfinity Series , driving the No . 6 Ford Mustang of Roush Fenway Racing , from 2015 to mid 2017 . Wallace is noted for being one of the most successful African American drivers in the history of NASCAR .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WinStar World Casino 400K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WinStar_World_Casino_400K', 'summary': "The SpeedyCash.com 400 is an annual 250.5-mile ( 403.14 km ) NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at the Texas Motor Speedway near Fort Worth , Texas . It is normally held the Friday before the IndyCar Series ' DXC Technology 600 ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sauter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sauter', 'summary': 'Jonathan Joseph Johnny Sauter ( born May 1 , 1978 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver currently competing full-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 13 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing . Sauter is the son of former NASCAR driver Jim Sauter , the brother of NASCAR drivers Tim Sauter and Jay Sauter , and the uncle of Travis Sauter . He is the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNOH 225', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNOH_225', 'summary': "The Buckle Up in Your Truck 225 presented by Click It or Ticket is a 225-mile-long ( 362 km ) annual race NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at Kentucky Speedway in Sparta , Kentucky . Kentucky received a second date beginning in 2011 as part of NASCAR 's latest round of schedule realignment ; since 2000 the track had always held a Truck Series event . For that race , see Kentucky 201 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Blaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Blaney', 'summary': 'Ryan Michael Blaney ( born December 31 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 12 Ford Mustang for Team Penske and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 12 Mustang for Team Penske . He is the son of NASCAR driver Dave Blaney and the grandson of modified dirt track legend Lou Blaney .'}]}, {'value': 'Darrell Wallace , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrell_Wallace,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Darrell Bubba Wallace Jr. ( born October 8 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 43 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Petty Motorsports . Previously , Wallace was signed as a development driver for Joe Gibbs Racing where Wallace competed in the Camping World Truck Series , driving the No . 54 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . He also raced in the Xfinity Series , driving the No . 6 Ford Mustang of Roush Fenway Racing , from 2015 to mid 2017 . Wallace is noted for being one of the most successful African American drivers in the history of NASCAR .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Ethanol 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Ethanol_200', 'summary': "The M & M 's 200 presented by Caseys General Stores is a 200-lap NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at Iowa Speedway in Newton , Iowa ."}]}, {'value': 'Germán Quiroga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germán_Quiroga', 'summary': 'Germán Quiroga Jr. ( born May 28 , 1980 ) is a Mexican professional stock car racing driver . In 2011 , he became the first three-time NASCAR Corona Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Peters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Peters', 'summary': 'Timothy Peters ( born August 29 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 44 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports . He was a former member of the Bobby Hamilton Racing and Richard Childress Racing driver development programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mudsummer Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Mudsummer_Classic', 'summary': "The 2013 Mudsummer Classic ( formally the CarCash Mudsummer Classic presented by CNBC Prime 's The Profit ) was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series stock car race held on July 24 , 2013 , at Eldora Speedway in New Weston , Ohio . The race was the first dirt track race held by a NASCAR national touring series ( Cup , Xfinity , Trucks ) since 1970 . Contested over 150 laps , the race was the tenth of the 2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season . Ken Schrader of self-owned Ken Schrader Racing won the pole position , and became the oldest pole sitter in NASCAR history at 58 years of age . Austin Dillon of Richard Childress Racing won the race , while Kyle Larson and Ryan Newman finished second and third , respectively . The qualifying procedure was unique for the race ; drivers ' qualifying times set the starting grids for five heat races to determine the feature race 's starting lineup , while the top five of a last chance qualifier ( LCQ ) advance to the feature . Schrader , Jared Landers , Timothy Peters , Kenny Wallace and Jeb Burton won the heat races , while Brennan Newberry won the LCQ . The feature 's format was also distinctive compared to other NASCAR events , as it was divided into three segments , lasting 60 , 50 and 40 laps . In the feature , Larson took the lead from Peters on lap 39 , and later battled with Dillon for the win , and Dillon claimed the victory after he retained the lead on the green-white-checker finish for his fifth career Truck Series win ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Schrader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Schrader', 'summary': "Kenneth Schrader ( born May 29 , 1955 ) is an American professional racing driver . He currently races on local dirt and asphalt tracks around the country while driving part-time in the ARCA Racing Series , as well as at Eldora Speedway in the Camping World Truck Series . He raced in the NASCAR Cup Series from 1981 to 2013 . He is a first cousin once removed of fellow NASCAR driver Carl Edwards . He races in many racing divisions , and has been successful in any division he has stepped into . He owns a dirt late model and dirt open wheel modified car . Both of these cars , along with his Camping World Truck Series and ARCA series cars , are sponsored by Federated Auto Parts . He owns Federated Auto Parts Raceway ( formerly I-55 Raceway ) in Pevely , Missouri , and is co-owner of Macon Speedway , near Macon , Illinois , along with Kenny Wallace , Tony Stewart , and local promoter Bob Sargent . During the 1990s and the early part of the 2000s , Schrader was running as many as 100 races among many types of racing , including NASCAR 's national and regional touring series , ARCA , short track , and dirt track ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pocono Mountains 125', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pocono_Mountains_125', 'summary': 'The Gander RV 150 is a 150-mile-long ( 241.402 km ) annual race on the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series at the Pocono Raceway .'}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Paludo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Paludo', 'summary': 'Miguel Paludo ( born July 26 , 1983 in Nova Prata , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver . A Five-time champion in Porsche GT3 Cup Brasil competition , he formerly competed in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Blaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Blaney', 'summary': 'Ryan Michael Blaney ( born December 31 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 12 Ford Mustang for Team Penske and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 12 Mustang for Team Penske . He is the son of NASCAR driver Dave Blaney and the grandson of modified dirt track legend Lou Blaney .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Blaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Blaney', 'summary': 'Ryan Michael Blaney ( born December 31 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 12 Ford Mustang for Team Penske and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 12 Mustang for Team Penske . He is the son of NASCAR driver Dave Blaney and the grandson of modified dirt track legend Lou Blaney .'}]}, {'value': 'Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan National Guard 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_National_Guard_200', 'summary': 'The Corrigan Oil 200 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Michigan International Speedway . The event was started in 1999 and was won by Greg Biffle . In 2001 Michigan did not hold a Truck race because of date conflicts with the CART event which it had been associated . The 2004 race marked the first win for Toyota in a national NASCAR series when Travis Kvapil won for Bang ! Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'James Buescher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buescher', 'summary': 'James Buescher ( born March 26 , 1990 ) is a former American professional stock car racing driver , and the 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion . In 2015 , Buescher left NASCAR to pursue a career in the Real Estate business . Buescher currently owns and operates his own Real Estate business , Buescher Realty LLC . Currently he has no plans of returning to NASCAR . He is the cousin of 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Chris Buescher .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNOH 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNOH_200', 'summary': 'The UNOH 200 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place in August at Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol , Tennessee . It was usually held on the Wednesday night prior to the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Saturday night race , the Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race ; though in 2018 , the race took place on Thursday night and was broadcast in primetime on Fox . When first held in 1995 , the race was 150 laps . It was increased to 200 laps the following year , and has remained at that distance since . There were no Truck races held at BMS between 2000-2002 . Starting in the 2019 event , it became the first race of the playoffs , while in 2020 it switched to the final race in the round of 8 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chase Elliott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chase_Elliott', 'summary': 'William Clyde Chase Elliott II ( born November 28 , 1995 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 9 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Hendrick Motorsports . He is the only son of 1988 Winston Cup Series champion Bill Elliott . He won the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series championship , becoming the first rookie to win a national series championship in NASCAR . He became the youngest champion in the NASCAR Nationwide Series ( now called Xfinity Series ) . He was the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Peters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Peters', 'summary': 'Timothy Peters ( born August 29 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 44 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports . He was a former member of the Bobby Hamilton Racing and Richard Childress Racing driver development programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chevrolet Silverado 250', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Chevrolet_Silverado_250', 'summary': "The 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 250 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held on September 1 , 2013 . Contested over 64 laps , the race was the inaugural running of the Chevrolet Silverado 250 at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park in Bowmanville , Ontario , and the fourteenth of the 2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season . The race was the first Truck race in Canada and the first road course race since 2000 . James Buescher of Turner Scott Motorsports won the pole position , while Hendrick Motorsports ' Chase Elliott won the race in controversial fashion , when he turned Ty Dillon in the final turn on the last lap . Afterwards , Mike Skeen and Max Papis were involved in a post-race incident where Skeen 's girlfriend slapped Papis for contact on the final lap ."}]}, {'value': 'James Buescher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buescher', 'summary': 'James Buescher ( born March 26 , 1990 ) is a former American professional stock car racing driver , and the 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion . In 2015 , Buescher left NASCAR to pursue a career in the Real Estate business . Buescher currently owns and operates his own Real Estate business , Buescher Realty LLC . Currently he has no plans of returning to NASCAR . He is the cousin of 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Chris Buescher .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Chase Elliott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chase_Elliott', 'summary': 'William Clyde Chase Elliott II ( born November 28 , 1995 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 9 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Hendrick Motorsports . He is the only son of 1988 Winston Cup Series champion Bill Elliott . He won the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series championship , becoming the first rookie to win a national series championship in NASCAR . He became the youngest champion in the NASCAR Nationwide Series ( now called Xfinity Series ) . He was the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fan Appreciation 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fan_Appreciation_200', 'summary': "The Fan Appreciation 200 was a 200 lap NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held at Iowa Speedway in Newton , Iowa . The second race held at Iowa Speedway , it originally shared a name and title sponsor with its sister race , the American Ethanol 200 , in Newton . Ryan Blaney , son of Cup driver Dave Blaney won the inaugural race by holding off Ty Dillon . Blaney 's win at the age of 18 years , 8 months , and 15 days made him the youngest winner in Camping World Truck Series history at the time . The race was removed from the schedule after the 2013 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Ross Chastain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Chastain', 'summary': 'Ross L. Chastain ( born December 4 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 10 Chevrolet Camaro for Kaulig Racing and the No . 38 Chevrolet Camaro for RSS Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 40 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports , and part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 77 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Spire Motorsports and No . 6 Ford Mustang for Roush Fenway Racing . He is nicknamed The Watermelon Man and Melon Man due to his background as a watermelon farmer ; whenever he celebrates race wins , he smashes a watermelon to the ground in Victory Lane . During the 2019 season in which he competed across all three NASCAR national series , he acquired the moniker The Busiest Driver in NASCAR .'}]}, {'value': 'Ross Chastain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Chastain', 'summary': 'Ross L. Chastain ( born December 4 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 10 Chevrolet Camaro for Kaulig Racing and the No . 38 Chevrolet Camaro for RSS Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 40 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports , and part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 77 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Spire Motorsports and No . 6 Ford Mustang for Roush Fenway Racing . He is nicknamed The Watermelon Man and Melon Man due to his background as a watermelon farmer ; whenever he celebrates race wins , he smashes a watermelon to the ground in Victory Lane . During the 2019 season in which he competed across all three NASCAR national series , he acquired the moniker The Busiest Driver in NASCAR .'}]}, {'value': 'James Buescher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buescher', 'summary': 'James Buescher ( born March 26 , 1990 ) is a former American professional stock car racing driver , and the 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion . In 2015 , Buescher left NASCAR to pursue a career in the Real Estate business . Buescher currently owns and operates his own Real Estate business , Buescher Realty LLC . Currently he has no plans of returning to NASCAR . He is the cousin of 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Chris Buescher .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EnjoyIllinois.com 225', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EnjoyIllinois.com_225', 'summary': 'The Camping World 225 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Smith 's 350", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Smith's_350", 'summary': 'The Strat 200 is a 134-lap , 200-mile long NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Las Vegas Motor Speedway .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Crafton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Crafton', 'summary': 'Matthew Justin Crafton ( born June 11 , 1976 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A three-time champion of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series ( 2013 , 2014 , 2019 ) , he currently races full-time in the series , in which he drives the No . 88 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Peters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Peters', 'summary': 'Timothy Peters ( born August 29 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 44 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports . He was a former member of the Bobby Hamilton Racing and Richard Childress Racing driver development programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Fred 's 250", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fred's_250", 'summary': 'The Sugarlands Shine 250 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Talladega Superspeedway . It was first held on October 7 , 2006 , as the John Deere 250 . Spencer Boyd is the defending winner from 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sauter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sauter', 'summary': 'Jonathan Joseph Johnny Sauter ( born May 1 , 1978 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver currently competing full-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 13 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing . Sauter is the son of former NASCAR driver Jim Sauter , the brother of NASCAR drivers Tim Sauter and Jay Sauter , and the uncle of Travis Sauter . He is the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kroger 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Kroger_200', 'summary': 'The 2013 Kroger 200 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held on October 26 , 2013 at Martinsville Speedway in Ridgeway , Virginia . Contested over 200 laps , the race was the nineteenth of the 2013 season . Darrell Wallace Jr. of Kyle Busch Motorsports won the race . Brendan Gaughan finished second and Jeb Burton finished third .'}]}, {'value': 'Denny Hamlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denny_Hamlin', 'summary': 'James Dennis Alan Denny Hamlin ( born November 18 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 11 Toyota Camry and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving a Toyota Supra , both for Joe Gibbs Racing . He has won over 30 NASCAR Cup Series races , including the Daytona 500 in 2016 , 2019 , and 2020 . In 2020 , he became the fourth person to win the race in back to back seasons , joining Richard Petty , Cale Yarborough , and Sterling Marlin . Hamlin was born in Tampa , Florida , but lived in Chesterfield , Virginia , for most of his childhood . He began racing go-karts at the age of seven . Afterward , he worked his way up to Late Models by 2004 and signed a development contract with Joe Gibbs Racing . After running briefly in the Craftsman Truck Series , Hamlin drove a full season in the Busch Series in 2005 , while running a few Nextel Cup races . After having strong race finishes , Hamlin was given a full-time ride with JGR . His strongest season was in 2010 , where he was leading the Championship by 15 points heading into the final race at Homestead . Despite having an incredible season , winning the most races of any driver in that year ( 8 ) , he would lose the Championship by 39 points to Jimmie Johnson .'}]}, {'value': 'Darrell Wallace , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrell_Wallace,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Darrell Bubba Wallace Jr. ( born October 8 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 43 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Petty Motorsports . Previously , Wallace was signed as a development driver for Joe Gibbs Racing where Wallace competed in the Camping World Truck Series , driving the No . 54 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . He also raced in the Xfinity Series , driving the No . 6 Ford Mustang of Roush Fenway Racing , from 2015 to mid 2017 . Wallace is noted for being one of the most successful African American drivers in the history of NASCAR .'}]}, {'value': 'Darrell Wallace , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrell_Wallace,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Darrell Bubba Wallace Jr. ( born October 8 , 1993 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 43 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Petty Motorsports . Previously , Wallace was signed as a development driver for Joe Gibbs Racing where Wallace competed in the Camping World Truck Series , driving the No . 54 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . He also raced in the Xfinity Series , driving the No . 6 Ford Mustang of Roush Fenway Racing , from 2015 to mid 2017 . Wallace is noted for being one of the most successful African American drivers in the history of NASCAR .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WinStar World Casino 350K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WinStar_World_Casino_350K', 'summary': 'The Vankor 350 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Texas Motor Speedway . The 1999 race was 300 kilometers and the 2000 race was 400 kilometers . Starting in 2001 , the race is now 350 kilometers . The race moved to the spring for the 2019 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeb Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Burton', 'summary': "John Edward Jeb Burton IV ( born August 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton . He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway , an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at , as well as at Ace Speedway . Burton has raced in each of NASCAR 's three national series . He currently drives the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in the NASCAR Xfinity Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Dillon', 'summary': 'Ty R. Dillon ( born February 27 , 1992 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the younger brother of fellow NASCAR driver Austin Dillon , son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 13 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Germain Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Results and standings -- Races', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series_0', 'intro': "The 2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the nineteenth season of the Camping World Truck Series, the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in North America. The season was contested over twenty-two races, beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Matt Crafton of ThorSport Racing claimed his first championship with only one finish outside the top twenty and by completing every lap of the season. Toyota won the year's Manufacturers' Championship, while Kyle Busch Motorsports won the Owners' Championship, with its No. 51 entry."} | null | null | What is the one-word nickname of the winning driver of the 2013 Lucas Oil 200 ? | Rowdy |
07406a3b01557a74 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Reed', 'title': 'Nikki Reed', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thirteen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thirteen_(2003_film)', 'summary': "Thirteen is a 2003 American teen drama film directed by Catherine Hardwicke , written by Hardwicke and Nikki Reed , and starring Evan Rachel Wood , Holly Hunter , and Reed . Loosely based on Reed 's life from ages 12 to 13 , the film 's plot follows Tracy , a junior high school student in Los Angeles who begins dabbling in substance abuse , sex , and crime after being befriended by a troubled classmate . It features Brady Corbet , Deborah Kara Unger , Kip Pardue , and Vanessa Anne Hudgens in supporting roles . The screenplay for Thirteen was written over a period of six days by Hardwicke and the then-14-year-old Reed ; Hardwicke , a former production designer , independently raised funds herself for the production . Filming took place on location in Los Angeles in 2002 , largely shot with hand-held cameras , evoking a cinéma vérité visual style . Upon the film 's debut at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2003 , Hardwicke won the Sundance Directing ( Drama ) for the film . Fox Searchlight Pictures subsequently acquired Thirteen for distribution , giving the film a limited release in the United States beginning on August 20 , 2003 ; the release would expand in September 2003 , and the film went on to gross a total of $ 4.6 million at the United States box office . Though it received numerous favorable reviews from critics , Thirteen generated some controversy for its depiction of youth drug use ( including inhalants , marijuana , LSD , and alcohol ) , underage sexual behavior , and self-harm . The film earned Holly Hunter an Oscar nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Golden Globe nominations for Hunter and Evan Rachel Wood for Best Supporting Actress and Best Actress in a Drama , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Evie Zamora', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Man of God', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_of_God_(film)', 'summary': 'Man of God is a 2005 film written and directed by Jefery Levy . It stars Peter Weller and Nikki Reed .'}]}, {'value': 'Zane Berg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lords of Dogtown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lords_of_Dogtown', 'summary': 'Lords of Dogtown is a 2005 American biographical drama film directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Stacy Peralta . The film follows a group of young skateboarders in the south Santa Monica area of Los Angeles , California during the mid 1970s . This is the first ( and so far only ) production made by both Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'Kathy Alva', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Gun_(2005_film)', 'summary': "American Gun is a 2005 American crime drama film produced by Participant Productions , IFC Films , IFC First Take , and Spirit Dance Entertainment . It was written in 2001 by Steven Bagatourian and Aric Avelino and directed by Avelino as his directorial debut . Avelino attended Loyola Marymount University and made the film with many LMU alumni , including producer Ted Kroeber . The film took two and a half years to finance . The central idea came from a Column One article in the Los Angeles Times . In addition , the writers were influenced by a friend from the Chicago school district who related stories about how students brought guns to school , not to use them on campus , but because of the dangerous neighborhoods they live in or walk through to attend classes . Avelino was very appreciative of the directorial advice of Forest Whitaker , one of the film 's producers . The first actress attached to the project was Marcia Gay Harden ."}]}, {'value': 'Tally', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mini 's First Time", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mini's_First_Time", 'summary': "Mini 's First Time is a 2006 satiric neo-noir film written and directed by Nick Guthe and produced by Trigger Street Productions . It was screened at the Tribeca Film Festival on May 1 , 2006 and had a limited release on July 14 , 2006 . It was released on DVD on October 24 , 2006 by HBO Films . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Minerva Mini Drogues', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry Crush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Crush', 'summary': "Cherry Crush is a 2007 American drama and thriller film starring Jonathan Tucker and Nikki Reed . The film was directed and co-written by Nicholas DiBella . Cherry Crush premiered in Rochester , New York on February 16 , 2007 . The film was released on DVD on July 3 , 2007 . Nicholas DiBella 's thriller Cherry Crush stars Jonathan Tucker as Jordan Wells , the privileged son of a successful man who gets kicked out of an exclusive prep school after his interest in photography and girls leads him to taking nude snapshots of classmates . Soon he meets a poor but attractive girl named Shay Bettencourt ( Nikki Reed ) who ensnares him in a web of murder and lies ."}]}, {'value': 'Shay Bettencourt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twilight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twilight_(2008_film)', 'summary': "Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's 2005 novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan ( a teenage girl ) and Edward Cullen ( a vampire ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires . The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007-2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and was completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon . Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US $ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosalie Hale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosalie_Hale', 'summary': 'The following is a list of characters in the Twilight novel series by Stephenie Meyer , comprising the books Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse and Breaking Dawn , as well as The Twilight Saga film series adaptations .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Familiar Strangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Familiar_Strangers', 'summary': 'Familiar Strangers ( formerly known as Pretzels & Pills ) is a 2008 film about an American family going through the process of negotiating the changing relationships between parents and children , especially as those children grow into adulthood .'}]}, {'value': 'Allison', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Twilight Saga : New Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_New_Moon', 'summary': "The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( commonly referred to as New Moon ) is a 2009 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's 2006 novel New Moon . It is the second film in The Twilight Saga film series and is the sequel to 2008 's Twilight . Summit Entertainment greenlit the sequel in late November 2008 , following the early success of Twilight . Directed by Chris Weitz , the film stars Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprising their roles as Bella Swan , Edward Cullen , and Jacob Black , respectively . Melissa Rosenberg , who handed in a draft of the film script during the opening weekend of Twilight , returned as screenwriter for New Moon as well . Filming began in Vancouver in late March 2009 , and in Montepulciano , Italy in late May 2009 . The film was released on November 20 , 2009 in most countries , and set domestic box office records as the biggest midnight screening , grossing $ 26.3 million , which was superseded by its sequel , Eclipse . This led to the highest single-day , domestic gross on an opening day , with $ 72.7 million , until it was beaten in 2011 by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 , which made $ 91.1 million , by nearly $ 20 million . Furthermore , New Moon opened with the third-highest domestic opening weekend since 2002 grossing a total of $ 142,839,137 . The film also became the highest-grossing film released by Summit Entertainment , and was the widest independent release , playing in over 4,100 theaters in its theatrical run , until it was surpassed by The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . New Moon was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 20 , 2010 through midnight release parties . As of July 2012 , the film has grossed $ 184,916,451 in North American DVD sales , selling more than 8,835,501 units , 4 million of which were sold within its first weekend , beating Twilight 's 3.8 million units sold in its first two days ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosalie Hale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Last Day of Summer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Last_Day_of_Summer', 'summary': 'Last Day of Summer is a 2009 drama-comedy film written , produced and directed by Vlad Yudin of The Vladar Company , featuring DJ Qualls , Nikki Reed , and William Sadler .'}]}, {'value': 'Stefanie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Twilight Saga : Eclipse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_Eclipse', 'summary': "The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , commonly referred to as Eclipse , is a 2010 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's 2007 novel Eclipse . It is the third installment of The Twilight Saga film series , following 2008 's Twilight and 2009 's New Moon . Summit Entertainment greenlit the film in February 2009 . Directed by David Slade , the film stars Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprising their roles as Bella Swan , Edward Cullen , and Jacob Black , respectively . Melissa Rosenberg , who penned the scripts for both Twilight and New Moon , returned as screenwriter . Filming began on August 17 , 2009 , at Vancouver Film Studios , and finished in late October , with post-production began early the following month . Bryce Dallas Howard was cast as Victoria , replacing Rachelle Lefevre who previously played her . The film was released worldwide on June 30 , 2010 in theatres , and became the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . The film has received mixed reception from critics . It held the record for biggest midnight opening in the United States and Canada in box office history , grossing an estimated $ 30 million , until it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in 2011 . The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in the United States and Canada history with $ 68,533,840 beating Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 's $ 62 million . Eclipse has also become the film with the widest independent release , playing in over 4,416 theaters , surpassing its predecessor , The Twilight Saga : New Moon , which held the record since November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosalie Hale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chain Letter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chain_Letter_(film)', 'summary': 'Chain Letter is a 2010 American horror film directed by Deon Taylor . It was written by Diana Erwin , Michael J. Pagan , and Deon Taylor . The film is about six friends who are stalked by a murderer that uses chains to kill them if they do not pass on the chain letter to five people .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessie Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Privileged', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lauren Carrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catch .44', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catch_.44', 'summary': 'Catch .44 is a 2011 American crime thriller film written and directed by Aaron Harvey and starring Forest Whitaker , Bruce Willis , Malin Åkerman , Nikki Reed , Deborah Ann Woll , and Brad Dourif .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_Breaking_Dawn_–_Part_1', 'summary': 'The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn : Part 1 ) is a 2011 American romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon , based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer . Constituting the first of a two-part adaptation of the novel , the film is the fourth and penultimate installment in The Twilight Saga film series , the sequel to Eclipse in 2010 , and was followed by Breaking Dawn : Part 2 in 2012 . All three main cast members , Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprised their roles . Wyck Godfrey and Karen Rosenfelt served as producers of the film , along with the author of the series , Stephenie Meyer ; the screenplay was written by Melissa Rosenberg , the screenwriter of the first three entries . It was released in theaters on November 18 , 2011 , and released to DVD on February 11 , 2012 , in the United States . Although negatively reviewed by critics , the film was commercially successful , grossing over $ 712 million worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosalie Hale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_Breaking_Dawn_–_Part_2', 'summary': "The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 ( commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn : Part 2 ) is a 2012 American romantic drama fantasy film directed by Bill Condon and based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer . Constituting the second of a two-part adaptation of the novel , the film is the fifth and final installment in The Twilight Saga film series , following 2011 's Breaking Dawn : Part 1 . All three main cast members , Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprise their roles , with Mackenzie Foy portraying Renesmee Cullen . Alongside Pattinson , Lautner , Stewart , and Foy , the film also stars an ensemble cast including Billy Burke , Peter Facinelli , Elizabeth Reaser , Kellan Lutz , Nikki Reed , Jackson Rathbone , Ashley Greene , Michael Sheen , and Dakota Fanning . Part 2 was released on November 16 , 2012 . The film , despite mixed critical reception , was a box office success , grossing nearly $ 830 million worldwide against production budget of $ 136 million , becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2012 and the highest-grossing film of The Twilight Saga series ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosalie Hale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_State_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Empire State is a 2013 American crime drama film based on a true story , centered on two childhood friends who rob an armored car depository , and the NYPD officer who stands in their way . Directed by Dito Montiel and starring Dwayne Johnson , Liam Hemsworth and Emma Roberts , the film was released straight to DVD and Blu-ray on September 3 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lizzette', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pawn_(film)', 'summary': 'Pawn is a 2013 American direct-to-video film directed by David A. Armstrong in his directorial debut .'}]}, {'value': 'Amanda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enter the Dangerous Mind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enter_the_Dangerous_Mind', 'summary': 'Enter the Dangerous Mind , also known under its original title of Snap , is a 2013 psychological thriller film that was directed by Youssef Delara and Victor Teran . The film had its world premiere on 11 March 2013 at the South by Southwest Film Festival and it will have a theatrical release on 6 February 2015 . Enter the Dangerous Mind stars Jake Hoffman as an EDM musician that falls into madness after his relationship with a beautiful woman ( Nikki Reed ) turns sour . Teran and Delara have cited the movies Taxi Driver and The Shining as influences for Enter the Dangerous Mind and filming took place over a 25-day period .'}]}, {'value': 'Wendy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balls Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balls_Out_(2014_film)', 'summary': 'Balls Out is a 2014 American live-action/animated sports comedy film directed by Andrew Disney , based on a script by Bradley Jackson . The film stars Jake Lacy , Beck Bennett , Jay Pharoah , Nikki Reed , Kate McKinnon , DC Pierson , Nick Kocher , Brian McElhaney , Nick Rutherford and Gabriel Luna , and focuses on a group of college seniors that decide to form an intramural football team before graduating . The film , originally titled Intramural , stars cast members of comedy groups Saturday Night Live , Derrick Comedy , BriTANicK , and Good Neighbor . The film was picked up by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Orion Pictures and was given a limited release on film and video on demand on June 19 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Meredith Downs', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Nikki_Reed_0', 'intro': 'Nicole Houston Reed (born May 17, 1988) is an American actress, screenwriter, singer-songwriter, and model. She is known for playing vampire Rosalie Hale in The Twilight Saga (2008-2012). She became known in 2003, after the release of the film Thirteen, directed by Catherine Hardwicke, for which she was credited with Hardwicke as a co-writer of the screenplay, and in which she played a lead role. The film earned Reed an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance, as well as several nominations.'} | null | null | What role did Reed play in the psychological thriller film that was directed by Youssef Delara and Victor Teran ? | Wendy |
0740be8b40800a2c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampang_and_Sri_Petaling_lines', 'title': 'Ampang and Sri Petaling lines', 'header': ['Code', 'Name', 'Platform type', 'Interchange/Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'AG1 SP1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentul Timur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentul_Timur_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sentul Timur LRT station or Sentul Timur is the terminal station for the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . The station is located in Sentul , a suburb of Kuala Lumpur , which is surrounded by medium density low cost housing developments . Pangsapuri Melur is the nearest residential properties to this station . Sentul is a main town area in Kuala Lumpur . It is divided into two sections namely Sentul Barat ( West Sentul ) and Sentul Timur ( East Sentul ) . Jalan Sentul and Jalan Ipoh are the two major roads servicing this area . Although , not an interchange officially , commuters may walk up to the KC02 Sentul Komuter station from Sentul Timur station . It takes approximately 15 - 20 minutes for the walking distance .'}]}, {'value': 'Terminus ( Side )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terminus_station', 'summary': 'A train station , railway station , railroad station , or depot is a railway facility or area where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight or both . It generally consists of at least one track-side platform and a station building ( depot ) providing such ancillary services as ticket sales , waiting rooms , and baggage/freight service . If a station is on a single-track line , it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements . The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or , in some parts of the world , as halts ( flag stops ) . Stations may be at ground level , underground , or elevated . Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other transport modes such as buses , trams , or other rapid transit systems .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern terminus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AG2 SP2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentul_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sentul LRT station is an above ground Light Rapid Station operated by Rapid Rail in Sentul Selatan , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is served by the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . This station is situated next to two secondary schools , Sentul Methodist Boys School and Wesleys Methodist School , three primary schools , and around are medium density low cost housing developments . Although , Sentul LRT station has a similar name as the KC02 Sentul Komuter station , it is of note that these two stations are quite far apart from each other ( at approximately 800 metres in walking distance ) . Sentul LRT station was opened to public in 1998 as part of the final phase of development of the STAR Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AG3 SP3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Titiwangsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titiwangsa_station', 'summary': 'Titiwangsa station is a rapid transit interchange station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia that allows for transfers between the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line rapid transit system ( formerly known as STAR ) at one station , and the KL Monorail . Seamless physical and fare integration was achieved on 1 March 2012 when the paid-up or restricted areas of both the LRT and monorail stations , which previously operated as two separate stations , were linked up , allowing passengers to transfer without needing to buy new tickets for the first time since the monorail became operational in 2003 . Situated at Tun Razak Road ( Malay : Jalan Tun Razak ) in the district of Pekeliling beside Titiwangsa , just beside the Pekeliling Flats ( currently was demolished ) , the stations are also located close to the Gombak River , as well as an adjoining bus station . In the future , it will be integrated with the MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station with MR11 KL Monorail as well as future interchange with SSP13 MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line . ( Opening 2022 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KL_Monorail', 'summary': 'The KL Monorail Line is the eighth rail transit line and the one of the operational monorail systems in Malaysia . Operated by Rapid Rail , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia , it is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 8 and coloured Light Green on official transit maps .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh_Serdang_Putrajaya_Line', 'summary': 'The MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya line ( MRT SSP ) or MRT 2 will be the twelfth rail transit line , the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in Klang Valley area . It is a part of the larger rail transport system in Kuala Lumpur known as Greater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 12 and coloured Gold on transit map . It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Kwasa Damansara and Kampung Batu is expected to be operational by July 2021 . The remaining line is expected to be operational in January 2023 . The approved rail alignment is 52.2 km in length , of which 13.5 km is underground . A total of 37 stations , 11 of them underground , will be built . The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh to Putrajaya and will include densely populated areas Sri Damansara , Kepong , Batu , Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah , Jalan Tun Razak , KLCC , Tun Razak Exchange , Kuchai Lama , Seri Kembangan and Cyberjaya . It is expected to have a ridership of 533,000 passengers per day once completed .'}]}, {'value': 'AG4 SP4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PWTC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PWTC_LRT_station', 'summary': "PWTC LRT station is an LRT station in Kuala Lumpur that is served by the RapidKL Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . PWTC stands for Putra World Trade Center which is a main convention and exhibition centre in Kuala Lumpur . PWTC has become the preferred venue for local and international conventions , concerts and other prestigious events in Malaysia . The station is located at Kuala Lumpur 's Golden Triangle and only 45 minutes from Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) and within easy walking distant of a mall , restaurants , entertainment centres and 3 - 5 star hotels . Also , about a 400-metre walk from the station , there is the KA04 Putra Komuter station served by the Seremban Line and Port Klang Line . Sunway Putra Mall shopping complex is located right next to the station ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedestrian access to KA04 Putra for KTM Seremban Line and KTM Port Klang Line walking a distance of 600 metres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Putra_Komuter_station', 'summary': 'Putra Komuter station is a Malaysian commuter train halt in Kuala Lumpur named in part after the Putra World Trade Centre located nearby . The halt forms part of a common KTM Komuter railway line shared by both the Port Klang Line and the Seremban Line . The halt is also the northernmost station in the KTM Komuter network where trains from both lines stop .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seremban_Line', 'summary': "The Seremban Line ( Malay : Laluan Seremban ) or Seremban Komuter Line ( Malay : Laluan Komuter Seremban ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . Its electric trains run between Batu Caves and Pulau Sebang/Tampin , with some services terminating in Seremban . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Rawang . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The system is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 1 and coloured Blue on official transit maps . It is named after its former terminus , Seremban station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Klang_Line', 'summary': "Port Klang Line ( Malay : Laluan Pelabuhan Klang ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . The electric trains run between Tanjung Malim and Port Klang . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Batu Caves . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The line is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 2 and coloured Red on official transit maps . It is named after its terminus , Port Klang station ."}]}, {'value': 'AG5 SP5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sultan Ismail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_LRT_station', 'summary': "Sultan Ismail LRT station is a rapid transit station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , operated by RapidKL served by the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . This station was opened in 1996 , along with 17 other LRT stations , as Phase 1 of the STAR LRT Line . It was the terminus of the Ampang-Sultan Ismail route before the extension to Sentul Timur . The Sultan Ismail LRT station stands between Sekolah Kebangsaan Lelaki Jalan Batu and Chung Kwok Primary School . The Malaysia 's leading multinational conglomerate Sime Darby head office is opposite of this station . There is an artist impression of the station erected at SK Lelaki Jalan Batu ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedestrian access to MR9 Medan Tuanku for KL Monorail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medan_Tuanku_Monorail_station', 'summary': 'Medan Tuanku Monorail station is a Malaysian elevated monorail train station that serves as a part of the Kuala Lumpur Monorail ( KL Monorail ) , located in Kuala Lumpur and opened alongside the rest of the train service on August 31 , 2003 . This station was formerly called Wawasan Monorail station . The station is situated above Jalan Sultan Ismail , just south of Chow Kit and located east from an intersection with Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman ; it marks the start and end of the Monorail line that runs parallel along Sultan Ismail Road , until the Bukit Bintang station , after which the line turns west to Jalan Imbi at the both road intersection . The station is situated in and named after Medan Tuanku , a small district connected to Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman , Jalan Sultan Ismail and Jalan Dang Wangi via backroads .'}, {'url': '/wiki/KL_Monorail', 'summary': 'The KL Monorail Line is the eighth rail transit line and the one of the operational monorail systems in Malaysia . Operated by Rapid Rail , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia , it is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 8 and coloured Light Green on official transit maps .'}]}, {'value': 'AG6 SP6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandaraya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandaraya_LRT_station', 'summary': "Bandaraya LRT station is an elevated rapid transit station in central Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station is on the common route shared by the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line ( originally known as STAR Line ) . The station was opened on 16 December 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR system 's opening , along with 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail to Ampang route . The station stands between the eastern banks of the Gombak River and an intersection between Jalan Raja Laut , a major thoroughfare along the Gombak River , and Jalan Isfahan . The station is the southernmost station along the Gombak River . The station is also within close proximity of several shopping complexes , the present Kuala Lumpur City Hall building , the Bank Negara headquarters , and Little India Precinct . The station is some 140 m from the KA03 Bank Negara station , a KTM Komuter station , to which it is linked by a footbridge . It was the first station on the line to have an interchange with another railway system and , prior to the opening of Kelana Jaya Line and remaining phases of the STAR lines , the only station of this kind , although there was no network integration in terms of fares or ticketing . Bandaraya is also close to bus stops along Jalan Raja Laut , Jalan Dang Wangi and Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecting station to KA03 Bank Negara or KTM Seremban Line and KTM Port Klang Line via a 250-meter pedestrian access', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_Negara_Komuter_station', 'summary': "Bank Negara Komuter station is a KTM Komuter train station in central Kuala Lumpur , named after the Central Bank of Malaysia headquarters located nearby . The halt forms part of a common KTM Komuter railway line shared by both the Port Klang Line and the Seremban Line . It is located at Jalan Dato ' Onn ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seremban_Line', 'summary': "The Seremban Line ( Malay : Laluan Seremban ) or Seremban Komuter Line ( Malay : Laluan Komuter Seremban ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . Its electric trains run between Batu Caves and Pulau Sebang/Tampin , with some services terminating in Seremban . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Rawang . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The system is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 1 and coloured Blue on official transit maps . It is named after its former terminus , Seremban station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Klang_Line', 'summary': "Port Klang Line ( Malay : Laluan Pelabuhan Klang ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . The electric trains run between Tanjung Malim and Port Klang . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Batu Caves . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The line is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 2 and coloured Red on official transit maps . It is named after its terminus , Port Klang station ."}]}, {'value': 'AG7 SP7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masjid Jamek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masjid_Jamek_LRT_station', 'summary': "Masjid Jamek LRT station is a rapid transit station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is the interchange station between two of Rapid KL 's light rapid transit ( LRT ) systems , namely the LRT Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines and the LRT Kelana Jaya Line . The station is one of the only two stations that integrate the LRT lines , the other being Putra Heights station.The station is situated near , and named after the Masjid Jamek in central Kuala Lumpur . Despite being called an interchange station , up until 28 November 2011 , there were effectively two Masjid Jamek stations in operational terms . An elevated Masjid Jamek station served the Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines while an underground Masjid Jamek station served the Kelana Jaya Line , each having their own ticketing systems which were not integrated with each other . Commuters had to exit one system , purchase a new ticket before entering the other system if they wanted to transfer from one line to the other . Prior to 2006 when a plaza was built above the Klang River linking the stations , Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line 's Masjid Jamek station and Kelana Jaya Line 's Masjid Jamek station were two physically separate buildings . There were limited pedestrian walkways between the two stations resulting in commuters having to be exposed to the sun and rain , and even having to cross the busy Jalan Tun Perak , just to change from one line to the other . On 28 November 2011 , the fare gates which kept the two systems separated were removed and the plaza which physically linked the two stations became part of the paid ( or restricted ) zone of a physically integrated Masjid Jamek station . This allowed commuters to transfer from one line to the other without leaving the system for the first time since the two stations became operational ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station with KJ13 LRT Kelana Jaya Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LRT_Kelana_Jaya_Line', 'summary': 'The LRT Kelana Jaya Line is the fifth rail transit line and the first fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area and forms a part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . Servicing 37 stations , the line has 46.4 km of grade-separated tracks running mostly on underground and elevated guideways . Formerly known as the PUTRA LRT , it is currently operated by Rapid KL , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia . The line is named after its former terminus , Kelana Jaya station . The line is numbered 5 and coloured Ruby on the official transit map .'}]}, {'value': 'AG8 SP8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaza Rakyat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_Rakyat_station', 'summary': "Plaza Rakyat LRT station is an elevated rapid transit station in central Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station is on the common route of the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . ( both lines originally known as STAR-LRT ) The station was opened on 16 December 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR-LRT system 's opening , along with 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail to Ampang route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station to SBK17 Merdeka for MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line via 180-metre air-conditioned covered walkway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merdeka_station', 'summary': "The Merdeka MRT station is a mass rapid transit ( MRT ) underground station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is one of the stations of the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit ( KVMRT ) Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line and serves as an interchange station with Plaza Rakyat LRT station for LRT Ampang and Sri Petaling lines . The station was opened on 17 July 2017 under Phase Two operations of the MRT line . The station 's name translates to Independence in English and is taken from its location near the historic Stadium Merdeka ( Malay ; English : Independence Stadium ) , where the independence of the Federation of Malaya was declared on 31 August 1957 , and the covered Stadium Negara ( English : National Stadium ) . The station is located beneath Jalan Hang Jebat ( English : Hang Jebat Road ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh–Kajang_line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'AG9 SP9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hang Tuah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hang_Tuah_station', 'summary': 'Hang Tuah station is an interchange station in the Pudu district of Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , between the Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines ( formerly known as STAR ) and the KL Monorail . Seamless physical and fare integration was achieved on 1 March 2012 when the paid-up or restricted areas of both the LRT and monorail stations , which previously operated as two separate stations , were linked up , allowing passengers to transfer without needing to buy new tickets for the first time since the monorail became operational in 2003 . Located on the northwestern tip of Pudu , the station is in the vicinity of the Methodist Boys School , Victoria Institution , the former Pudu Prison , the Hang Tuah police station and the National Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station with MR4 KL Monorail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KL_Monorail', 'summary': 'The KL Monorail Line is the eighth rail transit line and the one of the operational monorail systems in Malaysia . Operated by Rapid Rail , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia , it is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 8 and coloured Light Green on official transit maps .'}]}, {'value': 'AG10 SP10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pudu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pudu_LRT_station', 'summary': "Pudu LRT station is an elevated rapid transit station situated in Pudu , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station serves a single line that is shared by both the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . The station was opened on December 16 , 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR LRT system 's opening , alongside 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail-Ampang route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AG11 SP11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chan Sow Lin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chan_Sow_Lin_LRT_station', 'summary': "Chan Sow Lin LRT station is an at-grade rapid transit station and interchange station situated in Pudu , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station serves as an interchange station for the Sri Petaling Line and Ampang Line , formerly known as STAR . The station is a part of the common route shared by both the Ampang Line ( Sentul Timur-Ampang ) and Sri Petaling Line ( Sentul Timur-Putra Heights ) . Beginning from July 2016 and with the completion of the LRT extension , the station was designated as the only interchange station between both lines for the new mode of operation due to the upgrading of the signalling systems . After December 2016 , train service from Ampang to Sentul Timur was restored . The station is the southernmost station for the Ampang Line . The station was opened on 16 December 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR system 's opening , alongside 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail-Ampang route . In the future , it will be integrated with the upcoming MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Future interchange SSP20 with the MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line ( Opening 2022 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh_Serdang_Putrajaya_Line', 'summary': 'The MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya line ( MRT SSP ) or MRT 2 will be the twelfth rail transit line , the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in Klang Valley area . It is a part of the larger rail transport system in Kuala Lumpur known as Greater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 12 and coloured Gold on transit map . It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Kwasa Damansara and Kampung Batu is expected to be operational by July 2021 . The remaining line is expected to be operational in January 2023 . The approved rail alignment is 52.2 km in length , of which 13.5 km is underground . A total of 37 stations , 11 of them underground , will be built . The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh to Putrajaya and will include densely populated areas Sri Damansara , Kepong , Batu , Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah , Jalan Tun Razak , KLCC , Tun Razak Exchange , Kuchai Lama , Seri Kembangan and Cyberjaya . It is expected to have a ridership of 533,000 passengers per day once completed .'}]}, {'value': 'SP12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheras_LRT_station', 'summary': "Cheras LRT station is a Malaysian light rail transit station situated near and named after the Kuala Lumpur township of Cheras . The station is part of the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR ) . The station was opened on July 11 , 1998 , as part of the second phase of the STAR system 's opening , including 7 new stations along the Chan Sow Lin-Sri Petaling route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feeder Bus T401 to SBK21 Cochrane for the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cochrane_MRT_station', 'summary': "The Cochrane station is a Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) underground station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , on the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line . The station was opened on 17 July 2017 as part of the second phase operations of the line . The station is located in the Cheras area of Kuala Lumpur adjacent to Jalan Cochrane ( English : Cochrane Road ) , Jalan Peel ( English : Peel Road 啤律 ) and Jalan Shelley ( English : Shelley Road ) . It is also well known for being located near two large shopping complexes - MyTown Shopping Centre ( housing Malaysia 's second IKEA store ) and Sunway Velocity Mall , with the former being connected to the station via an underground pedestrian linkway and the latter via an elevated pedestrian bridge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sungai_Buloh–Kajang_MRT_line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'SP13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salak Selatan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salak_Selatan_LRT_station', 'summary': "Salak Selatan LRT station is a Malaysian low-rise rapid transit station situated near and named after the Kuala Lumpur township of Salak South ( Malay : Salak Selatan ) . The station is part of the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR ) . The station was opened on July 11 , 1998 , as part of the second phase of the STAR system 's opening , including 7 new stations along the Chan Sow Lin-Sri Petaling route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feeder Bus T402 to SBK24 Taman Midah for the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taman_Midah_MRT_station', 'summary': 'The Taman Midah station ( working name : Taman Bukit Mewah station ) is a mass rapid transit ( MRT ) station on the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line serving the suburbs of Taman Midah and Taman Bukit Mewah in Cheras constituency , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Opened on 17 July 2017 as Phase Two of the SBK MRT system , the station is built at the site of the former Jalan Cheras toll plaza of the Cheras Highway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sungai_Buloh–Kajang_MRT_line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'SP14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandar Tun Razak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandar_Tun_Razak_LRT_station', 'summary': "Bandar Tun Razak LRT station ( formerly Mulia LRT station ) is a Malaysian low-rise rapid transit station situated near and named after the Kuala Lumpur township of Bandar Tun Razak . The station is part of the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR ) . The station was opened on July 11 , 1998 , as part of the second phase of the STAR system 's opening , including 7 new stations along the Chan Sow Lin-Sri Petaling route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SP15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandar Tasik Selatan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandar_Tasik_Selatan_station', 'summary': "Bandar Tasik Selatan station ( BTS ) is a Malaysian interchange station located next to and named after Bandar Tasik Selatan , in Kuala Lumpur . The station serves as both a stop and an interchange for the KTM Komuter 's Seremban Line , KTM ETS , the LRT Sri Petaling Line , and the Express Rail Link 's KLIA Transit trains . BTS is integrated with the Terminal Bersepadu Selatan bus hub ( TBS ) . BTS and TBS are developed as an intermodal transportation hub . Facilities for the reloading of Touch ' n Go cards are also provided in the interchange , at the Sri Petaling Line concourse ."}]}, {'value': 'Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station , without paid area integration , to : KB04 KTM Seremban Line and ETS KTM ETS ; KT2 ERL KLIA Transit ; Terminal Bersepadu Selatan ( TBS ) Bus Hub Feeder bus T410 to SBK26 Taman Connaught for the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seremban_Line', 'summary': "The Seremban Line ( Malay : Laluan Seremban ) or Seremban Komuter Line ( Malay : Laluan Komuter Seremban ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . Its electric trains run between Batu Caves and Pulau Sebang/Tampin , with some services terminating in Seremban . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Rawang . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The system is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 1 and coloured Blue on official transit maps . It is named after its former terminus , Seremban station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KTM_ETS', 'summary': 'The ETS covers the section of the West Coast Main Line between Padang Besar on the Malaysia-Thailand border and Gemas on the border between Negeri Sembilan and Johor , including the branch between Bukit Mertajam and Butterworth . The line from Gemas to Johor Bahru is currently a single track and is being double tracked and electrified . The ETS operates 5 routes , namely :'}, {'url': '/wiki/KTM_ETS', 'summary': 'The ETS covers the section of the West Coast Main Line between Padang Besar on the Malaysia-Thailand border and Gemas on the border between Negeri Sembilan and Johor , including the branch between Bukit Mertajam and Butterworth . The line from Gemas to Johor Bahru is currently a single track and is being double tracked and electrified . The ETS operates 5 routes , namely :'}, {'url': '/wiki/KLIA_Transit', 'summary': 'KLIA Transit is a commuter rail service in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia between Kuala Lumpur Sentral ( KL Sentral ) and Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) and klia2 . The service is one of the two services on the Express Rail Link ( ERL ) , sharing the same tracks as the KLIA Ekspres . KLIA Transit stops at all stations along the line , while KLIA Ekspres runs non-stop between KL Sentral and KLIA/klia2 . The ERL is operated by Express Rail Link Sdn . Bhd . The line is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . It is numbered 7 and coloured Teal on official transit maps .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Terminal_Bersepadu_Selatan', 'summary': "Bandar Tasik Selatan station ( BTS ) is a Malaysian interchange station located next to and named after Bandar Tasik Selatan , in Kuala Lumpur . The station serves as both a stop and an interchange for the KTM Komuter 's Seremban Line , KTM ETS , the LRT Sri Petaling Line , and the Express Rail Link 's KLIA Transit trains . BTS is integrated with the Terminal Bersepadu Selatan bus hub ( TBS ) . BTS and TBS are developed as an intermodal transportation hub . Facilities for the reloading of Touch ' n Go cards are also provided in the interchange , at the Sri Petaling Line concourse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taman_Connaught_MRT_station', 'summary': 'Taman Connaught MRT station is an elevated rapid transit station on the Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line ( SBK line ) , located in Taman Connaught , Bandar Tun Razak constituency in southeastern Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It was opened on 17 July 2017 , along with 19 adjoining stations ( from Muzium Negara to Kajang ) as part of Phase 2 of the system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh-Kajang_Line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'SP16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sungai Besi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sungai_Besi_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sungai Besi LRT station is a LRT station in Sungai Besi , a town in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . This station is served by the Sri Petaling line and was opened in 1996 , along with 17 other LRT stations . In the future , it will be integrated with the MRT Sungai Buloh Serdang Putrajaya Line . The MRT line is expected to start operatypotions in 2022 . The station will also be integrated with the proposed Maju KL Komuter station .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Future interchange SSP25 with the MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line ( Opening 2022 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh_Serdang_Putrajaya_Line', 'summary': 'The MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya line ( MRT SSP ) or MRT 2 will be the twelfth rail transit line , the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in Klang Valley area . It is a part of the larger rail transport system in Kuala Lumpur known as Greater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 12 and coloured Gold on transit map . It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Kwasa Damansara and Kampung Batu is expected to be operational by July 2021 . The remaining line is expected to be operational in January 2023 . The approved rail alignment is 52.2 km in length , of which 13.5 km is underground . A total of 37 stations , 11 of them underground , will be built . The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh to Putrajaya and will include densely populated areas Sri Damansara , Kepong , Batu , Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah , Jalan Tun Razak , KLCC , Tun Razak Exchange , Kuchai Lama , Seri Kembangan and Cyberjaya . It is expected to have a ridership of 533,000 passengers per day once completed .'}]}, {'value': 'SP17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bukit Jalil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukit_Jalil_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Bukit Jalil LRT station is an LRT station in Bukit Jalil , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is operated under the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR LRT ) . This station is used by many sports fans due to its proximity to the KL Sports City ( formerly known as Kompleks Sukan Negara or National Sports Complex ) . This station opens at 6.00am and closes at 11.25pm daily , although during major events , its operating hours are extended .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exit to Bukit Jalil National Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukit_Jalil_National_Stadium', 'summary': "The Bukit Jalil National Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Nasional Bukit Jalil ) in Bukit Jalil , located in the National Sports Complex to the south of the city centre of Malaysia 's capital city , Kuala Lumpur , all-seater multi-purpose stadium and the home ground of the Malaysian national football team . With a capacity of 87,411 , it is the largest in Southeast Asia and the eighth largest football stadium in the world . It was officially inaugurated by the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia , Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad , on 11 July 1998 ahead of the 1998 Commonwealth Games and staged the opening ceremony . Since then , it has also became the main venue for other international multi-sport events such as the 2001 Southeast Asian Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games , and nowadays host most Malaysian international football matches , national level football competition finals such as the Malaysia FA Cup , Malaysia Cup , athletic events and music concerts . It was built alongside other sport venues in the National Sports Complex by United Engineers Malaysia , and designed by Arkitek FAA , Weidleplan Consulting GMBH and Schlaich Bergermann Partner . A membrane structure is used for the roof , and the most of the materials used were reinforced concrete . Before the stadium was opened , Stadium Merdeka was the national stadium of Malaysia . The stadium , along with the National Sports Complex , is currently undergoing a major renovation at a combined cost of RM1.34 billion as a part of KL Sports City project in 2 phases . Project 1 ( Phase 1 ) has been completed ahead and for the 2017 SEA Games in Kuala Lumpur , with a new Populous-designed facade that covers the exterior of the stadium with twisted vertical louvres which are also LED-lighted , as well as recolouring the seats to a yellow-black design and upgraded facilities . After the 2017 ASEAN Para Games , Project 2 ( Phase 2 ) will commence , and will add a retractable roof , retractable seats , comfort ventilation and new sports and lifestyle facilities ."}]}, {'value': 'SP18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri Petaling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Petaling_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sri Petaling LRT station is a rapid transit station in Sri Petaling , a suburb about 20 km south of Kuala Lumpur , the capital of Malaysia . The original name was Komanwel LRT station , where Komanwel is the Malay spelling for Commonwealth . The station was opened in commemoration with the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur . The station is on the Sri Petaling Line and was the former southern terminus for passenger services on the line until October 31 , 2015 . It is the start of the new LRT extension project which extended the current terminus of the line to Putra Heights station . The station is also the namesake for the LRT line . Sri Petaling LRT station was opened in 1998 , along with 17 other stations , which at that time formed the STAR LRT Phase 2 . It was then renamed Sri Petaling Line to avoid confusion from names that differ only in the phase number . Vista Komanwel ( also known as Vista Commonwealth ) condominiums ( formerly used as 1998 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village ) and the International Medical University ( IMU ) is within walking distance to this station .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SP19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awan Besar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awan_Besar_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Awan Besar LRT station is a Light Rapid Transit station at Bukit OUG , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is operated under the Sri Petaling Line . Like most other LRT stations operating in Klang Valley , this station is elevated . Awan Besar station is also the nearest station to the Masonic Temple or locally known as the Freemason Hall and Bukit OUG Condominium . Awan Besar LRT station is located after the Sri Petaling station , the former terminus of the Sri Petaling branch line of the Ampang Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SP20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muhibbah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhibbah_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Muhibbah LRT station is a Light Rapid Transit station at Kampung Muhibbah , a village about 21 km south of Kuala Lumpur , the capital of Malaysia . Muhibbah station is the nearest station for PPR Kampung Muhibbah and Parklane OUG Service Apartments , although it is a 1.0 km walking distance thru PPR Kampung Muhibbah Block D. It is possible to walk from Muhibbah station to the next station , which is Awan Besar LRT station . It is operated under the Sri Petaling Line . Like most other LRT stations operating in Klang Valley , this station is elevated .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stations -- LRT Sri Petaling Line', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ampang_Line_1', 'intro': 'The LRT Ampang Line and the LRT Sri Petaling Line are light rapid transit lines in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The combined network comprises 45.1 kilometres of track (28.0 miles) with 36 stations, and is the first to use the standard gauge track and semi-automated trains in Klang Valley. A trip from one end to another takes 41 minutes on the Ampang Line, and 74 minutes on the Sri Petaling Line. The Ampang Line is named after its terminus, Ampang station, while the Sri Petaling Line is named after its former terminus, Sri Petaling station. The Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines form part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System, numbered 3 and 4, and are coloured Orange and Maroon on the rail map respectively.'} | null | null | What type of platform is used by a station located in central Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia that opened in December 1996 ? | Side |
074171f84971c4cf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Argentina', 'title': 'List of football clubs in Argentina', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Province', 'Stadium'], 'data': [{'value': 'Altos Hornos Zapla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altos_Hornos_Zapla', 'summary': 'Asociación Cultural y Deportiva Altos Hornos Zapla is an Argentine Football club from Palpalá , in the Jujuy Province of Argentina . The team currently plays in the regionalised 4th level of Argentinian football , the Torneo Argentino B .'}]}, {'value': 'Palpalá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palpalá', 'summary': 'Palpalá is a settlement in Jujuy Province in Argentina . The football team Altos Hornos Zapla are from Palpalá .'}]}, {'value': 'Jujuy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jujuy_Province', 'summary': 'Jujuy ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xuˈxui̯ ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the extreme northwest of the country , at the borders with Chile and Bolivia . The only neighbouring Argentine province is Salta to the east and south .'}]}, {'value': 'Emilio Fabrizzi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boca Unidos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Unidos', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Boca Unidos ( mostly known simply as Boca Unidos ) is an Argentine football and basketball club from Corrientes Province . The football squad currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of Argentine football league system . At the end of the 2006-07 season Boca Unidos promoted from Torneo Argentino B to the Torneo Argentino A via play-off . On 21 June 2009 , the squad won another promotion which allowed it to play in the Primera B Nacional , where has remained since .'}]}, {'value': 'Corrientes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corrientes', 'summary': 'Corrientes ( Spanish pronunciation : [ koˈrjentes ] ( listen ) ; Guaraní : Taragüí , literally : Currents ) is the capital city of the province of Corrientes , Argentina , located on the eastern shore of the Paraná River , about 1,000 km ( 621 mi ) from Buenos Aires and 300 km ( 186 mi ) from Posadas , on National Route 12 . It has a population of 346,334 according to the 2010 Census . It lies opposite its twin city , Resistencia , Chaco . It has a mix of colonial and modern architecture , several churches and a number of lapacho , ceibo , jacaranda and orange trees . It is also home to one of the biggest carnival celebrations in the country . The annual average temperature is 20 °C ( 68 °F ) , with maximum and minimum averages of 45 and 5 °C ( 113 and 41 °F ) respectively . The annual rainfall is around 1,200 millimetres ( 47 in ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Corrientes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corrientes_Province', 'summary': 'Corrientes ( Spanish pronunciation : [ koˈrjentes ] , lit . currents or streams ; Guarani : Taragui ) ; officially the Corrientes Province ( Spanish : Provincia de Corrientes ; Guarani : Taragui Tetãmini ) is a province in northeast Argentina , in the Mesopotamia region . It is surrounded by ( from the north , clockwise ) : Paraguay , the province of Misiones , Brazil , Uruguay , and the provinces of Entre Rios , Santa Fe and Chaco .'}]}, {'value': 'Leoncio Benítez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaco For Ever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaco_For_Ever', 'summary': "Club Atlético Chaco For Ever , usually just Chaco For Ever , is an Argentine Football club , their home town is Resistencia , in the Province of Chaco in Northern Argentina . They currently play in Zone B of the regionalised 3rd level of Argentine football Torneo Argentino A. Chaco For Ever was founded in 1913 . The use of an English phrase was common to clubs in Argentina at the turn of the 20th century but the term Chaco For Ever is unique . It is thought that the club founder felt that such a name would guarantee a prosperous future and , in short , make it a club forever . [ citation needed ] The colours the club chose to wear as their identity represented the local economy at the time : white for cotton and black for coal . The club has had two seasons at the top level ( Primera División ) , in 1989/1990 and 1990/91 . The 1989/90 season was the most successful in their history , as they finished 17th , and won the relegation playoff against Racing de Córdoba 5-0 to retain their place in the Primera División . The next season , the Primera was divided into two tournaments , the Apertura and Clausura . Chaco For Ever finished 16th and 19th , condemning them to relegation with a points per game average of only 0.789 . [ citation needed ] The team has also played seven seasons at the 2nd level ( Primera B Nacional ) . The club 's jersey is the same as Italy 's Juventus Turin and England 's Newcastle United and Notts County ."}]}, {'value': 'Resistencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resistencia,_Chaco', 'summary': 'Resistencia ( pronounced [ resisˈtensja ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Chaco in north-eastern Argentina . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city proper was 291,720 inhabitants . It is the anchor of a larger metropolitan area , Greater Resistencia , which comprises three more municipalities for a total population of 387,340 as of 2010 . This conurbation is the largest in the province , and the eleventh most populous in the country . It is located along the Negro River , a tributary of the much larger Paraná River , opposite the city of Corrientes , Corrientes Province . The area was originally inhabited by Guaycuru aboriginals such as the Tobas . Their resistance to evangelisation postponed substantial European settlement until the late 19th century . Not until 1865 was a proper settlement established , and on January 27 , 1878 , Resistencia was formally established as the territorial capital . The national government supported immigration , and in 1878 the first Italian immigrants arrived . The first City Council was made up entirely of members originating from that country .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaco_Province', 'summary': "Chaco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈtʃako ] ; Wichi : To-kós-wet ) , officially the Province of Chaco ( Spanish : provincia del Chaco , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja dεl ˈtʃako ] ) is a province in north-eastern Argentina . It is bordered by Salta and Santiago del Estero to the west , Formosa to the north , Corrientes to the east , and Santa Fe to the south . It also has an international border with the Paraguayan Department of Ñeembucú . The capital , and largest city , is Resistencia . With an area of 99,633 km2 ( 38,469 sq mi ) , and a population of 1,055,259 as of 2010 , it is the twelfth most extensive , and the ninth most populated , of the twenty-three Argentine provinces . Chaco Province has historically been among Argentina 's poorest regions , and presently ranks last by per capita GDP and on the Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Alberto García', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crucero del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crucero_del_Norte', 'summary': "Club Mutual Crucero del Norte ( simply known as Crucero del Norte ) is an Argentine sports club based in Garupá , Misiones Province . The club was founded in 1989 by a long-distance bus company which gave its name to the institution . Although the club is mostly known for its association football team , other sports such as field hockey , paddle tennis and tennis are hosted . After many seasons playing in the Torneo Argentino A , the football team was promoted to Primera B Nacional after defeating Guillermo Brown via playoff . They currently play in Primera B Nacional . The main Crucero 's rival is Guaraní Antonio Franco of the same city ."}]}, {'value': 'Garupá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garupá', 'summary': 'Garupá is a village and municipality in Misiones Province in north-eastern Argentina . It takes part of the Great Posadas ( urban agglomerated between Posadas and Garupá ) , and most of the population works in the provincial capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Misiones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misiones_Province', 'summary': 'Misiones ( Spanish pronunciation : [ miˈsjones ] , Missions ) is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina , located in the northeastern corner of the country in the Mesopotamia region . It is surrounded by Paraguay to the northwest , Brazil to the north , east and south , and Corrientes Province of Argentina to the southwest . This was an early area of Roman Catholic missionary activity by the Society of Jesus in what was then called the Province of Paraguay , beginning in the early 17th century . In 1984 the ruins of four mission sites in Argentina were designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Guacurarí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Comandante_Andrés_Guacurarí', 'summary': 'Estadio Andrés Guacurarí is a multi-use stadium in Garupá , Argentina . It is primarily used for football and is currently the home ground for Crucero del Norte . The stadium holds 15,000 spectators and was built in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimnasia y Tiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Tiro', 'summary': 'Club de Gimnasia y Tiro is an Argentine football club , based in the city of Salta . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Gimnasia y Tiro has played four seasons at the highest level of Argentine football . First came in 1979 and 1981 Nacional championships . Gimnasia finished bottom of their group in 1979 and 6th of 7 teams in 1981 . The third season was in 1993/1994 . The fourth season was in 1997/98 when the squad promoted to the Argentine Primera División but after finishing 20th ( last ) in the Apertura and 17th in the Clausura tournaments respectively , Gimnasia was relegated at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Salta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salta', 'summary': 'Salta ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsalta ] ) is the capital and most populous city in the Argentine province of the same name . With a population of 618,375 according to the 2010 census , it is also the 7th most-populous city in Argentina . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Valle de Lerma Metropolitan Area ( Spanish : Área Metropolitana del Valle de Lerma , AMVL ) , which is home to over 50.9% of the population of Salta Province and also includes the municipalities of La Caldera , Vaqueros , Campo Quijano , Rosario de Lerma , Cerrillos , La Merced and San Lorenzo . Salta is the seat of the Capital Department , the most populous department in the province .'}]}, {'value': 'Salta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salta_Province', 'summary': 'Salta ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsalta ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the northwest of the country . Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa , Chaco , Santiago del Estero , Tucumán and Catamarca . It also surrounds Jujuy . To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile .'}]}, {'value': 'Gigante del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_El_Gigante_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Estadio El Gigante del Norte , officially named Monumental de la Vicente López , is a multi-use stadium in Salta , Argentina . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 25,000 people and was built in 1993 . Coordinates : 24°47′00″S 65°24′14″W / 24.78333°S 65.40389°W / -24.78333 ; -65.40389'}]}, {'value': 'Juventud Antoniana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventud_Antoniana', 'summary': 'Centro Juventud Antoniana is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Juventud Antoniana played in Primera División 6 times : 1971 , 1973 , 1975 , 1978 , 1983 and 1985 . Its best performance came in 1983 , when the squad progressed to the 2nd round .'}]}, {'value': 'Salta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salta', 'summary': 'Salta ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsalta ] ) is the capital and most populous city in the Argentine province of the same name . With a population of 618,375 according to the 2010 census , it is also the 7th most-populous city in Argentina . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Valle de Lerma Metropolitan Area ( Spanish : Área Metropolitana del Valle de Lerma , AMVL ) , which is home to over 50.9% of the population of Salta Province and also includes the municipalities of La Caldera , Vaqueros , Campo Quijano , Rosario de Lerma , Cerrillos , La Merced and San Lorenzo . Salta is the seat of the Capital Department , the most populous department in the province .'}]}, {'value': 'Salta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salta_Province', 'summary': 'Salta ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsalta ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the northwest of the country . Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa , Chaco , Santiago del Estero , Tucumán and Catamarca . It also surrounds Jujuy . To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile .'}]}, {'value': 'Fray Honorato Pistoia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jorge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jorge_de_Tucumán', 'summary': "Club Social y Deportivo San Jorge is an Argentine football club based in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán of Tucumán Province . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . San Jorge is one of the youngest clubs of Argentina , having achieved some success in local football . In 2011 the club debuted in Torneo Argentino B where finished 2nd . on first stage . The team eliminated teams such as Chaco For Ever ( which defeated 3-0 in Chaco ) , 9 de Julio de Morteros reaching the finals against Guaraní Antonio Franco . San Jorge was defeated so the team went to playoffs against a team from Torneo Argentino A. San Jorge faced Comodoro Rivadavia 's team Comisión de Actividades Infantiles , winning the decisive match 3-1 as visitor therefore promoting to Argentino A . On 23 June 2019 , during the 2018-19 Torneo Federal A promotion play-off final second leg against Alvarado , San Jorge refused to finish the match in protest at the refereeing . Their players sat down on fifty minutes , before eventually walking off which led to the fixture being abandoned - which gave Alvarado promotion to Primera B Nacional ."}]}, {'value': 'San Miguel de Tucumán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Tucumán', 'summary': 'San Miguel de Tucumán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ san miˈɣel de tukuˈman ] ; usually called simply Tucumán ) is the capital of the Tucumán Province , located in northern Argentina 1,311 kilometres ( 815 mi ) from Buenos Aires . It is the fifth-largest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires , Córdoba , Rosario and Mendoza and the most important of the northern region . The Spanish Conquistador Diego de Villarroel [ es ] founded the city in 1565 in the course of an expedition from present-day Peru . Tucumán moved to its present site in 1685 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tucumán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucumán_Province', 'summary': 'Tucumán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tukuˈman ] ) is the most densely populated , and the second-smallest by land area , of the provinces of Argentina . Located in the northwest of the country , the province has the capital of San Miguel de Tucumán , often shortened to Tucumán . Neighboring provinces are , clockwise from the north : Salta , Santiago del Estero and Catamarca . It is nicknamed El Jardín de la República ( The Garden of the Republic ) , as it is a highly productive agricultural area .'}]}, {'value': 'Senador Luis Cruz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Martín', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formosa,_Argentina', 'summary': 'Formosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ foɾˈmosa ] ) is the capital city of the Argentine province of Formosa , on the banks of the Paraguay River , about 1,200 km ( 746 mi ) from Buenos Aires , on National Route 11 . The city has a population of about 234,000 per the 2010 census [ INDEC ] . Formosa is the hub of the provincial industry , that processes the product of its natural resources . The port that serves the Paraguay towards the Paraná River is the main transport means for the provincial production . Notable sights of the city include the Nuestra Señora del Carmen Cathedral , the Government House , the Torelli Botanic Forest Garden , the Provincial History Museum ( Museo Histórico Provincial ) , the Estadio Centenario ( Centenary Stadium ) football stadium , the Guaicole fauna reserve , the shore of the Paraguay River , the Isla de Oro Island , and the Central Square named after José de San Martín .'}]}, {'value': 'Formosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formosa_Province', 'summary': 'Formosa Province ( Spanish pronunciation : [ foɾˈmosa ] ) is a province in northeastern Argentina , part of the Gran Chaco Region . Its northeast end touches Asunción , Paraguay , and borders the provinces of Chaco and Salta to its south and west , respectively . The capital is Formosa .'}]}, {'value': '17 de Octubre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarmiento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarmiento_de_Resistencia', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Sarmiento is an Argentine sports club based in the city of Resistencia in Chaco Province . Although many sports are hosted at the club , Sarmiento is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Torneo Argentino B , the regionalised fourth level of the Argentine football league system . Sarmiento played one season at the highest level of Argentine football , in the Torneo Nacional of 1977 . Sarmiento finished 6th out of 8 teams in group C. The highlights of that campaign included a 2-0 win over Racing Club and 1-1 draws with River Plate and eventual finalist Talleres de Córdoba . Other sports practised at the club are basketball , field hockey , martial arts , swimming , tennis and volleyball ,'}]}, {'value': 'Resistencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resistencia,_Chaco', 'summary': 'Resistencia ( pronounced [ resisˈtensja ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Chaco in north-eastern Argentina . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city proper was 291,720 inhabitants . It is the anchor of a larger metropolitan area , Greater Resistencia , which comprises three more municipalities for a total population of 387,340 as of 2010 . This conurbation is the largest in the province , and the eleventh most populous in the country . It is located along the Negro River , a tributary of the much larger Paraná River , opposite the city of Corrientes , Corrientes Province . The area was originally inhabited by Guaycuru aboriginals such as the Tobas . Their resistance to evangelisation postponed substantial European settlement until the late 19th century . Not until 1865 was a proper settlement established , and on January 27 , 1878 , Resistencia was formally established as the territorial capital . The national government supported immigration , and in 1878 the first Italian immigrants arrived . The first City Council was made up entirely of members originating from that country .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaco_Province', 'summary': "Chaco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈtʃako ] ; Wichi : To-kós-wet ) , officially the Province of Chaco ( Spanish : provincia del Chaco , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja dεl ˈtʃako ] ) is a province in north-eastern Argentina . It is bordered by Salta and Santiago del Estero to the west , Formosa to the north , Corrientes to the east , and Santa Fe to the south . It also has an international border with the Paraguayan Department of Ñeembucú . The capital , and largest city , is Resistencia . With an area of 99,633 km2 ( 38,469 sq mi ) , and a population of 1,055,259 as of 2010 , it is the twelfth most extensive , and the ninth most populated , of the twenty-three Argentine provinces . Chaco Province has historically been among Argentina 's poorest regions , and presently ranks last by per capita GDP and on the Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Centenario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Centenario_(Resistencia)', 'summary': 'Estadio Centenario is a multi-use stadium in Resistencia , Argentina . It is used mostly for football matches , but also for rugby union , and hosts the homes matches of Sarmiento de Resistencia . The stadium was designed with a capacity of 25,000 spectators . In 2013 , it was announced that Argentina would play the opening game of their 2014 Season at the Estadio Centenario . The game would be the first of their two Admiral Brown Cup games against Ireland .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Rest of the Country -- Zone D', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_football_clubs_in_Argentina_9', 'intro': 'This is a non-exhaustive list of football clubs in Argentina, which is ordered according to the division they currently play in. There are two national divisions in Argentina (Primera Division and Primera B Nacional). Below this level, leagues are split between those for clubs directly affiliated to the Argentine Football Association (mainly clubs from Greater Buenos Aires, but also some from the rest of the Buenos Aires Province and the Santa Fe Province), and those affiliated indirectly through their local leagues to the Association (covering the rest of the country). Clubs below the Primera B Nacional who are directly affiliated play in the Primera B Metropolitana, Primera C and Primera D, while those indirectly affiliated play in the Argentino A, Argentino B and Argentino C. \n These leagues make up the first five tiers of Argentine football. Below the fifth tier, there are various regional leagues for clubs indirectly affiliated. On the other hand, clubs directly affiliated have no league below the fifth (Primera D), therefore a club relegated from the Primera D has to spend one year without playing (disaffiliated).'} | null | null | What province means currents or streams and hosts a football squad that currently plays in the Primera B Nacional ? | Corrientes |
0741845ecbcfda2a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NBA_Development_League_draft', 'title': '2006 NBA Development League draft', 'header': ['Pick', 'Player', 'Position', 'Nationality', 'Team', 'College/From'], 'data': [{'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaal Thomas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SF-PF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico Thunderbirds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_Thunderbirds', 'summary': 'The Canton Charge are an American professional basketball team based in Canton , Ohio , that competes in the NBA G League . The Charge are owned by and are also the minor league affiliate of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Its home games are held at the Canton Memorial Civic Center . The franchise was founded in 2001 as the Huntsville Flight , based in Huntsville , Alabama , before moving to Albuquerque , New Mexico in 2005 , where they were known as the Albuquerque Thunderbirds until 2010 . After playing the 2010-11 season in suburban Rio Rancho as the New Mexico Thunderbirds , the franchise was purchased by the Cavaliers and moved to Canton . The team won the 2006 NBA D-League championship while playing in Albuquerque . The team lost the 2003-04 NBA D-League Finals , and reached the semifinals in 2004-05 , 2006-07 , 2011-12 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 .'}]}, {'value': 'Angelo State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelo_State', 'summary': "Angelo State University is a public university in San Angelo , Texas . It was founded in 1928 as San Angelo College . It gained university status and awarded its first baccalaureate degrees in 1967 and graduate degrees in 1969 , the same year it took on its current name . It offers over 100 undergraduate programs and 34 graduate programs . It is the second-largest campus in the Texas Tech University System . In 2018 , Angelo State University ranked among the top 20 fastest-growing public master 's degree-level universities in the country according to The Chronicle of Higher Education in its Students : Almanac 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Bobbitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Bobbitt', 'summary': 'Tony Rachaun Bobbitt ( born October 22 , 1979 ) is an American professional basketball player . Tony Bobbitt played alongside National Basketball Association ( NBA ) player Vince Carter at Daytona Beach Mainland High School , where he graduated in 1999 . Bobbitt also graduated from University of Cincinnati , having previously played for the College of Southern Idaho ( NJCAA ) from 2000 to 2002 . He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Los Angeles Lakers in January 2005 , playing 2 games for them during the 2004-05 NBA season .'}]}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakersfield Jam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield_Jam', 'summary': 'The Northern Arizona Suns are an NBA G League team based in Prescott Valley , Arizona and the minor league affiliate of the Phoenix Suns . The franchise began as the Long Beach Jam in 2003 under the revived American Basketball Association and moved to Bakersfield in the D-League in 2006 as the Bakersfield Jam ; after 10 years in Bakersfield , California , the franchise was moved to Prescott Valley in 2016 by the Phoenix Suns and were subsequently renamed the Northern Arizona Suns .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Avellino ( Italy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Felice_Scandone', 'summary': 'S.S. Felice Scandone , also known for sponsorship reasons as Sidigas Avellino or Sidigas Scandone , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Avellino , Campania . Founded in 1948 , the team has been a regular in the Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) , the first tier of basketball in Italy . The club won one trophy in its existence , as it won the Italian Cup championship in 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A', 'summary': "The Lega Basket Serie A , officially abbreviated as LBA , ( English : Serie A Basketball League ) is a professional men 's club basketball league that has been organised in Italy since 1920 . It constitutes the first and highest-tier level of the Italian league pyramid . The LBA , which is played under FIBA rules , currently consists of 17 teams , with the lowest-placed team relegated to the Serie A2 and replaced by the winner of the play-offs of that division . A total of 99 teams have competed in the LBA since its inception . Seventeen teams have been crowned champions , with Olimpia Milano winning the title a record 28 times , and Virtus Bologna 15 times . According to FIBA Europe 's and Euroleague Basketball 's national league coefficients , the LBA was the overall historically top ranked national domestic league in Europe , for the period 1958 to 2007 . Today , the LBA is considered to be one of the top European national basketball leagues . Its clubs have won the most EuroLeague championships ( 13 ) , the most FIBA Saporta Cups ( 15 ) , and the most FIBA Korać Cups ( 10 ) . The league is run by the Lega Basket , which is itself regulated by the FIP , the Italian Basketball Federation ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B. J . Elder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Toros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Toros', 'summary': 'The Austin Spurs are an American basketball team of the NBA G League based in Cedar Park , Texas . The team plays their home games at H-E-B Center at Cedar Park . The team has made the postseason in 8 out of their 14 seasons in the NBA Development League . On October 15 , 2014 , after the San Antonio Spurs purchased the franchise , the team colors and logo were changed to reflect the silver and black motif used by the Spurs .'}]}, {'value': 'Giessen 46ers ( Germany )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giessen_46ers', 'summary': 'JobStairs GIESSEN 46ers ( formerly GIESSEN 46ers ) is a professional basketball club based in Gießen , Germany , that plays in the Basketball Bundesliga . Their home arena is Sporthalle Gießen-Ost , with a capacity of 4,003 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga', 'summary': 'The Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) ( English language : Federal Basketball League ) , for sponsorship reasons named easyCredit BBL , is the highest level league of professional club basketball in Germany . The league comprises 18 teams . A BBL season is split into a league stage and a playoff stage . At the end of the league stage , the top eight teams qualify for the playoff stage , and the teams positioned in the 17th and 18th places are relegated to a lower tier league . The playoffs are played in a Best of five format . The winning team of the final round are crowned the German Champions of that season . In addition to the league competition , all BBL teams compete for the German Cup ( BBL-Cup ) . Teams playing in the second league ( ProA or ProB ) , or in a lower level Regionalliga , are also eligible to participate in the German Cup . There are always 3 knock-out rounds that are played for the BBL-Cup . If more teams from the leagues below the BBL level apply for participation , then available places , and additional qualification rounds are added for them . The final four remaining teams determine the rankings for bronze , silver , and gold medals , in knock-out matches that are termed the BBL-TOP4 . The gold winning team is the German Cup winner .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Robinson_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Eddie B. Robinson Jr. ( born April 19 , 1976 ) is an American former professional basketball player . A 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) shooting guard/small forward , he spent five seasons ( 1999-2004 ) in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In April 2017 , Robinson was inducted into the NJCAA Hall of Fame in Las Vegas , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho Stampede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_Stampede', 'summary': 'The Idaho Stampede was an American basketball team in the NBA D-League , based in Boise , Idaho . They played their home games at the Ford Idaho Center in nearby Nampa from 1997 until they moved to CenturyLink Arena in Boise in 2005 . The team relocated to Salt Lake City , Utah for the 2016-2017 season to become the Salt Lake City Stars .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bulls', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nate Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PF-C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulsa 66ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulsa_66ers', 'summary': 'The Oklahoma City Blue are an NBA G League team based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and the minor league affiliate of the Oklahoma City Thunder . The franchise began as the Asheville Altitude in 2001 , before moving to Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 2005 and becoming the Tulsa 66ers . After nine seasons in Tulsa , the franchise moved to Oklahoma City in 2014 and were subsequently renamed the Oklahoma City Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia_State_Panthers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Georgia State Panthers men 's basketball team represents Georgia State University and competes in the Sun Belt Conference of NCAA Division I . They are currently led by head coach , Rob Lanier . The Panthers play at the GSU Sports Arena in Atlanta , Georgia , United States ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aloysius Anagonye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aloysius_Anagonye', 'summary': 'Aloysius Anagonye ( born February 10 , 1981 ) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for ALM Évreux Basket of the LNB Pro B .'}]}, {'value': 'SF/PF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles D-Fenders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_D-Fenders', 'summary': "The South Bay Lakers are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League , based in Los Angeles . Founded in 2006 as the Los Angeles D-Fenders , the team is owned by the Los Angeles Lakers , who were the first National Basketball Association ( NBA ) franchise to own a D-League team . At the conclusion of the 2016-17 D-League season , the D-Fenders re-branded as the South Bay Lakers for the G League . They also moved their home games from the Toyota Sports Center into the UCLA Health Training Center , a new practice facility for the Los Angeles Lakers in El Segundo . All games are broadcast in streaming audio from the team 's official website and on the NBA 's Futurecast web channel . On December 21 , 2012 , the D-Fenders announced a telecast agreement with TWC SportsNet Channel ( now Spectrum SportsNet ) ."}]}, {'value': 'DKV Joventut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DKV_Joventut', 'summary': "Club Joventut de Badalona , S.A.D . ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈklub ʒuβənˈtud bəðəˈlonə ] ) is a Spanish professional basketball club based in Badalona , Spain , playing in the Liga ACB and the EuroCup . Known to their fans as La Penya ( in English , The Club ) , it is one of only three teams that have never been relegated from the top division of the Spanish League . The only other two are Real Madrid and Estudiantes . In 1994 , Badalona was the champion of the FIBA European Champions ' Cup , which is now called the EuroLeague . Well-known players have included : Zoran Slavnić , Jordi Villacampa , Rafael Jofresa , Raül López , Rudy Fernández , Ricky Rubio and Joe Galvin ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Badou Gaye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senegal', 'summary': "Senegal ( /ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl , -ˈɡɑːl/ ( listen ) ; French : Sénégal ; Wolof : Senegaal ) officially the Republic of Senegal ( French : République du Sénégal ; Wolof : Réewum Senegaal ) is a country in West Africa . Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north , Mali to the east , Guinea to the southeast , and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest . Senegal also surrounds The Gambia , a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River , which separates Senegal 's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country . Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde . Senegal 's economic and political capital is Dakar . The unitary presidential republic is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World , or Afro-Eurasia , and owes its name to the Senegal River , which borders it to the east and north . Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres ( 76,000 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of about 16 million . The climate is typically Sahelian , though there is a rainy season ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas RimRockers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_RimRockers', 'summary': 'The Arkansas RimRockers were a minor league basketball team based in North Little Rock , Arkansas , which played in the American Basketball Association and the NBA Development League .'}]}, {'value': 'Liege ( Belgium )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liege', 'summary': 'Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quemont Greer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Dakota Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakota_Wizards', 'summary': 'The Dakota Wizards were an American professional basketball team based in Bismarck , North Dakota . They played in the NBA Development League from 2006 until 2012 . After the 2011-12 season , the team relocated to Santa Cruz , California , and now plays as the Santa Cruz Warriors . Prior to entering the D-League in 2006 , the Wizards spent 11 years playing in minor American leagues such as the International Basketball Association and the Continental Basketball Association .'}]}, {'value': 'DePaul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePaul_University', 'summary': "DePaul University is a private , Roman Catholic university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded by the Vincentians in 1898 , the university takes its name from the 17th-century French priest Saint Vincent de Paul . In 1998 , it became the largest Catholic university by enrollment in the United States . Following in the footsteps of its founders , DePaul places special emphasis on recruiting first-generation students and others from disadvantaged backgrounds . DePaul 's two campuses are located in Lincoln Park and the Loop . The Lincoln Park Campus is home to the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , Science and Health , and Education . It also houses the School of Music , the Theatre School , and the John T. Richardson Library . The Loop campus houses the Colleges of Communication , Computing and Digital Media , and Law , as well as the School of Public Service and the School for New Learning . It is also home to the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business , which is part of the nationally ranked Driehaus College of Business , the tenth oldest business school in the nation . The Loop campus also houses the Loop Library , the Rinn Law Library , and the Barnes and Noble-based Student Center . The university enrolls around 16,000 undergraduates and about 7,600 graduate/law students , making DePaul the 13th largest private university by enrollment in the United States , and the largest private university in Illinois . According to the Division of Student Affairs website , about 90% of DePaul 's students commute or live off campus ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeremy Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Richardson', 'summary': "Jeremy Terrell Richardson ( born February 11 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player . He is a 6 ' 7 , 210 lb . swingman and he has played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Atlanta Hawks , Portland Trail Blazers , Memphis Grizzlies , San Antonio Spurs and Orlando Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Flyers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Flyers were a minor league basketball team in the NBA Development League ( D-League ) based in Fort Worth , Texas . They began play in the 2005-06 season and were shut down for the 2007-08 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_State', 'summary': 'Delta State ( recognized on August 27 , 1991 ) is an oil and agricultural producing state in Nigeria . It is situated in the region known as the South-South geo-political zone with a population of 4,112,445 ( males : 2,069,309 ; females : 2,043,136 ) . The capital city is Asaba , located at the northern end of the state , with an estimated area of 762 square kilometres ( 294 sq mi ) , while Warri is the economic nerve center of the state and also the most populated . It is located in the southern end of the state . The state has a total land area of 16,842 square kilometres ( 6,503 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Von Wafer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Von_Wafer', 'summary': 'Vakeaton Quamar Von Wafer ( born July 21 , 1985 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played college basketball for the Florida State Seminoles . Wafer has previously played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Los Angeles Lakers , Los Angeles Clippers , Denver Nuggets , Portland Trail Blazers , Houston Rockets , Boston Celtics and Orlando Magic . He was the 39th overall selection ( ninth pick of the second round ) in the 2005 NBA draft by the Lakers . His nickname is The Dutch Cookie .'}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado 14ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_14ers', 'summary': 'The Texas Legends are an NBA G League team based in Frisco , Texas , and the minor league affiliate of the Dallas Mavericks . The franchise began as the Colorado 14ers in 2006 , before relocating to Frisco in 2009 and becoming the Texas Legends for the 2010-11 season . The Legends play their home games at the Comerica Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference in the Pacific Division . The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center , an arena shared with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA , and have won 16 NBA championships , the second-most behind the Boston Celtics . The franchise began with the 1947 purchase of a disbanded team , the Detroit Gems of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The new team began playing in Minneapolis , calling themselves the Minneapolis Lakers . Initially a member of the NBL , the Lakers won the 1948 NBL championship before joining the rival Basketball Association of America , where they would win five of the next six championships , led by star George Mikan . After struggling financially in the late 1950s following Mikan 's retirement , they relocated to Los Angeles before the 1960-61 season . Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West , Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s , but lost each series to the Celtics , beginning their long and storied rivalry . In 1968 , the Lakers acquired four-time NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Wilt Chamberlain , and won their sixth NBA title - and first in Los Angeles - in 1972 , led by new head coach Bill Sharman . After the retirement of West and Chamberlain , the team acquired Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , who also won multiple MVP awards , but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s . The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed Showtime due to their fast break-offense led by Magic Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeSean Hadley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sioux Falls Skyforce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Skyforce', 'summary': 'The Sioux Falls Skyforce are an American professional basketball team that plays in the NBA G League . They are based in Sioux Falls , South Dakota , and currently play at Heritage Court in the Sanford Pentagon , a place they have called home since the 2013-14 season . The Skyforce began in the Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) in 1989 . They played their home games at Sioux Falls Arena from then until the move to the Pentagon in 2013 . They participated in four CBA championship finals , winning the championship trophy in 1996 ( defeating the Fort Wayne Fury , four games to one ) and 2005 ( defeating the Rockford Lightning three games to one ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Michigan', 'summary': "Eastern Michigan University ( EMU ) is a public research university in Ypsilanti , Michigan . The university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School . Today , the university is governed by an eight-member Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the governor of Michigan for eight-year terms . The school belongs to the Mid-American Conference and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . Since 1991 EMU athletes have been known as Eagles and the school mascot , Swoop , was officially adopted by the university three years later . Currently , EMU comprises seven colleges and schools : College of Arts and Sciences , College of Business , College of Education , College of Health and Human Services , College of Technology , an Honors College , and a Graduate School . The university 's site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres ( 3.2 km2 ) , with over 120 buildings . EMU has a total enrollment of more than 23,000 students ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andre Owens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Owens', 'summary': 'Andre Owens ( born October 31 , 1980 ) is an American professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Anaheim Arsenal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Arsenal', 'summary': 'The Grand Rapids Drive are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League and an affiliate of the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The franchise began as the Anaheim Arsenal in 2006 , before relocating to Springfield , Massachusetts , in 2009 , becoming the Springfield Armor . After five seasons in Springfield , the franchise moved to Grand Rapids in 2014 and were subsequently renamed the Grand Rapids Drive . They play their home games at the DeltaPlex Arena in Walker , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Jazz', 'summary': "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference , Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play as an expansion team in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) . The Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . The Jazz were one of the most successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard-power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on-court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010-11 season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Draft -- Round 2', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2006_NBA_Development_League_Draft_1', 'intro': 'The 2006 NBA Development League Draft was the sixth annual draft by the NBA Development League. It was held on November 2, 2006.'} | null | null | Which country is the player from who graduated from Daytona Beach Mainland High School ? | Italy |
0742e9b018c6bdc5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Yugoslav_Second_League', 'title': '1952 Yugoslav Second League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Federal subject', 'Position in 1950'], 'data': [{'value': 'Budućnost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Budućnost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'Fudbalski Klub Budućnost Podgorica ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Будућност Подгорица , pronounced [ budǔːt͡ɕnoːst ] ) is a football club from Podgorica , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin First League . Its colours are blue and white . Founded in 1925 , Budućnost was the Montenegrin club with most appearances in the Yugoslav First League , debuting in 1946 . Due to the city being renamed during the communist rule in Yugoslavia , Budućnost was known as Budućnost Titograd throughout that era . Since Montenegrin independence in 2006 , the club has won three Montenegrin First League titles and one Montenegrin Cup . They are the Montenegrin club with the most games and seasons in European competitions , winning the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1981 . The team produced many European top-class players among whom are the UEFA Champions League winning strikers Dejan Savićević and Predrag Mijatović . FK Budućnost is a part of Budućnost Podgorica sports society .'}]}, {'value': 'Titograd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Podgorica', 'summary': "Podgorica ( UK : /ˈpɒdɡɒrɪtsə , pɒdˈɡɔːr-/ , US : /ˈpɒdɡəriːtsə , ˈpɔːdɡɒr-/ ; Montenegrin Cyrillic : Подгорица , pronounced [ pǒdɡoritsa ] ; lit . [ area ] below Gorica , Gorica being the name of a hillock overlooking the city ) is the capital and largest city of Montenegro . Between 1946 and 1992 - in the period that Montenegro formed , as the Socialist Republic of Montenegro , part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) - the city was known as Titograd ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Титоград [ tîtoɡraːd ] ) in honour of Josip Broz Tito . Podgorica 's favourable position at the confluence of the Ribnica and Morača rivers and at the meeting-point of the fertile Zeta Plain and Bjelopavlići Valley has encouraged settlement . The city is close to winter skiing centres in the north and to seaside resorts on the Adriatic Sea . Podgorica Municipality covers 10.4% of Montenegro 's territory and is home to 29.9% of the country 's population . It is the nation 's administrative centre and its economic , cultural , and educational focus ."}]}, {'value': 'SR Montenegro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro', 'summary': "The Socialist Republic of Montenegro ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Crna Gora / Социјалистичка Република Црна Гора ) was one of the six republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It is a predecessor of the modern-day Montenegro . On 7 July 1963 , the People 's Republic of Montenegro ( Serbo-Croatian : Narodna Republika Crna Gora / Народна Република Црна Гора ) was renamed the Socialist Republic of Montenegro ( a change ratified both by the Federal Constitution and the newly created Montenegrin Constitution in 1963 ) with Serbo-Croatian as the official language . In 1991 , as the League of Communists in Montenegro changed its name to Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro after the first free elections , the adjective Socialist was deleted from the republic 's title ( ratified by the 1992 Constitution ) ."}]}, {'value': '003 3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinamo Pančevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Dinamo_Pančevo', 'summary': 'FK Dinamo Pančevo ( Serbian Cyrillic : ФК Динамо Панчево ) is a football club based in Pančevo , Serbia . They were formed in 1945 . The club has complete independence regarding organisation , management , finances , material goods and facilities . Also , there are several companies founded by Dinamo , working in various fields , as part of the Dinamo business system .'}]}, {'value': 'Pančevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pančevo', 'summary': 'Pančevo ( Serbian Cyrillic : Панчево , pronounced [ pâːntʃeʋo ] , Hungarian : Pancsova , Romanian : Panciova , Slovak : Pánčevo ) is a city and the administrative center of the South Banat District in autonomous province of Vojvodina , Serbia . Pančevo is the fourth largest city in Vojvodina by population . According to results of the 2011 census , a total of 76,203 inhabitants live in the urban area , while the city administrative area of Pančevo has 123,414 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'SAP Vojvodina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina', 'summary': 'The Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian : Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Војводина , romanized : Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina ; often abbreviated SAP Vojvodina ) was one of two political entities formed in Yugoslavia after World War II and one of the two autonomous provinces of Serbia within the Yugoslavia ( the other being the Kosovo ) , between 1945 and the breakup of Yugoslavia . Until 1963 the province was named Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Аутономна Покрајина Војводина / Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina ) , and had a lower level of autonomy .'}]}, {'value': '009 9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kvarner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HNK_Rijeka', 'summary': "Hrvatski Nogometni Klub Rijeka ( English : Croatian Football Club Rijeka ) , commonly referred to as HNK Rijeka or simply Rijeka , is a Croatian football club from the city of Rijeka . HNK Rijeka compete in Croatia 's top division , HT Prva liga , of which they have been members since its foundation in 1992 . During the reconstruction of Stadion Kantrida , their traditional home ground , Rijeka play their home matches at Stadion Rujevica . Rijeka 's traditional home colours are all white . The club was founded on 29 July 1946 as Sportsko Društvo Kvarner ( Croatian ) / Società Sportiva Quarnero ( Italian ) . The club 's official name was changed to Nogometni Klub Rijeka on 2 July 1954 . In the summer of 1995 , the club management added the adjective hrvatski ( English : Croatian ) to the official name . Rijeka are the third-most successful Croatian football club , having won one Croatian First Football League title , two Yugoslav Cups , five Croatian Football Cups , one Croatian Football Super Cup and the 1977-78 Balkans Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Rijeka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rijeka', 'summary': "Rijeka ( /riˈɛkə , riˈeɪkə/ , also US : /riˈjɛkə/ , Croatian : [ rijěːka ] ( listen ) ; Hungarian : Fiume , Italian : Fiume [ ˈfjuːme ] ; Slovene : Reka ; German : Sankt Veit am Flaum ) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia ( after Zagreb and Split ) . It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay , an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,624 inhabitants . Historically , because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water port , the city was fiercely contested , especially among Italy , Hungary ( serving as the Kingdom of Hungary 's largest and most important port ) , and Croatia , changing hands and demographics many times over centuries . According to the 2011 census data , the majority of its citizens are Croats , along with a large minority of Serbs , and smaller numbers of Bosniaks and Italians . Rijeka is the main city and county seat of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County . The city 's economy largely depends on shipbuilding ( shipyards 3 . Maj and Viktor Lenac Shipyard ) and maritime transport . Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl . Zajc , first built in 1765 , as well as the University of Rijeka , founded in 1973 but with roots dating back to 1632 School of Theology . Apart from Croatian and Italian , linguistically the city is home to its own unique dialect of the Venetian language , Fiuman , with an estimated 20,000 speakers among the autochthonous Italians , Croats and other minorities . Historically Fiuman served as the main lingua franca between the many ethnicities inhabiting the multiethnic port-town . In certain suburbs of the modern extended municipality the autochthonous population still speaks the Chakavian tongue , a dialect of the Croatian language ."}]}, {'value': 'SR Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia', 'summary': 'The Socialist Republic of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska ) was a constituent republic and federated state of Yugoslavia . By its constitution , modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation . Along with five other Yugoslav republics , it was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war . It had four full official names during its 48-year existence ( see below ) . By territory and population , it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia , after the Socialist Republic of Serbia . In 1990 , the government dismantled the single-party system of government - installed by the Communist Party - and adopted a multi-party democracy . The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence , formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution .'}]}, {'value': '010 10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metalac Zagreb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Kustošija_Zagreb', 'summary': "NK Kustošija is a Croatian football club based in Zagreb . It was founded in 1929 . As of the 2017-18 season , the club 's senior team participates in the 2 . HNL . Kustošija also have a football school attached to the club , where a number of children of famous Croatians have trained due to its location in the center of Zagreb ."}]}, {'value': 'Zagreb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zagreb', 'summary': "Zagreb ( /ˈzɑːɡrɛb , ˈzæɡrɛb , zɑːˈɡrɛb/ ; Croatian pronunciation : [ zǎːɡreb ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Croatia . It is located in the northwest of the country , along the Sava river , at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain . Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m ( 400 ft ) above sea level . The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 820,678 . The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,086,528 , approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia . Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from the Roman times to the present day . The oldest settlement located in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia , in today 's Ščitarjevo . The name Zagreb is recorded in 1134 , in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094 . Zagreb became a free royal town in 1242 . In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor , Janko Kamauf . Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division and is a consolidated city-county ( but separated from Zagreb County ) , and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts . Most of them are at a low elevation along the river Sava valley , whereas northern and northeastern city districts , such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain , making the city 's geographical image rather diverse ."}]}, {'value': 'SR Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia', 'summary': 'The Socialist Republic of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska ) was a constituent republic and federated state of Yugoslavia . By its constitution , modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation . Along with five other Yugoslav republics , it was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war . It had four full official names during its 48-year existence ( see below ) . By territory and population , it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia , after the Socialist Republic of Serbia . In 1990 , the government dismantled the single-party system of government - installed by the Communist Party - and adopted a multi-party democracy . The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence , formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution .'}]}, {'value': '006 6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napredak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Napredak_Kruševac', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Napredak Kruševac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Haпpeдaк Крушевац ) , commonly known as Napredak Kruševac , is a Serbian professional football club based in the city of Kruševac . The word Napredak means progress in Serbian .'}]}, {'value': 'Kruševac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kruševac', 'summary': 'Kruševac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Крушевац [ krûʃeʋats ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of the Rasina District in central Serbia . It is located in the valley of West Morava , on Rasina river . According to the 2011 census , the city administrative area has a population of 128,752 , while the urban area has 58,746 inhabitants . The city was founded in 1371 , by Prince Lazar of Serbia ( 1371-1389 ) , who used it as his seat .'}]}, {'value': 'SR Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia', 'summary': "The Socialist Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Социјалистичка Република Србија , romanized : Socijalistička Republika Srbija ) , previously known as Federal State of Serbia and People 's Republic of Serbia , commonly referred to as Socialist Serbia , or simply as Serbia , was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It was the largest constituent republic in terms of population and territory . Its capital , Belgrade , was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Odred Ljubljana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Olimpija_Ljubljana_(1911–2004)', 'summary': "Nogometni klub Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovene pronunciation : [ nɔɡɔˈméːtni ˈklúːp ɔˈlìːmpija ljubˈljàːna ] ; English : Olimpija Ljubljana Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Olimpija Ljubljana or simply Olimpija , was a Slovenian association football club based in Ljubljana . The club was founded in 1945 under the name NK Enotnost and adopted the name Olimpija in 1962 . Since the mid 1940s Olimpija had competed in the Yugoslav football system and between the late 1960s and late 1980s Olimpija was a regular member of the Yugoslav First League . Following Slovenia 's independence in 1991 they won four Slovenian Championships and four Slovenian Cup titles , and they had also appeared in European competitions such as the UEFA Cup , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup . The club 's home ground was Bežigrad Stadium , an 8,211 capacity stadium in Bežigrad District in Ljubljana . Olimpija 's nicknames were The Dragons ( Zmaji ) , as dragon is a symbol of Ljubljana , and The Green-Whites ( Zeleno-beli ) , referring to their primary colours , green and white . The club was dissolved in 2005 due to high financial debt . A successor club which claims rights to Olimpija 's honours and records was established in 2005 ( originally called NK Bežigrad ) and they currently compete in the Slovenian top flight bearing the name Olimpija Ljubljana ."}]}, {'value': 'Ljubljana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ljubljana', 'summary': 'Ljubljana ( UK : /ˌljuːbˈljɑːnə , ˌlʊbliˈɑːnə/ , US : /ˌljuːbliˈɑːnə , liˌuː-/ , Slovene : [ ljuˈbljàːna ] ( listen ) , locally also [ luˈblàːna ] ; also known by other historical names ) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia . It has been the cultural , educational , economic , political , and administrative centre of independent Slovenia since 1991 . During antiquity , a Roman city called Emona stood in the area . Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century . Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region , it was the historical capital of Carniola , one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg Monarchy . It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 . After World War II , Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state .'}]}, {'value': 'SR Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia', 'summary': 'The Socialist Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Socialistična republika Slovenija , Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Slovenija / Социјалистичка Република Словенија ) was one of the six republics forming the post-World War II country of Yugoslavia . It existed under various names from its creation on 29 November 1945 until 25 June 1991 . In 1990 , while the country was still a part of the Yugoslav federation , the League of Communists of Slovenia allowed for the establishment of other political parties , which led to the democratization of the country .'}]}, {'value': '008 8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proleter Osijek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Osijek', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Osijek is a professional football club from Osijek in Eastern Croatia . Founded in 1947 , it was the club from Slavonia with the most seasons in the Yugoslav First League , and , after the independence of Croatia in 1992 , it is one of the four clubs that have never been relegated from the Croatian First League , the others being Dinamo Zagreb , Hajduk Split and Rijeka .'}]}, {'value': 'Osijek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osijek', 'summary': 'Osijek ( Croatian pronunciation : [ ôsijeːk ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 108,048 in 2011 . It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia , as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja County . Osijek is located on the right bank of the river Drava , 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) upstream of its confluence with the Danube , at an elevation of 94 metres ( 308 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': 'SR Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia', 'summary': 'The Socialist Republic of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska ) was a constituent republic and federated state of Yugoslavia . By its constitution , modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation . Along with five other Yugoslav republics , it was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war . It had four full official names during its 48-year existence ( see below ) . By territory and population , it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia , after the Socialist Republic of Serbia . In 1990 , the government dismantled the single-party system of government - installed by the Communist Party - and adopted a multi-party democracy . The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence , formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution .'}]}, {'value': '007 7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radnički Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Radnički_Beograd', 'summary': 'FK Radnički ( Serbian Cyrillic : ФК Раднички ) is a Serbian football club based in New Belgrade . The club was until recently known by its sponsor name of FK Radnički Jugopetrol ( ФК Раднички Југопетрол ) , and is also often named as FK Radnički Novi Beograd ( ФК Раднички Нови Београд ) , although the club is officially named simply as FK Radnički Beograd because it was initially formed in Belgrade proper , and only later moved to New Belgrade area .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrade', 'summary': "Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/ BEL-grayd ; Serbian : Beograd / Београд , lit . 'White City ' , pronounced [ beǒɡrad ] ( listen ) ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula . The urban area of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million , while nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade ( which encompasses almost all of its metropolitan area ) , a quarter of the total population of Serbia . One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe , the Vinča culture , evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC . In antiquity , Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and , after 279 BC , Celts settled the city , naming it Singidūn . It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century . It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s , and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire , the Frankish Empire , the Bulgarian Empire , and the Kingdom of Hungary before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284 . In 1521 , Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo . It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule , which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars . Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841 . Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918 , when it was attached to the city , due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becoming the part of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes after World War I ."}]}, {'value': 'SR Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia', 'summary': "The Socialist Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Социјалистичка Република Србија , romanized : Socijalistička Republika Srbija ) , previously known as Federal State of Serbia and People 's Republic of Serbia , commonly referred to as Socialist Serbia , or simply as Serbia , was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It was the largest constituent republic in terms of population and territory . Its capital , Belgrade , was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': '005 5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudar Trbovlje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NK_Rudar_Trbovlje', 'summary': 'Nogometni klub Rudar Trbovlje ( English : Rudar Trbovlje Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Rudar Trbovlje or simply Rudar , is a Slovenian football club from Trbovlje , which plays in the Regional Ljubljana League , the fourth level of the Slovenian football system . The club have a long-standing local rivalry with NK Zagorje , which is known as Zasavje derby .'}]}, {'value': 'Trbovlje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trbovlje', 'summary': "Trbovlje ( pronounced [ təɾˈbɔ̀ːwljɛ ] ( listen ) ; German : Trifail ) is Slovenia 's ninth largest town , and the seat of the Municipality of Trbovlje . It is located in the valley of a minor left bank tributary of the Sava River in the Central Sava Valley in central-eastern Slovenia ."}]}, {'value': 'SR Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia', 'summary': 'The Socialist Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Socialistična republika Slovenija , Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Slovenija / Социјалистичка Република Словенија ) was one of the six republics forming the post-World War II country of Yugoslavia . It existed under various names from its creation on 29 November 1945 until 25 June 1991 . In 1990 , while the country was still a part of the Yugoslav federation , the League of Communists of Slovenia allowed for the establishment of other political parties , which led to the democratization of the country .'}]}, {'value': '014 14th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sloga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Sloga_Kraljevo', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Sloga Kraljevo ( Serbian Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Слога Kpaљeвo ) or simply Sloga Kraljevo , is a football club based in Kraljevo , in Serbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Rankovićevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rankovićevo', 'summary': 'Kraljevo ( Serbian Cyrillic : Краљево ; [ krǎːʎɛʋɔ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in central Serbia and the administrative center of the Raška District in central Serbia . It is situated on the confluence of West Morava and Ibar , in the geographical region of Šumadija , between the mountains of Kotlenik in the north , and Stolovi in the south . In 2011 the city urban area has a population of 68,749 inhabitants , while the city administrative area has 125,488 inhabitants . With an area of 1530 km² , it is the largest municipality ( after Belgrade ) in Serbia by area .'}]}, {'value': 'SR Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia', 'summary': "The Socialist Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Социјалистичка Република Србија , romanized : Socijalistička Republika Srbija ) , previously known as Federal State of Serbia and People 's Republic of Serbia , commonly referred to as Socialist Serbia , or simply as Serbia , was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It was the largest constituent republic in terms of population and territory . Its capital , Belgrade , was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spartak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Spartak_Subotica', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Spartak Subotica ( Serbian Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Спартак Суботица ) is a professional football club from Subotica , Serbia , that plays in the Serbian SuperLiga . The club was founded in 1945 and was named after Jovan Mikić Spartak , the leader of the Partisans in Subotica , who was a national hero and was killed in 1944 . The club was named Spartak Subotica until the end of the 2007-08 Serbian League Vojvodina season when it was merged with Zlatibor Voda who won promotion to the Serbian First League thus gaining the name Spartak Zlatibor Voda . In 2013 the board decided to return the original name of the club : FK Spartak Subotica .'}]}, {'value': 'Subotica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subotica', 'summary': 'Subotica ( Serbian Cyrillic : Суботица [ sǔbotitsa ] ( listen ) , Hungarian : Szabadka ) is a city and the administrative center of the North Bačka District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina , Serbia . Formerly the largest city of Vojvodina region , contemporary Subotica is now the second largest city in the province , following the city of Novi Sad . According to the 2011 census , the city itself has a population of 97,910 , while the urban area of Subotica ( with adjacent urban settlement of Palić included ) has 105,681 inhabitants , and the population of metro area ( the administrative area of the city ) stands at 141,554 people .'}]}, {'value': 'SAP Vojvodina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina', 'summary': 'The Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian : Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Војводина , romanized : Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina ; often abbreviated SAP Vojvodina ) was one of two political entities formed in Yugoslavia after World War II and one of the two autonomous provinces of Serbia within the Yugoslavia ( the other being the Kosovo ) , between 1945 and the breakup of Yugoslavia . Until 1963 the province was named Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Аутономна Покрајина Војводина / Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina ) , and had a lower level of autonomy .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velež', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Velež_Mostar', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Velež Mostar ( English : Football club Velež Mostar ) is a professional football club based in Mostar , Bosnia and Herzegovina . The club has a history of being one of the most successful clubs from Bosnia and Herzegovina . It was founded on 26 June 1922 . The club currently plays at Rođeni Stadium ( 7,000 capacity ) , but its historic stadium is the Bijeli Brijeg ( 9,000 capacity ) . Due to the divisions between Bosniak and Croat territories , FK Velež Mostar lost its previous home ground of Bijeli Brijeg Stadium . That stadium was largely used by FK Velež Mostar during the glory days of the club , when they triumphed in the 1981 and 1986 Yugoslav cups . The club also reached the quarter-final stage of the 1974-75 UEFA Cup . The club is named after a nearby mountain Velež , which is named after one of the old Slavic gods , Veles . During the time of former Yugoslavia , Velež was always in the Yugoslav First League and the team often ended the season in the top ten . Velež was the most popular and most successful team from Herzegovina to play in the top Yugoslav League . The team was very popular in Herzegovina , but also had fans all over Yugoslavia , and had a mixture of fans from all three main ethnic groups . Today , Velež is in the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is active in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and regardless of the difficult and divisive political situation , still has a mixture of fans from all three main ethnic groups .'}]}, {'value': 'Mostar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mostar', 'summary': "Mostar ( UK : /mɒˈstɑːr/ , US : /ˈmoʊstɑːr , ˈmɔːs-/ , Serbo-Croatian pronunciation : [ mǒstaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mostar is situated on the Neretva River and is the fifth-largest city in the country . Mostar was named after the bridge keepers ( mostari ) who in the medieval times guarded the Stari Most ( Old Bridge ) over the Neretva . The Old Bridge , built by the Ottomans in the 16th century , is one of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's most visited landmarks , and is considered an exemplary piece of Islamic architecture in the Balkans ."}]}, {'value': 'SR Bosnia and Herzegovina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina', 'summary': 'The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina / Социјалистичка Pепублика Босна и Херцеговина ) was one of the six constituent federal units forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It was a predecessor of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina state , and existed between 1945 and 1992 . It was subsequently given the higher status of a Socialist Republic , under strict terms of consociationalism known as ethnic key ( Bosnian : nacionalni ključ ) , based on the balance in the political representation of ethnic groups ( Serbs , Croats and Bosniaks ) . The capital city was Sarajevo , which remained the capital following independence . The Socialist Republic was dissolved in 1990 when it abandoned its socialist institutions and adopted liberal ones , as the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina which declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1992 . The Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina was , up to 20 December 1990 , in the hands of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The borders of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina were almost identical to the ones Bosnia had during the period of Austro-Hungarian rule that lasted until 1918 . That year Bosnia became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and during that period the territory was divided among banovinas . When SR Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed , it included what were the territories of most of Vrbas Banovina , the western part of Drina Banovina , the northwestern part of Zeta Banovina , and the eastern parts of Banovina of Croatia .'}]}, {'value': '004 4th', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': "A total of twelve teams were supposed to contest the league , including nine sides from the 1951 season , two clubs relegated from the 1951 Yugoslav First League and one side promoted from the third tier leagues played in the 1951 season . Spartak Subotica and Napredak Kruševac were relegated from the 1951 Yugoslav First League after finishing in the 11th and 12th place of the league table . Rudar Trbovlje and Sloga Rankovićevo secured their status after additional play-off . BelgradeLjubljanaMostarOsijekPančevoRijekaZagrebTitogradTrbovljeSuboticaKruševacRankovićevo Locations of teams ' home cities in the 1952 Yugoslav Second League", 'uid': '1952_Yugoslav_Second_League_0', 'intro': 'The 1952 Yugoslav Second League season would be the 6th season of the Second Federal League (Serbo-Croatian: Druga savezna liga), the second level association football competition of SFR Yugoslavia, since its establishment in 1946. It was cancelled before the start of the competition and the clubs were relocated to third level.'} | null | null | What is the Federal subject of the team founded under the name NK Enotnost ? | SR Slovenia |
0743958326dd3a6c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population', 'title': 'List of towns in India by population', 'header': ['Name of Town', 'State', 'Type', 'Population ( 2011 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Vadakkuvalliyur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadakkuvalliyur', 'summary': 'Vadakkuvalliyur is a panchayat town in Tirunelveli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vadalur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadalur', 'summary': 'Vadalur is a panchayat town in Cuddalore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is 208 km from Chennai , the state capital of Tamil Nadu .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39,514', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vadgaon Kasba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadgaon_Kasba', 'summary': 'Peth Vadgaon ) is a city and education hub in Kolhapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is governed by a municipal council .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,651', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'vasudevanallur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadipatti', 'summary': 'Vadipatti is a panchayat town in the Madurai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Population of the town is 21,833 . The famous Festival for Bull Erudhukattu Vizha . The major Jallikattu Protest happened in this town surroundings .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vadnagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadnagar', 'summary': 'Vadnagar is a town and a municipality in Mehsana district in the Indian state of Gujarat . It is the birthplace of Narendra Modi , the 14th and current Prime Minister of India .'}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,790', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaijapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaijapur', 'summary': 'Vaijapur is a city and a municipal council in Aurangabad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is bordered by the Nashik districts to the west , Kannad tehsil to the north , Gangapur tehsil to the east , and Ahmednagar districts to the south . Vaijapur is the headquarters of Vaijapur tehsil and also known as the Gateway of Marathwada .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41,296', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaikom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaikom', 'summary': 'Vaikom is a municipal town and a capital town of Vaikom Taluk , situated in the northwest of Kottayam district in the state of Kerala , India . The town is also noted for its role in the Indian independence movement for being the venue of Vaikom Satyagraha , a civil rights movement aimed at securing freedom of movement for all sections of society through the public roads leading to The famous Shiva temple situated here .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,234', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valparai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valparai', 'summary': 'Valparai ( originally known as Poonachimalai ) is a Taluk and hill station in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu , India . It consists of Anamalai Tiger Reserve ( earlier known as Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park ( IGWLS & NP ) and prior to that as Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary ) . It is located 4,500 feet ( 1,400 m ) above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats . The foothill starts exactly from Monkey Falls which is at a distance of 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) to Valparai . The route to Valparai from the foothills consists of 40 hairpin bends . The Kerala state border town of Malakkappara is at a distance of 26 miles from Valparai . While major portions of the land are owned by private tea companies , large forest areas continue to be out of bounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70,859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vandavasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vandavasi', 'summary': 'Vandavasi or Wandiwash is a city and a municipality in Tiruvannamalai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 74,320 . Vandavasi was the scene of a decisive battle in the 18th-century war between France and the United Kingdom for the control of South Asia . The Battle of Wandiwash was a watershed in Indian history as it cemented British supremacy in South Asia . On 22 January 1760 , a British force led by Eyre Coote defeated a French force led by General Thomas Lally .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31,320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaniyambadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaniyambadi', 'summary': "Vaniyambadi is a major town in newly announced Tirupattur District , Tamil Nadu , India and the headquarter for the Vaniyambadi Revenue district comprising Vaniyambadi and Ambur in the Southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located about 200 km from Chennai . It is one of the hubs of Leather exports in Tamil Nadu . It is also known for its Biryani . The prestigious century old ( Estd . 1914 ) , Islamiah Boys Higher Secondary School , Women 's College , Girls Higher Secondary School are located here along with two other Arts college and a professional degree offering . The famous hill station Yelagiri is approximately 20 km away from town . Another hill station leading way through Andhra Pradesh is a short way to Kolar Gold Fields and Karnataka ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95,061', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vapi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vapi', 'summary': 'Vapi ( IAST : vāpī , pronunciation ( help·info ) ) , is a city and municipality in Valsad District in the state of Gujarat . It is situated near the banks of the Damanganga River , around 28 km south of the district headquarters in the city of Valsad , and it is surrounded by the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . The town originally belonged to the Kshatriya Jagirdar family Palande during the Maratha empire , who now resides in Dungra . After independence from the British Crown in 1951 , the jagirdar system was abolished by the Indian government and the community of Anavil Brahmin who formerly acted as tax farmers during the era of the Maratha empire received the land . It is believed that city got its name from the old small stepwell situated near the balitha area . The meaning of vapi ( वापी ) in sanskrit is a water reservoir or a water storage body . Jains and other tribal castes later migrated to the city . Vapi is also Known as the City of Chemicals , it is the largest industrial area in Gujarat in terms of small-scale industries , dominated by the chemical industry . [ citation needed ] It has been ranked 2 in the year 2008 among the most polluted places in India , mainly due to its poor air and water quality caused by nearby industrial sites . People who have been living in the town have a lot of complaints about their health due to the pollution emissions happening almost every night from chemical factories . As of 2018 , the pollution has come down significantly.The City has a particular area called Square which is about 1.7 km where most of the people hangout . It comprises 11 wards .'}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'I.N.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34,162', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Varandarappilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varandarappilly', 'summary': 'Varandarappilly is a panchayat near Pudukkkad town in Thrissur district , Kerala , India . It is located 22 km from Thrissur City and 65 km from Kochi city . The Panchayath area is 102 km² and it has a population 27,343 . Nandipulam , Mupliyam , Velupadam , Palappilly , and Kallayi are nearby villages . Alagappa Nagar , Mattathur and Puthukkad are the neighbouring Panchayaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,343', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Varkala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varkala', 'summary': 'Varkala is a commercial , industrial and tourism centre in the Thiruvananthapuram district , situated in the Indian state of Kerala . It is the northern suburb of Trivandrum City . Varkala is also a taluk headquarters . In 2019 , Varkala Beach was selected as the second most stunning cliff beach in the world . It is located 36 kilometres north of Trivandrum ( Thiruvananthapuram ) , which is the capital and largest metropolitan city of Kerala , 15 km northwest of Attingal town and 28 km south of Kollam City . Varkala consist of Varkala municipality and the 7 panchayats of Edava , Elakamon , Vettoor , Madavoor , Navaikulam , Pallickal , and Chemmaruthy , which is managed by the development authority called Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation . The corporation has implemented various types of projects such as public-private partnership , joint-venture , private , and public , by mobilizing funds from the government , financial institutions , etc . It is a fully government-owned company formed under the Department of Planning & Economic Affairs .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,728', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vatakara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatakara', 'summary': 'Vatakara , also spelled Vadakara ( formerly Badagara ) , French : Bargaret , is a coastal town in the Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala , India . The municipality of Vadakara covers an area of 23.33 km2 and is bordered by Mahé to the north and Payyoli to the south . It is the headquarters of Vatakara taluk , which consists of 22 panchayats . During the reign of the Kolathiris and Zamorins , Vatakara was known as Kadathanadu . During the British Raj , it was part of the North Malabar region of Malabar District in the state of Madras . The historic Lokanarkavu temple , made famous by the Vadakkan Pattukal ( ballads of North Malabar ) , is situated in Vatakara .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75,295', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vedaranyam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vedaranyam', 'summary': "Vedaranyam ( also spelt as Vedaraniam and Vedaranniyam ) is a town in Nagapattinam district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . The town is named after the presiding deity of the Vedaranyeswarar Temple . The recorded history of Vedaranyam is known from medieval Chola period of the 9th century and has been ruled , at different times , by the Medieval Cholas , Later Cholas , Later Pandyas , Vijayanagar Empire and the British . During India 's independence struggle , C. Rajagopalachari , who would later become independent India 's first Governor-General , launched a salt march in Vedaranyam parallel to the Dandi March launched by Gandhi in 1930 to protest against the sales tax levied on salt extraction . Vedaranyam comes under the Vedaranyam assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Nagapattinam ( Lok Sabha constituency ) which elects its Member of Parliament ( MP ) once in five years . The town is administered by the Vedaranyam municipality , which covers an area of 36.26 km2 ( 14.00 sq mi ) . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 34,266 . Vedaranyam was a part of Thanjavur District till 1991 and Nagapattinam District from then on . The town is a part of the fertile Cauvery delta region , but salt extraction and prawn cultivation are the major occupations . Roadways are the major mode of transportation to Vedaranyam and the nearest Airport is Tiruchirapalli Airport , located 135 km ( 84 mi ) away from the town . On 17/11/2018 Vedaranyam devastated by cyclone Gaja ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34,266', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vellakoil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vellakoil', 'summary': 'Vellakovil is a municipal town in Kangeyam taluk of Tirupur District , in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on National Highway 81 between Trichy and Coimbatore . The town is spread in an area of 64.75 km2 . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 40,359 . Kannapuram village located near to this town is famous for Kangayam breed cattle market that happens on every year during Mariyamman temple festival . It is an industrialized town with traditional agriculture being the occupation for most of the people . It holds lot of Power looms weaving bedsheets , floor mats and cotton materials being exported to foreign countries via exporters present in Karur .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,359', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venkatagiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venkatagiri', 'summary': "Venkatagiri is a town in Nellore district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is a municipality and mandals headquarters of Venkatagiri mandal . Venkatagiri 's old name is Kali Mili . [ citation needed ] It is famous for its Handloom Cotton Sarees . Venkatagiri is a place for history and handlooms . It was part of a small kingdom that was integrated into the Indian Republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51,708', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijainagar , Ajmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijainagar,_Ajmer', 'summary': 'Bijainagar is a municipality in the Ajmer district of the Indian state of Rajasthan . This city is situated along the Khari River close to the southern border of Ajmer District .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajasthan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32,124', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijapur', 'summary': 'Vijapur is a city and a municipality in the Mehsana district in the Indian state of Gujarat .'}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,558', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijaypur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijaypur,_Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Bijeypur ( also spelled as Vijaypur or Vijaipur ) is a town and municipality in the Sheopur district in the state of Madhya Pradesh , India . It is located on the bank of the Kwari River . It is the headquarters of Bijeypur ( Vijaypur ) Tehsil and Vijaypur ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) . The town is one of the gateways to the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary , the site selected as a second home to the Asiatic Lion and also for cheetah reintroduction in India . Bijeypur is well-connected with regular buses from Morena , Gwalior and Shivpuri , which are all are about 100 km from Bijeypur . District Sheopur is about 140 km from Bijeypur .'}]}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,964', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'V', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_populated_places_in_Adilabad_district_21', 'intro': 'The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Government of India.'} | null | null | What town , in the state whose capital is Chennai , was the location of the Battle of Wandiwash ? | Vandavasi |
07443a8336bfd59b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_censorship_in_Iran', 'title': 'Book censorship in Iran', 'header': ['Title', 'Author', 'Type of literature'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Satanic Verses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses', 'summary': "The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdie 's fourth novel , first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad . As with his previous books , Rushdie used magical realism and relied on contemporary events and people to create his characters . The title refers to the satanic verses , a group of Quranic verses that refer to three pagan Meccan goddesses : Allāt , Uzza , and Manāt . The part of the story that deals with the satanic verses was based on accounts from the historians al-Waqidi and al-Tabari . In the United Kingdom , The Satanic Verses received positive reviews , was a 1988 Booker Prize finalist ( losing to Peter Carey 's Oscar and Lucinda ) and won the 1988 Whitbread Award for novel of the year . However , major controversy ensued as Muslims accused it of blasphemy and mocking their faith . The outrage among Muslims resulted in a fatwā calling for Rushdie 's death issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , then Supreme Leader of Iran , on 14 February 1989 . The result was several failed assassination attempts on Rushdie , who was placed under police protection by the UK government , and attacks on several connected individuals , including the murder of translator Hitoshi Igarashi . The book was banned in India as hate speech directed toward a specific religious group ."}]}, {'value': 'Salman Rushdie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salman_Rushdie', 'summary': "Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie [ a ] FRSL ( born 19 June 1947 ) is a British Indian novelist and essayist . His second novel , Midnight 's Children ( 1981 ) , won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed to be the best novel of all winners on two separate occasions , marking the 25th and the 40th anniversary of the prize . Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent . He combines magical realism with historical fiction ; his work is concerned with the many connections , disruptions , and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations . His fourth novel , The Satanic Verses ( 1988 ) , was the subject of a major controversy , provoking protests from Muslims in several countries . Death threats were made against him , including a fatwā calling for his assassination issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , the Supreme Leader of Iran , on 14 February 1989 . The British government put Rushdie under police protection . In 1983 , Rushdie was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature , the UK 's senior literary organisation . He was appointed Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999 . In June 2007 , Queen Elizabeth II knighted him for his services to literature . In 2008 , The Times ranked him thirteenth on its list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . Since 2000 , Rushdie has lived in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The God Delusion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_God_Delusion', 'summary': "The God Delusion is a 2006 book by English biologist Richard Dawkins , a professorial fellow at New College , Oxford , and former holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford . In The God Delusion , Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that belief in a personal god qualifies as a delusion , which he defines as a persistent false belief held in the face of strong contradictory evidence . He is sympathetic to Robert Pirsig 's statement in Lila ( 1991 ) that when one person suffers from a delusion it is called insanity . When many people suffer from a delusion it is called religion . With many examples , he explains that one does not need religion to be moral and that the roots of religion and of morality can be explained in non-religious terms . In early December 2006 , it reached number four in the New York Times Hardcover Non-Fiction Best Seller list after nine weeks on the list . More than three million copies were sold . According to Dawkins in a 2016 interview with Matt Dillahunty , an unauthorised Arabic translation of this book has been downloaded 3 million times in Saudi Arabia . The book has attracted widespread commentary , with many books written in response ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Dawkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Dawkins', 'summary': "Richard Dawkins , FRS FRSL ( born Clinton Richard Dawkins ) ( born 26 March 1941 ) is an English ethologist , evolutionary biologist , and author . He is an emeritus fellow of New College , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford 's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008 . Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene , which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme . With his book The Extended Phenotype ( 1982 ) , he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism 's body , but can stretch far into the environment . In 2006 , he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science . Dawkins is known as an outspoken atheist . He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design . In The Blind Watchmaker ( 1986 ) , he argues against the watchmaker analogy , an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms . Instead , he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker , in that reproduction , mutation , and selection are unguided by any designer . In The God Delusion ( 2006 ) , Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion . Dawkins has been awarded academic and writing awards , and he makes television , radio , and Internet appearances , predominantly discussing his books , his atheism , and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual ."}]}, {'value': 'non-fiction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gods Laugh on Mondays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gods_Laugh_on_Mondays', 'summary': "The Gods Laugh on Mondays ( in Persian : و خدايان دوشنبه\u200cها مي\u200cخندند ) was first novel by an Iranian author with pen name Reza Khoshnazar which was published in August 1995 . It was a lurid chronicle of Iran in which the male protagonist is raped by his schoolmate , and can not be sure whether he liked it or not . He then marries a young woman who has an affair with his best friend . Eventually , the angst-ridden hero goes on a murder-suicide binge . This novel has been dedicated to Gregor Samsa , protagonist of novel The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka . Reaction was hot , and some conservative papers called Gods a blasphemy . On the night of August 22 , 1995 , men arrived at the book publisher 's shop identifying themselves as Islamic building inspectors . They set the building on fire . A head of Islamic propaganda ( Ahmad Jannati ) declared at Friday prayer that zealots are above the law . Reza Khoshnazar has published three other novels in Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Reza Khoshnazar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reza_Khoshnazar', 'summary': 'Reza Khoshbin-e Khoshnazar ( Persian : رضا خوش\u200cبين خوش\u200cنظر ) is an Iranian novelist who published his first novel , The Gods Laugh on Mondays in 1995 when he was in his twenties . The reaction was hot and some conservative papers accused him of writing blasphemy and some zealots compared him with Salman Rushdie . Eventually , men came in the night and torched his publisher book shop , Morghe- Amin Publication House , in Tehran . Author Khoshnazar has published three other novels in Sweden by Ferdosi Publication House entitled : The Prophet with the Head like a Squash in the Shadow of Dead Clock ( in Persian : پيغمبر كلّه كدو زير ساعت مرده Payghambar-i kallih kadū zīr-i sāʻat-i murdih ) , The End of Owl ( in Persian : آخر جغد Ākhir-i Jughd ) , tetraktus , the Damn Four ( in Persian : تتراكتوس، چهار لعنتي Titrāktūs Chahār Lanatī )'}]}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Monkey Whose Owner Had Died', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadeq Chubak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak', 'summary': 'Sādeq Chubak ( Persian : صادق چوبک , sometimes Sādegh Choubak ; August 5 , 1916 - July 3 , 1998 ) , was an Iranian author of short fiction , drama , and novels . His short stories are characterized by their intricacy , economy of detail , and concentration on a single theme , leading some to compare them to Persian miniature paintings . Choubak was a naturalist , and his novels reflected the dark side of society . He was a very close friend of Sadegh Hedayat who was an influential writer at that time . Many of his works are currently banned .'}]}, {'value': 'short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Patient Stone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadeq Chubak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak', 'summary': 'Sādeq Chubak ( Persian : صادق چوبک , sometimes Sādegh Choubak ; August 5 , 1916 - July 3 , 1998 ) , was an Iranian author of short fiction , drama , and novels . His short stories are characterized by their intricacy , economy of detail , and concentration on a single theme , leading some to compare them to Persian miniature paintings . Choubak was a naturalist , and his novels reflected the dark side of society . He was a very close friend of Sadegh Hedayat who was an influential writer at that time . Many of his works are currently banned .'}]}, {'value': 'short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mourners of Bayal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gholam-Hossein Saedi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Saedi', 'summary': "Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi MD ( Persian : غلامحسین ساعدی , also transliterated as Gholamhoseyn Sa'edi and Ghulamhusayn Sa'idi ; January 15 , 1936 in Tabriz - November 23 , 1985 in Paris ) was a prolific Iranian writer . He published over forty books , representing his talents in the fiction genres of drama ( under the pen name Gohar Morad or Gowhar Murad , according to Library of Congress transliteration ) , the novel , the screenplay , and the short story in addition to the non-fiction genres of cultural criticism , travel literature and ethnography . Many consider the screenplay for Gav ( The Cow ) , Dariush Mehrjui 's 1969 film , to be Sa'edi 's magnum opus as it ushered in the New Wave Iranian cinema . After the 1979 revolution and his subsequent exile , he maintained an important figure in the scene of Persian literature despite the Iranian diaspora of which he unwillingly became a part . Till his death in Paris , due to depression and related alcoholism , he remained one of the most prominent and prolific of Iranian writers and intellectuals internationally ."}]}, {'value': 'short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dandyl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gholam-Hossein Saedi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Saedi', 'summary': "Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi MD ( Persian : غلامحسین ساعدی , also transliterated as Gholamhoseyn Sa'edi and Ghulamhusayn Sa'idi ; January 15 , 1936 in Tabriz - November 23 , 1985 in Paris ) was a prolific Iranian writer . He published over forty books , representing his talents in the fiction genres of drama ( under the pen name Gohar Morad or Gowhar Murad , according to Library of Congress transliteration ) , the novel , the screenplay , and the short story in addition to the non-fiction genres of cultural criticism , travel literature and ethnography . Many consider the screenplay for Gav ( The Cow ) , Dariush Mehrjui 's 1969 film , to be Sa'edi 's magnum opus as it ushered in the New Wave Iranian cinema . After the 1979 revolution and his subsequent exile , he maintained an important figure in the scene of Persian literature despite the Iranian diaspora of which he unwillingly became a part . Till his death in Paris , due to depression and related alcoholism , he remained one of the most prominent and prolific of Iranian writers and intellectuals internationally ."}]}, {'value': 'short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fear and Chills', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gholam-Hossein Saedi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Saedi', 'summary': "Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi MD ( Persian : غلامحسین ساعدی , also transliterated as Gholamhoseyn Sa'edi and Ghulamhusayn Sa'idi ; January 15 , 1936 in Tabriz - November 23 , 1985 in Paris ) was a prolific Iranian writer . He published over forty books , representing his talents in the fiction genres of drama ( under the pen name Gohar Morad or Gowhar Murad , according to Library of Congress transliteration ) , the novel , the screenplay , and the short story in addition to the non-fiction genres of cultural criticism , travel literature and ethnography . Many consider the screenplay for Gav ( The Cow ) , Dariush Mehrjui 's 1969 film , to be Sa'edi 's magnum opus as it ushered in the New Wave Iranian cinema . After the 1979 revolution and his subsequent exile , he maintained an important figure in the scene of Persian literature despite the Iranian diaspora of which he unwillingly became a part . Till his death in Paris , due to depression and related alcoholism , he remained one of the most prominent and prolific of Iranian writers and intellectuals internationally ."}]}, {'value': 'short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gholam-Hossein Saedi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Saedi', 'summary': "Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi MD ( Persian : غلامحسین ساعدی , also transliterated as Gholamhoseyn Sa'edi and Ghulamhusayn Sa'idi ; January 15 , 1936 in Tabriz - November 23 , 1985 in Paris ) was a prolific Iranian writer . He published over forty books , representing his talents in the fiction genres of drama ( under the pen name Gohar Morad or Gowhar Murad , according to Library of Congress transliteration ) , the novel , the screenplay , and the short story in addition to the non-fiction genres of cultural criticism , travel literature and ethnography . Many consider the screenplay for Gav ( The Cow ) , Dariush Mehrjui 's 1969 film , to be Sa'edi 's magnum opus as it ushered in the New Wave Iranian cinema . After the 1979 revolution and his subsequent exile , he maintained an important figure in the scene of Persian literature despite the Iranian diaspora of which he unwillingly became a part . Till his death in Paris , due to depression and related alcoholism , he remained one of the most prominent and prolific of Iranian writers and intellectuals internationally ."}]}, {'value': 'short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Censoring an Iranian Love Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shahriar Mandanipour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shahriar_Mandanipour', 'summary': 'Shahriar Mandanipour ( Persian : شهریار مندنی پور ; also Shahriar Mondanipour ( February 15 , 1957 ) [ citation needed ] , Shiraz , Iran , is an Iranian writer , journalist and literary theorist . Mandanipour was born and raised in Shiraz . In 1975 he moved to Tehran and studied Political Sciences at Tehran University , graduating in 1980 . In 1981 , he enlisted in the army for his military service . To experience war and to write about it , he volunteered to join the front during the Iran-Iraq war and served there as an officer for eighteen months . Following his military service , Mandanipour returned to Shiraz where he worked as director of the Hafiz Research Center and director of the National Library of Fars . In 1998 , he became chief editor of Asr-e Panjshanbeh ( Thursday Evening ) , a monthly literary journal . In 2006 , Mandanipour traveled to the United States as an International Writers Project Fellow at Brown University . In 2007 and 2008 he was a writer in residence at Harvard University and in 2009 at Boston College . In September 2011 , Mandanipour returned to Brown University as a visiting professor of literary arts where he currently teaches contemporary Persian literature and modern Iranian cinema . He is currently a Professor of the Practice at Tufts University .'}]}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Her Eyes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bozorg Alavi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi', 'summary': "Bozorg Alavi ( Persian : بزرگ علوی ) ( February 2 , 1904 - February 18 , 1997 ) was an influential Iranian writer , novelist , and political intellectual . He was a founding member of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran in the 1940s and - following the 1953 coup against Premier Mohammad Mossadegh - spent the rest of his life in exile in Germany , first during the Pahlavi regime , then returning to Germany once more following the 1979 revolution . Cheshm'hā'yash ( Her Eyes ) , which was published in Iran in 1952 and was subsequently banned , is considered his finest novel . Alavi was also a very close friend of Iran 's famous writer Sadegh Hedayat ; these two created a literary group when they were residing in Paris called sab ' e group . Although Her Eyes is considered his masterpiece , Alavi also wrote many other books , such as the novel chemdan which was written under the influence of Freudian psychology . His other novels mirza , 53 nafar and gilemard are used in Iranian high-school textbooks . He did return to Tehran after the revolution but did not stay too long and decided to head back to Germany . Bozorg Alavi 's contribution to Iranian Literature was profound and shall not be forgotten ."}]}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Tombstone on a Grave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jalal Al-e-Ahmad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad', 'summary': 'Seyyed Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad ( Persian : جلال آل\u200cاحمد ; December 2 , 1923 - September 9 , 1969 ) was a prominent Iranian novelist , short-story writer , translator , philosopher , socio-political critic , sociologist as well as an anthropologist who was one of the earliest and most prominent of contemporary Iranian ethnographers . He popularized the term gharbzadegi - variously translated in English as westernstruck , westoxification , and Occidentosis - , producing a holistic ideological critique of the West which combined strong themes of Frantz Fanon and Marx .'}]}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mourning for Qasem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amir Hossein Cheheltan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Man Lost in Dust', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nosrat Rahmani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani', 'summary': 'Nosrat Rahmani ( نصرت رحمانی ; in Persian ; ( March 1 , 1930 - June 16 , 2000 ) was an Iranian poet and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'poetry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Complete Poems of Ahmad Shamlu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmad Shamlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlu', 'summary': "Ahmad Shamlou ( Persian : احمد شاملو , Ahmad Šāmlū Persian pronunciation : [ æhˈmæd ( -e ) ʃɒːmˈluː ] , also known under his pen name A. Bamdad ( Persian : ا . بامداد ) ) ( December 12 , 1925 - July 23 , 2000 ) was an Iranian poet , writer , and journalist . Shamlou was arguably the most influential poet of modern Iran . His initial poetry was influenced by and in the tradition of Nima Youshij . In fact , Abdolali Dastgheib , Iranian literary critic , argues that Shamlou is one of the pioneers of modern Farsi poetry and has had the greatest influence , after Nima , on Iranian poets of his era . Shamlou 's poetry is complex , yet his imagery , which contributes significantly to the intensity of his poems , is simple . As the base , he uses the traditional imagery familiar to his Iranian audience through the works of Persian masters like Hafiz and Omar Khayyám . For infrastructure and impact , he uses a kind of everyday imagery in which personified oxymoronic elements are spiked with an unreal combination of the abstract and the concrete thus far unprecedented in Persian poetry , which distressed some of the admirers of more traditional poetry . Shamlou has translated extensively from French to Persian and his own works are also translated into a number of languages . He has also written a number of plays , edited the works of major classical Persian poets , especially Hafiz . His thirteen-volume Ketab-e Koucheh ( The Book of Alley ) is a major contribution in understanding the Iranian folklore beliefs and language . He also wrote fiction and screenplays , contributing to children 's literature , and journalism ."}]}, {'value': 'poetry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Girl with a Silver String', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamal Mirsadeqi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memories of My Melancholy Whores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memories_of_My_Melancholy_Whores', 'summary': 'Memories of My Melancholy Whores ( Spanish : Memoria de mis putas tristes ) is a novella by Gabriel García Márquez . The book was originally published in Spanish in 2004 , with an English translation by Edith Grossman published in October 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gabriel García Márquez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_García_Márquez', 'summary': 'Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez ( American Spanish : [ ɡaˈβɾjel ɣaɾˈsi.a ˈmaɾkes ] ( listen ) ; 6 March 1927 - 17 April 2014 ) was a Colombian novelist , short-story writer , screenwriter and journalist , known affectionately as Gabo [ ˈɡaβo ] or Gabito [ ɡaˈβito ] throughout Latin America . Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century and one of the best in the Spanish language , he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature . He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in his leaving law school for a career in journalism . From early on , he showed no inhibitions in his criticism of Colombian and foreign politics . In 1958 , he married Mercedes Barcha ; they had two sons , Rodrigo and Gonzalo . García Márquez started as a journalist , and wrote many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories , but is best known for his novels , such as One Hundred Years of Solitude ( 1967 ) , The Autumn of the Patriarch ( 1975 ) , and Love in the Time of Cholera ( 1985 ) . His works have achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success , most notably for popularizing a literary style known as magic realism , which uses magical elements and events in otherwise ordinary and realistic situations . Some of his works are set in the fictional village of Macondo ( mainly inspired by his birthplace , Aracataca ) , and most of them explore the theme of solitude . Upon García Márquezs death in April 2014 , Juan Manuel Santos , the President of Colombia , called him the greatest Colombian who ever lived .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scorpion on the Railroad Stairways of Andimeshk , or This Train is Bleeding Sir !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hossein Mortezaeian Abkenar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hossein_Mortezaeian_Abkenar', 'summary': 'Hossein Mortezaeian Abkenar ( Persian : حسین مرتضاییان آبکنار ; born 1967 ) is an Iranian writer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ceremonies of Impatience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yaghub Yadali', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Social History of Iran', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morteza Ravandi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Books banned in Iran', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Book_censorship_in_Iran_0', 'intro': 'Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states regarding freedom of expression: the press is free to express their opinion, unless it is against the foundation of Islam or rights of the people, and the law will explain the details. (article 24, The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran). The details have been explained, not in legislation of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, but in an act issued by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, which names the subjects that do not deserve to be published. For example: Renouncing the fundamentals of religion; promoting corruption; inviting the society to riot against Iran; promoting the ideas of terrorist and illegal groups and corrupted sects; defending monarchy; stimulating conflicts between the various ethnic or religious groups ; creating problems in the unity of the society and the country; mocking and weakening the national pride and nationalistic spirit, and creating an atmosphere of losing national values to the culture and civilization of western or eastern colonizing systems.'} | null | null | What was the year of birth of the author of The Satanic Verses ? | 1947 |
0744eb1bb27e7ee0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-League', 'title': 'I-League', 'header': ['Name', 'Club', 'Appointed', 'Time in charge'], 'data': [{'value': 'David Robertson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Robertson_(footballer,_born_1968)', 'summary': 'David Alexander Robertson ( born 17 October 1968 ) is a Scottish football player and coach . Robertson played as a left back for Aberdeen , Rangers , Leeds United , Montrose and represented Scotland . Since retiring as a player , he has managed Elgin City , Montrose , Phoenix FC and Real Kashmir F.C . He is the current manager of i-League club Real Kashmir .'}]}, {'value': 'Real Kashmir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Kashmir_F.C.', 'summary': 'Real Kashmir Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Srinagar . The club has competed as a member of I-League under license from All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) . Jammu and Kashmir , Real Kashmir is the first team from Kashmir to compete in I-League , the first division of football in India . The club participated in their first national competition in September 2016 when they played in the 2016 Durand Cup . In July 2017 Real Kashmir FC became the first club from J & K to play on foreign soil by playing 4 matches in Scotland . Real Kashmir FC is participating in all four categories of the AIFF . In May 2018 , Real Kashmir FC earned promotion to 2018-19 I-League by winning the 2017-18 I-League 2nd Division after defeating Hindustan FC in the final game of the season by a score of 3-2 .'}]}, {'value': '2 January 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years , 36 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akbar Nawas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akbar_Nawas', 'summary': "Mohamad Akbar Bin Abdul Nawas is a Singaporean football coach who is the head coach of Chennai City FC of the I-League since March 2018 . He was the head coach of Tampines Rovers in 2016 and led the team to the runners up position in the League . The team scored 52 goals in total , of which 30 goals in 12 games were scored in the second half of the season when Nawas took over . He also led Tampines to the Singapore Cup Final and emerged as runners-up and was a semi-finalist in the League Cup , where he introduced the reserve team players as most of the players from the first team were away with the national team . They lost to eventual winners Albirex in the League Cup semi-finals . He first joined as the assistant coach for the first team of Tampines Rovers under the then current national coach V. Sundramoorthy . Nawas ' expertise is the attacking approach in football ; this helped Tampines Rovers team to dominate possession in almost every game during his term as head coach and reduced the gap of seven points to only one point , guiding the team from fourth place to second place in the Singapore League . He prefers to use a 4-1-3-2 formation ."}]}, {'value': 'Chennai City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chennai_City_F.C.', 'summary': 'Chennai City Football Club is an Indian football club based in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu . The club has compete as a member of the I-League , under license from All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) . The club was established in 1946 as Netaji Sports Club by five friends . The club has spend the grand majority of its history competing in the local state and city tournaments but entered the national stage in 2016 . On 11 December 2016 , the team were awarded a direct-entry spot into the I-League for the 2016-17 season and become I-League champions during 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': '19 March 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 325 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley Rozario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Rozario', 'summary': 'Stanley Rozario ( born 22 April 1960 ) , is an Indian football coach . He coached top clubs in India with teams at Kolkata , Goa , Shillong , Sikkim , Kerala , Pune and Bangalore . He was also Assistant Coach with Senior National Team for World Cup Qualifying , Olympic Qualifying , Asian Games , AFC Cup , AFC Challenge Cup , SAFF Cup , Nehru Cup and other international competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Aizawl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aizawl_F.C.', 'summary': "Aizawl Football Club is an Indian football club from Aizawl , Mizoram . Formed in 1984 , Aizawl FC earned the entry in India 's top-tier league , I-League in 2015-16. , after winning 2015 I-League 2nd Division . Aizawl FC became the first football club from the Northeast to win the I-League title ."}]}, {'value': '9 January 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 29 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kibu Vicuña', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kibu_Vicuña', 'summary': 'José Antonio Vicuña Ochandorena ( born 20 November 1971 ) commonly known as Kibu is a Spanish professional Association currently the head coach of Mohun Bagan A.C. in the India top division I-League . He also holds Poland citizenship . On May 10 it was announced that Kibu has signed a one-year deal for Mohun Bagan .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohun Bagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_A.C.', 'summary': "Mohun Bagan Athletic Club is a professional football club based in West Bengal , India . The club was established on 15 August 1889 by Bhupendra Nath Bose and is one of the oldest existing association football club in India and Asia.The club plays in the I-League under licence from the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) . The most notable victory in the history of the club was over East Yorkshire Regiment in the 1911 IFA Shield final match , which made them the first Indian club to win the IFA title . They have won the top-flight league 4 times , the National Football League 3 times and the I-League once . They are the most successful team of India in the history of the Federation Cup , having won the championship a record 14 times . The club has also won several other trophies , which includes the Durand Cup ( 16 times ) , IFA Shield ( 22 times ) , and the Calcutta Football League ( 30 times ) . The club 's football team alone has won 252 trophies which is the highest by any Indian club and also makes it one of the most decorated football clubs in the world . Apart from that , the club 's cricket and hockey teams have won 111 and 41 trophies respectively . The club contests the Kolkata Derby with long-time rivals East Bengal . The first derby match was played on 8 August 1921 . Mohun Bagan was inducted into the Club of Pioneers , a network of the oldest existing football clubs in each country , on 29 July 2019 as the club celebrated its 130th year in existence . On 16th January 2020 , owners of ISL side ATK , the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group bought 80% of shares in the club , with the current owners of the club left with the remaining minority stake of 20% ."}]}, {'value': '10 May 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '273 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Valera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gokulam Kerala FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gokulam_Kerala_F.C.', 'summary': "Gokulam Kerala Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Calicut , Kerala . The club has competed as a member of I-League under license from All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) . Gokulam FC is the current champions in Durand Cup . They also run a team in the Indian Women 's League ."}]}, {'value': '1 June 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '251 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gift Raikhan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gift_Raikhan', 'summary': 'Gift Raikhan is a former Indian footballer who played as a left back from 1999-2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'NEROCA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NEROCA_F.C.', 'summary': 'NEROCA Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Imphal , Manipur , India . The club made its I-League 2nd Division debut in the 2015-16 season . The club won the 2016-17 I-League 2nd Division and secured promotion to the I-League . NEROCA is the only club from Northeast India to reach the final of the coveted Durand Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1 June 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '251 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chun Yan Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Punjab F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab_F.C.', 'summary': "Punjab Football Club ( previously as Minerva Punjab F.C . ) is an Indian professional football club based in Mohali , Punjab . The club competes in the I-League , under licence from the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) .The Club will Play In Indian Super League ( Country 's 1st tier League ) from the next 2020-2021 season . Minerva , since inception in 2013 as a club , have won the I-League title once , the Punjab State Super Football League title twice , and were also the runners-up of the I-League 2nd Division . Minerva was crowned champions of I-League in 2017-18 . The club is a partnership agreement between Ranjit Bajaj , Founder and Director of MPFC ( now Punjab Football Club ) and Mohali-based firm RoundGlass Sports . Punjab plays their I-League home matches at the Guru Nanak Stadium in Ludhiana . On October 30 , 2019 , the club was renamed as Punjab Football Club and 2019-20 I-League would be their first season as Punjab F.C ."}]}, {'value': '19 July 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '203 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernardo Tavares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernardo_Tavares', 'summary': 'Fernando José Bernardo Tavares ( born 2 May 1980 ) , commonly known as Bernardo Tavares , is a Portuguese football manager , a former footballer and a former technical director of Escolinha de Futebol do Bernardo who was the manager of S.L . Benfica de Macau of the Liga de Elite . He is the current head coach of Churchill Brothers plays in I-League india .'}]}, {'value': 'Churchill Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Churchill_Brothers_S.C.', 'summary': "Churchill Brothers FC Goa is an Indian professional football club based in Margao , Goa . Churchill Brothers was founded in 1988 in Margao and in 1996 were a founding club of the new National Football League . In 2007 , the club were also a founding club in the I-League . The club has won the national league title I-League two times , in 2008-09 and 2012-13 , and has secured a position among the top three teams on eight other occasions in the national level league tournament . The Red Machine was led for decades by Mr. Churchill Alemo , the club 's former President who was recently elected President of Goa Football Association and is an ex-Chief Minister of Goa . The current CEO of the club is Ms. Valanka Alemao , Mr. Alemao 's daughter ."}]}, {'value': '28 November 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanmugam Venkatesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanmugam_Venkatesh', 'summary': 'Shanmugam Venkatesh ( born 21 November 1978 ) is an Indian former professional footballer and currently , the assistant manager of India . He is an AFC A License coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Arrows', 'summary': 'Indian Arrows ( previously called Pailan Arrows ) is an Indian football club located in Vasco da Gama , that competes in the I-League . The club was formed with the main goal of nurturing young Indian football talents . After disbanding in 2013 , the project was revived as Indian Arrows in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '29 November 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TRAU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TRAU_F.C.', 'summary': 'Aciesta Tiddim Road Athletic Union Football Club is an Indian professional association football club based in Imphal , Manipur , India . The club made its I-League 2nd Division debut in the 2017-18 season . It was promoted to the I-League in the 2018-19 season , after winning the 2nd Division .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Rivera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Rivera_(coach)', 'summary': 'Mario Rivera Campesino ( born 12 August 1977 ) is a Spanish professional football coach who is the manager of the East Bengal team .'}]}, {'value': 'East Bengal FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Bengal_F.C.', 'summary': "East Bengal Football Club ( Bengali : ইস্ট বেঙ্গল ফুটবল ক্লাব ) is a professional football Club based in Kolkata , West Bengal , India . It competes in the I-League under licence from the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) . The club has won three National Football League ( later named as I-League ) titles , eight Federation Cups , and three Indian Super Cups , alongside other trophies . The club is mainly supported by the immigrant population ( known as Bangal ) , who were forced to leave their home during the partition of 1947 . It has a long-standing rivalry with its cross-town competitors Mohun Bagan , with whom it competes in the renowned Kolkata Derby , which is the Asia 's biggest football rivalry . East Bengal also shares a rivalry with another Kolkata club Mohammedan SC . Currently the football team is owned by Quess Corp . In July 2018 , it bought 70% shares , and took full control of the football team and thus forming Quess East Bengal FC Pvt . Ltd. East Bengal and Quess Corp have four directors each and club representatives have control over the operations . Quess Corp. now has the responsibility of building and managing the squad ."}]}, {'value': '23 January 2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 days', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Head coaches', 'section_text': "The role of the head coach in the I-League varies from club to club . Some clubs in the I-League like to appoint technical directors as well as head coaches and the technical directors for the most part are given the power the select the squad and sometimes the entire team management . [ 54 ] The All India Football Federation does impose licensing requirements for head coaches in the I-League , the rule being that the head coach must have an AFC A-License in order to coach in the I-League , however , some clubs and coaches like Subhash Bhowmick , Subrata Bhattacharya , Sukhwinder Singh , and Bimal Ghosh are known for accepting a technical directors role in order to bypass the head coaching requirements without an A-License . [ 54 ] This has bought about a lot of controversial news in the I-League , most recently being when Churchill Brothers won the I-League after the 2012–13 season with Subhash Bhowmick running the entire team on and off the field but not winning the `` Coach of the Year '' award due to being listed as the technical director and not the head coach . [ 54 ] Seeing this , the AIFF technical director , Rob Baan , as well as others , advocated that the federation make it mandatory for both technical directors and head coaches to have an AFC A-License . [ 54 ] On 14 May 2014 this was officially put into act by the AIFF during their I-League licensing committee meeting . [ 55 ] In terms of coaching performance , after the first seven seasons of the I-League , an Indian head coach has won the I-League four times while a foreign head coach has won it three times . Zoran Đorđević of Serbia was the first ever foreign head coach to win the I-League [ 56 ] while the second coach was Karim Bencherifa of Morocco . [ 57 ] Englishman Ashley Westwood was the most recent foreign coach to win the I-League in the 2014–15 season . [ 58 ] Armando Colaco was the first Indian coach to win the I-League in the league 's opening season and he has the most I-League championships at three . [ 59 ] Mariano Dias and Khalid Jamil the only other Indian coach to win the I-League . [ 60 ] The current head coaches in the I-League are :", 'uid': 'I-League_3', 'intro': "The I-League, formerly known as National Football League, is one among the two co-existing premier football leagues in India together with Indian Super League. For sponsorship reasons, the league is officially known as the Hero I-League. It is currently contested by 11 clubs across the country. The competition was founded in 2007 as the successor to the National Football League (NFL) and competition commenced in November 2007. The league was launched as India's first ever professional football league and with the aim to increase the player pool for India's national team. Unlike the franchise based Indian Super League, the I-League operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the I-League 2nd Division. For the clubs that become I-League champions, they are granted the opportunity to participate in the AFC Cup, Asia's secondary international club competition. Since the inception of the I-League, a total of seven clubs have been crowned champions. Dempo have won the most titles in league history, being crowned champions three times. Churchill Brothers and former I-League side Bengaluru have won the league twice. Salgaocar, Mohun Bagan, Aizawl, Minerva Punjab, and the current champions, Chennai City have won it once."} | null | null | What is the name of the coach for the team located in Vasco da Gama ? | Shanmugam Venkatesh |
0745a13de27dd085 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_Australian_television', 'title': '2001 in Australian television', 'header': ['Program', 'Subscription network', 'Free-to-air network', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': '/ Dumb Bunnies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumb_Bunnies', 'summary': 'The Dumb Bunnies are a series of books created by Dav Pilkey , the author of Captain Underpants , under the pseudonym Sue Denim . They involve the adventures of a dumb family of bunnies . The Dumb Bunnies did everything in reverse , including sleeping under beds and putting flowers upside down in vases . The series is said to be mocking or parodying books like Good Night Moon by Margaret Wise Brown and The Stupids Step Out by Harry G. Allard and illustrated by James Marshall .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '2 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': "An Actor 's Life For Me", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/An_Actor's_Life_For_Me", 'summary': "An Actor 's Life For Me is a British sitcom that aired on BBC Radio 2 from 1989 to 1993 and on BBC television in 1991 . Starring John Gordon Sinclair and Gina McKee , it was written by Paul Mayhew-Archer , who later co-wrote The Vicar of Dibley ."}]}, {'value': 'UKTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UKTV_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "BBC UKTV is an Australian pay television channel in Australia and New Zealand , screening British entertainment programming , sourced mainly from the archives of the BBC , RTL Group ( mainly Talkback Thames material ) and ITV plc . The channel was originally a joint venture with Foxtel ( 60% ownership ) , the RTL Group ( 20% ownership ) and BBC Worldwide ( 20% ownership ) . It is now owned solely by BBC Studios . It is the home of the channel 's flagship programme The Graham Norton Show ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '10 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)', 'summary': "Angel is an American television series , a spin-off from the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . The series was created by Buffy 's creator , Joss Whedon , in collaboration with David Greenwalt . It aired on The WB from October 5 , 1999 , to May 19 , 2004 , consisting of five seasons and 110 episodes . Like Buffy , it was produced by Whedon 's production company , Mutant Enemy . The show details the ongoing trials of Angel , a vampire whose human soul was restored to him by gypsies as a punishment for the murder of one of their own . After more than a century of murder and the torture of innocents , Angel 's restored soul torments him with guilt and remorse . Angel moves to Los Angeles , California , after it is clear that his doomed relationship with Buffy , the vampire slayer , can not continue . During the majority of the show , he works as a private detective in L.A , where he and a variety of associates work to help the helpless , restoring the faith and saving the souls of those who have lost their way . While he must also battle his own demonic nature , he typically battles with evil demons or humans allied to them , primarily related to Wolfram & Hart , a law firm supported by occult practices which is an extension of otherworldly demonic forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '24 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Full Wax', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UKTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UKTV_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "BBC UKTV is an Australian pay television channel in Australia and New Zealand , screening British entertainment programming , sourced mainly from the archives of the BBC , RTL Group ( mainly Talkback Thames material ) and ITV plc . The channel was originally a joint venture with Foxtel ( 60% ownership ) , the RTL Group ( 20% ownership ) and BBC Worldwide ( 20% ownership ) . It is now owned solely by BBC Studios . It is the home of the channel 's flagship programme The Graham Norton Show ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brittas Empire , The The Brittas Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brittas_Empire', 'summary': "The Brittas Empire is a British sitcom created and originally written by Andrew Norriss and Richard Fegen . Chris Barrie played Gordon Brittas , the well-meaning but incompetent manager of Whitbury New Town Leisure Centre . The show ran for seven series and 52 episodes - including two Christmas specials - from 1991 to 1997 on BBC1 . Norriss and Fegen wrote the first five series , after which they left the show . The Brittas Empire enjoyed a long and successful run throughout the 1990s , and gained large mainstream audiences . In 2004 the show came 47th on the BBC 's Britain 's Best Sitcom poll , and all series have been released on DVD . The creators Andrew Norriss and Richard Fegen often combined farce with either surreal or dramatic elements in episodes . For example , in the first series , the leisure centre prepares for a royal visit , only for the doors to seal , the boiler room to flood and a visitor to become electrocuted . Unlike the traditional sitcom , deaths were quite common in The Brittas Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'UKTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UKTV_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "BBC UKTV is an Australian pay television channel in Australia and New Zealand , screening British entertainment programming , sourced mainly from the archives of the BBC , RTL Group ( mainly Talkback Thames material ) and ITV plc . The channel was originally a joint venture with Foxtel ( 60% ownership ) , the RTL Group ( 20% ownership ) and BBC Worldwide ( 20% ownership ) . It is now owned solely by BBC Studios . It is the home of the channel 's flagship programme The Graham Norton Show ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '6 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friends', 'summary': 'Friends is an American sitcom television series , created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , which aired on NBC from September 22 , 1994 , to May 6 , 2004 , lasting ten seasons . With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer , the show revolved around six friends in their 20s and 30s who lived in Manhattan , New York City . The series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright , Kauffman , and Crane . Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993 . They presented the idea to Bright , and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC . After several script rewrites and changes , including title changes to Six of One and Friends Like Us , the series was finally named Friends . Filming of the show took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings ; it ultimately reached the number-one spot in its eighth season . The series finale aired on May 6 , 2004 , and was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers , making it the fifth most-watched series finale in television history , and the most-watched television episode of the 2000s decade . Friends received acclaim throughout its run , becoming one of the most popular television shows of all time . The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season .'}]}, {'value': 'Oh !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh!_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "Oh ! was an Australian cable TV channel owned by Optus Television . It served as the services 's premier general entertainment channel until it was replaced by FOX8 in 2002 . Programming was mostly sourced from Warner Brothers Television . After the channels closure , the content was given to Foxtel and XYZnetworks channels , with most of the Warner Brothers shows moving to Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '3 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drew Carey Show , The The Drew Carey Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show', 'summary': 'The Drew Carey Show is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from September 13 , 1995 to September 8 , 2004 . It was set in Cleveland , Ohio and revolved around the retail office and home life of everyman Drew Carey , a fictionalized version of the actor . The show was created by Carey , who had both stand-up comedy and writing experience , and Bruce Helford , who was once a writer for Roseanne . It was the first television show to have an episode simulcast on the Internet . Produced by Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television , it debuted on September 13 , 1995 , and ranked among the Top 30 programs for four seasons before sliding in popularity . Ratings declined sharply during the final two seasons , and the last two episodes aired on September 8 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oh !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh!_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "Oh ! was an Australian cable TV channel owned by Optus Television . It served as the services 's premier general entertainment channel until it was replaced by FOX8 in 2002 . Programming was mostly sourced from Warner Brothers Television . After the channels closure , the content was given to Foxtel and XYZnetworks channels , with most of the Warner Brothers shows moving to Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ER_(TV_series)', 'summary': "ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19 , 1994 , to April 2 , 2009 , with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons . It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television , in association with Warner Bros. Television . ER follows the inner life of the emergency room ( ER ) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , and various critical issues faced by the room 's physicians and staff . The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey 's Anatomy , and the 5th longest medical drama across the globe ( behind BBC 's Casualty and Holby City , and Poland 's Na dobre i na złe ) . It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award , and received 124 Emmy nominations . ER won 116 awards in total , including the Peabody Award , while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series . As of 2014 , ER has grossed over $ 3 billion in television revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Oh !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh!_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "Oh ! was an Australian cable TV channel owned by Optus Television . It served as the services 's premier general entertainment channel until it was replaced by FOX8 in 2002 . Programming was mostly sourced from Warner Brothers Television . After the channels closure , the content was given to Foxtel and XYZnetworks channels , with most of the Warner Brothers shows moving to Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine_and_Friends', 'summary': "Thomas & Friends ( originally known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends or simply Thomas the Tank Engine ; later called Thomas & Friends : Big World ! Big Adventures ! ) is a British-American children 's television series . In the United Kingdom , it had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984 . In the United States , it had its first broadcast on Shining Time Station in 1989 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by The Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry . These books follow the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised locomotives and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher , during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories from the first four series are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Insektors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insektors', 'summary': 'Insektors ( stylized as InseKtorS ) was a 1994 animated TV series , and was one of the earliest computer animated series , predating ReBoot . Made in a small studio , Fantome in France , it was the 1994 recipient of a Children and Young People Emmy Award , and was directed by Georges LaCroix and Renato LaCroix , and written by Eric Rondeaux , Véronique Herbaut and Marc Perrier .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Budgie the Little Helicopter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budgie_the_Little_Helicopter', 'summary': "Budgie the Little Helicopter is a British series of children 's books and animated television series relating to a fictional character 'Budgie ' and his friends . The characters were based on the books by Sarah , Duchess of York . The show was coproduced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin , The Sleepy Kids Company and Sarah , Duchess of York for The west version of HTV for ITV and Scottish Television Enterprises , and originally aired on British television in 1994 on CITV , where it ran for 39 episodes . A range of videos , books , and toys were released under the Budgie label . On release of the first book , the Duchess was accused by the media of copying the idea for the series from an out-of-print 1960 book Hector the Helicopter , by A.W . Baldwin , which she denied ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freaky Stories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freaky_Stories', 'summary': "Freaky Stories is a Canadian animated anthology television series , which was originally broadcast by YTV in English and Canal Famille ( now Vrak ) in French ( 5-minute versions using the French title Frissons ) . It is an animated show about urban legends hosted by two animatronic puppets , Larry de Bug , a cockroach , ( voiced by James Rankin ) and his gooey sidekick , Maurice the maggot ( voiced by Dan Redican ) in Ted 's Diner - a 1940s era diner setting staffed by Rosie the waitress ( voiced by Jayne Eastwood , but never seen - Season One only ) . It was often part of The Three Friends and Jerry when it aired on Fox Family . This series , described as a Twilight Zone for kids , centers on the kind of myths and legends that are told as scary campfire or bedtime stories . Every episode always starts with and finishes with the phrase : This is a true story , and it happened to a friend of a friend of mine . and by the words of Larry , Just because they never happened , does n't mean they ai n't true . Animation styles and musical scoring varied within each half-hour episode , incorporating 20 different looks in the first season alone . The short stories and changing styles were specifically designed to keep viewers ' attention span . Series creator Steve Schnier successfully pitched his concept of modern urban legends to YTV in 1991 . In 1994 , Steve teamed with executive producer John Delmage . The resulting Freaky Stories pilot premiered during YTV 's Dark Night 3 Halloween block on October 28 , 1995 , and the series itself premiered as a one-hour special as part of Dark Night 5 on October 24 , 1997 . While most episodes were finished on digibeta , the pilot was shot on film using traditional animation techniques but completed on video ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar and Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_and_Friends', 'summary': "Oscar and Friends is a New Zealand children 's stop motion animated television series that aired from 1995 to 1996 . The series was produced in Wellington , and was aimed at children aged 3 to 6 . The series was produced by Gnome Productions Ltd. , distributed by Southern Star Sales , and funded by NZ On Air and Southern Star Entertainment . Oscar and Friends has been screened all around the world including on ITV in the UK ( where the series rated number ten for kids in its first year of release ) , Fox in the United States , ABC in Australia , YoYo TV in Taiwan , and Magic Kids in Argentina ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What About Mimi ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_About_Mimi?', 'summary': 'What About Mimi ? is a Canadian animated series . The main character is Mimi Morton , a clever , red-headed girl in the 6th grade who lives in the town of Starfish Bay . The series was produced by Decode Entertainment and Studio B Productions , and won the Pulcinella Award for the Best Series for Children in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cubeez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cubeez', 'summary': "Cubeez was a British 3D computer animated television series that was broadcast between 1999 and 2001 on GMTV 's Kids . It was aimed at pre-school children aged 2-5 . The four box-like characters , Bozz , Doody , Dink and Tizzy are accompanied on their adventures by a talking paintbrush ( voiced by Marc Silk ) and a variety of creative characters . Each episode has a strong educational element and features live-action footage of children ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "/ / Weird-Oh 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weird-Oh's", 'summary': "Weird-Oh 's is a short-lived American/Canadian computer animated series produced by DHX Media . The series originally aired on Fox Family in the United States and YTV in Canada . It starred a cast of deformed characters and their misadventures in Weirdsville , a place just off Route 66 . Among the cast of characters were three main characters , named Digger , Eddie and Portia . It featured a beginning sequence where the characters would be seen racing ( similar to the product the series was based on of the same name ) . Only 13 episodes of the series were ever produced . The concept and characters were based on the Weird-Ohs series of polystyrene model kits by the Hawk Company . The characters in the model kits were popular in the early 1960s as satire on America 's car culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Debuts -- Subscription premieres', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2001_in_Australian_television_7', 'intro': 'This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.'} | null | null | What is the subscription network of the show that is a spin-off from the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ? | Fox8 |
0745ea26b684d659 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Lexus_Cup', 'title': '2005 Lexus Cup', 'header': ['Golfer', 'Country', 'Wins', 'Halves', 'Losses'], 'data': [{'value': 'Paula Creamer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Creamer', 'summary': "Paula Creamer ( born August 5 , 1986 ) is an American professional golfer on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour . As a professional , she has won 12 tournaments , including 10 LPGA Tour events . Creamer has been as high as number 2 in the Women 's World Golf Rankings . She was the 2010 U.S. Women 's Open champion . As of the end of the 2019 season , Creamer was 10th on the all-time LPGA career money list with earnings of $ 12,131,822 . As an amateur , Creamer won numerous junior golf titles , including 11 American Junior Golf Association ( AJGA ) tournaments . Creamer joined the LPGA Tour in the 2005 season , and her victory in that year 's Sybase Classic made her the LPGA 's second-youngest event winner ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophie Gustafson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sophie_Gustafson', 'summary': 'Sophie Gustafson ( born 27 December 1973 ) is a Swedish professional golfer . She was a member of U.S.-based LPGA Tour and a life member of the Ladies European Tour ( LET ) . She has five LPGA Tour and 23 international wins in her career , including victories on five of the six continents on which golf is played : North America , Europe , Australia , Africa and Asia . She is a four-time LET Order of Merit winner and represented Europe in the Solheim Cup on each team from 1998 to 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suzann Pettersen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzann_Pettersen', 'summary': 'Suzann Pettersen ( born 7 April 1981 ) is a retired Norwegian professional golfer . She played mainly on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour , and was also a member of the Ladies European Tour . Her career best world ranking was second and she held that position several times , most recently from August 2011 until February 2012 . She retired on 15 September 2019 after holing the winning putt for the European team at the 2019 Solheim Cup , notwithstanding that she had been away from golf for almost 20 months on maternity leave prior to the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erica Blasberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erica_Blasberg', 'summary': 'Erica Paige Blasberg ( July 14 , 1984 - May 9 , 2010 ) was an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annika Sörenstam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annika_Sörenstam', 'summary': "Annika Sörenstam ( pronounced [ ˈǎnːɪka ˈsœ̂ːrɛnˌstam ] ( listen ) ; born 9 October 1970 ) is a retired Swedish professional golfer . She is regarded as one of the best female golfers in history . Before stepping away from competitive golf at the end of the 2008 season , she had won 90 international tournaments as a professional , making her the female golfer with the most wins to her name . She has won 72 official LPGA tournaments including ten majors and 18 other tournaments internationally , and she tops the LPGA 's career money list with earnings of over $ 22 million - over $ 2 million ahead of her nearest rival while playing 149 fewer events . Since 2006 , Sörenstam has held dual American and Swedish citizenship . The winner of a record eight Player of the Year awards , and six Vare Trophies given to the LPGA player with the lowest seasonal scoring average , she is the only female golfer to shoot a 59 in competition . She holds various all-time scoring records including the lowest season scoring average : 68.6969 in 2004 . Representing Europe in the Solheim Cup on eight occasions between 1994 and 2007 , Sörenstam was the event 's all-time leading points earner until her record was surpassed by England 's Laura Davies during the 2011 Solheim Cup . In 2003 , Sörenstam played in the Bank of America Colonial tournament to become the first woman to play in a PGA Tour event since 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karen Stupples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Stupples', 'summary': 'Karen Louise Stupples ( born 24 June 1973 ) is an English professional golfer who played primarily on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and was also a member of the Ladies European Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marisa Baena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marisa_Baena', 'summary': "Marisa Isabel Baena ( born 1 June 1977 ) is a Colombian golfer who plays on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour . Baena was born in Pereira , Colombia . She started playing golf at the age of six . She attended the University of Arizona in the United States and had an outstanding amateur career , the highlights of which were claiming the individual NCAA title in 1996 and finishing at runner up at the U.S. Women 's Amateur in the same year . She qualified for the LPGA Tour at her first attempt and had her rookie season in 1999 , but she has not so far fully lived up to the promise of her amateur days . Her best finish in a stroke play tournament on the Tour is a tie for second place at the 2003 Jamie Farr Kroger Classic . In July 2005 she was the surprise winner of the first HSBC Women 's World Match Play Championship , beating South Korea 's Meena Lee by one hole in the final . She won $ 500,000 , a three-year exemption on the LPGA Tour , and a gold horseshoe necklace . She represented Team International in the inaugural Lexus Cup competition in 2005 . She and her sister Christina represented Colombia in the 2006 Women 's World Cup of Golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natalie Gulbis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gulbis', 'summary': 'Natalie Anne Gulbis ( born January 7 , 1983 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hee-Won Han', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hee-Won_Han', 'summary': 'Hee-Won Han ( Korean 한희원 ) ( born 10 June 1978 in Seoul ) is a retired South Korean professional golfer on the LPGA Tour . She was a member of the LPGA Tour from 2001 until her retirement in 2014 and won six LPGA Tour events during her career . She attended Ryukoku University and turned professional in 1998 . In 1998 she competed on the LPGA of Korea Tour and the LPGA of Japan Tour , claiming Rookie of the Year honours in Japan . In 1999 she won twice in Japan . She qualified for the U.S.-based LPGA Tour at the 2000 Qualifying School and has played mainly in the United States since 2001 . She was Rookie of the Year in her first season . Han played in only seven events during 2007 due to the birth of her son , Dae-Il Dale . Han retired from the LPGA Tour at the 2014 Portland Classic .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carin Koch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carin_Koch', 'summary': 'Carin Koch ( née Hjalmarsson ) ( born 23 February 1971 ) is a Swedish professional golfer who plays on the Ladies European Tour and on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Candie Kung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Candie_Kung', 'summary': 'Candie Kung ( Chinese : 龔怡萍 ; pinyin : Gōng Yípíng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Kióng Sîn-phêng ; born 8 August 1981 ) is an American professional golfer of Taiwanese descent who plays on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jennifer Rosales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Rosales', 'summary': 'Jennifer Rosales ( born September 17 , 1978 ) is a professional golfer from the Philippines , currently playing on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riko Higashio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riko_Higashio', 'summary': 'Riko Higashio ( 東尾 理子 , Higashio Riko , born 18 November 1975 ) is a Japanese professional golfer and former member of the LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeong Jang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeong_Jang', 'summary': "Jeong Jang ( Korean : 장정 , born 11 June 1980 ) is a South Korean professional golfer who played on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour . She was also a member of the LPGA of Korea Tour . Jang was born in Daejeon , South Korea . She started playing golf at the age of thirteen . As a teenager she won the 1997 Korea Women 's Open and the 1998 Korea Women 's Amateur . She attended Joongbu University . After qualifying for the LPGA Tour at her first attempt , Jang had a successful rookie season in 2000 including a second-place finish . She reached twelfth on the money list in 2004 and in that year had nine finishes in the top ten . In July 2005 she won for the first time , claiming the Women 's British Open , which is one of the women 's majors , by four shots . She claimed her second LPGA win in 2006 at the Wegmans LPGA ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catriona Matthew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catriona_Matthew', 'summary': 'Catriona Isobel Matthew OBE ( née Lambert ; born 25 August 1969 ) is a Scottish professional golfer who plays mainly on the US-based LPGA Tour and is also a member of the Ladies European Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_Park_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Grace Park ( born 6 March 1979 ) is a retired South Korean professional golfer on the LPGA Tour . She was a member of the LPGA Tour from 2000 until her retirement in 2012 and won six LPGA Tour events , including one major championship , during her career .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aree Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aree_Song', 'summary': 'Aree Song ( Korean : 송아리 ) , ( born Aree Wongluekiet 1 May 1986 ) is a Korean professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour . Her father is South Korean and her mother is Thai . She was born in Bangkok , Thailand . She is a South Korean citizen , and has represented Thailand in junior team competition , but she has spent much of her life in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naree Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naree_Song', 'summary': "Naree Song ( Korean : 송나리 , ( born Naree Wongluekiet 1 May 1986 ) is a Korean professional golfer of Thai descent . Song 's birth name was Naree Wongluekiet , and she and her identical twin sister were born in Bangkok , Thailand . Her father is South Korean and her mother is Thai . She is a South Korean citizen , and has represented Thailand in junior team competition , but she has spent much of her life in the United States . Her hometown in the United States was Bradenton , Florida . In 1999 , Song was awarded the American Junior Golf Association All-American award . She competed in the U.S. Women 's Open as an amateur in 2000 and she finished fortieth overall . In 2001 , Song won the Kosaido Thailand Ladies Open . In 2002 , she won the South Atlantic Ladies Amateur . Song attended the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , United States , where she played for the Florida Gators women 's golf team in 2003 . She turned professional in 2004 . Song played on both the Futures Tour and the LPGA Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meena Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meena_Lee', 'summary': "Meena Lee ( Korean : 이미나 ; born 25 December 1981 ) is a South Korean professional golfer who plays on the United States-based LPGA Tour . Lee was born in Jeonju , South Korea . She took up golf at the age of fourteen , which is unusually late for a future professional golfer , but just a few years later , in 2000 , she became the Korean Amateur Champion . She turned professional in 2002 , one year before graduating from Yong-In University . She won three events on the LPGA of Korea Tour in her rookie season of 2002 and topped the money list . In 2003 , she won one tournament and placed fifth on the money list . In 2004 , Lee played on the second-tier Futures Tour in the United States , finishing 23rd on the money list , but she was able to win an LPGA Tour card for 2005 by finishing tied for 25th at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament . She made a steady start to her rookie season and in July 2005 was a surprise finalist in the inaugural HSBC Women 's World Match Play Championship , which she lost to Colombia 's Marisa Baena by one hole . Two weeks later she won for the first time on the LPGA Tour at the BMO Financial Group Canadian Women 's Open . On 25 February 2006 she won her second LPGA Tour title at the Fields Open in Hawaii ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jill McGill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jill_McGill', 'summary': "Jill McGill ( born January 30 , 1972 ) is an American professional golfer on the LPGA Tour . McGill was born in Denver , Colorado . She played college golf at the University of Southern California and won the U.S. Women 's Amateur title in 1993 and the U.S. Women 's Amateur Public Links in 1994 . She played on the 1994 Curtis Cup team . She turned professional in December 1994 . McGill played on the international team at the 2005 Lexus Cup . McGill lives in Cabo , Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Golfer records', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2005_Lexus_Cup_0', 'intro': 'The 2005 Lexus Cup was the inaugural edition of the annual golf match competed by women representing Asia and an international squad. Each team was made up of twelve members. The competition took place at the Tanah Merah Country Club in Singapore from 9-11 December 2005. Lexus was he title sponsor while Rolex, DBS, Singapore Airlines, and Singapore Sports Council are main sponsors. The total purse was US$960,000, with $50,000 going to each member of the winning team and $30,000 to members of the other team. The International team won solidly in the first annual event, 16 points to 8.'} | null | null | What was the total number of wins for American golfers ? | 7 |
07461fc0cf60af88 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danneel_Ackles', 'title': 'Danneel Ackles', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1999-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Life to Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Life_to_Live', 'summary': "One Life to Live ( often abbreviated as OLTL ) is an American soap opera broadcast on the ABC television network for more than 43 years , from July 15 , 1968 , to January 13 , 2012 , and then on the internet as a web series on Hulu and iTunes via The Online Network from April 29 to August 19 , 2013 . Created by Agnes Nixon , the series was the first daytime drama to primarily feature ethnically and socioeconomically diverse characters and consistently emphasize social issues . One Life to Live was expanded from 30 minutes to 45 minutes on July 26 , 1976 , and then to an hour on January 16 , 1978 . One Life to Live heavily focuses on the members and relationships of the Lord family . Actress Erika Slezak began portraying the series ' central protagonist Victoria Viki Lord in March 1971 and played the character continuously for the rest of the show 's run on ABC Daytime , winning a record six Daytime Emmy Awards for the role . In 2002 , the series won an Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series . One Life to Live was the last American daytime soap opera taped in New York City . After nearly 43 years on the air , ABC canceled One Life to Live on April 14 , 2011 . On July 7 , 2011 , production company Prospect Park announced that it would continue the show as a web series after its run on ABC , but later suspended the project . The show taped its final scenes for ABC on November 18 , 2011 , and its final episode on the network aired on January 13 , 2012 with a cliffhanger . On January 7 , 2013 , Prospect Park resumed its plan to continue One Life to Live as a daily 30-minute web series on Hulu and iTunes via The Online Network . The relaunched series premiered on April 29 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shannon McBain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shannon_McBain', 'summary': 'A list of notable characters from the ABC soap opera One Life to Live that began their run between the beginning of 2000 and the end of 2009 :'}]}, {'value': 'Contract role ; 68 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What I Like About You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_I_Like_About_You_(TV_series)', 'summary': "What I Like About You is an American sitcom television series set mainly in New York City , following the lives of two sisters : responsible older sister Val ( Jennie Garth ) and her vivacious teenaged sister Holly ( Amanda Bynes ) . The series ran on The WB from September 20 , 2002 , to March 24 , 2006 , with a total of 86 episodes produced . With the exception of a brief period early in the second season , What I Like About You was a headline on The WB 's Friday Night Comedy Lineup . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Kate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes ( season 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_What_I_Like_About_You_episodes', 'summary': 'The following is a list of episodes of the television show What I Like About You . The series aired on The WB from September 20 , 2002 to March 24 , 2006 , with 86 episodes produced spanning 4 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joey_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Joey is an American sitcom created by Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg-Meehan and a spin-off/sequel to Friends , starring Matt LeBlanc reprising his role as Joey Tribbiani . It premiered on the NBC television network , on September 9 , 2004 , in the former time slot of its parent series , Thursday nights at 8:00 p.m. Midway through the second season , the show was placed on a hiatus by NBC but returned on March 7 , 2006 , in a new timeslot of Tuesdays at 8:30 p.m. One episode , Joey and the Snowball Fight , was shown on a Tuesday at 8:30 p.m , but was pulled by NBC when it was overshadowed in ratings by American Idol . NBC canceled the series due to poor ratings on May 15 , 2006 and did not broadcast the remaining episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'London / Katie Harper', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmed', 'summary': "Charmed is an American fantasy drama television series created by Constance M. Burge and produced by Aaron Spelling and his production company Spelling Television , with Brad Kern serving as showrunner . The series was originally broadcast by The WB for eight seasons from October 7 , 1998 , until May 21 , 2006 . The series narrative follows a trio of sisters , known as The Charmed Ones , the most powerful good witches of all time , who use their combined Power of Three to protect innocent lives from evil beings such as demons and warlocks . Each sister possesses unique magical powers that grow and evolve , while they attempt to maintain normal lives in modern-day San Francisco . Keeping their supernatural identities separate and secret from their ordinary lives often becomes a challenge for them , with the exposure of magic having far-reaching consequences on their various relationships and resulting in a number of police and FBI investigations throughout the series . The series initially focuses on the three Halliwell sisters , Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) , Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) and Phoebe ( Alyssa Milano ) . Following Prue 's death in the third-season finale , their long-lost half sister Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) assumes her place within the Power of Three from season four onwards . Charmed achieved a cult following and popularity on The WB with its first episode Something Wicca This Way Comes garnering 7.7 million viewers , breaking the record for the network 's highest-rated debut episode . The show 's ratings , although smaller than rival shows on the big four networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox ) , were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB network . Charmed went through several timeslot changes during its eight-season run . For its first three seasons in the Wednesday/Thursday 9:00 pm timeslot , Charmed was the second-highest rated series on The WB , behind 7th Heaven . During its fifth season , the show moved to the Sunday 8:00 pm timeslot , where it became the highest-rated Sunday night program in The WB 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'New Paige Matthews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paige_Matthews', 'summary': "Paige Matthews is a fictional character from the American television series Charmed , played by Rose McGowan from October 4 , 2001 until May 21 , 2006 . The character was created by executive producer Brad Kern as a replacement for lead character Prue Halliwell , following the departure of actress Shannen Doherty . Paige is introduced into season four as the fiercely independent younger half-sister of the show 's remaining female leads , Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) and Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) . Like her sisters , Paige is a witch , and more specifically , a Charmed One - one of the most powerful witches of all time . Paige is introduced as the secret love child of the Halliwell sisters ' mother Patty ( Finola Hughes ) and her whitelighter ( guardian angel ) Sam Wilder ( Scott Jaeck ) , making Paige both a witch and whitelighter . She was given up at birth and raised by her adoptive parents . At the beginning of season four , Paige goes on to help reconstitute The Charmed Ones by taking Prue 's place in the Power of Three , following her death in the season three finale . Like Prue , Paige possesses telekinetic abilities , but due to her mixed whitelighter heritage , this manifests as the ability to orb ( teleport ) objects from one location to another through a vocal command . As the series progresses , Paige also receives whitelighter abilities such as the power to orb herself and others , as well as sensing , glamouring , and healing . Paige 's storylines have often revolved around her protecting innocents and defeating the forces of evil in San Francisco with her sisters . In the later seasons , she eventually receives her own whitelighter charges to train and protect as they learn witchcraft . Paige also has romantic relationships with fellow-witch Richard Montana ( Balthazar Getty ) in season six , and FBI agent Kyle Brody ( Kerr Smith ) in season seven ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode : Something Wicca This Way Goes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_Wicca_This_Way_Goes', 'summary': 'The seventh season of Charmed , an American supernatural drama television series created by Constance M. Burge , premiered in the United States on The WB from September 12 , 2004 through May 22 , 2005 . Airing on Sundays at 8:00 pm . Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete seventh season in a six-disc box set on February 2 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JAG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'JAG ( U.S. military acronym for Judge Advocate General ) is an American legal drama television series with a U.S. Navy theme , created by Donald P. Bellisario , and produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television ( now CBS Television Studios ) . The series was originally aired on NBC for one season from September 23 , 1995 , to May 22 , 1996 , and then on CBS for an additional nine seasons from January 3 , 1997 , to April 29 , 2005 . The first season was co-produced with NBC Productions ( now Universal Television ) and was originally perceived as a Top Gun meets A Few Good Men hybrid series . In the spring of 1996 , NBC announced that the series had been canceled after finishing 79th in the ratings , leaving one episode unaired . In December 1996 , the rival network CBS announced it had picked up the series as a mid-season replacement and aired 15 new episodes as its second season . For several seasons , JAG climbed in the ratings and ultimately ran for nine additional seasons . JAG furthermore spawned the hit series NCIS , which in turn led to spin-offs NCIS : Los Angeles and NCIS : New Orleans . In total , 227 episodes were produced over 10 seasons . At the time of the original airing of its fifth season in the United States , JAG was seen in over 90 countries worldwide . JAG entered syndication in early 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cammie Cresswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JAG_characters', 'summary': 'This is an overview of the regular and recurring characters of long-running series JAG . Note : All ranks are those shown and/or stated by the end of the series .'}]}, {'value': 'Episodes : Straits of Malacca , Death at the Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JAG_(season_10)', 'summary': 'The tenth and final season of JAG premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2004 , and concluded on April 29 , 2005 . The season , starring David James Elliott and Catherine Bell , was produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television . Season 10 of JAG aired alongside the second season of NCIS .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JAG_(season_10)', 'summary': 'The tenth and final season of JAG premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2004 , and concluded on April 29 , 2005 . The season , starring David James Elliott and Catherine Bell , was produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television . Season 10 of JAG aired alongside the second season of NCIS .'}]}, {'value': '2005-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Tree Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)', 'summary': "One Tree Hill is an American drama television series created by Mark Schwahn , which premiered on September 23 , 2003 , on The WB . After the series ' third season , The WB merged with UPN to form The CW , and from September 27 , 2006 , the series was broadcast by The CW in the United States until the end of its run in 2012 . The show is set in the fictional town of Tree Hill in North Carolina and initially follows the lives of two half-brothers , Lucas Scott ( Chad Michael Murray ) and Nathan Scott ( James Lafferty ) , who compete for positions on their school 's basketball team , and the drama that ensues from the brothers ' romances . Most of the filming took place in and around Wilmington , North Carolina . Many of the scenes were shot near the battleship USS North Carolina and on the University of North Carolina Wilmington campus . The first four seasons of the show focus on the main characters ' lives through their high school years . With the beginning of the fifth season , Schwahn advanced the timeline by four years to show their lives after college , and he made it jump a further fourteen months from the end of the sixth to the start of the seventh season . The opening credits were originally accompanied by the song I Do n't Want to Be by Gavin DeGraw . The theme was removed from the opening in the fifth season ; Schwahn said that this was to lower production costs , to add more time for the storyline , and because he felt that the song was more representative of the core characters ' adolescent past than their present maturity . The credits then consisted only of the title written on a black background . The theme was restored for season 8 , in response to audience demand , and was sung by different artists each week . The series premiered to 2.5 million viewers and rose to 3.3 million in its second week , becoming one of only three shows to rise in their second episode during the 2003-2004 television season ."}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Gatina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Gatina', 'summary': "One Tree Hill is an American television series created by Mark Schwahn for The WB in 2003 . After its third season , The WB and UPN merged to form The CW , which then became the broadcaster for the show in the United States . Schwahn served as executive producer while also writing and directing for the show , including the premieres and finales of all seasons . The show began with nine main characters in its first season as the roles of Lucas Scott , Nathan Scott , Peyton Sawyer , Brooke Davis , Haley James , Dan Scott , Karen Roe , Keith Scott , and Whitey Durham . After that , characters from that first season left the show , with new main characters having been both written in and out of the series . Originally , it followed two half-brothers Lucas and Nathan Scott who started out as enemies but later formed a close bond as brothers . It also followed the brothers ' various relationships with other female leads during their high-school years and in their early twenties . The series ultimately spanned nearly fifteen years across nine seasons , with various time jumps taken into account ."}]}, {'value': 'Recurring role ( seasons 3 , 5 , 7 ) ; main role ( season 4 ) ; 52 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSI : Crime Scene Investigation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation', 'summary': 'CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , also referred to as CSI and CSI : Las Vegas , is an American procedural forensics crime drama television series which ran on CBS from October 6 , 2000 , to September 27 , 2015 , spanning 15 seasons . The series starred William Petersen , Marg Helgenberger , George Eads , Ted Danson , Laurence Fishburne , Elisabeth Shue , and Jorja Fox and was the first in the CSI franchise . The series concluded with a feature-length finale titled Immortality .'}]}, {'value': 'Shasta McCloud', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A La Cart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation_(season_8)', 'summary': 'The eighth season of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation premiered on CBS on September 27 , 2007 and ended May 15 , 2008 . The season stars William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Radio_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Free Radio is a television show , created by Lance Krall and Rory Rosegarten . The show originated on VH1 , but has also played on Comedy Central , and Super Channel ( Canada ) . It stars Lance Krall , prominent for his role on The Joe Schmo Show , and Anna Vocino , who also starred with Krall on The Lance Krall Show .'}]}, {'value': 'Danneel Harris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Lance Gets a Bodyguard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'How I Met Your Mother', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother', 'summary': "How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated as HIMYM ) is an American sitcom created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays for CBS . The series , which ran from 2005 to 2014 , follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in New York City 's Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother . How I Met Your Mother is a joint production by Bays & Thomas Productions and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television . The series was loosely inspired by Thomas and Bays ' friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) , and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother was popular throughout its run . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 30 Emmy Awards and won ten . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor ."}]}, {'value': 'Nora Zinman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Shelter Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelter_Island_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)', 'summary': 'Shelter Island is the fifth episode in the fourth season of the television series How I Met Your Mother and 69th overall . It originally aired on October 20 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NCIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)', 'summary': "NCIS is an American action police procedural television series , revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service . The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG ( season eight episodes 20 and 21 : Ice Queen and Meltdown ) . The show , a spin-off from JAG , premiered on September 23 , 2003 , on CBS . To date it has entered into the seventeenth full season and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network . Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the NCIS franchise . As of 2019 , it is the second-longest-running scripted , non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing , surpassed only by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) , and is the 7th-longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall . NCIS was originally titled Navy NCIS ; Navy was later dropped from the title as it was redundant ( the N in NCIS stands for Naval ) . In season six , a two-part episode led to a spin-off series , NCIS : Los Angeles . A two-part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin-off series , NCIS : New Orleans . While initially slow in the ratings , barely cracking the Top 30 in the first two seasons , the third season showed progress , consistently ranking in the top 20 , and by its sixth season , it became a top five hit , having remained there since . In 2011 , NCIS was voted America 's favorite television show in an online Harris Poll . The series finished its tenth season as the most-watched television series in the U.S. during the 2012-13 network television season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Shore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Love & War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCIS_(season_6)', 'summary': "The sixth season of the police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 23 , 2008 . The new NCIS Director Leon Vance ( played by Rocky Carroll ) became a regular cast character and Agent Gibbs ' new team members were introduced : NCIS Agents Michelle Lee from Legal , Daniel Keating from Cybercrime , and Special Agent Brent Langer from the FBI . Langer is killed in the first episode of the season . After the end of the second episode , McGee , Ziva , and Tony return to the team , while Lee and Keating are transferred back to Legal and Cybercrime , respectively . The two-part episode Legend introduced the team who would later go on to appear in the spin-off TV series NCIS : Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trust Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trust_Me_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': 'Trust Me is an American drama series created by Hunt Baldwin and John Coveny that aired for on TNT from January 26 to April 7 , 2009 . On April 10 , 2009 , TNT canceled the series after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessica', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : All Hell the Victors', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSI : Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSI:_Miami', 'summary': "CSI : Miami ( Crime Scene Investigation : Miami ) is an American police procedural drama television series that premiered on September 23 , 2002 , on CBS . Starring David Caruso as Lieutenant Horatio Caine , Emily Procter as Detective Calleigh Duquesne , and Kim Delaney as Lieutenant Megan Donner , the series is the first direct spin-off of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , transplanting the same template and trickery - gory crimes , procedural plot and dazzling graphics - into [ a new city ] while retaining the essence of the original idea . CSI : Miami is executive produced by Carol Mendelsohn , Anthony E. Zuiker , and Ann Donahue , with the latter acting as show-runner . The series ended on April 8 , 2012 , after 10 seasons and 232 episodes . Following the series finale , Nina Tassler credited CSI : Miami as a key player in CBS 's rise to the top , stating that the series leaves an amazing television legacy - a signature look and style [ and ] global popularity . In 2006 , BBC News published an article stating that CSI : Miami was the world 's most popular television series , featuring in more countries ' top ten rankings for 2005 than any other series ."}]}, {'value': 'Abby Dawson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Sink or Swim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSI:_Miami_(season_7)', 'summary': 'The seventh season of CSI : Miami premiered on CBS on September 22 , 2008 and ended May 18 , 2009 . The series stars David Caruso and Emily Procter .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friends with Benefits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friends_with_Benefits_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Friends with Benefits ( stylized as friends ♥♥ith benefits ) is an American romantic sitcom television series created by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber that aired on NBC from August 5 to September 9 , 2011 . It was originally set to air on as a mid-season replacement during the 2010-11 television season , but was ultimately delayed until summer . The series ended after twelve episodes aired with the thirteenth being only available on iTunes , Amazon.com , and Netflix .'}]}, {'value': 'Sara Maxwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role ; 13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Retired at 35', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Retired_at_35', 'summary': "Retired at 35 is an American sitcom on TV Land starring George Segal , Jessica Walter , Johnathan McClain , Josh McDermitt , Marissa Jaret Winokur , and Ryan Michelle Bathe . It is the network 's second original scripted series after Hot in Cleveland . The series premiered on January 19 , 2011 . On March 21 , 2011 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on Tuesday , June 26 , 2012 , at 10:00 pm ET/PT , and concluded on Wednesday , August 29 , 2012 . On December 13 , 2012 , TV Land announced that they were not renewing Retired at 35 for another season and it was cancelled , making it the first TV Land original sitcom to be cancelled from the network ."}]}, {'value': 'Jenn Harris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes ( season 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Retired_at_35', 'summary': "Retired at 35 is an American sitcom on TV Land starring George Segal , Jessica Walter , Johnathan McClain , Josh McDermitt , Marissa Jaret Winokur , and Ryan Michelle Bathe . It is the network 's second original scripted series after Hot in Cleveland . The series premiered on January 19 , 2011 . On March 21 , 2011 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on Tuesday , June 26 , 2012 , at 10:00 pm ET/PT , and concluded on Wednesday , August 29 , 2012 . On December 13 , 2012 , TV Land announced that they were not renewing Retired at 35 for another season and it was cancelled , making it the first TV Land original sitcom to be cancelled from the network ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naughty or Nice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naughty_or_Nice_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Naughty or Nice is a 2012 Christmas-oriented Hallmark Channel Original Movie directed by David Mackay , and starring Hilarie Burton , Matt Dallas , Danneel Ackles , and Michelle Hurd . This film reunites Meredith Baxter and Michael Gross , who both starred in the television series Family Ties . Burton and Ackles starred together on the television series One Tree Hill .'}]}, {'value': 'Jill Rhodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'How to Live with Your Parents', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/How_to_Live_with_Your_Parents_(For_the_Rest_of_Your_Life)', 'summary': "How to Live with Your Parents ( For the Rest of Your Life ) is an American single-camera sitcom created by Claudia Lonow that aired on ABC from April 3 to June 26 , 2013 . The series was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and stars Sarah Chalke as Polly who - along with her daughter - ends up moving into her parents ' house because of the financial crisis and her divorce . On May 10 , 2013 , How to Live with Your Parents ( For the Rest of Your Life ) was canceled by ABC after one season ."}]}, {'value': 'Olivia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baby Boot Camp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supernatural', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Supernatural is an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke . It was first broadcast on September 13 , 2005 , on The WB , and subsequently became part of successor The CW 's lineup . Starring Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester , the series follows the two brothers as they hunt demons , ghosts , monsters , and other supernatural beings . The series is produced by Warner Bros. Television , in association with Wonderland Sound and Vision . Along with Kripke , executive producers have been McG , Robert Singer , Phil Sgriccia , Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , John Shiban , Ben Edlund and Adam Glass . Former executive producer and director Kim Manners died of lung cancer during production of the fourth season . The series is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia and surrounding areas and was in development for nearly ten years , as creator Kripke spent several years unsuccessfully pitching it . The pilot was viewed by an estimated 5.69 million viewers , and the ratings of the first four episodes prompted The WB to pick up the series for a full season . Originally , Kripke planned the series for three seasons but later expanded it to five . The fifth season concluded the series ' main storyline , and Kripke departed the series as showrunner . The series has continued on for several more seasons with new showrunners , including Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , Robert Singer and Andrew Dabb . With its eleventh season , Supernatural became the longest-running American live-action fantasy TV series ."}]}, {'value': 'Sister Jo / Anael', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recurring role ( season 13 -present ) ; 4 episodes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(season_13)', 'summary': 'The thirteenth season of Supernatural , an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered on October 12 , 2017 , on The CW and concluded on May 17 , 2018 . The season consists of 23 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ( ET ) . This is the second season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners . This season featured a backdoor pilot to a possible spin-off series called Wayward Sisters , starring Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills , Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum , Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak , Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones , Clark Backo as Patience Turner and Yadira Guevara-Prip as Kaia Nieves . The spin-off was ultimately not chosen to move forward as a series . The season also featured an animated crossover episode with Scooby-Doo .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Christmas Contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naomi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Danneel_Harris_1', 'intro': 'Danneel Ackles (née Elta Danneel Graul; March 18, 1979), credited professionally before 2012 as Danneel Harris, is an American actress and model. She played the role of Shannon McBain on the American daytime soap opera One Life to Live and Rachel Gatina on the WB/CW television drama series One Tree Hill.'} | null | null | When was the show in which Daneel had her first role cancelled ? | April 14 , 2011 |
0746e9f39ad94bb1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ViacomCBS_television_programs', 'title': 'List of ViacomCBS television programs', 'header': ['Title', 'Years', 'Network', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Champs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champs_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Champs is an American sitcom that aired from January 9 until August 7 , 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High Incident', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Incident', 'summary': 'High Incident is a police drama series produced by DreamWorks Television for the ABC network . The show was created by Steven Spielberg , Michael Pavone , Eric Bogosian , and Dave Alan Johnson . It first aired on March 4 , 1996 , running a total of 32 episodes . The title of the series itself is a misnomer ; in common Southern California ( particularly LAPD ) law enforcement radio practices , calls are dispatched with a response code , generally Code 2 ( non-emergency response ) or Code 3 ( emergency lights and siren response ) . A Code 2 High response would generally mean the officers are to respond immediately , but not necessarily with lights and siren . LAPD radio traffic of the period also had the incident number broadcast when the call was dispatched , so a domestic dispute might be dispatched Code 2 High , incident 1234 . The words high and incident never being intended to go together and the phrase high incident having no meaning .'}]}, {'value': '1996-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majority Rules', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spin City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spin_City', 'summary': "Spin City is an American television sitcom that aired from September 17 , 1996 until April 30 , 2002 on ABC . Created by Gary David Goldberg and Bill Lawrence , the show was set in a fictionalized version of the New York City mayor 's office , and originally starred Michael J . Fox as Mike Flaherty , the Deputy Mayor of New York . Fox departed in 2000 at the conclusion of Season 4 due to symptoms of Parkinson 's disease , and Charlie Sheen assumed the lead role of Charlie Crawford for the final two seasons . The series was cancelled in May 2002 after a decline in ratings ."}]}, {'value': '1996-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'with Ubu Productions and LotteryHill Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubu_Productions', 'summary': "Ubu Productions , Inc. , is an independent production company founded in 1982 by television producer Gary David Goldberg . Ubu 's notable productions include Family Ties ( 1982-1989 ) , Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991-1993 ) , and Spin City ( 1996-2002 ) . Ubu co-produced many of its shows with Paramount Television and in later years , DreamWorks Television ."}]}, {'value': 'Ink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ink_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Ink is an American television sitcom which aired on CBS from October 21 , 1996 to May 19 , 1997 that starred real-life husband and wife Ted Danson and Mary Steenburgen as newspaper journalists , allegedly inspired by the film His Girl Friday . The show was also produced by Danson and Steenburgen . The show was canceled after one season due to lower than expected ratings . The show 's pilot was drastically changed and reshot from the original version . Ink was filmed at the soundstages of CBS Studio City in the Studio City area of Los Angeles . Outdoor scenes were usually shot at the small backlot streets of the same studio ."}]}, {'value': '1996-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arsenio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arsenio_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Arsenio is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC . The series starred Arsenio Hall and Vivica A . Fox . It aired from March 5 to April 23 , 1997 with a total of 7 episodes produced .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toonsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toonsylvania', 'summary': "Toonsylvania is an animated television series , which ran for two seasons in 1998 on the Fox Kids Network block ( usually placed in a block called The No Yell Motel that contained other scary kids shows such as Goosebumps and Eerie , Indiana ) in its first season , then was moved to Monday afternoons from September 14 , 1998 until January 18 , 1999 , when it was cancelled . It was executive produced in part by Steven Spielberg , as the first DreamWorks ' animated series . The show had recurring cartoon series that appeared in each episode . Unlike Animaniacs , Toonsylvania did not have a wide range of characters and almost every episode had the same content ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'produced by DreamWorks Television Animation Rights owned with NBCUniversal Television Distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_Distribution', 'summary': 'NBCUniversal Television Distribution ( NUTD ) is the television distribution arm of the NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports , and News division of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast , in the United States . Its predecessors include NBC Enterprises , Universal Domestic Television , MCA TV , Multimedia Entertainment ( including Avco Program Sales ) , PolyGram Television , and Studios USA Television . At some point in its history , it was also known as NBCUniversal Television & New Media Distribution and NBC Universal Television and New Media Distribution . This unit is possibly the parent for the similarly names NBCUniversal Domestic Television Distribution unit . The company distributes television series produced by NBC ( after 1973 ) , Universal Television , Multimedia Entertainment , Studios USA , Revue Studios , PolyGram Television and Universal Media Studios . The division distributes the film libraries of Universal Pictures , the 1929-1949 Paramount Pictures library ( owned by EMKA , Ltd. ) , all 1996-99 PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films ( as well as PolyGram Television ) , USA Films , Focus Features and DreamWorks Animation films . The name was changed to reflect the NBCUniversal brand between September 13 , 2004 and January 31 , 2011 . NUTD is considered the third broadcast syndication arm of NBC , with NBC Enterprises being the second and NBC Films ( now part of CBS Television Distribution ) as the first , dating back to Spring 1953 . NUTD is also considered the sixth broadcast syndication arm of Universal Television with MCA TV as the first , Universal Television Enterprises as the second , Studios USA Television Distribution as the third , Universal Domestic Television as the fourth , and Universal Television Distribution as the fifth .'}]}, {'value': 'Invasion America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_America', 'summary': 'Invasion America is a 1998 American animated science fiction miniseries that aired in the prime time lineup on The WB . Produced by DreamWorks Animation ( then part of DreamWorks proper , now owned by Universal Studios ) , the series was created by Steven Spielberg and Harve Bennett , who also served as executive producers .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The WB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_WB', 'summary': "The WB Television Network ( commonly shortened to The WB and short for Warner Bros. ) was an American television network first launched on broadcast television on January 11 , 1995 , as a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner and the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of the Tribune Company , with the former acting as controlling partner . The network principally aired programs targeting teenagers and young adults between the ages of 12 and 34 , with its Children 's Division , Kids ' WB , geared toward children ages 6 to 12 . The common metonym of the network called The Frog , referring to a former mascot Michigan J. Frog . On January 24 , 2006 , CBS Corporation and Warner Bros. Entertainment announced plans to shut down the network and launch The CW later that same year . The WB Television Network shut down on September 17 , 2006 , with select programs from both it and competitor UPN ( which had shut down two days earlier ) moving to The CW when it launched the following day , September 18 . Time Warner re-used The WB brand for an online network that launched on April 28 , 2008 , over 19 months after The WB ceased broadcasting operations . Until it was discontinued in December 2013 , the website allowed users to watch shows aired on the former television network , as well as original programming and shows formerly hosted on the now-defunct In2TV service ( which itself was created prior to Time Warner 's spinoff of AOL ) . The website could only be accessed within the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'produced by DreamWorks Television Animation Rights owned with NBCUniversal Television Distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_Distribution', 'summary': 'NBCUniversal Television Distribution ( NUTD ) is the television distribution arm of the NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports , and News division of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast , in the United States . Its predecessors include NBC Enterprises , Universal Domestic Television , MCA TV , Multimedia Entertainment ( including Avco Program Sales ) , PolyGram Television , and Studios USA Television . At some point in its history , it was also known as NBCUniversal Television & New Media Distribution and NBC Universal Television and New Media Distribution . This unit is possibly the parent for the similarly names NBCUniversal Domestic Television Distribution unit . The company distributes television series produced by NBC ( after 1973 ) , Universal Television , Multimedia Entertainment , Studios USA , Revue Studios , PolyGram Television and Universal Media Studios . The division distributes the film libraries of Universal Pictures , the 1929-1949 Paramount Pictures library ( owned by EMKA , Ltd. ) , all 1996-99 PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films ( as well as PolyGram Television ) , USA Films , Focus Features and DreamWorks Animation films . The name was changed to reflect the NBCUniversal brand between September 13 , 2004 and January 31 , 2011 . NUTD is considered the third broadcast syndication arm of NBC , with NBC Enterprises being the second and NBC Films ( now part of CBS Television Distribution ) as the first , dating back to Spring 1953 . NUTD is also considered the sixth broadcast syndication arm of Universal Television with MCA TV as the first , Universal Television Enterprises as the second , Studios USA Television Distribution as the third , Universal Domestic Television as the fourth , and Universal Television Distribution as the fifth .'}]}, {'value': 'Anna Says', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV pilot', 'urls': []}, {'value': "It 's Like , You Know", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It's_Like,_You_Know...", 'summary': "It 's Like , You Know . is an American sitcom television series broadcast by ABC . It starred Steven Eckholdt , Chris Eigeman , Evan Handler , A. J. Langer , and Jennifer Grey , and depicted life in Los Angeles as viewed through the eyes of Eigeman 's character , a diehard New Yorker named Arthur Garment . The series aired for two seasons , from March 24 , 1999 , until January 5 , 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duplex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV pilot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sugar Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV pilot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freaks and Geeks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freaks_and_Geeks', 'summary': "Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series created by Paul Feig and executive-produced by Judd Apatow that aired on NBC during the 1999-2000 television season . The show follows gifted high schooler Lindsay Weir , who befriends a gang of slacker freaks , and her younger brother Sam , as he and his geek friends navigate high school . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired . A fan campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast three of the remaining episodes in July 2000 , with the rest of the unaired episodes airing that fall on Fox Family Channel . The series has appeared in numerous lists of the greatest television shows of all time , including lists by Time , Entertainment Weekly and TV Guide . It launched several of its young actors ' careers , such as James Franco , Seth Rogen , Jason Segel , Busy Philipps , John Francis Daley , Martin Starr , and Linda Cardellini ."}]}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'with Apatow Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apatow_Productions', 'summary': 'Apatow Productions is an American film and television production company founded by Judd Apatow in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Others_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Others is an American television series created by John Brancato and Michael Ferris , and produced by Delusional Films , NBC Studios , and DreamWorks Television . It ran for thirteen 40-minute episodes from February 5 , 2000 , to June 10 , 2000 , airing on NBC . It concerned a group of people with various psychic talents as they encountered different , and often evil , paranormal forces . It was an ensemble show . It was part of the NBC 's Saturday night supernatural/paranormal programming block , Thrillogy ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'with NBC Studios and Delusional Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Television', 'summary': "Universal Television LLC is an American television production subsidiary of NBCUniversal Content Studios and , by extension , the production arm of the NBC television network ( since a majority of the company 's shows air on NBC , and accounts for most of that network 's prime time programming ) . [ vague ] It was formerly known as Revue Studios , MCA/Universal , NBC Productions , NBC Studios , NBC Universal Television Studio , and Universal Media Studios . Both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios ."}]}, {'value': 'Battery Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battery_Park_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Battery Park is an American sitcom television series starring Elizabeth Perkins and Justin Louis . The series premiered Thursday March 23 , 2000 at 9:30 p.m Eastern time on NBC . The show was cancelled after four episodes . The series was about a police department in Battery Park , Manhattan , New York City . [ clarification needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'with Ubu Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubu_Productions', 'summary': "Ubu Productions , Inc. , is an independent production company founded in 1982 by television producer Gary David Goldberg . Ubu 's notable productions include Family Ties ( 1982-1989 ) , Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991-1993 ) , and Spin City ( 1996-2002 ) . Ubu co-produced many of its shows with Paramount Television and in later years , DreamWorks Television ."}]}, {'value': 'The Job', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Job_(2001_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Job is an American single-camera sitcom that aired on ABC between March 14 , 2001 and April 24 , 2002 . Many of the principal actors went on to either star or guest star in the FX network 's Denis Leary-produced Rescue Me . In Rescue Me , the lead character ( played by Leary ) is very similar to Mike McNeil , but is a fireman rather than a police officer ."}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'co-production with The Cloudland Company , Apostle and Touchstone Television Rights co-owned with ABC Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cloudland_Company', 'summary': 'Peter James Tolan III ( born July 5 , 1958 ) is an American television producer , director , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apostle_(production_company)', 'summary': 'Apostle is a New York-based production company specializing in television production created by stand-up comedian and actor Denis Leary and his business partner Jim Serpico . Apostle created the hit TV series Rescue Me about a post-9/11 FDNY crew and the drama in their personal lives . In June 2007 , Apostle signed a 3-year production deal with Sony to create at least 8 new television shows .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ABC_Studios', 'summary': 'Touchstone Television Productions , LLC , d/b/a ABC Studios is an American television production studio under the Disney Television Studios unit of Walt Disney Television ( both ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company ) . ABC Studios was established as the Touchstone Television banner in 1985 and given its current name on May 28 , 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ABC_Studios', 'summary': 'Touchstone Television Productions , LLC , d/b/a ABC Studios is an American television production studio under the Disney Television Studios unit of Walt Disney Television ( both ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company ) . ABC Studios was established as the Touchstone Television banner in 1985 and given its current name on May 28 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Band of Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(miniseries)', 'summary': "Band of Brothers is a 2001 American war drama miniseries based on historian Stephen E. Ambrose 's 1992 non-fiction book of the same name . The executive producers were Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks , who had collaborated on the 1998 World War II film Saving Private Ryan . The episodes first started airing on HBO September 9 , 2001 . The series won Emmy and Golden Globe awards in 2001 for best miniseries . The series dramatizes the history of Easy Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , of the 101st Airborne Division , from jump training in the United States through its participation in major actions in Europe , up until Japan 's capitulation and the end of World War II . The events are based on Ambrose 's research and recorded interviews with Easy Company veterans . The series took literary license , adapting history for dramatic effect and series structure . The characters portrayed are based on members of Easy Company . Some of the men were recorded in contemporary interviews , which viewers see as preludes to several episodes , with the men 's real identities revealed in the finale . The title for the book and series comes from the St Crispin 's Day Speech in William Shakespeare 's play Henry V , delivered by King Henry before the Battle of Agincourt . Ambrose quotes a passage from the speech on his book 's first page ; this passage is spoken by Carwood Lipton in the series finale ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HBO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HBO', 'summary': 'HBO ( Home Box Office ) is an American premium television network owned by Home Box Office , Inc. , a subsidiary of WarnerMedia Entertainment . The programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television shows , along with made-for-cable movies , documentaries and occasional comedy and concert specials . HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service ( basic or premium ) in the United States , having been in operation since November 8 , 1972 . In 2016 , HBO had an adjusted operating income of US $ 1.93 billion , compared to the US $ 1.88 billion it accrued in 2015 . HBO has 140 million subscribers worldwide as of 2018 [ update ] . The network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels , including HBO Comedy , HBO Latino , HBO Signature , and HBO Family . It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015 and has over 5 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2018 [ update ] .'}]}, {'value': 'miniseries ; co-production with HBO and Playtone Rights owned by HBO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HBO', 'summary': 'HBO ( Home Box Office ) is an American premium television network owned by Home Box Office , Inc. , a subsidiary of WarnerMedia Entertainment . The programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television shows , along with made-for-cable movies , documentaries and occasional comedy and concert specials . HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service ( basic or premium ) in the United States , having been in operation since November 8 , 1972 . In 2016 , HBO had an adjusted operating income of US $ 1.93 billion , compared to the US $ 1.88 billion it accrued in 2015 . HBO has 140 million subscribers worldwide as of 2018 [ update ] . The network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels , including HBO Comedy , HBO Latino , HBO Signature , and HBO Family . It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015 and has over 5 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2018 [ update ] .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playtone', 'summary': "Playtone ( Stylized as PLAY/TONE ) is an American film and television production company and record label established in 1998 by actor Tom Hanks and producer Gary Goetzman . It was named after the fictional record company of the same name in That Thing You Do ! , written and directed by Hanks ; it also uses the same company logo . The success of the film served as a spring-board to launch an actual Playtone Records label . Playtone has had an exclusive television development deal with HBO since the company was formed . Over the course of that time , Playtone 's projects for HBO have won 52 Emmy Awards , while garnering 107 Emmy Award nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HBO', 'summary': 'HBO ( Home Box Office ) is an American premium television network owned by Home Box Office , Inc. , a subsidiary of WarnerMedia Entertainment . The programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television shows , along with made-for-cable movies , documentaries and occasional comedy and concert specials . HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service ( basic or premium ) in the United States , having been in operation since November 8 , 1972 . In 2016 , HBO had an adjusted operating income of US $ 1.93 billion , compared to the US $ 1.88 billion it accrued in 2015 . HBO has 140 million subscribers worldwide as of 2018 [ update ] . The network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels , including HBO Comedy , HBO Latino , HBO Signature , and HBO Family . It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015 and has over 5 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2018 [ update ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Alienators : Evolution Continues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alienators:_Evolution_Continues', 'summary': "Alienators : Evolution Continues ( Known as Evolution : the Animated Series in some regions including the United Kingdom ) is an Franco-American animated comic science fiction television series based on the 2001 film Evolution . Created by Louis Gassin , the series is composed by 26 episodes of half an hour each ; it is produced by DIC Entertainment L.P. in association with The Montecito Picture Company , DreamWorks Pictures and Columbia TriStar Television . Although the Evolution intellectual property was owned by DreamWorks ( and is now the property of Paramount Pictures via its purchase of the studio 's pre-2006 live action back catalog ) , the series itself is now owned by WildBrain . The series was the basis for a Game Boy Advance game , that was developed by Digital Eclipse and published by Activision ."}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'produced by DreamWorks Television with DIC Entertainment L.P. , Columbia TriStar Television and The Montecito Picture Company Rights co-owned with DHX Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DIC_Entertainment_L.P.', 'summary': 'DIC Entertainment Corporation ( branded as The Incredible World of DiC and formally known as DIC Audiovisuel , DIC Enterprises , DIC Animation City and DIC Productions ) was an international film and television production company . In 2008 , DiC was acquired by the Cookie Jar Group and was folded into it . Most of the DiC library is currently owned by WildBrain ( formerly DHX Media ) after DHX acquired the Cookie Jar Group on October 22 , 2012 . In addition to animated and live-action television shows , while under Disney , DiC produced live-action feature films , including Meet the Deedles ( 1998 ) and Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) , and licensed various anime series such as Sailor Moon , Saint Seiya and Speed Racer X .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbia_TriStar_Television', 'summary': 'Columbia TriStar Television , Inc. ( abbreviated as CTT ) was an American television production and distribution studio that was active for 8 years from 1994 to 2002 . It was operated as the third name of the early television studio Screen Gems and the fourth name of Pioneer Telefilms , both part of Sony Pictures Entertainment and the third company to use the Columbia and TriStar names together ( the first being Columbia TriStar Home Video , now Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and the second ; Columbia TriStar International Television ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Montecito_Picture_Company', 'summary': 'The Montecito Picture Company is a film production company co-owned by Ivan Reitman and Tom Pollock . It is located on the Sony Pictures lot in Culver City , California , United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/DHX_Media', 'summary': "WildBrain , Ltd. ( formerly known as DHX Media ) is a Canadian media production , distribution and broadcasting company . Formed in 2006 by the merger of Decode Entertainment and the Halifax Film Company , the company is the largest independent owner of children 's television in the industry . Following a number of acquisitions , its library grew to include those of Cookie Jar Entertainment ( which , in turn , consisted of the libraries of Cinar , DIC Entertainment , Coliseum and FilmFair ) , Epitome Pictures , Ragdoll Productions , Studio B Productions , the original incarnation of WildBrain Entertainment , Nerd Corps Entertainment , and Colossal Pictures . DHX would also acquire a stake in the Peanuts franchise following its purchase of Iconix Brand Group 's entertainment division in 2017 . In 2013 , the company entered the broadcasting industry with its acquisition of the Canadian specialty television channel Family Channel and its spin-off services from Astral Media as part of the latter company 's acquisition by Bell Media ."}]}, {'value': 'Undeclared', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Undeclared', 'summary': 'Undeclared is an American sitcom created by Judd Apatow , which aired on Fox during the 2001-02 season . The show has developed a cult following , and in 2012 , Entertainment Weekly listed it at # 16 in the 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years .'}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'co-production with Apatow Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apatow_Productions', 'summary': 'Apatow Productions is an American film and television production company founded by Judd Apatow in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Off Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Off_Centre', 'summary': 'Off Centre is an American sitcom television series that aired on The WB network from October 14 , 2001 , to October 31 , 2002 . Created by Chris Weitz , Paul Weitz , and Danny Zuker , the series was heavily promoted as from the guys who brought you American Pie .'}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The WB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_WB', 'summary': "The WB Television Network ( commonly shortened to The WB and short for Warner Bros. ) was an American television network first launched on broadcast television on January 11 , 1995 , as a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner and the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of the Tribune Company , with the former acting as controlling partner . The network principally aired programs targeting teenagers and young adults between the ages of 12 and 34 , with its Children 's Division , Kids ' WB , geared toward children ages 6 to 12 . The common metonym of the network called The Frog , referring to a former mascot Michigan J. Frog . On January 24 , 2006 , CBS Corporation and Warner Bros. Entertainment announced plans to shut down the network and launch The CW later that same year . The WB Television Network shut down on September 17 , 2006 , with select programs from both it and competitor UPN ( which had shut down two days earlier ) moving to The CW when it launched the following day , September 18 . Time Warner re-used The WB brand for an online network that launched on April 28 , 2008 , over 19 months after The WB ceased broadcasting operations . Until it was discontinued in December 2013 , the website allowed users to watch shows aired on the former television network , as well as original programming and shows formerly hosted on the now-defunct In2TV service ( which itself was created prior to Time Warner 's spinoff of AOL ) . The website could only be accessed within the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'with Weitz , Weitz & Zuker and Warner Bros. Television Rights owned by Warner Bros. Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Television ( WBTV ) is an American television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment , itself part of WarnerMedia . Alongside CBS Television Studios , it serves as a television production arm of The CW ( in which WarnerMedia has a 50% ownership stake ) , though it also produces shows for other networks , such as Shameless on Showtime and Westworld on HBO ( though WarnerMedia also owns HBO ) . As of 2015 , it is one of the world 's two largest television production companies measured by revenue and library ( along with Sony Pictures Television ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Television ( WBTV ) is an American television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment , itself part of WarnerMedia . Alongside CBS Television Studios , it serves as a television production arm of The CW ( in which WarnerMedia has a 50% ownership stake ) , though it also produces shows for other networks , such as Shameless on Showtime and Westworld on HBO ( though WarnerMedia also owns HBO ) . As of 2015 , it is one of the world 's two largest television production companies measured by revenue and library ( along with Sony Pictures Television ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Paramount Television Studios -- DreamWorks Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_series_produced_by_Paramount_Television_7', 'intro': "This is a list of television series produced and/or owned by ViacomCBS' brands, including Paramount Television Studios, CBS Television Studios, CBS Television Distribution, CBS News, and ViacomCBS media networks. This list also includes shows produced or distributed by ViacomCBS' predecessor companies, including CBS Productions, Viacom Productions/Enterprises, the older incarnation of Paramount Television, Rysher Entertainment, Republic Pictures Television, Worldvision Enterprises/Taft Entertainment, Group W Productions, KingWorld, Desilu Productions and Spelling Television."} | null | null | What are the years whose show starred Arsenio Hall and Vivica A . Fox ? | 1997 |
07473582dc6bb0a9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hardaker_Trophy', 'title': 'Alan Hardaker Trophy', 'header': ['Country', 'Win ( s )', 'Year ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivory Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Coast', 'summary': "Ivory Coast , formally Côte d'Ivoire , [ a ] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire , is a country located on the south coast of West Africa . Ivory Coast 's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country , while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan . It borders Guinea to the northwest , Liberia to the west , Mali to the northwest , Burkina Faso to the northeast , Ghana to the east , and the Gulf of Guinea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the south . The official language of the republic is French , with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé , Dioula , Dan , Anyin , and Cebaara Senufo . In total , there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast . The country has large populations of Muslims , Christians ( primarily Roman Catholics ) and various indigenous religions . Before its colonization by Europeans , Ivory Coast was home to several states , including Gyaaman , the Kong Empire and Baoulé . The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa . It achieved independence in 1960 , led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny , who ruled the country until 1993 . Relatively stable by regional standards , Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbors while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West , especially France . Ivory Coast experienced a coup d'état in 1999 and two religiously-grounded civil wars , first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010-2011 . In 2000 , the country adopted a new constitution ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecuador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecuador', 'summary': "Ecuador ( /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ ( listen ) EK-wə-dor ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ekwaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Ikwayur ; Shuar : Ecuador or Ekuatur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as Republic of the Equator ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ; Shuar : Ekuatur Nunka ) , is a country in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , which is also its largest city . The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 18 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . It also has the fifth lowest homicide rate in the Americas ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards won by nationality', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Alan_Hardaker_Trophy_0', 'intro': 'The Alan Hardaker Trophy is an annual association football award presented to the Man of the Match in the EFL Cup final since 1990. The Alan Hardaker Trophy was first awarded in 1990, Des Walker was the inaugural recipient. Ben Foster, John Terry and Vincent Kompany have won the award on two occasions, the most wins by an individual. Manchester United have received the award five times, more than any other club. English players have won the trophy sixteen times, which is a record; the only other nations with multiple wins are Scotland and Belgium, with two recipients.'} | null | null | What is the amount of wins for the country who 's capital city is Brussels ? | 2 |
0748ead1e8342a2e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population', 'title': 'List of towns in India by population', 'header': ['Name of Town', 'State', 'Type', 'Population ( 2011 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nabarangapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nabarangapur', 'summary': 'Nabarangpur , also known as Nabarangapur or Nowrangpur , is a town and a municipality in Nabarangapur district in the Indian state of Odisha . It is the headquarters of Nabarangpur district .'}]}, {'value': 'Odisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odisha', 'summary': "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nabha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nabha', 'summary': 'Information about Nabha'}]}, {'value': 'Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_India', 'summary': "Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67,972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadbai', 'summary': 'Nadbai is a town and a municipality in Bharatpur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan . Nadbai is divided into Katra and Nadbai . Nadbai is also famous for education . It is known as a MINI KOTA .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajasthan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,411', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagar,_Rajasthan', 'summary': 'Nagar is town and tehsil in Bharatpur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan . It is situated between Bharatpur and Alwar . Nagar is famous for the sweets called jalewa , a bigger version of jalebi .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajasthan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,572', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagari,_Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Nagari is a town in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is the mandal headquarters of Nagari mandal in Chittoor revenue division .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62,253', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagarkurnool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagarkurnool', 'summary': 'or'}]}, {'value': 'Telangana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telangana', 'summary': 'Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company .'}]}, {'value': 'C.T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagina', 'summary': 'Nagina is a town and a municipal board in Bijnor district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttar Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'N.P.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95,246', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagla', 'summary': 'Nagla is a census town in Udham Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'C.T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,258', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nahan', 'summary': 'Nahan is a town in Himachal Pradesh in India and is the headquarters of the Sirmaur District It was the capital of the former Sirmur princely state .'}]}, {'value': 'Himachal Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh', 'summary': "Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi : [ ɦɪˈmaːtʃəl pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; lit . snow-laden province ) is a state in the northern part of India . Situated in the Western Himalayas , it is bordered by union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh on the north , Punjab state on the west , Haryana state on the southwest , Uttarakhand state on the southeast , and Tibet region on the east . At its southernmost point , it also touches the state of Uttar Pradesh . The predominantly mountainous region comprising the present day Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited since pre-historic times having witnessed multiple waves of human migration from other areas . Through its history , the region was mostly ruled by local kingdoms some of which accepted suzerainty of larger empires . Prior to India 's independence from the British , Himachal comprised the hilly regions of Punjab Province of British India . After independence , many of the hilly territories were organised as the Chief Commissioner 's province of Himachal Pradesh which later became a union territory . In 1966 , hilly areas of neighbouring Punjab state were merged into Himachal and it was ultimately granted full statehood in 1971 . Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys with many perennial rivers flowing through them . Almost 90% of the state 's population lives in rural areas . Agriculture , horticulture , hydropower and tourism are important constituents of the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28,899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naharlagun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naharlagun', 'summary': 'Naharlagun is a town situated in the foothills of Himalayas in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Arunachal Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Arunachal Pradesh ( /ˌɑːrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ , literally land of dawn-lit mountains ) is the northeasternmost state of India . It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south . It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west , Myanmar in the east , and China in the north , with which the border is the McMahon Line . Itanagar is the state capital . A major part of the state is claimed by both China and Taiwan , both referring to it as South Tibet . During the 1962 Sino-Indian war , Chinese forces temporarily crossed the McMahon line . Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains is the sobriquet for the state in Sanskrit ; it is also known as the Orchid State of India or the Paradise of the Botanists . Geographically , it is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India .'}]}, {'value': 'N.T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,158', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naidupet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naidupet', 'summary': 'Naidupeta is a Town & Municipality in Nellore district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It also the divisional headquarters and Mandal headquarters of Naidupeta revenue division .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naila Janjgir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naila_Janjgir', 'summary': 'Naila-Janjgir is a city and a municipality in Janjgir-Champa district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh .'}]}, {'value': 'Chhattisgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chhattisgarh', 'summary': 'Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,561', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nainital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nainital', 'summary': 'Nainital ( IPA : [ nɛːniːtaːl ] ( listen ) ) , also spelled as Naini Tal , is a popular hill station in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Nainital is the judicial capital of Uttarakhand , the High Court being located here , and is the headquarters of the Kumaon division as well as an eponymous district . It also houses the Governor of Uttarakhand , who resides in the Raj Bhavan . Nainital was the summer capital of the United Provinces . Nainital is located in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas at a distance of 285 km ( 177 mi ) from the state capital Dehradun and 345 km ( 214 mi ) from New Delhi , the capital of India . Situated at an altitude of 2,084 metres ( 6,837 ft ) above sea level , the city is set in a valley containing an eye-shaped lake , approximately two miles in circumference , and surrounded by mountains , of which the highest are Naina ( 2,615 m ( 8,579 ft ) ) on the north , Deopatha ( 2,438 m ( 7,999 ft ) ) on the west , and Ayarpatha ( 2,278 m ( 7,474 ft ) ) on the south . From the tops of the higher peaks , magnificent views can be obtained of the vast plain to the south , or of the mass of tangled ridges lying north , bound by the great snowy range which forms the central axis of the Himalayas .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41,377', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nainpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nainpur', 'summary': 'Nainpur is a town and a Municipal Council in Mandla district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,607', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Najibabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Najibabad', 'summary': 'Najibabad is a town and a municipal board in Bijnor district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It has a railway junction and is one of the administrative blocks of the Bijnor district . It is well connected to all major cities of India by roadways via NH 119 and NH 74 respectively and also by various trains .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttar Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M.B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88,535', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakodar', 'summary': 'Nakodar ( pronounced Nuh-Koh-Durh ; Punjabi : ਨਕੋਦਰ ) [ nəkod̪əɾə ] is a town and a municipal council in Jalandhar district in the Indian state of Punjab . The city is almost 365 km from Delhi , 25 km from Jalandhar , 49 km from Ludhiana , and about 101 km from Amritsar . Surrounding villages include Chak Mughlani , Maheru , Allowal , Mehatpur ( Haripur ) ( Bhullar ) Nawan Pind Jattan , Heran , Bir Pind , ( Aulakh ) , Shankar , Nur Pur Chatha , Sarih , Malri and Khanpur Dhadda , uggi , malhian kalan.largest villages mehatpur , bilga , uggi The town is well paved and has thriving appearances and currently forms a Tehsil of District Jalandhar . Outside the town , there are two large and handsome tombs dating at least from the times of Emperor Jahangir , later one of them is said to be the burial place of the adviser of Emperor Shah Jahan , but it is not known who stand buried in the earlier tomb .'}]}, {'value': 'Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_India', 'summary': "Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakur', 'summary': 'Nakur is a town and a municipal board in Saharanpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttar Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'N.P.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,712', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nalbari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nalbari', 'summary': 'Nalbari ( Pron : nɔ : lˈbɑ : rɪ ) is a town and a municipal board in Nalbari district in the Indian state of Assam . Nalbari town is also the headquarters of Nalbari District .'}]}, {'value': 'Assam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assam', 'summary': 'Assam ( /ˈæsæm/ , Assamese : [ ɔxɔm ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys . Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 ( 30,285 sq mi ) . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north ; Nagaland and Manipur to the east ; Meghalaya , Tripura , Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south ; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor , a 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India . Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk . The state was the first site for oil drilling in Asia . Assam is home to the one-horned Indian rhinoceros , along with the wild water buffalo , pygmy hog , tiger and various species of Asiatic birds , and provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant . The Assamese economy is aided by wildlife tourism to Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park , which are World Heritage Sites . Sal tree forests are found in the state which , as a result of abundant rainfall , look green all year round . Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India ; this rain feeds the Brahmaputra River , whose tributaries and oxbow lakes provide the region with a hydro-geomorphic environment .'}]}, {'value': 'M.B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Namagiripettai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namagiripettai', 'summary': 'Namagiripettai is a panchayat town in Namakkal district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . 5km from it is home to the Thulukka Soodamani Ammam at R. Puduppatti .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Namakkal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namakkal', 'summary': 'Namakkal is a Selection grade municipality and the headquarters of Namakkal district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the first ISO 14001-2004 certified municipality in Asia for environmental management , specifically the provision and maintenance of water supply , solid waste and sewage management , town planning , lighting and other social services [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55,145', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'N', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_populated_places_in_Adilabad_district_13', 'intro': 'The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Government of India.'} | null | null | How large is the state where Nadbai is located ? | 342,239 square kilometres |
0749c74aee9bc9d2 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women's_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team", 'title': "Great Britain women's national under-18 ice hockey team", 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'Date of Birth', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louise Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '24 November 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guildford Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guildford_Lightning', 'summary': "Guildford Lightning are a women 's ice hockey team whose home and training ground is at the Guildford Spectrum in Guildford , Surrey , England . The team competes in the Women 's Elite League , the top level in the country ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saffron Allen ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alternate_captain', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice . At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains ( usually two or three ) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench . Captains wear a C on their sweaters , while alternate captains wear an A . Officially captains have no other responsibility or authority , although they may , depending on the league or individual team , have various informal duties , such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game . As with most team sports that designate captains , the captain is usually a well-respected player and a de facto team leader .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '28 March 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheffield Shadows', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorna Beresford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '4 August 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sutton Sting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judith Browne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '7 July 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingston Diamonds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amy Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '3 May 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitley Bay Squaws', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica Curtis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '19 January 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bracknell Ice Bees', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helen Emerson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '18 December 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billingham Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billingham_Stars', 'summary': 'The Billingham Stars are an ice hockey team from the town of Billingham in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham . They are currently members of the National Ice Hockey League playing in its Moralee Conference . The Stars play their home games at the Billingham Forum . The Stars are coached by ex-Billingham players Tom Brown and Garry Dowd . Notable ex-Billingham players include current GB International and Sheffield Steelers Robert Dowd and Patrice Lefebvre who went on to play 3 games in the NHL for the Washington Capitals .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samantha Emerson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '23 February 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billingham Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billingham_Stars', 'summary': 'The Billingham Stars are an ice hockey team from the town of Billingham in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham . They are currently members of the National Ice Hockey League playing in its Moralee Conference . The Stars play their home games at the Billingham Forum . The Stars are coached by ex-Billingham players Tom Brown and Garry Dowd . Notable ex-Billingham players include current GB International and Sheffield Steelers Robert Dowd and Patrice Lefebvre who went on to play 3 games in the NHL for the Washington Capitals .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatrice Fletcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': '10 January 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn Thunder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine Gale ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice . At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains ( usually two or three ) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench . Captains wear a C on their sweaters , while alternate captains wear an A . Officially captains have no other responsibility or authority , although they may , depending on the league or individual team , have various informal duties , such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game . As with most team sports that designate captains , the captain is usually a well-respected player and a de facto team leader .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '6 June 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bracknell Queen Bees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bracknell_Queen_Bees', 'summary': "Bracknell Queen Bees IHC is a ladies ice hockey club based in Bracknell , Berkshire , England . They are located at the John Nike Leisuresport complex in Bracknell . Their home ice rink is affectionately known as the Hive . The club operates three teams that compete in the English Ice Hockey Association ( EIHA ) women 's leagues : The Queen Bees , competing in the EIHA women 's Elite League , The Fire Bees , competing in the EIHA womens Division 1 South , The Ice Bees , a team of junior girls competing in the EIHA women 's U16 South Division The Queen Bees club was founded November 1987 , when the rink at Bracknell opened . It has supplied players for the GB ice or inline / skater hockey teams in most years since . The Firebees team was formed later as a development squad in September 2005 , entering division 1 for its maiden season in 2006 after 6 friendlies . In 2007 the Ice Bees were formed . A team specifically for girls under the age of 16 years . All teams play in the same strip . Previously the Queen Bees played in black and gold ( away ) or black and white ( home ) horizontal stripes . To conform with new league rules the strip was altered in 2006 , but the club colours of black and gold remain the same . The teams are coached by Paul Burton and assistant Sam Phillips ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paige Henry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '10 July 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solihull Vixens', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lily Highgate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '7 June 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bracknell Queen Bees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bracknell_Queen_Bees', 'summary': "Bracknell Queen Bees IHC is a ladies ice hockey club based in Bracknell , Berkshire , England . They are located at the John Nike Leisuresport complex in Bracknell . Their home ice rink is affectionately known as the Hive . The club operates three teams that compete in the English Ice Hockey Association ( EIHA ) women 's leagues : The Queen Bees , competing in the EIHA women 's Elite League , The Fire Bees , competing in the EIHA womens Division 1 South , The Ice Bees , a team of junior girls competing in the EIHA women 's U16 South Division The Queen Bees club was founded November 1987 , when the rink at Bracknell opened . It has supplied players for the GB ice or inline / skater hockey teams in most years since . The Firebees team was formed later as a development squad in September 2005 , entering division 1 for its maiden season in 2006 after 6 friendlies . In 2007 the Ice Bees were formed . A team specifically for girls under the age of 16 years . All teams play in the same strip . Previously the Queen Bees played in black and gold ( away ) or black and white ( home ) horizontal stripes . To conform with new league rules the strip was altered in 2006 , but the club colours of black and gold remain the same . The teams are coached by Paul Burton and assistant Sam Phillips ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shannon Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '21 April 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingston Diamonds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirsty Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '25 April 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bracknell Fire Bees', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisa Lippiatt Durnell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '9 March 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guildford Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guildford_Lightning', 'summary': "Guildford Lightning are a women 's ice hockey team whose home and training ground is at the Guildford Spectrum in Guildford , Surrey , England . The team competes in the Women 's Elite League , the top level in the country ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monica Petrosino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '27 February 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bracknell Queen Bees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bracknell_Queen_Bees', 'summary': "Bracknell Queen Bees IHC is a ladies ice hockey club based in Bracknell , Berkshire , England . They are located at the John Nike Leisuresport complex in Bracknell . Their home ice rink is affectionately known as the Hive . The club operates three teams that compete in the English Ice Hockey Association ( EIHA ) women 's leagues : The Queen Bees , competing in the EIHA women 's Elite League , The Fire Bees , competing in the EIHA womens Division 1 South , The Ice Bees , a team of junior girls competing in the EIHA women 's U16 South Division The Queen Bees club was founded November 1987 , when the rink at Bracknell opened . It has supplied players for the GB ice or inline / skater hockey teams in most years since . The Firebees team was formed later as a development squad in September 2005 , entering division 1 for its maiden season in 2006 after 6 friendlies . In 2007 the Ice Bees were formed . A team specifically for girls under the age of 16 years . All teams play in the same strip . Previously the Queen Bees played in black and gold ( away ) or black and white ( home ) horizontal stripes . To conform with new league rules the strip was altered in 2006 , but the club colours of black and gold remain the same . The teams are coached by Paul Burton and assistant Sam Phillips ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachel Pullen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': '1 April 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swindon Topcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swindon_Topcats', 'summary': 'Swindon Topcats are a ladies ice hockey club based in Swindon , Wiltshire , United Kingdom . They are located at the Link Centre in Swindon .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma Sanders', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '13 April 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nottingham Vipers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bethany Scoon ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alternate_captain', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice . At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains ( usually two or three ) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench . Captains wear a C on their sweaters , while alternate captains wear an A . Officially captains have no other responsibility or authority , although they may , depending on the league or individual team , have various informal duties , such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game . As with most team sports that designate captains , the captain is usually a well-respected player and a de facto team leader .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '5 April 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingston Diamonds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruth Wallace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '19 July 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Ayrshire Devils', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Team roster', 'section_text': "From the 2012 IIHF World Women 's U18 Championship Division I [ 3 ] [ 4 ]", 'uid': "Great_Britain_women's_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team_0", 'intro': "The Great Britain women's national under-18 ice hockey team is the women's national under-18 ice hockey team of the United Kingdom. The team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation and currently play in Division I of the IIHF World Women's U18 Championships."} | null | null | What is the name of the oldest player playing for a team whose home ice rink is know as the Hive ? | Monica Petrosino |
074b9d4b8f14f4de | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_Japanese_television', 'title': '2012 in Japanese television', 'header': ['Show', 'Station', 'Premiere Date', 'Type', 'Original run'], 'data': [{'value': 'Another', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_(novel)', 'summary': "Another ( アナザー , Anazā ) is a Japanese mystery horror novel by Yukito Ayatsuji , published on October 29 , 2009 by Kadokawa Shoten . The story focuses on a boy named Kōichi Sakakibara who , upon transferring into Yomiyama Middle School and meeting the curious Mei Misaki , finds himself in a mystery revolving around students and people related to his class falling victim to gruesome , senseless deaths . A manga adaptation by Hiro Kiyohara was serialized between May 2010 and January 2012 in the issues of Kadokawa Shoten 's Young Ace . Both the novel and the manga have been licensed in North America by Yen Press . A 12-episode anime television series produced by P.A.Works aired in Japan between January 10 and March 27 , 2012 , with an original video animation episode released on May 26 , 2012 , and a live-action film of the same name was released in Japanese theatres on August 4 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_MX', 'summary': 'Tokyo Metropolitan Television Broadcasting Corporation ( 東京メトロポリタンテレビジョン株式会社 , Tōkyō Metoroporitan Terebijon Kabushiki-gaisha , Tokyo MX , after its call letters , JOMX-DTV ) is a television station in Tokyo , Japan . It is the only television station that exclusively serves the city . It competes with Nippon Television , TV Asahi , NHK , Tokyo Broadcasting System , TV Tokyo , and Fuji Television , all of which are flagship stations of national networks . Tokyo MX was founded on April 30 , 1993 , and broadcasts commenced on November 1 , 1995 . Shareholders include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government , Tokyo FM Broadcasting , and others . ( MXTV is an associate company of Tokyo FM . ) Every week , Tokyo MX airs the press conferences of the Governor of Tokyo . It is a member of the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'January 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aoi Sekai no Chūshin de', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_Blue', 'summary': 'World War Blue ( Japanese : 蒼い世界の中心で , Hepburn : Aoi Sekai no Chūshin de , lit . In the Center of the Blue World ) is a Japanese fantasy manga series written by Anastasia Shestakova and illustrated by Crimson . The series is a re-imagining of the console wars between Sega and Nintendo featuring characters inspired by video games . An anime adaptation by 5th Avenue began airing in Japan on October 20 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_MX', 'summary': 'Tokyo Metropolitan Television Broadcasting Corporation ( 東京メトロポリタンテレビジョン株式会社 , Tōkyō Metoroporitan Terebijon Kabushiki-gaisha , Tokyo MX , after its call letters , JOMX-DTV ) is a television station in Tokyo , Japan . It is the only television station that exclusively serves the city . It competes with Nippon Television , TV Asahi , NHK , Tokyo Broadcasting System , TV Tokyo , and Fuji Television , all of which are flagship stations of national networks . Tokyo MX was founded on April 30 , 1993 , and broadcasts commenced on November 1 , 1995 . Shareholders include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government , Tokyo FM Broadcasting , and others . ( MXTV is an associate company of Tokyo FM . ) Every week , Tokyo MX airs the press conferences of the Governor of Tokyo . It is a member of the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'October 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Rock Shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Rock_Shooter', 'summary': "Black Rock Shooter ( ブラック★ロックシューター , Burakku Rokku Shūtā ) is a Japanese media franchise based on characters created by illustrator Ryohei Fuke also known as Huke . It revolves around its eponymous character , a mysterious black haired girl with a blazing blue eye . The original illustration inspired a song of the same name by Supercell , which gained popularity on the Nico Nico Douga website . A 50-minute original video animation based on the franchise was produced by Yutaka Yamamoto 's studio Ordet , written by Nagaru Tanigawa and Shinobu Yoshioka , and directed by Shinobu Yoshioka . A Pilot Edition was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in September 2009 , before the full version was released on DVDs bundled with select magazines from July 24 , 2010 , subtitled in seven languages , followed by a retail release on December 17 , 2010 . An eight-episode anime television series , produced by Ordet and Sanzigen , aired on Fuji TV 's Noitamina programming block between February 2 and March 22 , 2012 . The franchise has also spawned several manga series and a video game for the PlayStation Portable titled Black Rock Shooter : The Game , each set in their own universe ."}]}, {'value': 'Fuji TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuji_Television', 'summary': "Fuji Television Network , Inc. ( 株式会社フジテレビジョン , Kabushiki gaisha Fuji Terebijon ) is a Japanese television station based in Odaiba , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , also known as Fuji TV ( フジテレビ , Fuji Terebi ) or CX , based on the station 's call sign JOCX-DTV . It is the flagship station of the Fuji News Network ( FNN ) and the Fuji Network System . It is also known for its long-time slogan , If it 's not fun , it 's not TV ! [ a ] Fuji Television also operates three premium television stations , known as Fuji TV One ( Fuji TV 739 - sports/variety ) , Fuji TV Two ( Fuji TV 721 - drama/anime ) , and Fuji TV Next ( Fuji TV CSHD - live premium shows ) ( called together as Fuji TV OneTwoNext ) , all available in high-definition . Fuji Television is owned by Fuji Media Holdings , Inc. ( 株式会社フジ・メディア・ホールディングス , Kabushiki-gaisha Fuji Media Hōrudingusu ) and affiliated with the Fujisankei Communications Group . The current Fuji Television was established in 2008 . Fuji Media Holdings is the former Fuji Television founded in 1957 ."}]}, {'value': 'February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gokujo . Gokurakuin Joshi Kōryō Monogatari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gokujyo', 'summary': 'Gokujyo : Gokurakuin Joshikōryō Monogatari ( ゴクジョッ。〜極楽院女子校寮物語〜 , lit . Extreme Woman . The Tales of Gokurakuin Girls School Dorm ) is a Japanese manga series by Maya Miyazaki . An anime television series by LMD aired in Japan between January and March , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chukyo TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chukyo_TV', 'summary': 'Chūkyō Television Broadcasting Co. , Ltd. ( 中京テレビ放送株式会社 , Chūkyō Terebi-hōsō Kabushiki Gaisha , CTV , often called Chūkyō TV ( 中京テレビ ) ) is a TV station joining Nippon News Network ( NNN ) and Nippon Television Network System ( NNS ) in Showa-ku , Nagoya , Japan ( the nearest train station : Yagoto Nisseki Station on the Nagoya Subway Meijo Line ) .'}]}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honjitsu wa Taian Nari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honjitsu_wa_Taian_Nari', 'summary': "Honjitsu wa Taian Nari ( 本日は大安なり ) is a Japanese television drama series based on the Mizuki Tsujimura 's novel . It premiered on NHK on January 10 , 2012 , starring Yūka in the lead role ."}]}, {'value': 'NHK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHK', 'summary': "NHK ( Japanese : 日本放送協会 , Hepburn : Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai , official English name : Japan Broadcasting Corporation ) is Japan 's national broadcasting organization . NHK , which has always been known by this romanized acronym in Japanese , [ a ] is a statutory corporation funded by viewers ' payments of a television license fee . NHK operates two terrestrial television channels ( NHK General TV and NHK Educational TV ) , four satellite television channels ( NHK BS1 and NHK BS Premium , as well as two ultra-high-definition television channels ; NHK BS4K and NHK BS8K ) , and three radio networks ( NHK Radio 1 , NHK Radio 2 , and NHK FM ) . NHK also provides an international broadcasting service , known as NHK World-Japan . NHK World-Japan is composed of NHK World TV , NHK World Premium , and the shortwave radio service Radio Japan ( RJ ) . World Radio Japan also makes some of its programs available on the Internet . NHK has been the world 's first broadcaster to broadcast in High definition ( using Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding , also known as Hi-Vision ) and in 8K ."}]}, {'value': 'January 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inu x Boku SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inu_x_Boku_SS', 'summary': 'Inu × Boku SS ( 妖狐×僕SS , Inu Boku Shīkuretto Sābisu , lit . The Dog and Me Secret Service ) , also known as Youko × Boku , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Cocoa Fujiwara . An anime adaptation by David Production aired in Japan between January and March 2012 . The anime has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks for streaming , and home video release in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'MBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mainichi_Broadcasting_System', 'summary': 'Mainichi Broadcasting System , Inc. ( 株式会社毎日放送 , Kabushiki-gaisha Mainichi Hōsō , Mainichi Broadcasting System Stock - Company ) is a radio and television broadcasting company headquartered in Osaka , Japan , affiliated with Japan Radio Network ( JRN ) , National Radio Network ( NRN ) , Japan News Network ( JNN ) and TBS Network , serving in the Kansai region . It is a parent company of a television station named MBS TV ( MBSテレビ ) and a radio station named MBS Radio ( MBSラジオ ) . MBS is also one of the major stockholders of the following networks : Tokyo Broadcasting System Holdings , Inc. ( TBSHD ) , RKB Mainichi Broadcasting Corporation , BS-TBS , Incorporated , i-Television Inc. , TV-U Fukushima Co. , Ltd. , Hiroshima Home Television Co. , Ltd. , WOWOW Inc. , and FM 802 Co. , Ltd .'}]}, {'value': 'January 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': "JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : The Animation", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/JoJo's_Bizarre_Adventure_(season_1)", 'summary': "JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure ( ジョジョの奇妙な冒険 , JoJo no Kimyōu na Bōuken ) , also known as JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : The Animation , is the first season of the anime television series produced by David Production based on the manga of the same name by Hirohiko Araki , adapting the first two arcs , Phantom Blood ( ファントムブラッド , Fantomu Buraddo ) and Battle Tendency ( 戦闘潮流 , Sentō Chōryū ) . The Phantom Blood arc , which aired on Tokyo MX between October 5 and November 30 , 2012 , revolves around the mysterious adventures of the Joestar family , beginning with an encounter involving Jonathan Joestar , his adoptive brother Dio Brando and a mysterious Stone Mask . The Battle Tendency arc , which aired on Tokyo MX between December 7 , 2012 , and April 5 , 2013 , focuses on Jonathan 's grandson , Joseph Joestar , and his fight against the mysterious Pillar Men . The series was released on a series of nine DVDs and Blu-rays between January 30 and September 27 , 2013 , with the Blu-ray releases having the option of English subtitles . Crunchyroll began streaming the series in April 2014 . The English DVD was released by Warner Home Video on September 22 , 2015 with both English and Japanese audio with closed captioning for the English dub only . Viz Media released an English Blu-ray set on July 25 , 2017 that includes English and Japanese audio with new subtitles for the Japanese . A second season , JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Stardust Crusaders , based on the series ' third arc , began airing from April 4 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_MX', 'summary': 'Tokyo Metropolitan Television Broadcasting Corporation ( 東京メトロポリタンテレビジョン株式会社 , Tōkyō Metoroporitan Terebijon Kabushiki-gaisha , Tokyo MX , after its call letters , JOMX-DTV ) is a television station in Tokyo , Japan . It is the only television station that exclusively serves the city . It competes with Nippon Television , TV Asahi , NHK , Tokyo Broadcasting System , TV Tokyo , and Fuji Television , all of which are flagship stations of national networks . Tokyo MX was founded on April 30 , 1993 , and broadcasts commenced on November 1 , 1995 . Shareholders include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government , Tokyo FM Broadcasting , and others . ( MXTV is an associate company of Tokyo FM . ) Every week , Tokyo MX airs the press conferences of the Governor of Tokyo . It is a member of the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'October 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamen Rider Wizard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Wizard', 'summary': "Kamen Rider Wizard ( 仮面ライダーウィザード , Kamen Raidā Wizādo ) is a Japanese tokusatsu drama in Toei Company 's Kamen Rider Series , being the fourteenth series in the Heisei period run and the twenty-third overall . Trademarks on the title were filed by Toei on June 21 , 2012 , and it was officially revealed on June 27 , 2012 . It began airing on TV Asahi on September 2 , 2012 , joining Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters and then Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger in the Super Hero Time lineup . Tsuyoshi Kida is the series ' main screenwriter . In April 2017 , TV Japan began broadcasting the series in the United States and Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'TV Asahi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV_Asahi', 'summary': 'TV Asahi Corporation ( 株式会社テレビ朝日 , Kabushiki-gaisha Terebi Asahi ) , also known as EX and Tele-Asa ( テレ朝 , Tere Asa ) , is a Japanese television network with its headquarters in Roppongi , Minato , Tokyo , Japan . The company also owns All-Nippon News Network .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokusatsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mōretsu Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miniskirt_Uchū_Kaizoku', 'summary': 'Miniskirt Space Pirates ( ミニスカ宇宙海賊 ( パイレーツ ) , Minisuka Pairētsu ) is a Japanese light novel series about space pirates written by Yūichi Sasamoto and published by Asahi Shimbun Shuppan since October 2008 . An anime television series adaptation produced by Satelight , under the title Bodacious Space Pirates ( モーレツ宇宙海賊 ( パイレーツ ) , Mōretsu Pairētsu , Fierce Pirates [ space pirates ] ) , aired in Japan between January 8 , 2012 and June 30 , 2012 . A film adaptation was released in Japanese theaters on February 22 , 2014 . A web manga adaptation launched on June 2 , 2012 . Seven Seas Entertainment licensed the manga series for a printed release in North America in August 2015 . The anime version won the 2013 Seiun Award for Best Dramatic Presentation .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_MX', 'summary': 'Tokyo Metropolitan Television Broadcasting Corporation ( 東京メトロポリタンテレビジョン株式会社 , Tōkyō Metoroporitan Terebijon Kabushiki-gaisha , Tokyo MX , after its call letters , JOMX-DTV ) is a television station in Tokyo , Japan . It is the only television station that exclusively serves the city . It competes with Nippon Television , TV Asahi , NHK , Tokyo Broadcasting System , TV Tokyo , and Fuji Television , all of which are flagship stations of national networks . Tokyo MX was founded on April 30 , 1993 , and broadcasts commenced on November 1 , 1995 . Shareholders include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government , Tokyo FM Broadcasting , and others . ( MXTV is an associate company of Tokyo FM . ) Every week , Tokyo MX airs the press conferences of the Governor of Tokyo . It is a member of the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'January 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poyopoyo Kansatsu Nikki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poyopoyo_Kansatsu_Nikki', 'summary': 'Poyopoyo Kansatsu Nikki ( ポヨポヨ観察日記 , Poyopoyo Observation Diary ) is a Japanese manga series created by Rū Tatsuki about a spherical cat named Poyo and the family that adopts him . It was adapted into an anime television series in January 2012 . The anime is available subtitled in English on Crunchyroll . A video game based on the series in which players raise Poyo was released in April 2012 for the Nintendo 3DS .'}]}, {'value': 'TV Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV_Tokyo', 'summary': 'TV Tokyo Corporation ( or TX ) ( 株式会社テレビ東京 , Kabushiki-gaisha Terebi Tōkyō ) TYO : 9413 is a television station headquartered in Roppongi , Minato , Tokyo , Japan majorly controlled by Nikkei , Inc. Also known as Teleto ( テレ東 , Teretō ) , a blend of terebi and Tokyo , it is the flagship station of TX Network . It is one of the major Tokyo television stations , particularly specializing in anime .'}]}, {'value': 'January 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rinne no Lagrange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rinne_no_Lagrange', 'summary': "Lagrange : The Flower of Rin-ne ( Japanese : 輪廻のラグランジェ Flower declaration of your heart , Hepburn : Rinne no Raguranje ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Xebec and Production I.G and directed by Tatsuo Sato and Toshimasa Suzuki , written by Shotaro Suga , original character design by Haruyuki Morisawa and music by Saeko Suzuki & TOMISIRO . Set in Kamogawa , the series revolves around Madoka Kyouno , Fin E Ld Si Laffinty ( Lan ) and Muginami , who all come from different worlds and attend the Kamogawa Girls ' High School . While they form the Jersey Club to fulfill tasks for other school clubs , they are also destined to pilot strange robotic aircraft known as Vox Units , supported by a military organization named Novumundus stationed at an offshore base called Pharos . Their ultimate mission is to cease the intergalactic war between neighboring planets called Le Garite and De Metrio , in an attempt to restore the friendship between the planets ' respective leaders named Dizelmine and Villagulio . The first season aired in Japan between January 8 , 2012 and March 24 , 2012 while the second season started airing between July 8 , 2012 and September 23 , 2012 following a recap episode on July 1 , 2012 . Both seasons have been licensed by Viz Media in North America and Anime on Demand in the United Kingdom . A manga accompaniment began serialization in Enix 's Young Gangan magazine and a light novel from Media Factory , both from September 2011 . A hybrid Blu-ray Disc containing an original video animation and a PlayStation 3 video game was released on August 23 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'ytv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yomiuri_Telecasting_Corporation', 'summary': 'Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation ( 讀賣テレビ放送株式会社 , Yomiuri Terebi Hōsō Kabushiki-gaisha , YTV , ytv , Yomiuri TV ( 読売テレビ ) ) is a TV station in Osaka Business Park , Osaka , Japan , which serves the Kansai region , and is affiliated with the Nippon News Network ( NNN ) and Nippon Television Network System ( NNS ) . Founded as New Osaka Television Co. ( 新大阪テレビ放送株式会社 , Shin Ōsaka Terebi Hōsō Kabushiki-gaisha , NOTV ) on February 13 , 1958 , and renamed Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation on August 1 , the station started broadcasting on August 28 as the first TV station to be affiliated with Nippon Television Network Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'January 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saki Achiga-hen Episode of Side-A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saki_(manga)', 'summary': "Saki ( 咲-Saki- ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ritz Kobayashi . The story revolves around a first-year high school girl named Saki Miyanaga who is brought into the competitive world of mahjong by another first-year , Nodoka Haramura . The manga has been serialized in Square Enix 's Young Gangan since February 3 , 2006 and is licensed in English by Yen Press . A 25-episode anime adaptation by Gonzo aired between April and September 2009 on TV Tokyo . A side-story manga illustrated by Aguri Igarashi , Saki Achiga-hen episode of Side-A ( 咲 Saki 阿知賀編 episode of Side-A ) , was serialized between the September 2011 and April 2013 issues of Monthly Shōnen Gangan , with an anime adaptation by Studio Gokumi airing between April and July 2012 , with four additional episodes airing between December 2012 and May 2013 . A third anime series , Saki : The Nationals ( 咲-Saki-全国編 , Saki : Zenkoku-hen ) , also by Studio Gokumi , aired between January and April 2014 . A spin-off series to Saki , Side story of -Saki- : Shinohayu the dawn of age , began serialization in Big Gangan from September 2013 . A gag manga series by Saya Kiyoshi , Saki Biyori , began serialization in Young Gangan from June 2011 , with an original video animation released on July 25 , 2015 . Another spin-off manga illustrated by Meki Meki , Toki , began serialization in Big Gangan from June 2016 . A live-action television series aired between December 2016 and January 2017 , and a live-action film opened in Japan in February 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'TV Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV_Tokyo', 'summary': 'TV Tokyo Corporation ( or TX ) ( 株式会社テレビ東京 , Kabushiki-gaisha Terebi Tōkyō ) TYO : 9413 is a television station headquartered in Roppongi , Minato , Tokyo , Japan majorly controlled by Nikkei , Inc. Also known as Teleto ( テレ東 , Teretō ) , a blend of terebi and Tokyo , it is the flagship station of TX Network . It is one of the major Tokyo television stations , particularly specializing in anime .'}]}, {'value': 'April 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senhime Zesshō Symphogear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senhime_Zesshō_Symphogear', 'summary': "Symphogear ( Japanese : 戦姫絶唱シンフォギア , Hepburn : Senki Zesshō Shinfogia , lit . Superb Song of the Valkyries : Symphogear ) is a Japanese anime television franchise animated by Satelight . The original season aired on Tokyo MX between January 6 , 2012 and March 30 , 2012 . The second season entitled Symphogear G aired between July 4 , 2013 and September 26 , 2013 , The third season , Symphogear GX , aired between July 4 , 2015 and September 25 , 2015 , and the fourth season , Symphogear AXZ , aired between July 1 , 2017 and September 30 , 2017 . The fifth and final season , Symphogear XV , aired between July 6 , 2019 and September 28 , 2019 . A manga adaptation was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Newtype Ace magazine between November 2011 and April 2013 . A smartphone game titled Symphogear XD UNLIMITED was released on June 26 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_MX', 'summary': 'Tokyo Metropolitan Television Broadcasting Corporation ( 東京メトロポリタンテレビジョン株式会社 , Tōkyō Metoroporitan Terebijon Kabushiki-gaisha , Tokyo MX , after its call letters , JOMX-DTV ) is a television station in Tokyo , Japan . It is the only television station that exclusively serves the city . It competes with Nippon Television , TV Asahi , NHK , Tokyo Broadcasting System , TV Tokyo , and Fuji Television , all of which are flagship stations of national networks . Tokyo MX was founded on April 30 , 1993 , and broadcasts commenced on November 1 , 1995 . Shareholders include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government , Tokyo FM Broadcasting , and others . ( MXTV is an associate company of Tokyo FM . ) Every week , Tokyo MX airs the press conferences of the Governor of Tokyo . It is a member of the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'January 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shokuzai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shokuzai', 'summary': 'Penance , known in Japanese as Shokuzai ( 贖罪 ) , is a Japanese television drama miniseries that started airing on WOWOW in January 2012 . It is based on a novel of the same name by Kanae Minato and directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa .'}]}, {'value': 'WOWOW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WOWOW', 'summary': 'Wowow Inc. ( 株式会社WOWOW , KK Wauwau ) , listed as TYO : 4839 , is a private satellite broadcasting and premium satellite television station in Japan . Its headquarters are located on the 21st floor of the Akasaka Park Building in Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo . Its broadcasting center is in Koto , Tokyo . On October 1 , 2011 , Wowow expanded their single channel broadcast satellite service to provide three high-definition TV channels :'}]}, {'value': 'January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sword Art Online', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sword_Art_Online', 'summary': "Sword Art Online ( Japanese : ソードアート・オンライン , Hepburn : Sōdo Āto Onrain ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec . The series takes place in the near future and focuses on protagonist Kazuto Kirito Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki as they play through various virtual reality MMORPG worlds . Kawahara originally wrote the series as a web novel on his website from 2002 to 2008 . The light novels began publication on ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Bunko imprint from April 10 , 2009 , with a spin-off series launching in October 2012 . The series has spawned nine manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works and Kadokawa . The novels and seven of the manga adaptations have been licensed for release in North America by Yen Press . An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures , known simply as Sword Art Online , aired in Japan between July and December 2012 , with a television film Sword Art Online : Extra Edition airing on December 31 , 2013 , and a second season , titled Sword Art Online II , airing between July and December 2014 . An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on March 9 , 2017 . A spin-off anime series titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online premiered in April 2018 , while a third season titled Sword Art Online : Alicization premiered in October 2018 . A live-action series will be produced by Netflix . Six video games based on the series have been released for multiple consoles . Sword Art Online has received widespread commercial success , with the light novels having over 20 million copies sold worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_MX', 'summary': 'Tokyo Metropolitan Television Broadcasting Corporation ( 東京メトロポリタンテレビジョン株式会社 , Tōkyō Metoroporitan Terebijon Kabushiki-gaisha , Tokyo MX , after its call letters , JOMX-DTV ) is a television station in Tokyo , Japan . It is the only television station that exclusively serves the city . It competes with Nippon Television , TV Asahi , NHK , Tokyo Broadcasting System , TV Tokyo , and Fuji Television , all of which are flagship stations of national networks . Tokyo MX was founded on April 30 , 1993 , and broadcasts commenced on November 1 , 1995 . Shareholders include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government , Tokyo FM Broadcasting , and others . ( MXTV is an associate company of Tokyo FM . ) Every week , Tokyo MX airs the press conferences of the Governor of Tokyo . It is a member of the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'July 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taira no Kiyomori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taira_no_Kiyomori_(Taiga_drama)', 'summary': 'Taira no Kiyomori ( 平清盛 ) is a 2012 Japanese historical television series . It is the 51st NHK taiga drama .'}]}, {'value': 'NHK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHK', 'summary': "NHK ( Japanese : 日本放送協会 , Hepburn : Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai , official English name : Japan Broadcasting Corporation ) is Japan 's national broadcasting organization . NHK , which has always been known by this romanized acronym in Japanese , [ a ] is a statutory corporation funded by viewers ' payments of a television license fee . NHK operates two terrestrial television channels ( NHK General TV and NHK Educational TV ) , four satellite television channels ( NHK BS1 and NHK BS Premium , as well as two ultra-high-definition television channels ; NHK BS4K and NHK BS8K ) , and three radio networks ( NHK Radio 1 , NHK Radio 2 , and NHK FM ) . NHK also provides an international broadcasting service , known as NHK World-Japan . NHK World-Japan is composed of NHK World TV , NHK World Premium , and the shortwave radio service Radio Japan ( RJ ) . World Radio Japan also makes some of its programs available on the Internet . NHK has been the world 's first broadcaster to broadcast in High definition ( using Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding , also known as Hi-Vision ) and in 8K ."}]}, {'value': 'January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokumei_Sentai_Go-Busters', 'summary': "Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters ( 特命戦隊ゴーバスターズ , Tokumei Sentai Gōbasutāzu ) is the 36th entry in Toei Company 's Super Sentai metaseries , following Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger . Its theme is based on spy movies and cyber technology and premiered on February 26 , 2012 on TV Asahi , joining Kamen Rider Fourze and then Kamen Rider Wizard as a program featured in TV Asahi 's Super Hero Time programming block . On September 2 , 2011 , Toei applied for trademarks on the title to be used on various products . The Japan Patent Office approved these trademarks on September 29 , 2011 . Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters began airing in South Korea in 2013 as Power Rangers Go-Busters . In the United States , Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters is being adapted into Power Rangers Beast Morphers ; the first episode premiered on March 2 , 2019 . Beast Morphers was to be produced by Saban Brands but , on July 2 , 2018 , Hasbro would acquire all of the former company 's entertainment assets , including the Power Rangers franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'TV Asahi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV_Asahi', 'summary': 'TV Asahi Corporation ( 株式会社テレビ朝日 , Kabushiki-gaisha Terebi Asahi ) , also known as EX and Tele-Asa ( テレ朝 , Tere Asa ) , is a Japanese television network with its headquarters in Roppongi , Minato , Tokyo , Japan . The company also owns All-Nippon News Network .'}]}, {'value': 'February 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokusatsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zetman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zetman', 'summary': 'Zetman ( Japanese : ゼットマン , Hepburn : Zettoman ) is a manga series by Masakazu Katsura . The series started as a 49-page one-shot in the 1994 Autumn Special of Weekly Shōnen Jump . A more mature and full-fledged series started in Weekly Young Jump in 2002 . Zetman has been adapted into an anime series that premiered on April 2 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'ytv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yomiuri_Telecasting_Corporation', 'summary': 'Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation ( 讀賣テレビ放送株式会社 , Yomiuri Terebi Hōsō Kabushiki-gaisha , YTV , ytv , Yomiuri TV ( 読売テレビ ) ) is a TV station in Osaka Business Park , Osaka , Japan , which serves the Kansai region , and is affiliated with the Nippon News Network ( NNN ) and Nippon Television Network System ( NNS ) . Founded as New Osaka Television Co. ( 新大阪テレビ放送株式会社 , Shin Ōsaka Terebi Hōsō Kabushiki-gaisha , NOTV ) on February 13 , 1958 , and renamed Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation on August 1 , the station started broadcasting on August 28 as the first TV station to be affiliated with Nippon Television Network Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuroko no Basuke', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kuroko's_Basketball", 'summary': "Kuroko 's Basketball , known in Japan as Kuroko no Basuke ( 黒子のバスケ ) , is a Japanese sports manga series written and illustrated by Tadatoshi Fujimaki . The English rendering The Basketball Which Kuroko Plays also appears in the artwork of the Japanese version . It was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 2008 to September 2014 , with the individual chapters collected into 30 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha . It tells the story of a high school basketball team trying to make it to the national tournament . By April 2014 , Kuroko 's Basketball had 27 million copies in circulation . It was adapted into an anime television series by Production I.G that began airing in 2012 , with a second season that began airing in October 2013 and a third season that began airing in January 2015 . A sequel manga by Fujimaki titled Kuroko 's Basketball : Extra Game ( 黒子のバスケ EXTRA GAME ) began serialization in Jump Next ! on December 29 , 2014 . Viz Media has licensed the manga for publication in North America . An anime film adaptation of the Kuroko 's Basketball : Extra Game manga premiered in Japan on March 18 , 2017 . In December 2015 a stage play adaptation was announced , set to open on April 2016 , followed by more stage adaptations ."}]}, {'value': 'BS11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nippon_BS_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Nippon BS Broadcasting Corporation ( 日本BS放送株式会社 , Nippon Bīesu Hōsō Kabushiki Gaisha ) is a private satellite broadcasting station in Kanda , Tokyo , Japan . It is an independent television station and is a subsidiary of Bic Camera . Its channel name is BS11 ( BS Eleven ) and was BS11 Digital until March 31 , 2011 . It was founded as Nippon BS Broadcasting Kikaku ( 日本BS放送企画株式会社 , Nippon Bīesu Hōsō Kikaku Kabushiki Kaisha ) on August 23 , 1999 , changed its name to Nippon BS Broadcasting on February 28 , 2007 and high-definition television broadcasts commenced on December 1 , 2007 . BS11 gives high priority to news programs , sports , Korean drama , TV Show , anime including late night anime and 3D television programs .'}]}, {'value': 'April 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sprout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sprout_(2012_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Sprout ( スプラウト ) ( Supurauto ) is a 2012 Japanese television drama series based on the manga of the same name by Atsuko Nanba . Yuri Chinen , who is a member of Hey ! Say ! JUMP , played the lead role . It premiered on NTV from July 7 to September 29 every Saturday night .'}]}, {'value': 'NTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nippon_Television', 'summary': "Nippon Television Network Corporation ( 日本テレビ放送網株式会社 , Nippon Terebi Hōsōmō Kabushiki-gaisha ) , doing business as Nippon TV ( 日本テレビ , Nihon Terebi , stylized as NIPP日N TV ) , is a television network based in the Shiodome area of Minato , Tokyo , Japan and is owned by The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings , Japan 's largest media conglomerate . Broadcasting terrestrially across Japan , the network is sometimes contracted to Nittere ( 日テレ ) , and abbreviated as NTV or AX ."}]}, {'value': 'July 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Debuts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_in_Japanese_television_0', 'intro': 'Events in 2012 in Japanese television.'} | null | null | Which show aired on the station joined with Nippon News Network and Nippon Television Network System ? | Gokujo . Gokurakuin Joshi Kōryō Monogatari |
074ba407c4fcadc2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Siemon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Siemon', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Glenn Siemon ( born June 2 , 1950 ) is a former professional American football player and an inductee in the College Football Hall of Fame . A middle linebacker , he played eleven seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) , all with the Minnesota Vikings , and college football at Stanford University . Siemon grew up in Bakersfield , California , and graduated from Bakersfield High School in 1968 , where he played QB , LB , TE , and Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference 's North Division . Stanford has a highly successful football tradition . The team is currently known as the Cardinal , adopted prior to the 1982 season . Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972 , and the Cardinals from 1972 through 1981 . A student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators . Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions . Like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport , the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917 . The school also did not field a team in 1918 ( due to World War I ) or in 1943 , 1944 , and 1945 ( due to World War II ) . The school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902 , in which they were routed 49-0 . Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12 and western United States . The Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame . The program has an all-time record of 657-467-49 for a winning percentage of .581 and has winning series records against all of its Pac-12 North rivals , except for the Washington Huskies , against whom they are tied 43-43-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Marinaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Marinaro', 'summary': 'Ed Marinaro ( born March 31 , 1950 ) is a former professional American football player and actor . In 1971 , he finished as a runner-up to Pat Sullivan for the Heisman Trophy , and from 2010-2011 starred in the football comedy series , Blue Mountain State . He is also known as a regular cast member on Hill Street Blues , playing Officer Joe Coffey for five seasons ( 1981-1986 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_football', 'summary': 'The Cornell Big Red football team represents Cornell University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) college football competition as a member of the Ivy League . It is one of the oldest and most storied football programs in the nation . The team has attained five national championships and has had seven players inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bart Buetow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Golden Gophers football program represents the University of Minnesota in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) level . Founded in 1882 , the program is one of the oldest in college football . Minnesota has been a member of the Big Ten Conference since its inception in 1896 as the Western Conference . The Golden Gophers claim seven national championships : 1904 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , and 1960 . Since 2009 , the Gophers have played all their home games at TCF Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '154', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amos Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos_Martin', 'summary': 'Anthony Irl Amos Martin ( born January 30 , 1949 ) is a former professional American football linebacker in the National Football League . He played six seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and the Seattle Seahawks .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football', 'summary': 'The Louisville Cardinals football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football . The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '181', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Slater', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Michigan_Broncos_football', 'summary': "The Western Michigan Broncos football program represents Western Michigan University in the Football Bowl Subdivision of Division I and the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . Western Michigan has competed in football since 1906 , when they played three games in their inaugural season . In 1927 , WMU joined four other schools ( Central Michigan University , Eastern Michigan University , Ferris State University , and Wayne State University ) to form the Michigan Collegiate Conference . Western Michigan then moved to its present conference in 1948 . Prior to 1939 , Western Michigan 's athletic teams were known as the Hilltoppers . Western Michigan 's football team has had 16 head coaches in its history and is currently coached by Tim Lester . WMU 's main rival is the Central Michigan University Chippewas and they play for the WMU-CMU Rivalry Trophy . As of 2018 , the Broncos own a 49-38-2 advantage in the series . In 2002 , Western Michigan won the rivalry game at Central Michigan for the first time since 1973 , snapping a 12-game winless streak ( 0-11-1 ) . In the 2018 season , Western Michigan defeated Central Michigan , 35-10 . The win was the Broncos ' sixth in the last eight contests against the Chippewas . Western Michigan University played in the inaugural International Bowl in 2007 in Toronto , Ontario , Canada ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calvin Demery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wide receiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_football', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils football team represents Arizona State University in the sport of American football . The Sun Devils team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the South Division of the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) . Arizona State University has fielded a football team since 1897 . The Sun Devils are currently led by head coach Herm Edwards and play their home games at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona . The Sun Devils have won seventeen conference titles , including three Pac-12 titles . A number of successful and professional football players once played for ASU . The school has 3 unanimous All-Americans and 16 consensus selections . Among the most lauded players the school has produced are Pat Tillman , Terrell Suggs , Mike Haynes , Darren Woodson , Charley Taylor , and John Henry Johnson . In addition to its players , ASU 's football program has had several notable head coaches , including Hall of Famers Dan Devine and John Cooper and national champion Dennis Erickson . The all-time school wins leader is Hall of Fame coach Frank Kush , for whom Frank Kush Field at Sun Devil Stadium is named . Kush also consistently led the Sun Devils to victory against the Arizona Wildcats , ASU 's traditional rival , losing to the Wildcats only twice between 1963 and 1979 . [ circular reference ]"}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '232', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlie Goodrum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Goodrum', 'summary': "Charles Leo Goodrum ( born January 11 , 1950 in Miami , Florida ) was a guard and offensive tackle in the National Football League for the Minnesota Vikings . Goodrum attended Florida A & M University . In 2009 , Charles Goodrum was living in East Palatka , Florida . He 's married and has two sons , one daughter and four grandchildren ."}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_Rattlers', 'summary': "The Florida A & M Rattlers represent Florida A & M University ( FAMU ) in college athletics . Florida A & M is a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and participates in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . FAMU offers men 's sports in baseball , basketball , football , golf , swimming , tennis and track and field . It offers women 's sports in basketball bowling , softball , swimming , tennis , track and field and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '258', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willie Aldridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_State_University', 'summary': 'South Carolina State University ( SCSU or SC State ) is a public historically black university in Orangeburg , South Carolina . It is the only public , historically black land-grant institution in South Carolina , is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund , and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '284', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willie McKelton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensive back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_back', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , defensive backs ( DBs ) are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage ; they are distinguished from the defensive line players and linebackers , who take positions directly behind or close to the line of scrimmage . The defensive backs , in turn , generally are classified into several different specialized positions :'}]}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_University', 'summary': "Southern University and A & M College ( Southern University , Southern , SUBR or SU ) is a public historically black university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . It is the largest HBCU in Louisiana , a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and the flagship institution of the Southern University System . Its campus encompasses 512 acres , with an agricultural experimental station on an additional 372-acre site , five miles north of the main campus on Scott 's Bluff overlooking the Mississippi River in the northern section of Baton Rouge . Southern University 's 13 intercollegiate athletics teams are known as the Jaguars , and are members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) in NCAA Division I . The Human Jukebox is the internationally renowned collegiate marching band that has been representing the university since 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '310', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Banaugh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensive back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_Bobcats_football', 'summary': "The Montana State Bobcats football program competes in the Big Sky Conference of the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision for Montana State University . The program began in 1897 and has won three national championships ( 1956 , 1976 , and 1984 ) . It is the only college football program in the nation to win national championships on three different levels of competition , NAIA , NCAA Division II , and NCAA Division I-AA ( now FCS ) . Through the 2018 season , the Bobcats had played in 1,005 games with an all-time record of 500-485-32 . The first championship came in Montana State 's last season in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , which moved to NAIA in 1952 . The national championship was the first ever for the RMAC and was also the first time the NAIA had a football champion . The Bobcats were members of the RMAC from 1917 to 1956 , after being an independent from 1897 to 1916 . MSC rejoined the NCAA ( College Division ) in 1957 , and had one of its most successful runs as an independent from 1957 to 1962 with six straight winning seasons , including an 8-2 mark in 1957 and 8-1 in 1958 . In 1963 , Montana State became a charter member of the Big Sky Conference and has since won two national championships . Montana State has won 20 conference titles , including 15 in the Big Sky Conference and five in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference . The Bobcats have won conference titles in eight of the past nine decades and have won multiple conference titles in seven of the last eight decades . MSU finished the 1926 season undefeated in RMAC conference games , but was not awarded a conference title ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '336', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franklin Roberts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alcorn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcorn_State_University', 'summary': "Alcorn State University ( Alcorn State , ASU or Alcorn ) is a public , historically black , land-grant university in rural unincorporated Claiborne County , Mississippi . It was founded in 1871 by the Reconstruction-era legislature to provide higher education for freedmen . It is the first black land grant college established in the United States . Its main campus is approximately 80 miles southwest of Jackson , Mississippi . One of Alcorn 's most notable alumni , Medgar Evers , a civil rights activist , graduated in 1952 . Students at the college were part of the mid-twentieth century civil rights movement , working to register residents for voting and to end racial inequality . Other alumni have been activists , politicians and professionals in Mississippi and other states . The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Alcorn State 's athletic teams known as the Braves and compete in the NCAA 's Division I . All teams compete as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC )"}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '361', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marv Owens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs_football', 'summary': "The San Diego State Aztecs football team represents San Diego State University in the sport of American football . The Aztecs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and the West Division of the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) . They play their homes games at SDCCU Stadium and are currently coached by Brady Hoke . They have won twenty-one conference championships and three national championships at the small college division . They were scheduled to become a football-only member of the Big East Conference in July 2013 , but on January 17 , the Mountain West 's board of directors voted to reinstate San Diego State ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '388', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Sivert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Tennessee State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "East Tennessee State University ( ETSU ) is a public university in Johnson City , Tennessee . Although it is part of the State University and Community College System of Tennessee , the university is governed by an institutional Board of Trustees . As of May 2017 [ update ] , it is the fourth largest university in the state and has off-campus centers in nearby Kingsport and Elizabethton . ETSU hosts the James H. Quillen College of Medicine which is often ranked as one of the top schools in the United States for rural medicine and primary care education ; the Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy , the College of Nursing , the College of Public Health , and the recently formed College of Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences . Unique programs include an accredited program in Bluegrass , Old Time , and Country Music , America 's lone master 's degree in Storytelling , and the Appalachian Studies programs , focused on the surrounding Appalachian region ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '414', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neil Graff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Graff', 'summary': 'Neil Graff is a former quarterback in the National Football League . He was drafted in the sixteenth round of the 1972 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings and later played with the New England Patriots for two seasons . Later he was selected in the 1976 NFL Expansion Draft by the Seattle Seahawks and split that season as a member of the Seahawks and the Pittsburgh Steelers , though he did not see any playing time in a regular season game with either team . He played the following year with the Steelers before being a member of the Green Bay Packers during the 1978 NFL season , but once again did not play during the regular season . One of two NFL quarterbacks born in the state of South Dakota , The other being HOF player , Norm Van Brocklin , born in Parade , SD . Graff is an inductee in the South Dakota Sports Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_football', 'summary': 'The Wisconsin Badgers football program represents the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the sport of American football . Wisconsin competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the West Division of the Big Ten Conference ( Big Ten ) . The Badgers have competed in the Big Ten since its formation in 1896 . They play their home games at Camp Randall Stadium , the fourth-oldest stadium in college football . Wisconsin is one of 26 College football programs to win 700 or more games . Wisconsin has had two Heisman Trophy winners , Alan Ameche and Ron Dayne , and have had Eleven former players inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . As of October 19 , 2019 , the Badgers have an all-time record of 711-496-53 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '440', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Schmalz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wide receiver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football', 'summary': "The Auburn Tigers football program represents Auburn University in the sport of American college football . Auburn competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Auburn officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1892 . The Tigers joined the Southeastern Conference in 1932 as one of the inaugural members of the conference and the Tigers began competing in the West Division when the conference divided in 1992 . Auburn has achieved twelve undefeated seasons , won twelve conference championships , along with eight divisional championships . The Tigers have made 43 post season bowl appearances , including twelve historically major bowl berths . The Tigers have the 13th most wins in FBS history with over 700 victories and have finished ranked in the top 25 of either the AP or Coaches ' polls 37 times , including finishing in the top ten 18 times ( ranked 12th nationally for top ten finishes ) . The Tigers have produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterback Pat Sullivan in 1971 , running back Bo Jackson in 1985 , and quarterback Cam Newton in 2010 . Auburn has also produced twenty-nine consensus All-American players . The College Football Hall of Fame has inducted a total of 12 individuals from Auburn , including eight student-athletes and four head coaches : John Heisman , Mike Donahue , Ralph Jordan , and Pat Dye . Jordan , who coached from 1951 to 1975 , led Auburn to its first national championship and won a total of 176 games , the most by any Auburn coach . Auburn 's home stadium is Jordan-Hare Stadium , which opened in 1939 and becomes Alabama 's fifth largest city on gamedays with a capacity of 87,451 ."}]}], 'section_title': '1972 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_11', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'} | null | null | For the college who athletic teams were known as the Hilltoppers , how many colleges had a lower overall score ? | 4 |
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